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THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 

OF  CALIFORNIA 

ELEANOR  ASHBY  BANCROFT 

I903-I956 

Graduate  of  the  University  of  California  with  the 
degree  of  B.A.  in  history,  1926,  and  the  Certificate 
of  Librarianship,  1938.  Associated  with  the  Ban- 
croft Library  for  36  years  as  student  assistant, 
reference  Ubrarian,  and  Assistant  to  the  Director, 
Mrs.  Bancroft  attained  wide  recognition  as  a  bibli- 
ographer and  an  authority  on  the  history  of  Cali- 
fornia and  the  West.  In  remembrance  of  a  warm 
and  genial  personality,  and  of  long  and  devoted 
service  to  scholarship,  this  gift  is  presented  by  her 
friends. 


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a: 

FLORA  OF  NORTHWEST  AMERICA. 


Containing 

RIEF  DESCRIPTIONS  OF  ALL  THE  KNOWN    INDIGENOUS  AND 
NATURALIZED    PLANTS    GROWING    WITHOUT     CULTIVATION 
NORTH    OF    CALIFORNIA,    WEST  OF  UTAH,    AND    SOUTH   OF 
BRITISH    COLUMBIA. 


BY 

THOMAS  HOWELL. 
VOL.  L 

PHANEROGAMiE. 


POBTLAND    OREGON, 
A«g.  10th,  1908. 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Arciiive 

in  2007  with  funding  from 

IVIicrosoft  Corporation 


http://www.archive.org/details/floraofnorthwestOOhowerich 


Preface. 


All  the  territory  of  the  United  States  of  America  south  of  the 
British  boundary,  except  Oregon  Washington  and  Idaho,  bein^ 
supplied  with  local  Floras  this  work  is  intended  to  fill  up  the 
corner  left  out  by  other  authors. 

As  the  writing  of  descriptions  of  plants  at  this  lale  date  i.-,  to 
a  great  extent,  writing  or  copying  what  others  have  previously 
done,  it  is  hardly  right  to  claim  originality  for  work  d«>i  e  in  hat 
field;  I,  therefor,  wish  to  acknowlege  that  1  have  used  the  works 
of  Torrey  &  Gray,  Dr.  Asa  Gray,  Sereno  Watson.  William 
Trelease  Coulter  &  Rose,  Edward  L.  Greene  and  others,  and  tor 
save  repetition  (which  would  otherwise  occur  on  every  page) 
I  wish  to  give  full  credit  here  t"  all  authors,  any  porti  n  cf 
whose  works  have  been  copied  herein. 

Wherever  j)0ssible  descriptions  have  been  drawn  from  speci- 
mens in  hand,  1  ut  some  I  have  been  unable  to  procure  and  for 
these  1  have  had  no  other  alternative  than  to  C' py  frnm  descrip- 
tions already  published. 

Believing  that  if  a  plant  has  on^  consant  character  'hat  is 
different  from  any  of  its  cogeners  it  is  sufficient  for  a  species;  and 
that  if  a  plant  is  sufficiently  distinct  from  others  to  deserve  a 
name  it  is  better  to  have  it  desclib^d  as  a  distinct  si  ecies  than 
as  a  variety  of  some  other  species,  I  have  therefor,  raised 
nearly  all  published  varieties  of  the  region  embraced  in  this  work 
to  spacific  rank. 


y^;A^;  fii 


A  FLORA 

OF 

NORTHWEST  AMERICA. 

Series  I.  CORMOPHYTA  Endlicher. 

Plants  consisting  of  root  and  stem  growing  in  opposite  dir- 
ections, composed  of  regular  cellular  tissue  traversed  (except 
in  the  very  lowest  forms)  by  woody  fibre.  Stems  increasing  in 
size  either  at  the  apex  and  circumference  simultaneously,  or  at 
the  apex  only,  producing  buds,  and  usually,  distinct  leaves  at 
definite  points  and  in  regular  order.  Propagation  effected  by 
means  of  flowers  and  seeds,  or  spores. 

PHAXEBOGAM^.     Plants  producing  flowers  and  perfect  seeds. 
CRYPTOGAMS.     Plants  producing  spores  but  not  flowers. 

SuBSERiES  1.  PHANEROGAM.E. 

Plants  bearing  flowers  with  one  or  more  stamens  and  produc- 
ing seeds  that  contain  an  embryo. 

ANGIOSPERMS.     Ovule   enclosed  in  an  ovary,  and  fertilized  through 

a  stigma. 
GYMNOSPERMS.    Ovule  not  enclosed  in  an   ovary  and   fertilized  by 
direct  application  of  pollen. 

Class  1.  ANGIOSPERM^. 

Pistil  consisting  of  a  closed  ovary  which  contains  the  ovule 
and  forms  the  fruit,  and  a  more  or  less  manifest  style  and 
stigma. 

EXOGEN  Jl.  Stems  with  pith  in  the  centre  and  the  woody  fibre  in  annual 

layers  or  rings :  embryo  usually  with  two  opposite  cotyledons. 
ENDOGENiE.  Stems  without  pith,  and  the  woody  fibre  scattered  irregu- 
larly :  embryo  with  a  single  cotyledon. 

Subclass  1.  EXOGEN.^. 

Stem  consisting  of  pith  in  the  centre,  bark  on  the  outside, 
and  these  separated  by  one  or  more  layers  of  fibrous  or  woody 
tissue  which,  when  the  stem  lives  for  moie  than  one  year,  in- 
creases by  the  addition  of  new  layers  outside  next  to  the  bark. 
Embryo  usually  with  two  opposite  cotyledons. 

POLYPETALiE.  Petals  distinct,  rarely  united  at  base  or  wanting. 
GAMOPETAL^t  Petals  more  or  less  united :  very  rarely  wanting. 
APETAL Jl.  Petals  always  wanting. 


2  SYNOPTICAL  KEY. 

Division  1.  POLYPETALiE. 

Floral  envelopes  consisting  usually  of  both  calyx  and  corolla ; 
the  petals  distinct  or  rarely  united  with  each  other,  sometimes 
wanting . 

SYNOPTICAL  KEY  to  the  POLYPETALOUS  ORDERS. 

§  1.  Stamens  hypogynous,  free  from  the  calyx  and  the  super- 
ior ovary. 

*  Carpels  solitary,  or  distinct. 

■*-  Sepals  and  petals  deciduous,  rarely  persistent  in  No.  1.    Leaves 
alternate  or  all  radical,  rarely  opposite  or  whorled. 

1  Rannncnlaceae.  Sepals  4  or  more :  petals  as  many  and  alternate   with 

them  or  wanting :    stamens  usually  numerous  :   carpels  one  to  many : 
fruit  achenes  or  follicles,  or  in  Actisa  a  berry. 

2  Berberidaceap.   Parts  of  the  flower  in  threes,  in  opposite  ranks,  distinct, 

(sepals  and  petals  wanting  in  Achlys) :  anthers  opening  by  valves :  car- 
pel solitary,  (a  berry  in  Berberis). 
Sepals  3,  petals  6,  stamens  many,  carpels  several,  soon  distinct,  becoming 
linear  torulose  several-seeded  pods  :  Platystemon  in  Papaveracesp . 

*  *  Ovary  compound  with  parietal  placentae,  or  seeds  covering  the 
cell- walls. 

^_  Capsule  many-celled,  indehiscent :  sepals  and  petals  persistent. 

3  Nymphaeacese.    Parts  of  the  flower  indefinite,   mostly  numerous:   seeds 

numerous,   covering  the  walls  of  the  cells.  Aquatic  herbs  with  entire 
plain  leaves  and  solitary  flowers. 

4  Sarracenlaceae.     Sepals  and   petals  5.  Acaulescent  marsh  perennials 

with  odd-shaped  leaves  and  solitary  flowers. 

-I-   -4-  Valves  of  the  capsule  separating  from  the  persistent  placentae. 
Sepals  and  petals  persistent. 

*+  Seeds  albuminous. 
6  Papaveraceae.    Sepals  2  or  3,  caducous :   petals  twice  as  many,  alike : 
stamens  numerous :  capsule  2-several-valved,  one-  (rarely  several)  cell- 
ed.    Herbs,  or  shrubs  with  mostly  alternate  leaves  without  stipules, 
and  often  colored  juice. 

6  FumariacesB.  Flowers  very  irregular:  sepals  2,  small :  petals  4,  in  2  dis- 

similar pairs :  stamens  6,  diadelphous :  capsule  1-celled,  2-valved,  sev- 
eral to  many-seeded.  Herbs  with  alternate  leaves  without  stipules. 

-n-  -M-  Seeds  without  albumen  ;  flowers  regular. 

7  Cruciferae.     Sepals  and  petals  4:  stamens  6,  tetradynamous  (rarely  4  or 

2);  capsule  2-celled,  2-valved,  2-many-seeded ;  rarely  1-celled  and  inde- 
hiscent.    Herbs  with  alternate  leaves  without  stipules. 

8  Capparidaceae.     Sepals  and  petals  4 :  stamens  6  or  more,  nearly  equal : 

capsule  2-valved,  1-2-celled,  1-several-seeded.  Mostly  herbs  with  alter- 
nate often  stipulate  leaves. 

-«--«--«-  Capsule  1-celled,  several-carpelled,  the  valves  not  separating 
from  the  placentae. 

-M-  Flowers  itregular. 
6  Violaceae.     Sepals  and  petals  5:  anthers  5,  coherent :  style  1,  clavate: 
capsule  3-valved,  many-seeded.   Low  herbs  with  alternate  or  radical 
stipulate  leaves. 


SYNOPTICAL  KEY.  3 

-M-  -M-  Flowers  regular:  leaves  without  stipules. 
Sepals  and  petals  5,:  styles  3,  2-parted:  capsule  3-valved,  many  seeded. 

Low  herbs  with  the  leaves  all  radical.   DroseraceiH. 
Sepals  and  petals  5:  stamens  indefinite:  styles  3:  capsule  3-\?alved.     Low 
herbs  with  oj)i)Osite  leaves,  Hypericum  in  Hypericacex. 
**  *  Ovary  of  2-several  carpels  and  central  placentae:  stamens  most- 
ly strictly  hypogynous:  sepals  persistent. 

-t-  Flowers  very  irregular , 

10  PolygalaceaB.     Capsule  compressed,  narrowly  winged,  2-celled,  2-seed- 

ed:  stamens  4-8,  monadelphoviF  (united  into  a  tube  that  is  split  on  the 
upper  side),  or  distinct :  anthers  1-celled,  opening  at  the  top. 
-I-  ■*-  Flowers  regular:  capsule  2-celled  with  free  central  placentae: 
embryo  curved  around  central  albumen. 

11  Caryophyllaceae.    Flowers  mostly  5-meroas ;  petals  sometimes  none : 

stamens  10  or  fewer :  styles  3-5,  the  capsuje  opening  by  as  many  or 
twice  as  many  valves :  ovules  numerous.  Herbs,  rarely  woody  at  base, 
with  opposite  leaves  mostly  without  stipules. 

12  Portnlacaceae.     Sepals  2,  4-8  in  Lewisia:  petals  2-5 or  more:  stamens 

few-many :  style  2-cleft :  ovules  few  or  many ;  capsule  2-3-valved  or  cir- 
cumscissile. 

■«--«--«-  Flowers  regular:  ovary  2-several  celled, 
■*■-  Capsule  not  lobed  nor  winged. 
=  Stamens  distinct  or  nearly  so,  not  in  fascicles. 
Sepals  and  petals  5,  persistent:  stamens  many:  style  5-lobed:  capsule  5- 
celled,  5-valved,  many-seeded,     Acaulescent  marsh  perennials  with 
pitcher-shaped  leaves  and  solitary  flowers,  Sarra-jeniacex. 

13  Elatiniaceae.   Sepals  and  petals  2-5 :  styles  distinct :  capsule  2-5-celled, 

many-ovaled.  Low  herbs  with  opposite  leaves,  membranous  stipules, 
and  axillary  flowers. 

=  =  Stamens  clustered  at  base  into  fascicles, 

14  Hypericaceae.  Sepals  and  petals  5 :  stamens  numerous,  in  3  fascicles : 

styles  3 :  capsule  3-celled,  many-seeded.  Herbs  with  opposite  entire 
leaves  without  stipules,  and  yellow  flowers  in  cymes, 

=====  Stamens  monadelphous  (united  into  a  tube) . 

15  Malvaceae.     Calyx  valvate :  petals  5,  united  at  base :   stamens  numer- 

ous ;  anthers  1-celled :  carpels  either  in  a  ring  1-few-seeded  and  at  length 
separating,  or  forming  a  5-10-celled  many-seeded  capsule.  Herbs  or 
shrubs  with  alternate  stipulate  leaves, 

=  =  =  =  Stamens  5,  not  united. 

16  Linaceae.     Flowers  5-merous :  styles  2-5 :  capsule  2-5-valved,  4-10-cell- 

ed,  4-10, seeded.     Low  herbs  with  entire  leaves  and  panicled  flowers. 
Flowers  5-merous:  petals  none:  styles  3:  capsule  3-celled,  several-seeded. 
Prostrate  annual  with  entire  verticillate  leaves  and  axillary  flowers, 
Mollugo  in  Ficoidece. 

**  -M-  Fruit  lobed  or  winged:  ovules  I  or  2  in  each  cell,  pendulous. 
=  Flowers  slightly  irregular, 

17  Geraniaceae.     Sepals  5,  imbricated  in  the  bud :  petals  5,  mostly  imbri- 

cated :  stamens  mostly  10 :  styles  5,  coherent  to  an  axis  at  length  separ- 
ating from  it:  capsule  5-celled,  the  cells  2-ovuled  but  only  1  maturing. 
Herbs  with  opposite  stipulate  leaves  and  long-beaked  carpels. 
=  =  Flowers  regular. 

18  Limnanthaceae.    Flowers  5-merous.:  sepals  valvate  and  petals  -  convo- 

lute in  the  bud:  carpels  fleshy,  indehiscent,  1-ovuled,  Tender  annuals 


4  SYNOPTICAL  KEY. 

with  alternate  dissected  leaves  without  stipules. 

19  Oxalidaceae.     Flowers  5-merous :  sepals  imbricated  and  petals  mostly 

convolute  in  the  bud :  carpels  combined  into  a  5-celled  and  few-many- 
ovuled  capsule.  Low  herbs  with  sour  juice  and  alternate  or  radical 
trifoliate  leaves. 

=  =  =  Flowers  very  irregular. 

20  Balsaminaceae.     Sepals  5,   imbricated  in  the  bud  :  petals  4,  united  in 

pairs,  rarely  5  and  distinct:  fruit  a- 5-eelledsevei*al-siSMed  capsule. 
Coarse  succulent  herbs  with  entire  leaves  without  stipules. 

*  *  *  *  Ovary  compound  with  central  placentae:  stamens  borne  up- 
on a  more  or  less  perigy nous  disk:  flowers  mostly  polygamous  or  dioe- 
cious: calyx  persistent  or  the  limb  deciduous:  cells  of  the  ovary  1-few- 
ovuled:  seeds  mostly  erect  or  ascending  and  albuminous. 

21  CelastraceaB.    Flowerg  perfect,  4-5-merous  :  capsule  2-5-celled :  seeds 

arillate.   Shrubs  wdth  opposite  pinnately  veined  leaves  and  no  stipules. 

22  RhainnaceaB.    Calyx  valvate,  the  4  or  5  lobes  alternate  with  as  many 

stamens,  deciduous:  petals  often  none:  style  often  4- or  5- lobed  or 
cleft :  fruit  a  berry,  drupe-like,  or  dry,  1-4-celled.  Shrubs  or  trees  with 
simple  leaves  and  small  stipules. 

23  Yitaceae.    Flowers  4-5-merous:   calyx  minute  :  petals  valvate  with  a 

stamen  at  the  base  of  each  :  fruit  a  2-celled,  2-4-seeded  berry.  Woody 
vines  climbing  by  tendrils. 

24  Aceraceae.     Flowers  dioecious  or  polygamous,  often  apetalous  :  styles 

1-3:  fruit,  in  ours,  a  double  samara  or  a  single'foUicle.  Trees  or  shrubs 
with  opposite,  rarely  alternate,  leaves  and  mostly  no  stipules. 

€5  Anacardiacese.  Flowers  mostly  5-merous :  stigmas  3 :  fruit  a  drupelet. 
Shrubs  with  milky  juice  and  alternate  leaves  without  stipules. 

§  2,  Stamens  perigynous  (upon  the  calyx)  or  epigynous  (upon 
the  top  of  the  ovary}. 

*  Ovary  superior  or  nearly  so. 
^  Carpels  solitary  or  distmct. 

26  Leguminosae.  Flowers  mostly  irregular:  stamens  10,  rarely  fewer, 
mostly  monadelphous  (all  united)  or  diadelphous  (9  and  1) :  carpel  soli- 
tary, becoming  a  legume.  Herbs  shrabs  or  trees  with  alternate  stipu- 
late leaves. 

27  Amygdalaceae.    Ca-rpel  solitary  or  rarely  5,  becoming  a  drupe,  entirely 

free  from  the  calyx ;  ovules  2,  pendulous :  seed  usually  solitary. 

28  Pomacese.     Carpels  2-5,  enclosed  in  the  fleshy  calyx-tube,  with  2  erect 

ovules  in  each  cell.    Trees  or  shrubs  with  free  stipules. 

29  RosacesB.     Flowers  regular,  mostly  5-merous,  or  the  stamens  usually 

numerous  :  carpels  1-many,  becoming  achenes.  Herbs  shrubs  or  trees 
with  alternate,  mostly  stipulate  leaves. 

■*-  ■*-  Carpels  united  or  free :  seeds  mostly  albuminous:  leaves  sim- 
ple; stipules  none,  or  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  petiole. 

80  SaxifragaceaB.   Flowers  5-merous ;  styles  or  tips  of  the  carpels  distinct 

and  soon  divergent ;  fruit  a  2-celled  capsule.  Herbs  with  mostly  alter- 
nate simple  leaves  without  distinct  stipules. 

81  Hydrangeaceae.  Flowers  5-merous:  fruit  a  3-5-celled  capsule.  Shrubs 
with  opposite  simple  leaves  without  stipules. 

32  Ribesiaceae.  Fiowers  5-merous :  fruit  a  1-celled  berry.  Shrubs  with 
alternate  simple  leaves  with  adnate  stipules  or  none. 

38  Crassnlaceae.  Flowers  3  or  5-merous:  stamens  nearly  hypogynous: 
carpels  3-5,  becoming  1-many-seeded  follicles. 


SYNOPTICAL  KEY.  5 

34  Droseracew.     Sepals  and  petals  5 :  styles  3,  2-parted :  capsule  3-valved, 

many-seeded.     Low  marsh  herbs  with  the  leaves  all  radical  and  beset 
with  gland-tipped  hairs. 

35  Ceratophyllaceae.    Fruit  a  crustaceous  1-seeded  achene.     Submersed 

aquatic  herbs  with  finely  dissected  whorled  leaves  and  minute  axillary 
flowers. 

36  Lythraceae.     Flowers  4-  or  6-merous :  style  1 :  capsule  enclosed  in  the 

calyx,   2-4-celled,   many-seeded.      Herbs  with  mostly  opposite  leaves 
and  axillary  flowers. 

*  *  Ovary  wholly  inferior. 

■*-  Fruit  with  central  placentae:  stamens  few. 

-n-  Not  tendril-bearing  and  flowers  not  in  umbels:  stipules  none. 

37  Halora^ese.     Fruit  indehiscent,  nut-like,  1-4-celled,  with  a  single  sus- 

pended seed  in  each  cell.     Aquatic  herbs  with   opposite  or  verticillate 
leaves  and  inconspicuous  axillary  flowers. 

38  Onagraceae.     Flowers  2-  or  4-merous :  calyx  valvate  in  the  bud ;   style 

1 ;  fruit  a  2-  or  4-celled  capsule  or  berry-like. 

■**■  -*+  Tendril-bearing  herbs  with  alternate  leaves  without  stipules. 
89  Cucurbitacese.     Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  often  gamopetalous : 
fruit  fleshy,  indehiscent,  1-several-celled. 

-*-  -»-  Fruit  with  parietal  placentae,  several-many-seeded:  stamens 
many:  stipules  none . 

40  Loasaceae.     Flowers  perfect,  conspicuous ;  style  3-cleft :  capsule  1-cell- 
ed;  leaves  rough  with  tenacious  hairs. 

41  Ficoideae     Sepals  mostly  5 ;  petals  none ;  capsule  3-5-celled. 

42  Cactaceae.      Sepals  and  petals  numerous :     stamens  many :     capsule 

1-celled.     Leafless,  usually  prickly,  fleshy  perennials. 

■*-■*-■*-  Fruit  indehiscent;  dry,  berry-like  ,or  drupe-like,  mostly 
2-celled,  with  a  suspended  seed  in  each  cell:  ovary  with  an  epigynous 
disk  (wanting  in  Garrya). 

-»^-  Flowers  in  umbels. 

43  Umbelliferae.     Carpels  and  styles  2:  fruit  dry. 

44  Araliaceae.     Carpels  and  styles  4  or  5,  becoming  a  berry-like  fruit. 

*♦•  f>  Flowers  in  cymes  or  aments. 

45  Cornaceae.     Inflorescence  cymose :  flowers  perfect,   4-merous :  style  1 : 

fruit  baccate,  2-3-celled.     Herbs  shrubs  or  trees  with  opposite  leaves. 

46  Grarryaceae.    Flowers  in  aments,  dioecious :  sepals  4 :  petals  none :  styles 

2:  fruit  baccate,  1-celled.     Shrubs  with  opposite,  simple  leaves. 
Flowers  perfect,  cymose,  5-merous;  petals  imbricated,  united:  ft-uit  baccate 
beiTies  containing  1-5  seed-like  nutlets.  Sambucex. 


Order  I.    :^ANUNCULACE^  Endl.  Gen.  843. 

Sepals  3-6  or  more  but  usually  5,  distinct,  h;y^ogynous,  often 
colored  and  petaloid.  Petals  1-several  or  none,  hypogynous. 
Stamens  indefinite  in  number,  hypogynous,  distinct.  Ovaries 
usually  numerous,  sometimes  few  or  solitary,  distinct:  ovules 
solitary  or  several.  Fruit  achenes  or  follicles  or  baccate.  Seeds 
anatropous.  Embryo  minute,  near  the  base  of  horny  or  fleshy 
albumen.  Herbs  or  rarely  shrubs  with  colorless  usually  acrid 
juice,  alternate  or  rarely  opposite  leaves  without  stipules,  the 
base  of  the  petiole  generally  dilated  and  partly  clasping  the  stem. 

Tribe  i.  Leaves  opposite.  Sepals  valvate  in  the  bud,  petaloid. 
Petals  very  small  or  none.   Fruit  a  head  of  hairy-tailed  achenes. 

1  Clematis.    Half- woody  plants  climbing  by  their  petioles,  or  erect  herbs. 

Tribe  ii.  Sepals  petaloid  or  greenish,  imbricated  in  the  bud. 
Fruit  a  head  or  spike  of  achenes. 

*  Achenes  in  a  more  or  less  globular  or  obloug  head.     Sepals  not 
spurred  at  base,    petaloid.     Petals  none. 

2  Anemone.  Sepals  indefinite  in  number,     leases  on  the  stem  opposite, 
or  whorled  on  or  below  1-tlowered  peduncles. 

3  Thalictrum-   Flowers    mostly    dioecious,   panicled :    leaves  alternate, 
ternately  decompound. 

*  *  Achenes  numerous,  in  a  long  i  nd  slender,  or  shcrt  spike.  Sepals 
spurred  at  base.     Petals  present. 

4  MyosnruS'     Petals  slender;  flowers,  solitary  on  scapes. 

Tribe  hi.  Sepals  imbricate  in  the  bud.  Pistils  numerous,  be- 
coming achenes.     Ovule  solitary,  ascending.     Leaves  alternate. 

5  Trantvetteria.      Flowers  perfect,  corymbosely  panicled;  sepals  petal- 

oid,   soon  deciduous;  leaves  alternate,  palmately  cleft. 
■6- Batrachium,    Flowers  perfect:  peduncles  solitary,  op jjo&ite  the  leaves: 

petals  AN  liite  with  a  naked  nectariferous  pit  near  the  base:   achenes  ti'ans- 

versely  wrinkled  on  the  sides. 
1  Ranuucnlns.   Flowers  perfect:   peduncles  axillary  or  terminal:    petals 

mostly  yellow,  with  a  nectariferous  spot  or  pit  covered  by  a  scale  on  the 

claw:  achenes  not  wrinkled  on  the  sides. 

Tribe  iv.  Sepals  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Petals  small  or  irreg- 
ular or  none.  Fruit  1-several  follicles,  or  a  1-celled  berry.  Leaves 
alternate. 

*  Fruit  1- several  follicles. 
■*-  Flowers  regular;  follicles  1-15. 
8  Caltha.   Sepals  petaloid;  petals   none;  leaves  simple;  carpels  5-15. 
^  TroUins.  Sepals  5-15,  petaloid:    petals  5-20,  tubular  at  base;  follicles 
sessile;  leaves  palmately  parted. 

10  Coptis.  ^Sepals  5-6,  greenish :  petals  5-6  enlarged  in  the  middle  or  at  the 

summit ;  carpels  5-10,  stipitate :  leaves  compound,  persistent. 

11  Aqnileg'ia*  Sepals  5,  colored :  petals  5,  all  spurred  backwards:  carpels 
5,  sessile :  leaves  ternately  compound. 


8  RANUNCUL  ACE^. .  clematis. 

-♦-  -*-  Flofwers  irregular:  follicles  1-5:  leaves  lobed  or  dissected. 

12  Delphinium.  Sepals  5,  the  upper  one  produced   backwards  into  a  spur: 

petals  4,  the  2  upper  ones  produced  backwards. 

13  Aconitnin.   Sepals  5,  the  uppar  one  arched  into  a  hood:   petals  5,  the  3 

lower  ones  minute  or  stamen-like. 

-*--«--♦-  Flowers  regular:  carpels  1-5:  leaves  compound. 

14  Isopyrnm.  Sepals 5,  petaloid:  petals  5,  sometimes  none:  low  herbs. 

15  Cimicifuga*  Sepals  5,  petaloid,  caducous:  petals  5  or  none;  tall  herbs. 

*  *  Fruit  a  1 -celled  berry. 

16  Actsea.  Sepals  3-5,  petaloid,  caducous:  petals  4-10,  small,  soon  decidu- 

ous: leaves  ternately  compound. 

Tribe  v.  Sepals  herbaceous,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  persistent. 
Petals  conspicuous.  Carpels  few,  many-ovuled,  becoming  follicles. 

IT  Paeonia.     Herbs  or  shrubs  with  alternate  compound  leaves  and  large 
fleshy  roots. 

Tribe  1.  Clematideas  DC.  Sepals  valvate  in  the  hud.  Stamens 
numerous,  ivith  adnate  anthers,  dirpels  numerous,  1-ovuled,  becom- 
ing indehiscent  hairy-tailed  achenes.  Ovule  suspended.  Herbs  or 
trailing  woody  plants  with  opposite  leaves. 

1  CLEMATIS    Tourn.  Inst.  255.     Linn.  Gen.  n.  696. 

Erect  herbs  or  somewhat  woody  plants  that  climb  by  their 
petioles.  Sepals  5,  rarely  more,  colored,  valvate  or  with  the  edges 
turned  inwards  in  the  bud.  Petals  shorter  than  the  sepals  or 
wanting.  Stamens  numerous  with  extrorse  anthers.  Style  persis- 
tent, becoming  pliimous  appendages  of  the  compressed  achenes. 

§  1.  Flammula  DC.  partly.  Flowers  comparatively  small  and 
usually  cymous-paniculate,  white  or  whitish,  in  ours  dioecious. 
Sepals  petaloid,  thin,  widely  spreading.  Petals  none.  Anthers 
mostly  short,  blunt. 

C.  ligusticifolia  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  i,  9.  Somewhat  pubescent:  stems. 
2-30  feet  long :  leaves  quinate  to  quinate-ternate :  leaflets  oblong,  acute, 
mostly  somewhat  lanceolate-cuneate,  incisely  lobed  and  trifid,  2-  6  inches, 
long:  flowers  in  paniculate  corymbs:  sepals  thin,  silky,  white,  4-6  lines 
long,  equaling  the  stamens :  achenes  pubescent,  tails  1-2  inches  long 
Along  streams,  from  N.  Cal.  to  Brit.  Columbia  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

C.  brevifolia.  C.  Ugusticifolia  var.  brevifolia  Nutt.  T.  cfe  G.  Fl.  i,  9. 
Stems  woody,  climbing  over  brush  and  cliffs,  3-18  feet  long :  leaves  nearly 
smooth,  mostly  5-foliate,  somewhat  coriaceous ;  leaflets  broadly  ovate  to 
lanceolate-ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  usually  3-lobed  and  coarsely  toothed : 
sepals  white,  thin,  4-6  lines  long,  equaling  the  stamens:  achenes  densely 
pubescent:  silky-white  tails  1-2  inches  long.  Along  streams,  from  the 
Blue  Mountains  in  Oregon  to  Brit.  Columbia. 

C.  Suksdorlii  Robinson  in  Gray's  Syn.  Fl.  i  4.  Leaves  quinate,  glab- 
rous;  leaflets  1-1)^  inches  long:  sepals  widely  spreading  or  reflexed  in 
anthesis,  velvety -pubescent  on  the  outside  :  heads  of  fruit  small  and  few- 
carpelled,  not  over  an  inch  in  diameter  at  full  maturity  including  the 
curling  tails  :  pubescence  of  the  young  achenes  woolly  or  felt-like,  the  hairs 
crinkly,  not  straight  nor  silky  as  in  C.  ligusticifolia :  mature  achenes  with 
broadly  ovate  nearly  orbicular  b6dy  and  filiform  sparsely  pubescent  tails. 
Klickitat  river  Washington,  collected  and  first  recognized  as  distinct  by 
W.  M.  Siiksdorf  July  15th.  1881. 


CLEMATIS.  RANUNCULACE.E.  9 

§  2  VioRNA  Spach.  Flowers  large,  hermaphrodite,  solitary  and 
mostly  nodding  on  rather  long  peduncles.  Petals  none.  Anthers 
long  and  slender,  pointed.  Filaments  hirsute  or  pubescent.  Ours 
herbaceous  perennials. 

C  Don^lasii  Hook.  Fl.  i,  1.  t.  1.  Stems  simple  or  branched,  more  or 
less  villous,  woolly  at  the  joints  :  leaves  2-3-pinnatifid  with  linear  to  linear- 
lanceolate  segments  :  flowers  nodding,  on  erect  naked  peduncles  that  elon- 
gate in  fruit:  sepals  thick,  pubescent,  more  or  less  spreading  and  woolly  at 
the  apex,  deep  purple  inside,  paler  externally.  High  mountsins,  E.' Ore- 
gon to  Brit.  Columbia  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

€•  Scottii  Porter  Fl.  Col.  1.  More  or  less  villous  with  soft  spreading 
hairs ;  bushy,  branching  from  a  suffrutescent  base ;  branches  erect,  9-18 
inches  high  ;  leaves  opposite,  on  rather  long  petioles,  large,  pinnate,  with 
some  or  all  of  the  divisions  3-5-parted  or  3-5-foliate  ;  lobes  or  leaflets  ob- 
long or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  4-5  lines  broad  by  an  inch 
long;  some  upper  leaves  with  distinctly  tortuous  partial  petioles:  flowers 
axillary  and  terminal,  nodding,  on  peduncles  3-6  inches  long:  sepals  4, 
ovate,  with  reflexed  summits,  nearly  an  inch  long,  dark-  or  brownish-pur- 
ple, thickish,  more  or  less  tomentose  outside :  achenes  silky-pubescent, 
with  densely  plumose  tails  I7IX  inches  long.  Beaver  Canyon  Idaho  to 
southern  Colorado. 

§  3.  Atragene  DC.  Flowers  large,  hermaphrodite,  solitary  on 
naked  peduncles.  Sepals  much  exceeding  the  stamens  and  pistils, 
spreading  from  the  base,  thin,  petaloid.  Anthers  short,  on  long 
pubescent  filaments  :  usually  some  of  the  outermost  filaments 
enlarging  to  small  spatulate  petals.  Half- woody  plants  that  climb 
by  the  petioles. 

C.  YerticUlaris  DC.  iSyst.  i,  166.  Stems  slender,  somewhat  woody,  al- 
most glabrous  ;  leaves  ternate  ;  leaflets  petiolulate,  ovate  or  subcordate,  ab- 
ruptly acuminate :  flowers  solitary,  bluish-purple,  2-3  inches  across.  In 
mountains  from  Idaho  northward,  and  eastward  to  the  Atlantic  States. 

C.  Columbiana  T.  &  G.  Fl.  i.  11,  Stems  somewhat  woody:  leaves  ter- 
nate ;  leaflets  petiolulate,  ovate,  acute,  obscurely  crenulate :  flowers  solitary 
1-2  inches  broad,  pale  blue  ;  sepals  ovate,  acuminate,  nearly  twice  the  length 
of  the  stamens.  Wild  Horse  Plains  Washington  to  the  Rocky  Mountains 
and  Brit.  Columbia. 

C.  ochotensis  Poir.  Suppl.  ii,  298.  C,  alpina  var.  occidentalis  Gray. 
Stems  woody,  trailing :  leaves  biternately  divided,  with  ovate  or  oblong-lan- 
ceolate acuminate,  often  3-lobed,  irregularly  toothed  segments :  sepals  4,  lance 
-ovate,  purplish-blue :  spatulate  and  petaloid  staminodes  few  and  usually  with 
rudiments  of  anthers,  or  none :  carpels  glabrous  with  very  finely  plumose 
tails  1>2  inches  long.     Washington  to  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  Dakota. 

Tribe  2.  Anemonese  DC.  Sepals  petaloid  or  greenish^  imbricated 
in  the  bud.  Pistils  numerous,  becoming  achenes.  Ovule  suspended. 
Herbs  with  the  leaves  all  radical,  or  alternate,  or  whorled  below  1— 
several-flowered  peduncles. 

2  ANEMONE    Tourn.  Inst.  275.  L  Gen.  n.  696.  ed.  4 

Erect  perennial  herbs  with  lobed  or  divided  leaves  which  are 
all  radical  except  those  that  form  an  involucre  below  the  flower. 
Sepals  4-20,  colored  and  petaloid.  Petals  none.  Ovaries  num- 
erous; style    short;  stigma    lateral;  ovule  suspended.  Achenes 


10  RANUNCULACE^.  anemone. 

compressed,  pointed,  or  ending  in  long  feathery  tails. 

§  1.  Preonathus,  DC.  Prod.  i.  17  Involucre  of  2  or  3  more  or 
less  petiolate  and  petiolulate  leaves.  Flowers  large,  solitary.  Sep- 
als thin,  widely  spreading.  Carpels  with  long  filiform  styles  that 
become  plumose  tails  to  the  achenes. 

A.  occidentalis  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xi,  121.  More  or  less  silky- 
villous  throughout :  stem  stout,  6-18  inches  high :  radical  leaves  large, 
long-petioled,  biternate  and  pinnate;  involucral  leaves  similar,  nearly  ses 
sile:  sepals:  6-8,  6-9  lines  long,  white,  or  purpUsh  at  base.  On  high  moun- 
tains near  perpetual  snow,  California  to  Alaska  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

§  2.  EuANEMONE    Gray   Syn.  Fl.  i,  8.     Carpels  with   short  and 
not  plumose  styles.  Involucre  petioled.  peduncle  solitary. 
*  Style  short,  nearly  naked,  not  becoming  elongated. 
t  Carpels  numerous,  in  a  close  head,  villous. 

A.  Drummoiidii  Watson  Eot.  Cal.  ii,  424,  Sparingly  pubescent;  stems 
slender,  from  tufted  rootstocks,  2-15  inches  high:  radical  leaves  on  long 
petioles,  ternate;  leaflets  deeply  o-5  lobed,  the  narrow  segments  2-3-cleft : 
involucral  leaves  similar,  nearly  sessile,  with  a  slightly  narrowed  base: 
sepals  5-7,  pale  blue,  4-5  lines  long,  silky-villous  outside :  style  slender, 
glabrous:  achenes  densely  villous.  On  the  highest  mountains  near  per- 
petual mow,  Washington'and  Oregon  to    orthern  California. 

A.  mnltiiida  Poir.  Suppl.  i,  364.  Pomewhat  siiky-villous :  stems  3-15 
inches  high :  radical  leaves  long  petioled,  nearly  semicircular  in  outline, 
ternate,  the  sessile  divisions  deeply  lobed  with  cleft  linear  segments  :  invo- 
lucral leaves  similar,  shortly  petioled:  sepals  5-8,  red  or  bluish  or  whitish, 
4-6  lints  long,  villous  outside  :  receptacle  oblong,  the  head  in  fruit  globular 
to  oblorg;  achenes  densely  woolly,  ovate-oblong,  with  a  straight  beak.  On 
high  mountains,  Oregon  to  Alaska  and  the  Eastern  States. 

A.  Telenensis  Porter  in  Britton  An.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.  vi.  224.  Nearly 
related  to  the  last  but  lower  and  more  sleuder :  leaf-segments  somewhat  broad- 
er, ol)tu>-ish.  gl ablate  :  flowers  deep  purple :  achenes  dorsally  glabrate,  Idaho 
Teton  Eange  10,0C0  feet  /.  M.  Coulter,  and  Needle  Peak  of  Lost  River  Moun- 
tains, V.  Bailey.     Robinson  in  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  i,  10. 

+.  ^_  Carpels  fewer,  pubescent  but  not  villous. 

A.  delloidea  Hook  Fl.  i,  6,  t.  3.  Stem  simple,  slender,  6-14inche8  high, 
from  long  running  root  stocks  :  radical  leaves  trifoliate;  leaflets  rhomboid, 
crenate-serrate ;  involucral  leaves  rhomboid  or  rhombic-ovate,  on  very 
short  petioles,  serrate  and  sometimes  3-lobed :  sepals  about  5,  white,  oval. 
i-%  lines  long,  usually  unequal :  achenes  few  globose-ovoid,  tipped  with 
the  short  style.     Common  in  wooded  districts,  N.  California  to  Brit.  Col. 

A.  Oregana  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xxii,  308.  Smoothish:  stem 
slender,  3-12  inches  high  from  a  fleshy,  very  brittle,  somewhat  running 
root-stock :  radical  leaves  trifoliate,  the  leaflets  coarsely  serrate  ;  involucral 
leaves  long-petioled,  trifoliate,  the  terminal  leaflet  3-lobed,  the  lateral  ones 
usually  2-lobed,  all  coarsely  toothed  and  cut:  sepals '4-7,  oval  to  obovate, 
blue :  carpels  15-20,  oblong,  tipped  with  a  hooked  beak.  Moist  shady 
slopes,  western  Oregon  and  Washington. 

A.  Lyallii  Britton  1.  c.  227.  A.  quinguefolia  var.  Lyallii  Robinson  I.  c.  13. 
Stem  slender,  2  to  4  inches  high:  leaves  trifoliate;  leaflets  ovate  to  lanceo- 
late, obtuse  or  acute,  obtusely  toothed :  flowers  small,  a  third  to  half  inch  in 
diameter,  pale  blue  or  whitish.  From  Vancouver  Island  to  the  Willamette 
valley  and  the  Redwoods  of  California. 


ANEMONE.  RANUNCULACEtE.  U 

THALICTRUM. 

A.  trifolia  L.  Sp.  i,  540.  Involucral  leaves  with  rare  exceptions  regular- 
ly trifoliate;  leaflets  ovate- lanceolate,  rather  regularly  sen-ate,  large,  in  well  de- 
veloped specimens  2  to  3  inches  long,  and  more  than  an  inch  wide;  radical 
leaves  subsimilar,  but  sometimes  5-foliate:  peduncle  long  and  slender,  usu- 
ally'more  than  2  inches  in  length:  flowers  large,  15  to  16  lines  in  diameter: 
sepals  white  or  pinkish :  carpels  hi  a  globular  head.  Idaho,  Sandberg,  to  the 
Atlantic  States  and  Europe . 

§  3.  Omalocarpus  DC.  Style  short,  not  plumose.  Mature  ach- 
enes  smooth,  orbicular,  much  compressed,  wing-margined.  Invo- 
lucre sessile,  palmately  parted  or  cleft.  Peduncles  1-several. 

A.  narcissiflora  L.  Sp.  i,  542.  Villous :  radical  leaves  palmately  3-5- 
parted ;  segments  cuneiform,  incisely  many-cleft  into  linear  lobes :  involu- 
cral leaves  similar,  3-5-cleft,  sessile:  peduncles  several,  umbelled,  leafless: 
sepals  white :  carpels  roundish-oval,  much  compressed.  Alpine  :  Idaho  to 
Alaska  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

3  THALICTRUM  Tourn.  Inst.  270.  L.  Gen.  n.  597. 

Tall,  usually  smooth  perennial  herbs  with  2-  or  8-ternately 
compound  leaves  and  dittciousor  polygamous  flowers  in  panicles. 
Sepals  4-8,  white  or  greenish,  petaloid.  Petals  none.  Stamens 
several ;  with  linear  anthers  on  rather  long  almost  capillary  fila- 
ments. Pistils  few-several,  becoming  ribbed  or  veined  achenes  ' 
that  are  tipped  with  the  persistent  style. 

T.  sparsiflorum  Turcz.  in  F.  &  M.  Ind.  Sem.  i,  40.  Stem  firm,  erect,  1- 
6  feet  high,  with  ascending  branches:  leaves  3-temate,  ample,  the  lowest 
petioled ;  leaflets  approximate,  short-petioled,  thinnish,  round-  or  spatulate- 
oblong,  3-15  lines  long,  slightly  cordate  at  base,  divided  above  into  3  obtuse 
or  short-acuminate  lobes  that  are  again  incised :  flowers  perfect,  not  large, 
erect  or  soon  nodding  on  slender  pedicels  in  a  short,  branched,  leafy  pani- 
cle: sepals  obovate,  whitish,  soon  reflexed:  stamens  10-25,  the  short  ex- 
serted  filaments  widened  to  the  pointless  elliptical  anthers  :  achenes  9-15, 
short-stipitate,  obliquely  obovate,  with  4  or  5  low,  often  forked  nerves  on 
each  side.     From  the  mountains  of  California  to  Alaska  and  Colorado. 

T.  polycarpum  Watson  Bot.  Cal.  ii,  424.  Stout,  3-8  feet  high,  glab- 
rous :  leaves  with  short  petioles  or  the  upper  sessile ;  leaflets  variable,  3-12 
lines  long,  3-lobed  with  acute  or  acuminate  lobes :  panicle  narrow  :  flowers 
dioecious ;  the  staminate  usually  crowded,  on  short  pedicels ;  anthers  acute, 
on  very  slender  filaments :  fruit  in  dense  heads  ;  achenes  compressed,  3-5 
lines  long,  on  a  short  stipe,  obovoid,  turgid,  tapering  into  a  reflexed  beak 
their  thin  walls  with  free,  or  anastomosing  low  veins :  seed  slender,  terete, 

2  lines  long.     Along  small  streams  from  the  Columbia  river  to  California. 

T.  Fendleri  Engelm.  in  Gray  PI.  Fendl.  5.    Stems  1-3  feet  high,  with 

3  to 5  cauline  leaves,  the  lower  ones  petioled;  the  stalked  remote  leaflets  often 
deeply  cordate  with  three  divergent  lobes,  the  central  or  all  of  them  again 
lobed,  their  divisions  rounded  or  mucronate-pointert :  flowers  dicecious;  stamens 
numerous;  anthers  linear,  1-2  lines  long,  mucronate ; akenes  few  1o  numerous 
in  the  heads,  substipitate,  2—3  lines  long,  obliquely  oval  or  with  the  dorsal  su- 
tme  straightish,  thin- walled,  flattened,  with  8  to  10  prominent  nearly  parallel 
ribs  the  median  heaviest,  not  tilled  by  the  oblong  or  linear  seed.  From  the 
Siskiyou  mountains,  in  southern  Oregon,  to  Arizona,  New  Mexico,  and  the 
Rocky  Mountains. 

T.  yenulosum  Trelease  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  xxiii,  302.  Glabrous  and  glau- 
cous, the  stem,  petioles  and  sepals  purple-tinted,  the  foliage  typically  pale 
or  whitened:  stem  simple,  erect,  7-20  inches  high:  stem  leaves  2 or 3*  ,  ong 


12  RANUNCULACE^.  thalictrum. 

MYOSURUS. 

petioled,  3-4-ternate ;  leaflets  approximate,  petiolulate,  moderately  firm, 
rounded  and  lobed  at  the  apex,  rugose-veiny  beneath :  panicle  simple,  nar- 
row, its  short  erect  branches  few-flowered :  flowers  dioecious,  small ;  sepals 
ovate :  stamens  10-20,  on  slender  filaments ;  anthers  oblong,  slender-point- 
ed :  achenes  about  8,  nearly  sessile,  2  lines  long,  ovoid,  tapering  into  a 
straight  beak,  thick -walled,  2-edged.  with  4  or  5  longitudinal  grooves  and 
rounded  ridges  on  each  side  :  seed  ovoid,  pointed  at  one  end,  filling  the 
achene.     Klickitat  Co,  Washington  to  Brit,  Columbia  and  Wyoming'. 

T.  oecidentale  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  viii,  372.  Stem  slender,  1-3  feet 
high;  leaves  2-4-ternate,  the  lowermost  petioled;  leaflets  thin,  S-10  lines 
long,  3-9-lobed  at  the  summit,  sparingly  glandular-puberulent  beneath : 
flowers  dioecious,  rarely  polygamous,  nodding,  on  very  slender  pedicels,  in 
an  ample  open  panicle  :  filaments  purplish,  slender ;  anthers  linear,  cuspi- 
date :  achenes  1-10  in  each  head,  lanceolate  or  somewhat  falcate,  4-7  lines 
long,  tapering  below  into  a  short  stipe,  and  above  .into  a  long  one-sided 
curved  beak,  acutely  8-10  ribbed.  Along  streams,  and  moist  shady  places, 
Brit.  Columbia  to  California,  west  of  the  Cascade  Mountains. 

4  MYOSURUS  Dillenius  Giess.  106,  t.  4.  L.  Gen.  n.  394. 

Little  annuals  with  linear  or  linear-spatulate  entire  leaves,  and 
solitary  flowers  on  simple  scapes.  Sepals  5  or  6,  spurred  at  base. 
Petals  as  many  as  sepals,  on  long  claws,  with  a  pit  at  the  summit. 
Stamens  6-20.  Achenes  with  a  prominent  costa  terminating  in  an 
erect  or  more  or  less  spreading  beak,  numerous  on  a  slender  or 
conical  receptacle.  Ovule  suspended. 

^  M.  minimus  L,  Sp,  i,  284.  Leaves  linear:  scapes  1-4  inches  high,  about 
equaling  the  leaves ;  receptacle  in  fruit  an  inch  oj;  more  high :  achenes 
quadrate  with  a  broad  back,  truncate  at  the  apex  ;  beak  short,  appressed: 
seed  oval.  In  wet  places,  Willamette  valley  to  California  and  the  Atlantic 
States  and  Europe. 

M.  apetalns  Gay  Hist.  Chil.  Bot.  1,  31,  t.  1,  fig.  1.  Scapes  1-2  inches 
high,  usually  spreading,  but  little  surpassing  the  linear  leaves ;  petals  often 
wanting:  spike  of  achenes  3-10  lines  long,  ovoid-oblong  and  more  or  less 
squarose,  or  cylindrical:  achenes  oblong,  thin-walled,  with  narrow,  prom- 
inently carinate  back  prolonged  into  a  spreading  or  ascending  beak :  seed 
oblong.  In  alkaline  places,  California  to  Brit,  Columbia  east  of  the  Cascade 
Mountains :  also  Chili. 

M.  lepturus.  M.  apetalus  var.  Upturns,  Gray,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  xiii,  2. 
Scapes  in  fruit  3-6  inches  high,  erect,  surpassing  the  linear-spatulate  leaves : 
receptacle  in  fruit  8-24  lines  high  :  achenes  with  broad,  distinctly  carinate 
back,  and  short,  appressed  beak :  seed  elongated-oblong.  Common  in  wet 
places,  from  California  to  Brit.  Columbia  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

M.  sessilis  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xvii,  362.  Scapes  very  short  or 
none :  fruiting  heads  several,  crowded,  much  shorter  than  the  leaves :  rec- 
eptacle short  and  thick,  often  sessile,  1-6  lines  long  by  1-2  lines  thick  at 
base;  achenes  oval,  scarious-utricular,  with  narrow  salient  keel,  and  subu- 
late, erect  beak :  seed  short-oval.  A  rare  species,  the  only  locality  known, 
))eing  an  alkaline  flat  seven  miles  south  of  Arlington  Oregon. 

Tribe  3.  Ranunculess,  DC.  Sepals  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Pistils 
numerous,  rarely  few,  1-ovuled,  becoming  achenes.  Ovule  ascending. 
Herbs  with  alternate  cauline  leaves 

5  TRAUTVETTERIA  Fischer  &  Meyer  Ind.  Sem.  1835,  22. 

Herbs  with  palmately  lobed  alternate  leaves,  and  small  flowers 
in  terminal  corymbose  panicles.    Sepals  usually  4,  concave,  petal- 


TBAUTVETTERIA.  KANUNCULACEiE.  13 

BATRACHIUM. 

oid.  Petals  none.  Pistils  numerous,   capitate,  becoming  inflated, 
4-angled  membranaceous  achenes. 

T.  g-randis  Nutt.  in  T.  &  G.  Fl.  i,  37.  Stem  slender,  1-3  feet  high : 
leaves  few,  thin,  radical  long-petioled,  cauline  short-petioled,  all  deeply  5- 
7-lobed  with  irregularly  laciniate- toothed,  acuminate  lobes;  flowers  white  : 
achenes  a  little  more  than  a  line  long,  broadly  gibbous  at  base,  rather  abr- 
uptly beaked  by  the  slender  re  volute  st^le.  Along  streams  in  the  Cascade 
Mountains  from  California  to  Brit.  Columbia. 

6  BATRACHIUM  S.  F.  Gray  Brit.  PI.  ii,  720. 
Aquatic  herbs  with  the  submersed  leaves  if  any  finely  dissected 
into  capillary  divisions.  Sepals  5,  plain.  Petals  white  with  yel- 
low base,  and  a  naked  nectariferous  spot  on  the  claw  of  each.  A- 
chenes  transversely  wrinkled  on  the  sides.  Peduncles  solitary, 
opposite  the  leaves. 

B.  aquatile  Du  Mortier  Bull.  Bot.  Soc.  Belg.  ii,  207.  Ranuncvlus  aqu- 
atilis  L,  Glabrous:  stems  6-20  inches  long:  floating  leaves round-reniform, 
5-9  lines  in  diameter,  3-5-lobed.  the  lobes  coarsely  crenate-toothed :  pedun- 
cles thicker  than  the  petioles,  8-10  lines  long,  spreading  or  recurved  in  fruit : 
sepals  deciduous:  flowers  white,  5-10  lines  in  diameter:  style  subulate, 
not  longer  than  the  ovary,  introrsely  stigmatic:  receptacle  hairy:  achenes 
reticulated,  short-beaked.  In  ponds  and  shallow  streams,  California  to 
Alaska,  Europe  and  Asia, 

B.  trichophyllum  Bosch  Prodr.  Fl.  Bat,  5.  Ranunculus  aquatilis  var. 

trichophylliis  Gray.  Annual:  stems  coarsely  filiform,  2-20  inches  long: 
leaves  all  submersed,  round-reniform  in  outline,  cut  into  numerous  capillary 
segments  which  are  4-10  lines  long,  short-petioled:  peduncles  1-2  inches 
long,  longer  than  the  petioles :  flowers  3-5  lines  in  diameter :  style  subulate, 
shorter  than  the  ovary  introrsely  stigmatic:  receptacle  hairy;  achenes 
several,  in  a  close  globular  head,  glabrous  obliquely  oblong.  In  ponds  and 
ditches :  Oregon  and  Washington  and  across  the  continent. 

B.  Lobbii.  Ranunculus  Lobbii  Gray.  Glabrous  annual :  stems  6-1 2  inch- 
es long :  leaves  commonly  all  floating,  3-9  lines  wide,  truncate  or  cordate 
at  base,  deeply  3-lobed,  middle  lobe  usually  elliptical  and  entire,  the  later- 
al ones  usually  oblong  and  with  a  broad,  notch  in  the  apex ;  submersed 
leaves  none  or  rudimentary:  peduncles  opposite  the  upper  leaves,  thicker 
than  the  potioles  6-8  lines  long :  sepals  a  line  long,  persistent :  petals  2  lines 
long,  obovate -oblong :  stamens  5-9:  style  long  and  filiform,  with  a  small 
terminal  stigma :  receptacle  glabrous :  achenes  4-6,  finely  rugose,  obovate, 
about  a  line  long,  embraced  by  the  persistent  calyx.  In  pools  that  go 
dry  in  summer,  Oregon  and  California. 

7  RANUNCULUS    Tourn.  Inst.  285.  L.  Gen.  n.  699. 

Herbs  with  alternate,  entire  or  variously  lobed  leaves,  and  sol- 
itary or  scattered  flowers.  Sepals  5,  plain,  commonly  colored 
and  reflexed.  Petals  1-15,  usually  broad  and  conspicuous,  with  a 
small  pit  or  spot  covered  by  a  scale,  on  the  claw  inside.  Achenes 
usually  numerous,  in  a  globose  to  oblong  head,  usually  flattened, 
and  beaked  with  the  persistent  style,  not  transversely  rugose  on 
the  sides.    Ovule  ascending. 

§  1  Halodes  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xxi,  366.  Mature  carpels 
thin-walled  and  utricular,  compressed,  striate  with  several  simple 
or  sparingly  branched  nerves.  Petals  yellow  with  a  nectariferous 
scale  near  the  base,  deciduous  with  the  sepals. 


14  RANUNCULACE^.  ranunculus. 

R.  Cymbalaria  Pursh  Fl.  ii,  392.  "Flowering  stems  3-6  inches  long,  1- 
7-flowered:  leaves  broadly  ovate  or  ovate-cordate,  coarsely  crenate,  cluster- 
ed at  the  base  and  joints  of  the  long  filiform  rooting  runners  :  petals  yellow, 

2  lines  long,  longer  than  the  sepals :  mature  achenes  a  line  long,  striate- 
veined  on  the  sides,  apex  blunt,  with  a  short  oblique  beak:  heads  oblong, 
2-6  lines  long.  In  wet  saline  places ;  California  to  Alaska  and  the  Atlantic 
States. 

§  2  EuRANUNcuLUs  Gray  1.  c.  Mature  carpels  crustaceous  or 
firm-coriaceous,  the  sides  nerveless.  Petals  usually  j^ellow,  with  a 
nectariferous  spot  or  pit  and  scale  near  the  base. 

*  Amphibious,  the  submersed  leaves  cut  into  numerous  filiform  di- 
visions :  petals  yellow,  with  a  broad  scale  at  the  base :  achenes  with  a 
broad  white  caruncle. 

R.  delphinifolius  Torr.  in  Eat.  Man.  ed.  4,  424.  ?  Glabrous:  annual: 
stems  floating,  a  foot  or  two  long  :  submersed  leaves  dissected  into  several- 
times  forked  capillary  divisions  ;  emersed  leaves  round  or  reniform,  vari- 
ously lobed  or  cleft :  peduncles  stout,  2  inches  or  more  long :  petals  5-8,  4-6 
lines  long,  much  longer  than  the  sepals ;  scale  %  as  long  as  its  petal,  inrol- 
led  and  its  edges  joined  together  for  half  its  length :  achenes  strongly 
margined,  and  pointed  with  a  stout  curved  beak.  In  ponds  that  are  dry 
art  of  each  year.  Western  Oregon  and  Washington. 

R.  limosns  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  i,  20.  Subaquatic,  soft-villous,  procumbent : 
leaves  reniform,  palmately  5-cleft,  the  segments  2-3-toothed  or  somewhat 
lobed,  the  divisions  blunt,  short  and  shallow;  stems  1-2-flowered  :   petals 

3  lines  long,  rounded,  longer  than  the  sepals :  achenes  small,  scarcely  keel- 
ed, with  a  short,  nearly  straight,  subulate  beak.  Margins  of  brackish  lakes, 
plains  of  Idaho  and  Utah. 

*  *  Subaquatic,  with  entire  or  merely  denticulate  or  crenulate,  peti- 
.  oled  leaves ;    petals  5  or  more  ;  achenes  in  a  globular  head ,  subulate- 
beaked. 

R.  reptans  L.  Sp.  549.  R.  Flamrnula  var.  reptans  Meyer  PL  Lab.  96. 
Stems  filiform,  creeping  and  rooting  at  the  joints,  4-12  inches  long:  leaves 
lanceolate  to  linear,  acute  at  both  ends,  glabrous,  entire:  flowers  2-5  lines 
wide ;  petals  obovate :  achenes  barely  a  line  long,  roundish -ovate,  tipped 
with  a  slender  curved  beak.  Common  in  wet  places,  Oregon  to  Alaska,  New 
York  and  Canada. 

R.  microlouchns  Greene  Eyth.  iii,  122.  Perennial,  the  rather  Iprge 
cluster  of  fleshy-fibrous  roots  supporting  a  tuft  of  erect  lanceolate  leaves 
and  a  single  slender  tortuous,  often  partly  reclining,  leafy  and  few-flowered 
stem :  leaves  all  entire,  acute  at  both  ends,  the  radical  1-2  inches  long,  on 
slender  petioles  as  long,  narrowly  lanceolate,  nearly  glabrous  above,  but 
rather  densely  appressed-pubescent  beneath ;  cauline  few,  relatively  some- 
what broader,  with  short  petioles  or  subsessile:  flowers  1-several,  yellow, 

4  lines  broad  :  sepals  spreading :  petals  5-8,  obovate,  obtuse  ;  achenes  few, 
in  a  depressed-globose  head,  obliquely  obovoid,  slightly  narrowed  at  base, 
tipped  with  a  short  stout  blunt  style,  moderately  compressed,  marginless, 
smooth  and  glabrous.     Collected  by  E.  L.  Greene  in  N.  Idaho,  Aug.  1889. 

R.  Unalaschcensis  Bess,  in  Ledeb.  Fl.  Ross,  i,  32.  R.  Flamrnula  var. 
intermedins  Hook.  Fl.  i,  11.  Stems  decumbent  and  creeping,  4-12  inches 
long  leaves  all  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  entire  or  nearly  so,  1-2 
inches  long,  tapering  below  into  the  petiole :  petals  obovate,  2-3  lines  long ; 
achenes  roundish-ovate,  with  a  short  oblique  beak,  in  small  globular  heads. 
In  wet  places,  Idaho  to  Alaska. 

R.  samolifolius  Greene  Pitt,  iii,  13.  Stems  several  from  a  perennial 
root,  weak,  somewhat  flexuous  and  half  reclining,  6-10  inches  long,  leafy 
throughout,  simple  and  1 -flowered  or  branched  and  several -flowered  :  her- 


RANUNCULUS.  RANUNCULACE^.  15 

bage  light  green,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  leaves  all  entire,  obtuse,  radical 
ones  oblanceolate,  long-petioled,  2-4  inches  long;  cauline  lanceolate  to 
obovoid  or  oval,  the  upper  ones  with  very  short  dilated  and  thin  sheath- 
like petioles:  sepals  roundish,  spreading,  thin:  petals  5-8,  broadly  obovate, 
2-3  lines  long,  golden  yellow :  achenes  obovate,  moderately  compressed, 
obscurely  margined,  obliquely  tipped  with  a  short  style.  Very  common  in 
wet  places  in  the  Willamette  valley,  and  from  W.  Washington  to  the  Sier- 
ra Nevada  Mountains  in  California. 

R.  Oormani  Greene  Pitt,  iii,  91.  Stems  several,  from  a  fascicle  of  per- 
ennial, thick  but  slenderly  tapering  fleshy-fibrous  roots,  simple,  prostrate 
at  base,  rooting  and  bearing  leaves  at  2-3'  nodes,  the  terminal  part  naked, 
ascending  and  scapif orm ,  bearing  a  solitary  small  flower :  leaves  broadly 
ovate  or  deltoid-ovate,  acute,  coarsely  few-toothed,  6-9  lines  long,  glabrous, 
on  almost  filiform  somewhat  pilose-hairy  petioles  1-3  inches  long:  petals  5, 
oblong,  obtuse,  twice  the  length  of  the  spreading  sepals :  achenes  small, 
glabrous,  moderately  compressed,  with  a  slender  curved  beak  as  long  as 
the  body.  Collected  by  Mr.  M.  W.  Gorman  on  wet  banks  at  Cathedral 
Springs,  Crater  Lake,  southern  Oregon,  Aug.  22nd,  1896. 

R.  alismellns  Greene  Fl.  Fr.  237.  R.  alismxfolius  var.  alismellus  Gray. 
Glabrous ;  stems  slender  2-12  inches  long :  radical  leaves  ovate  or  elliptical 
to  oblong  or  cordate,  6-15  lines  long,  on  long  slender  petioles  ;  cauline  1-2 
or  none,  narrower,  subsessile :  flowers  solitary,  4-7  lines  broad,  on  long 
slender  peduncles :  achenes  few,  the  mature  ones  unknown^  In  wet  mead- 
ows on  the  highest  mountains,  Washington  to  California. 

R.  Popnlago  Greene  Eryth.  iii,  19.  R.  Cusickii  Jones  Proc.  Cal.  Acad. 
new  series  r .  615.  Stem  solitary,  from  a  fascicle  of  fibrous  roots,  erect, 
leafy,  the  whole  plant  flaccid  and  glabrous,  6-10  inches  high :  leaves  tliin- 
membranaceous,  from  round-reniform  to  cord  ate -ovate,  obtu.^e,  entire  or 
obscurely  crenate,  long  petioled;  the  cauline  smaller,  ovate  and  ovate-lanceo- 
late, sessile:  peduncles  many,  slender,  longer  than  the  cauline  leaves  to 
which  they  are  axillary :  flowers  yellow,  4  lines  broad :  petals  5-6,  obovate- 
oblong:  heads  of  rather  numerous  thick  short-pointed  ac^henes  small,  glo- 
bose or  depressed-globose.     Mountains  of  eastern  Oregon  and  Idaho. 

R.  Bolanderi  Greene,  Bull.  Calif.  Acad,  ii,  58.  Glabrous  throughout 
or  the  peduncles  and  calyx  pubescent :  stem  stout,  erect,  1-3  feet  high : 
leaves  lanceolate,  sparingly  callous-denticulate,  obtuse,  the  lower  ones  with 
blade  4-6  inches  long  on  petioles  5-12  inches  long,  the  cauline  ones  few 
and  short-petioled  or  subsessile  ;  petals  broadly  obovate  3-5  lines  long,  twice 
as  long  as  the  rounded  spreading  sepals;  scales  minute:  achenes  smooth, 
moderately  compressed,  pointed  with  a  slender  beak,  crowded  in  a  com- 
pact ovoid  head.     In  m  et  places,  Willamette  valley  to  northern  California. 

*  *  *  Terrestrial  species  with  at  least  some  lobed  or  divided  leaves, 
and  no  stoloniferous  rooting  or  creeping  stems  except  in  R.  repens. 

H-  Radical  leaves  few,  only  lobed  :  achenes  turgid  and  dorsally  roun- 
ded, in  a  globose  head. 

R.  glaberrimus  Hook.  Fl.  i,  12,  t.  5,  Fig.  A.  Glabrous:  stems  weak, 
2-6  inches  long,  erect  or  decumbent :  leaves  all  petioled,  radical  broadly 
oval,  rounded  and  coarsely  toothed  or  lobed  at  the  apex;  cauline  subcu- 
neate,  trifid  or  entire:  petals  5,  obovoid,  4-6  lines  long,  twice  the  length 
of  the  oval  spreading  sepals :  achenes  plump,  puberulent,  slender-beaked, 
in  large  globose  heads.  In  wet  places,  eastern  Washington  and  north- 
ward:  flowering  in  very  early  spring. 

R.  ellipticn^  Greene  Pitt,  ii,  110.  Very  glabrous:  stems  several,  2-3 
inches  high,  from  a  large  fascicle  of  perennial  fleshy -fibrous  roots :  radical 
leaves  elliptical,  entire,  acutish  at  both  ends,  the  petiole  equaling  the  blade ; 
the  cauline  narrower,  often  cleft  into  2-3  linear  divisions :  petals  often  wan- 
ting, sometimes  1  only,  or  5,  large,  broadly  obovate  or  more  rounded,  bright 


16  EANUNCULACE^.  ranunculus. 

yellow :  achenes  numerous,  in  a  large  globose  head,  plump,  smooth,  tipp- 
ed with  a  short  curved  beak :  peduncles  recurving  in  fruit  until  the  heads 
rest  on  the  ground.  In  wet  places  from  the  Blue  Mountains  of  Oregon  to 
eastern  California  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

R,  di^itatus  Hook.  Kew  Misc.  iii,  124,  t.  4.  Less  than  a  span  high  from 
a  cluster  of  short  and  downwardly  tuberous-thickened  roots;  glabrous:  leaves 
few,  pfttioled,  entiie  and  lanceolate,  or  digitately  or  somewhat  pedately  lobed 
the  3  to  5  segments  narrowly  lanceolate  or  oblong-spatulate.  obtuse:  flowers  2 
or  3,  terminal,  5  to  10  lines  in  diameter,  with  5  to  IT  oblong-spatulate  petals: 
fruit  subglobose,  akenes  beaked  with  the  subulate  recurved  style.  Mountains 
of  southern  Idaho    Nevada,  Utah,  and  Wyoming, 

'■*-  ■*-  Leaves  all  2-4-ternately  parted  or  divided  into  numerous  nar- 
row divisions:  achenes  turgid,  subulate-beaked,  dorsally  marginless, 
smooth  or  nearly  so.  Low  perennials  with  fibrous-fascicled  roots. 

B.  triternatus  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xxi,  370.  Stems  ascending,  2-6 
inches  long :  leaves  usually  triternately  divided  and  parted  ;  primary  divi- 
ions  petiolulate,  lobes  filiform-linear  to  linear-spatulate,  obtuse :  inflores- 
cence secund:  peduncles  stout,  2  inches  long,  at  length  recurved  and  the 
heads  resting  on  the  ground:  petals  broadly  obovate,  4-6  lines  long: 
achenes  very  turgid,  rounded  on  the  back,  slender-beaked,  the  head  glo- 
bose with  a  thick  globular  receptacle.  Klickitat  Co.  Washington,  on  the 
highest  hills  opposite  the  Dalles ;  flowering  in  very  early  spring. 

R.  eximius  Greene  Eryth.  iii,  19.  Radical  leaves  very  few,  often  only 
one,  on  sh'>rt  stout  petioles  1-2  inches  long,  the  blade  of  cuneate-obovate 
ox  almost  flabelliform  outline  deeply  about  7-lobed  at  the  broad  summit, 
otherwise  entire:  upper  cauline  leaves  sessile,  broadly  cuneiform,  an  inch 
long,  cleft  to  the  middle  into  about  5  lanceolate-'Or  broadly  linear  lobes : 
periphery  of  the  expanded  large  corolla  quite  circular  by  the  overlapping 
of  the  numerous  broadly  obovate  or  almost  obcordate  yellow  petals.  Al- 
pine or  subalpine,  Idaho  and  Wyoming  to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

-•-  -t-  -t-  Leaves  mostly  cleft  or  more  divided,  some  radical  ones  un- 
divided but  at  least  crenate  or  dentate :  achenes  turgid  or  lenticular, 
marginless :  high  mountain  perennials  with  rather  large  flowers. 

R.  Snksdorfii  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xxi,  371.  Glabrous:  stems  4-10 
inches  high  from  a  fascicle  of  fleshy-fibrous  roots,  1-3-flowered ;  leaves  small, 
somewhat  reniform,  3-5-cleft  or  parted,  divisions  of  the  radical  ones  3-5- 
cleft  or  incised,  of  the  cauline  linear;  petals  round-obovate,  refuse,  4-6  lines 
long,  deep  yellow :  achenes  glabrous,  turgid-lenticular,  acutish-edged,  tipp- 
ed with  an  almost  filiform  long  style.  In  damp  ground  on  Mount  Adams, 
Washington  at  6000  to  7800  feet  elevation. 

R.  Eschscholtzli  Schlecht.  Animad.  Ranunc.  ii,  16,  t,  1.  Stems  ascen- 
ding, 6-12  inches  long,  1-3-flowered :  leaves  roundish  in  outline ;  radical  all 
3-5-parted  or  deeply  cleft,  and  their  obovate  or  cuneate  divisions  mostly 
lobed  or  incised ;  cauline  similar  or  with  oblong  to  spatulate  or  lanceolate 
and  often  entire  divisions :  petals  3-6  lines  long :  achenes  glabrous,  with 
slender-subulate  and  mostly  straight  style  of  more  than  half  their  length ; 
heads  oblong.  Alpine,  in  the  Cascade  Mountains  to  Alaska  and  the 
Rocky  Mountains. 

R.  cardiophyllns  Hook.  Fl.  i,  14,  t.  5.  Hirsutely  pubescent:  stems 
robust,  10-12 inches  high:  radical  leaves  round-cordate,  coarsely  crenate  to 
3-7-cleft;  cauline  nearly  sessile,  palmately  many-cleft,  the  linear  lobes 
incisely  crenate:  petals  golden  yellow,  broadly  oval,  very  obtuse,  twice  as 
long  as  the  spreading  sepals:  achenes  small,  roundish,  tipped  with  a  long 
hooked  style.  On  high  mountains,  Oregon  to  Alaska,  Canada  and  the 
Rocky  Mountains. 

•♦--»-•♦-■*-  Slender-rooted  annual,  with  small  flowers  and  achenes. 


RANUNCULUS.  RANUNCULACE^.  17 

R.  eremogenes  Greene  Eryth.  iv,  121.  R.  sceleratiis  of  authors  as  to 
the  western  plant.  Glabrous:  stem  erect,  etout  and  fistulous,  6-30  inches 
high,  sparingly  leafy,  simple  below,  loosely  corymbose-paniculate  above, 
herbage  light-green ;  lower  leaves  round-reniform,  deeply  2-5-lobed,  the 
lobes  obtusely-toothed  above ;  upper  leaves  more  deeply  and  narrowly  cut : 
petals  light  yellow,  surpassing  the  sepals:  achenes  numerous,  smooth,  flat- 
tened, with  very  short  beak,  crowded  in  a  short-oblong  head  :  the  oblong- 
ovoid  receptacle  much  inflated.  Wet  springy  places,  northern  California 
to  Brit.  Columbia  and  the  Rocky  Mountains ;  east  of  the  Cascade  Mts. 

H_  ^_  ^_  H_  H-  Leaves  variously  cleft  or  divided :  achenes  compressed, 
usually  flat,  surrounded  by  a  firm  or  indurated  niargin  :  none  truly 
alpine. 

-M-  Radical  leaves  not  divided  into  separate  leaflets :  petals  usually 
only  5 :  achenes  smooth  or  barely  pubescent,  in  globose  or  oblong  heads. 

=  Style  long,  recurving,  wholly  persistent  in  a  rigid  and  uncinate, 
elongated  beak. 

1  Perennials  with  erect  stems  from  somewhat  fleshy-fibrous  roots. 

R.  occidentdlis  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  i,  22.  Pilose  with  spreading  hairs : 
stems  rather  slender,  10-18  inches  high,  at  length  much  branched :  radical 
leaves  orbicular,  subcordate,  more  or  less  deeply  3-lobed,  or  3-parted,  and 
coarsely  toothed,  an  inch  or  less  in  diameter ;  cauline  leaves  deeply  cut 
into  3-5  linear  lobes :  petals  obovate-oblong,  3-7  lines  long,  twice  as  long  as 
the  reflexed  sepals :  achenes  smooth  or  nearly  so,  flat,  a  line  in  diameter; 
beak  nearly  as  long  as  the  body;  heads  globose.  Common  in  dry  open 
places,  Oregon  to  Alaska  and  the  Rocky  Mountains, 

B.  Eiseni  Kellogg  Proc.  Cal.  Acad,  vii,  115.  Sparingly  villous  :  stems 
slender,  at  length  widely  branched  above,  1-2  feet  high:  leaves  rather 
small,  not  cordate  at  base,  palmately  3-lobed  or  3-parted,  the  broad  cunei- 
form lobes  of  the  radical  ones  trifid :  petals  obovate-oblong,  3-5  lines  long, 
twice  as  long  as  the  reflexed  sepals:  achenes  broad  and  rounded,  compress- 
ed and  thin,  glabrous,  tipped  with  a  short  recurved  beak.  In  dry  ground, 
mountains  of  southern  Oregon  to  middle  California. 

R.  Rattani.  R.  occidentaHs  var.  Rattani  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad .  xxi,  373. 
More  or  less  villous  with  long  white  hairs:  stem  slender,  1-2  feet  high, 
widely  branching  above :  leaves  palmately  3-parted  or  3-lobed,  not  cordate 
at  base,  the  broad  cuneiform  lobes  of^the  radical  ones  trifid :  sepals  2-3 
lines  long,  reflexed ;  petals  obovate-oblong,  4-6  lines  long  or  more :  achenes 
becoming  roughish-papillose,  and  sparsely  or  thickly  beset  with  short 
hairs.     Dry  ground,  southern  Oregon  and  northern  California. 

R.  Howellii  Greene  ms.  R  occidentalis  var.  Howellii  Greene  Pitt.  Hi.  14- 
R.  canus  Howell  P.  C.  PI.  No.  1331.  not  Benth.  Stems  slender,  smooth,  1-2  feet 
hgih,  widely  branched  above:  leaves  broadly  cuneate,  palmately  3-5-lobed 
or  -parted,  the  cuneiform  segments  3-toothed  or  -lobed,  canescent  with  a 
long  appressed-silkr  pubescence :  sepals  ovate,  acute,  pubescent  outside, 
soon  reflexed,  2-3  lines  long :  petals  obovate-oblong,  4-6  lines  long  or  more : 
achenes  rather  small,  smooth,  tipped  with  a  subulate,  slightly  hooked  to 
almost  straight,  elongated  style.  Dry  hillsides  about  Ashland  Oregon, 
extending  to  near  the  Klamath  river  in  California. 

R.  ciliosns.  Soft-pubescent  with  moderately  long,  white,  at  length 
spreading  hairs :  stems  1-several  from  a  fascicle  of  fleshy-fibrous  perennial 
roots,  erect  or  ascending ;  lower  leaves  3-parted,  the  obovate  or  oblanceo- 
late  segments  acutely  2-5-lobed ;  the  cauline  3-parted,  the  acute  lanceolate 
segments  entire  or  2-3-lobed;  the  uppermost  lanceolate  and  entire:  sepals 
ovate,  acutish,  2-3  lines  long,  soon  reflexed ;  petals  broadly  obovate,  4-6 
lines  long:  young  achenes  roundish,  ciliate  on  the  outer  edge,  tipped  with 
a  long  subulate  hooked  style:  mature  achenes  not  seen.  Moist  banks, 
in  Bear  Valley,  Blue  Mountains,  Oregon.  Howell.  May  23,  1885. 


18  EANUNCULACE^.  ranunculus. 

R.  Greenei.  R.  occidentalis  var.  LyaUii  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xxi^  373. 
R.  tenellus  var.  Lyallii  Robinson  in  Gray  Syn.  Fl.  i,  33.  Hispidly  hirsute 
with  tawny  hairs,  or  the  upper  parts  nearly  smooth :  stem  usually  solitary, 
erect,  1-3  feet  high,  with  few-several  slender  erect  branches :  leaves  rather 
few,  thin,  1-3  inches  in  diameter,  cordate,  deeply  3-cleft,  the  broadly-ob- 
ovate  divisions  acute,  3-5-cleft  and  acutely  toothed:  flowers  small,  on  jslen- 
der  pedicels,  the  pale  yellow  petals  1-3  lines  long,  not  surpassing  the  spr- 
eading sepals  achenes  in  rather  dense  globose  heads,  scarcely  a  line  broad, 
minutely  papillose  and  hispid,  tipped  with  along  slender-subulate  curved 
and  hooked  beak.  Common  in  open  Fir  forest,  Oregon  to  Brit.  Columbia 
and  northern  Idaho.' 

2  Winter  annuals. 

R.  Bouglasii.  R.  tenellus  Nutt,  T.  &  G.  Fl.  i,  23.  not  Viviani.  Stem 
solitary,  slender  or  moderately  stout,  branching,  1-3  feet  high:  radical 
leaves  long-petioled,  3-partedortrifoliolate,the  divisions  deeply  3-lobed  and 
the  lobes  acutely  3-toothed ;  cauline  similar,  or  th«  upper  3-parted  with 
linear  lobes,  or  reduced  to  a  single  linear-lanceolate  leaf  or  bract,  all  spar- 
ingly pubescent  with  small  appressed  hairs :  sepals  greenish,  pubescent 
•  outside,  oblong,  obtuse,  1-2  lines  long:  petals  broadly  spatulate,  a  third 
longer  than  the  reflexed  sepals, attenuate  below  to  a  claw :  achenes  smooth, 
tipped  with  a  short  stout  hooked  beak.  Common  in  moist  places  and  river 
bottoms,  California  to  Brit.  Columbia. 

R.  PARViFLORUs  L.  Sp.  ed.  2,  i,  780.  Soft-pubescent  with  spreading  hairs: 
stem  erect,  slender  or  stoutish,  simple-much  branched,  2-12  inches  high; 
lower  leaves  3-parted ;  the  broad  segment  deeply  3-7-lobed ;  cauline  leaves 
trifoliolate,  the  broad  cunieform  leaflets  deeply  cut  yito  3-5  lanceolate  acute 
lobes :  sepals  about  a  line  long,  oblong,  obtuse,  subpersistent :  petals  obo- 
vate,  attenuate  below  to  a  claw,  about  as  long  as  the  sepals,  subpersistent : 
achenes  few,  in  a  loose  globose  head,  papillose-hispid  with  short  hooked 
hairs,  tipped  with  a  very  short,  hooked  beak.  In  the  shade  of  bushes  and 
rocks,  from  the  Columbia  river  to  southern  Oregon.  Introduced  from  Eu. 

=  =  Style  comparatively  short. 

R.  Californicus  Benth.  PI.  Hartw.  205.  More  or  less  pilose  or  hirsute: 
stems  erect  or  nearly  so,  6-25  inches  high,  from  a  cluster  of  somewhat 
thickened  fibrous  pareunia!  roots  :  radical  leaves  usually  pinmitely  ternate, 
the  leaflets  laciniately  cut  into  3-7  usually  linear  lobes  or  parts  :  flowers 
5-10  lines  in  diameter;  petals  5-13,  narrowly  obovate,  deep  glossy  yellow, 
longer  than  the  reflexed  sepals:  achenes  nearly  2  lines  long,  much  flatten- 
ed and  with  sharp  edges,  tipped  with  the  short  curved  beak:  heads  com- 
pact, ovate  or  globular.  Dry  or  moist  ground,  southern  Oregon  near  the 
coast,  and  California. 

-n-  **  Stems  erect  or  ascending,  not  stoloniferous :  roots  fibrous,  of 
short  duration :  ovaries  with  the  stout  subulate  style  stigmatose  for 
much  of  its  length,  persisting  in  a  straight  or  merely  oblique  beak. 

R.  Pennsylvanicus  L.  f.  Suppl.  272.  Hirsute  with  rough  spreading 
hairs :  stem  stout,  erect  1-2  feet  high :  leaves  ternate ;  the  somewhat  ovate 
acute  leaflets  3-cleft,  the  divisions  sharply  cut  and  toothed :  petals  pale 
yellow,  not  longer  than  the  spreading  sepals :  achenes  flat,  tipped  with  the 
short  straight  beak,  crowded  in  an  oblong  head.  In  damp  places,  eastern 
Oregon  to  Brit.  Columbia  and  the  Eastern  States. 

R.  Macounii  Britton  Trans.  N.  Y.  Acad,  xii,  3.  R.  Mspidus  Pursh  Fl.  ii, 
395,  not  Michx.  Stems  ascending  or  declined,  usually  hirsute  with  spread- 
ing hairs,  stout,  1-2  feet  long :  leaves  all  ternately  compound :  segments 
oval,  acute,  laciniately  toothed:  flowers  few,  middle-sized,  rather  long-ped- 
uncled;  petals  obovate,  about  3  lines  long,  surpassing  the  spreading  or 
hardly  reflexed  soon  deciduous  sepals ;  achenes  mostly  1%  lines  long, 
smooth,  tipped  with  a  stout  straight  flat-subulate  beak,  in  globular  or  at 


RANUNCULUS.  RANUNCULACE^.  19 

most  oval  heads.    Washington  to  Brit.  Columbia  and  Canada. 

R.  Oreganns.  R.  hispidus  var.  Oreganus  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xxi,  376. 
Smooth  or  somewhat  pubescent  below  with  scattered  hairs :  stem  stout, 
X-3  feet  high,  usually  several  from  the  fascicle  of  annual  roots:  leaves 
ample,  trifoUate ;  the  broadly-ovate  leaflets  deeply  3-lobed ;  lobes  mostly 
lanceolate,  serrate  above  the  middle :  petals  obovate,  3-4  lines  long,  twice  as 
long  as  the  reflexed  sepals:  achenes  flat  with  a  prominent  border,  1-1)^  lines 
long,  tipped  with  a  short  subulate  beak,  in  a  large  dense  oblong  or  oval 
h   ad.     fShady,  and  wet  places  abDut  the  mDuth  of  the  Willamette  river. 

Stems  prostrate  and  stoloniferous. 


+>     -M-     -M- 


R.  REP2NS  L.  Sp.  i,  551.  Pab33C3nt;  stems  1-2  feet  long,  trailing,  rooting 
at  the  lower  joints:  leaves  ternitgly  parted  and  often  subdivided:  sepals 
spreading:  petals  5;  achenes  13>^  lines  long,  rather  sharply  margined,  the 
nearly  straight  beak  about  1>^  lines  long.  Naturalized  in  various  places 
from  California  to  Brit.  Columbia. 

R.  septentrionalis  Poir.  Diet,  vi,  125.  Coarsely  hirsute  to  glabrous : 
stems  stout,  1-3  feet  high  :  often  stoloniferous  :  leaves  nearly  all  pedately 
and  pinnately  3-foliate;  leaflets  3-parted  and  sharply  incised:  flowers 
large,  often  more  than  an  inch  broad :  achenes  strongly  compressed,  rather 
gradually  contracted  into  a  long  flat  beak;  heads  ovoid.  Northern  Idaho 
and  eastward  to  New  Brunswick. 

^^  ^^  ^^  ^^  iStyle   more   or  less   elongated  and  attenuate   upwards, 
stigmatose  at  the  tip  only :  petals  5-15 :  roots  perennial. 

R.  orthorhynchns  Hook.  Fl.  i.  21,  t.  9.  Hirsute  to  nearly  glabrous: 
stems  erect  or  ascending,  1-2  feet  long,  usually  several  from  the  fascicle  of 
thick  fibrous  roots:  leaves  mostly  oblong  in  outline,  pinnate,  with  5-7  usu- 
ally cleft  or  incised  leaflets ;  petals  narrow  obovate  purple  outside,  4-6  hues 
long,  much  surpassing  the  reflexed  sepals  :  achenes  not  very  numerous, 
ovate,  nearly  2  lines  l  ng,  strongly  margined,  tipped  with  a  slender-subu- 
late, rigid  and  quite  straight  beak  about  the  same  length.  In  wet  places, 
w^estern  Oregon  to  Brit.  Columbia. 

R.  maximas  Greene  Bull  Torr.  Club,  xiv,  118.  R.  orthorhynchns  var, 
platyphyllus  Gray  I.  c.  377.  Pilose  or  hirsute  with  spreading  hairs  :  stems 
stout,  1-4  feet  high,  ascending  or  trailing,  but  not  rooting:  radical  leaves 
piimate,  2-8  inches  long,  on  long  petioles;  leaflets  deeply  3-cleft  or  -parted, 
the  divisions  laciniately  3-9-toothed :  sepals  ovate,  acute,  3-4  lines  long, 
hirsute  outside,  soon  reflexed  :  petals  obovate-oblong,  rounded  at  the  sum- 
mit, short  clawed,  5-9  lines  long,  yellow  with  a  dark  base :  achenes  strong- 
ly margined,  tipped  with  a  rigid,  subulate,  straight  or  slightly  incurved 
beak  as  long  asthe  body.  In  wet  places,  Oregon  and  Washington  to  Cal- 
ifornia arid  the  Wahsatch  Mountains. 


-f-  Annuals  or  biennials  with  muricate-echinate  achenes. 


R.  MURicATus  L.  Sp.  1,  555.  Glabrous:  stems  rather  stout,  4-8  inches 
high  ;  leaves  roundish  or  reniform,  coarsely  toothed :  petals  pale  yellow, 
longer  than  the  sepals :  achenes  very  large,  flat,  the  sides  coarsely  muricate- 
prickly,  surrounded  by  a  wide  sharp  smooth  margin;  beak  stout  and 
straight.     In  wet  places,  Umpqua  valley  Oregon.  Introduced  from  Europe. 

Tribe  4-  Hellehorese  DC.  Sepals  imbricated  in  the  bud,  petaloid. 
Petals  small  or  irregular  or  none.  Carpels  few,  becoming  several- 
seeded  follicles. 

*  Perennial  herbs.   Flowers  regular.  Follicles  5-15. 

6  CALTHA    L.   Gen.  n.  703. 

Smooth  marsh  plants  with  mostly  radical,  cordate  or  reniform 


20  KANUNCULACEJ^:.  caltha. 

TROLLIUS. 

leaves  and  white  or  yellow  flowers  Sepals  5-15.  petaloid.  Pet- 
als none.  Stamens  numerous  Pistils  5-15,  several  ovuled,  be- 
coming several-seeded,  flattened  follicles  that  are  dehiscent  their 
whole  length  on  the  inner  edge. 

C.  leptosepala  DC.  Syst.  i,  310.  Stems  erect,  2-8  inches  high,  1-2-fiow- 
ered ;  the  lower  flower  subtended  by  a  petaloid  lanceolate  bract :  leaves 
roundish-  to  oblong-cordate,  longer  than  wide,  irregularly  crenate -toothed : 
sepals  white  tinged  with  purple  outside,  lanceolate,  acute,  5-8  lines  long: 
follicles  obscurely  stipitate.  Wet  meadows,  Mount  Adams  Washington  to 
the  Rocky  Mountains  and  Alaska. 

C.  biflora  DC.  Syst.i,  310.  Stems  scape-like,  5-12  inches  high,  1-2-flo- 
wered:  leaves  round-reniform,  with  broad  overlapping  base,  broader  than 
long,  1-4  inches  broad,  obscurely  crenate:  sepals  white,  oblong  to  spatulate, 
obtuse,  6-10  lines  long:  follicles  distinctly  stipitate  when  mature.  In 
cold  bogs  and  rivulets  of  high  mountains.  California  to  Alaska.. 

C.  palustris  L.  Sp.  i,  784.  Stems  erect  or  ascending,  rather  thick  and 
succulent,  6-10  inches  long  or  more,  corymbosely  or  dichotomously  branch- 
ed above :  lower  leaves  2-4  inches  broad,  cordate  or  reniform,  on  petioles 
3-9  inches  or  more  long,  crenately  or  acutely  dentate,  or  quite  entire ;  cau- 
line  leaves  on  shorter  petioles :  flowers  few,  pedunculate,  yellow  ;  sepals  5- 
6,  broadly  oval,  6-9  lines  long:  follicles  oblong,  somewhat  curved,  mucron- 
ate  with  the,  at  length,  nearly  straight  style.  In  marshes,  Oregon  to 
Alaska  and  the  Atlantic  States  and  Canada. 

8  TROLLIUS    L.  Gen.  n.  700. 

Glabrous  perennial  herbs  with  palmataly  lobed  or  dissected 
leaves,  and  few  or  solitary  yellow  or  lilac  flowers.  Sepals  5-15, 
regular,  petaloid,  deciduous.  Petals  5-8,  small,  1 -lipped,  tubu- 
lar at  base.  Stamens  and  ovaries  numerous.  Follicles  sessile, 
somewhat  cylindrical,  many-seeded.  Seeds  oblong  with  a  smooth 
crustaceous  testa. 

T,  laxjis  Salisb.  Trans.  Linn.  S6c.  viii,  303  Stems  erect,  1-2 feet  high: 
leavespalmately  divided ;  the  segments  many-cleft :  sepals  5-6,  spreading, 
ochroleucous  with  a  tinge  of  greeti  beneath :  petals  15-25,  deep  orange-yel- 
low. Headwaters  of  the  Skokomish  river,  Olympic  Mountains  Washing- 
ton, and  the  eastern  States. 

9  COPTIS  Salisb.  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  viii,  305. 

Low,  smooth  and  shining  evergreen  herbs  with  1-3-flowered 
scapes  and  ternate  or  quinate  leaves.  Flowering  in  very  early 
spring.  Sepals  5-7,  petaloid.  Petals  as  many,  thread-like,  en- 
larging and  cucullate  near  the  upper  end  or  near  the  middle. 
Stamens  10-25.  Follicles  3-12,  stipitate,  several  seeded.  Seeds 
with  shining  crustaceous  testa. 

§  1.  Chryza  Gray  Gen.  IlL  i,  38.  Sepals  oval.  Petals  shorter 
thai!  the  stamens,  clavate,  with  enlarged  and  thickened,  hollow, 
nectariferous  summit.  Leaflets  3,  rarely  5,  subsessile  and  undi- 
vided.    Scapes  1-flowered. 

C.  trifolia  Salisb.  1.  c.  Leaves  trifoliolate ;  leaflets  cuneiform-obovate, 
mucronately  toothed,  obscurely  3-lobed,  about  an  inch  long :  scapes  slen- 
der, 3-5  inches  high,  1-flowered:  sepals  5-7,  oblong,  obtuse,  white:  pet- 
als shorter  than  the  sepals,  cucullate-obconic,  white  with  yellow  base, 
soon  deciduous :  follicles  ovate-oblong,  longer  than  the  style,  equaled  by 


coPTis.  RANUNCULACEiE.  21 

AQUILEGIA. 

the  stipe:  seeds  black.     In  marshes  and   low    woods,    northwest  Wash- 
ington to  Alaska  and  the  Atlantic  vStates,  Newfoundland  and  northward. 

§  2  Chrysocoptis  Gray  1.  c.  Sepals  linear  or  ligulate,  atten- 
uate, greenish-  or  \ellowish-white.  Petals  filiform  or  ligulate, 
enlarged  and  cucullate  near 'the  middle     Scapes  1  3-flowered. 

C.  occidentalis  T.  &  G.  Fl.  i,  28.  Leaves  simply  trifoliolate :  leaflets 
long-petiolulate,  roundish  in  outline,  2-3  inches  long,  3-lobed  to  about  the 
middle,  lobes  obtuse,  slightly  3-lobed  or  incised  and  obtusely  dentate:  pet- 
als shorter  than  the  sepals  and  apparently  subulate  from  a  subsessile  ovate 
and  concave  base ;  mature  follicles  longer  than  the  stipe ;  seeds  oblong.  In 
the  mountains  of  Idaho.  A  little  known  species. 

C.  venosa.  Leaves  ternate,  coriaceous,  smooth  and  shining  prominent- 
ly veine^l;  leaflets  ovate  with  cordate  base,  deeply  3-cleft,  the  divisioDS  again 
cleft  into  3-5  cuspidate  dentate  lobes,  the  terminal  one  long  aud  the  lateral 
ones  short  petiolulate:  scapes  at  length  7-12  inches  high,  equaling  or  excee- 
ding the  leaves:  sepals  petal-like,  very  narrowly  lanceolate,  long-acuminate 
3-4  lines  long:  petals  a  little  shorter,  filiform,  dilated  and  gibbous  below  the 
middle:  follicles  longer  than  the  stipe:  seeds  oblong,  chestnut-brown,  Cas- 
crtde  mountains  near  the  head  of  Elk  Creek  Oregon.  {So  far  as  known  only 
collected  by  myself,  and  distributed  as    C.  occidentalis  in  1881-82. 

C.  laciniata  Gray  Bot.  Gaz.  xii,  2^7.  Leaves  chartaceous,  ternate,  triter- 
nate,  or  ternate -quiuate;  the  ovate  leaflets  deeply  3-5 -cleft,  acute  and  acute- 
ly toothed:  sepals  linear  lanceolate,  4-5  lines  long,  spreading  or  reflexed: 
petals  a  third  shorter,  nearly  filiform,  cucullate  in  the  middle:  follicles  4-5 
lines  long,  ex.^.eeding  the  stipe:  seeds  oval.  Along  streams,  Coast  and  ^. 'as - 
cade  mountains  from  Oregon  to  northern  California. 

C.  aspleuifolia  i^alisb.  1.  c.  303.  Leave:3  pinnatcdy  5-foliolate;  leaflets  all 
rather  long-petiolulate,  mostly  ovatt -oblong  in  outline  and  pinnately 
5-parted  or  divided ;  lowest  pair  of  pinnae  commonly  petiolulate  and  ubpe'r 
confluent  all  3-5-cleft  and  incised:  sepals  filiform,  2-3  lines  long :  petals 
filiform  with  a  thickened  and  concave  nectary  below  the  middle :  mature 
follicles  shorter  than  the  stipe.  Damp  woods  and  marshes,  Alaska  to  Brit. 
Columbia.  To  be  looked  for  in  northern  Washington. 

10.  AQUILEGIA  Tourn.  Inst.  428.   L.  Gen.  n.  684. 

Perennial  herbs  with  biternate  or  triternate  leaves  and  showy 
terminal  flowers  in  early  summer.  Sepals  5,  colored  and  petal- 
oid.  Petals  5,  alternate  with  the  sepals,  with  short  spreading 
lips,  and  produced  backwards  into  long  tubular  spurs.  Stamens 
manVj  the  outer  ones  long-exserted,  the  inner  ones  reduced  to 
thin  scales.     Follicles  5,  sessile,  pointed  with  the  slender  style. 

A.  formosa  Fischer  in  DC.  Prod,  i,  50.  Sparingly  pubescent  with  soft 
spreading  hahs:  stems  branching,  2-4  feet  high,  from  a  simple  or  branched 
fleshy  fusiform  root:  lower  leaves  triternate,  on  long  petioles,  the  upper  sessile 
and  ternate  or  reduceti  to  simple  bracts:  leaflets  broadly  cuneate,  3-cleft,  the 
divisions  variously  3-5-lobed:  flowers  red, pendulous  in  anthesis;  sepals  sprea- 
ding or  reflexed,  10-14  lines  long,  lanceolate,  abruptly  narrowed  to  a  short 
claw:  sf)urs  little  or  not  at  all  longer  than  the  sepals :  style  not  longer  than  the 
stamens:  follicles  an  inch  long  by  2  lines  wide.  Common  from  California 
to  Alaska  Nevada  and  Utah. 

A.  trnncata  F.  &  M.  Ind.  Sem.  Petr.  Suppl.  8.  (1843,)  Glabrous:  stems 
1-3  feet  high,  with  lax  spreading  branches :  flowers  1-2  inches  in  diameter, 
red  tinged  with  yellow :  sepals  widely  spreading  or  reflexed :  petals  trun- 
cate, the  limb  very  short ;  the  spurs  6-9  lines  long,   thick  and  blunt.    In 


22  RANUNCULACE.E.  aquilegia. 

DELPHINIUM. 

shady  ravines,  southern  Oregon  near  Crater  Lake,  Gorman y  and  Cahfornia. 

A.  flayescens  Watson  Bot.  King,  10.  Smooth :  stems  1-3  feet  high : 
leaves  ternate:  leaflets  round-cordate,  8-parted,  the  segments  2-3-cleft  and 
coarsely  toothed:  flowers  yellow,  pendulous;  sepals  retiexed,  oblong-ovate, 
acute,  longer  than  the  spurs:  style  nearly  equaling  the  stamens,  much  lon- 
ger than  the  pubescent  ovary.  Hubalpine,  eastern  Oregon  to  Nevada,  Utah 
and  Brit.  Columbia. 

A.  leptosera  Nutt.  Journ.  Acad.  Philad.  vii,  9.  KStems  1-2  feet  high, 
glabrous,  few-flowered:  floAvers  white  or  slightly  tinged  with  blue,  soon  becom- 
ing erect:  sepals  ovate,  an  inch  to  inch  and  a  half  long;  spur  straight,  2  inches 
long,  very  slender:  Shaded  mountain  slopes,  Idaho  to  eastern  California  and 
Utah, 

*  *  Floivers  irregular.  Carpels  1-5.  Leaves  palmately  lobed  or 
dissected. 

11  DELPHINIUM  Tourn.  Inst.  426.  L.  Gen.  n.  781. 

Erect  herbs  from  grumous  or  fleshy-fibrous  roots,  with  palmate- 
ly lobed  cleft  or  divided  alternate  leaves  and  showy  flowers  in 
simple  or  paniculate  racemes.  Sepals  5,  very  irregular,  usually- 
colored  and  petaloid,  the  upper  one  produced  backwards  at  the 
base  into  a  hollow  spur  the  others  plain.  Petals  2-4,  very  irreg- 
ular, the  2  upper  ones  developed  backwards  and  enclosed  in  the 
spur  of  the  calyx.  Stamens  many.  Pistils  1-5,  many-ovuled. 
Style  persistent.     Ours  all  of 

§  Delphinastrum  DC.  Syst.  i,  351 ,  Petals  4.  distinct,  the  up- 
per pair  usually  glabrous :  the  lateral  ones  unguiculate,  more  or 
less  hairy  on  the  face,  in  ours  emarginate  or  2-lobed  at  the  apex. 
Follicles  in  ours  usually.  3. 

*  Flowers  blue  or  white,  never  scarlet  nor  orange. 

D.  Meiiziesii  DC.  ?yst.  i,  355.  Glabrous  or  pubescent  with  spreading 
hairs;  5  to  18  inches  high,  sparingly  leafy:  lower  leaves  round-ren if orm,  irreg- 
ularly cut  into  oblong  lobes:  the  upper  finely  dissected  into  linear  lobes:  flowers 
blue ,  in  a  few-branched  panicle:  sepals  lanceolate,  obtuse,  5-8  lines  long  by 
2-3  lines  wide,  about  as  long  as  the  stout  spur,  pubescent  with  spreading  hairs: 
petals  exserted,  white  with  purple  veins:  follicles  glabrous,  8-10  lines  long 
with  acute  widely  spreading  tips:  seeds  turbinate,  with  a  brond  depressed  sum- 
mit.      Northern  California  to  Brit.  Columbia:  usually  in  open  woods. 

D.  panperculnm  Greene  Pitt,  i,  284.  Stem  solitary,  simple,  2-7-leaved, 
6-10  inches  high ;  from  a  small  globose  or  ovate  tuber :  pubescence  sparse 
and  soft :  leaves  parted  into  broad-linear,  trifid  segments :  flowers  only  3  or 
4  on  ascending  pedicels,  deep  blue,  an  inch  broad ;  spur  straight,  ascending. 
Near  the  coast,  Washington.  M.  A.  Knapp. 

D.  Oreganum.  Finely  pubescent  with  short  reflexed  hairs :  stem  often 
slender,  1-3  feet  high,  from  a  somewhat  branched  flatfish  tuber,  sparingly 
leafy:  leaves  all  dissected  into  acute  linear  lobes:  flowers  blue,  in  few  to 
many-flowered  racemes  ;  sepals  broadly  lanceolate,  half  inch  or  more  long, 
shorter  than  the  slender  spur;  lower  petals  blue,  very  obtuse  or  truncate, 
repand  and  ciliate  at  the  apex,  the  blade  only  2-3  lines  long;  upper  ones 
light  blue  bordered  with  white,  lanceolate,  obtuse :  follicles  2-4  lines  long 
by  a  line  broad,  densely  tomentose,  erect  and  not  at  all  spreading  at  the 
tips:  seed  triangular,  with  rounded  and  rugose  back,  and  truncate  summit. 
Open  plains  and  hillsides  of  the  Willamette  valley. 


DFLPHiNiuM.  KANUNCULACE^.  23 

1).  leucophaenm  Greene  Eryth.  iii,  118.  D.  Menziesii  var.  ochroleucum 
Nv.tt.  T.  i&  G.  Fl.  i,  31.  Very  finely  pubescent  with  retrorsely  appressed 
hairs,  usually  rather  slender,  1-3  feet  high  from  a  more  or  less  branching 
tuber :  leaves  ternate,  the  nearly  sessile  leaflets  deeply  cut  into  3-5  lacini- 
ately  trifid  lobes  :  racemes  virgate,  3-10  inches  long :  pedicels  erect  in  fruit, 
the  lowest  1-2  inches  long,  the  upper  2-6  lines  long,  all  more  or  less  gland- 
ular: sepals  whitish  or  ochroleucous  outside,  spur  slender, 8-10  lines  long, 
longer  than  the  oblong  lower  petals,  blue  bordered  with  white,  rounded  at 
the  summit,  repand-dentate,  rather  densely  bearded:  follicles  erect,  rather 
densely  pubescent,  oblong,  5-7  lines  long.  Open  plains,  Willamette  val- 
ley and  along  the  AVillamette  river  near  Oswego. 

D.  simplex  Dougl.  Hook.  Fl.  i,  25.  Tall  and  strict,  2-3  feet  high : 
pubescent  throughout,  with  short  and  SDft  spreading  almost  velvety  down: 
leaves  all  dissected  into  linear  divisions  and  lobes,  racemes  spiciform  and 
virgate  :  pedicels  shorter  than  the  spur,  erect  in  flower  and  fruit :  calyx 
pubescent  outside.  Root  and  fruit  not  seen.  Western  Idaho.  (Gray  Syn. 
FL  i,  49.) 

D.  distichnm  Geyer  Lond.  Journ.  Bot.  vi.  68.  Stem  strict  a  foot  or 
two  to  rarely  3  feet  high  from  a  fasciculate  tuberous  root,  glaucescent,  gla- 
brous or  the  inflorescence  puberulent,  rather  rigid,  several-leaved,  simple 
or  the  larger  plants  having  one  or  more  lateral  racemes  :  leaves  thickish ; 
lower  ones  of  rounded  outline,  with  cuneate  or  narrow  divisions  and  lobes ; 
upper  ones  short-petioled,  erect,  and  with  aproximate  or  little  spreading 
linear  divisions  and  lobes:  raceme  spiciform  and  virgate,  many-flowered: 
pedicels  shorter  than  the  spur,  erect  or  appressed  both  in  flower  and  fruit : 
flowers  blue  or  violet,  approximate  and  conspicuously  distichous  in  the 
very  spiciform  raceme :  sepals  at  first  canescent  puberulent  outside,  a  third 
to  nearly  a  half  inch  long, follicles  erect,  seldom  over  a  half  inch  long.  Low 
prairies,  etc.,  Oregon  and  Washington  to  Montana. 

D.  Columbiannm  Greene  Eryth.  ii,  193.  Densely  canescent:  stems 
simple,  4-12  inches  high  or  more,  from  a  fascicle  of  thickened  roots :  lower 
leaves  reniform,  irregularly  cut  into  oblong  callous-tipped  lobes :  upper 
ones  finely  dissected  into  linear  lobes :  inflorescence  tawny  pubescent : 
flowers  dark  blue,  rather  small,  in  a  strict  secund  or  virgate  spike:  pedi- 
cels erect,  short  and  stout:  sepals  oblong,  about  half  as  long  as  the  slender 
spur,  appressed  canescent ;  follicles  densely  tawny-pubescent,  5-8  lines 
long  by  a  line  or  more  wide,  erect :  seeds  winged.  In  winter  rivulets,  east- 
ern Washington  to  Nevada  and  California. 

D.  Anderson!  Gray  1.  c.  Sparingly  pubescent  or  glabrous, 4-18  inches 
high,  rather  stout :  leaves  thickish,  round-reniform  in  outline,  the  lower 
coarsely  and  the  upper  finely  dissected  into  obtuse  linear  lobes ;  flowers 
blue,  in  a  condensed  spike  :  sepals  broadly  spatulate,  6  lines  long  or  more, 
finely  pubescent:  petals  pale  blue  veined  with  dark  blue  :  follicles  glab- 
rous, 8-12  lines  long  by  13^-2  lines  wide,  erect,  with  acute  spreading 
tips :  seeds  broadly  winged  with  a  broad  depressed  summit.  Southeastern 
Oregon  to  Nevada  and  California. 

1>.  !\nttallianum  Pritz.  in  W^alp.  Rep.  ii,  744.  Glabrous  or  barely  pu- 
berulent :  stem  slender,  a  span  to  a  foot  high  from  a  fasciculate-tuberous 
iroot;  leaves  small,  all  pedately  parted  into  narrowly  linear  divisions  of  an 
onch  or  more  in  length:  racemes  3-15  flowered:  pedicels  about  the  length, 
of  the  flowers ;  sepals  3  lines  long,  oblong,  little  surpassing  the  petals 
much  shorter  than  the  slender  spur:  follicles  (so  far  as  known)  oval-ob- 
long, erect,  about  4  lines  long.  Eastern  borders  of  Washington  to  the 
Rocky  Mountains. 

1).  bicolor  Nutt.  Jour.  Acad.  Philad.  vii,  10.  Pubescent,  a  span  to  a 
foot  high  from  fascicled,  and  mostly  deep  descending  roots,  rather  stout : 
leaves  thickish,  the  lower  orbicular  in  outline,  all  deeply  cleft  or  parted 
with  mostly  linear  and  obtuse  segments ;  racemes  few  to  several-flowered : 
lower  pedicels  an  inch    or    two    long,  ascending :  sepals    and  spur  half  to 


24  KANUNCULACE^.  delphinium. 

ACOXITUM. 

three-fourths  inch  long ;  upper  petals  pale  yellow  and  white  and  copiously 
blue-veined:  follicles  glabrous, or  when  young  puberulent, sometimes  quite 
erect,  but  usually  recurving  above.  Dry  ground,  mountains  of  eastern 
Oregon  and  Washington  to  Utah,  Colorado  and  British  Columbia. 

1).  depanperatum  Nutt.  1.  c.  Stem  very  slender,  simple,  1-3  leaved : 
leaves  scarcely  an  inch  in  diameter,  glabrous,  the  lower  one  fiabelliform 
or  reniform  :  upper  part  of  the  stem  and  carpels  minutely  villous :  raceme 
1-7-flowered ;  flowers  deep  blue,  upper  petals  yellowish :  follicles  5-6  lines 
long,  erect.     Mountains  of  eastern  Oregon  and  Nevada. 

D.  trolliifolium  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  viii,  275.  Glabrous  through- 
out or  the  inflorescence  sparingly  villous,  tall  and  stout,  2-5  feet  high : 
leaves  large,  long  petioled,  5-7  lobed,  the  lobes  laciniately  cleft  and 
toothed  with  acuminate  segments  :  flowers  large,  in  a  loose  raceme :  sepals 
oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  8-10  lines  long,  sparingly  villous:  follicles 
glabrous,  6-8  lines  long  by  two  lines  broad:  seeds  turbinate  with  a  narrow 
rim  at  the  top.  Common  along  streams  from  British  Columbfa  to  Califor- 
nia.    Known  as ''Poison   Larkspur," 

1).  occidentale  Watson.  Glabrous  or  densely  pubescent  above,  4-6 
feet  high :  leaves  deeply  3-5  cleft,  the  divisions  broadly  cuneate  some- 
what o-lobed  and  sparingly  gash-toothed,  the  teeth  narrowing  abruptly  to 
a  callous  point :  flowers  small  in  a  many-flowered  sparingly  branphed  pan- 
icle :  sepals  spatulate  acuminate  attached  by  a  broad  base,  6  lines  long  or 
more,  follicles  glabrous  or  sometimes  pubescent :  seeds  light  colored  and 
spongy.  Subalpine  in  damp  soil,  from  the  Blue  Mountains  of  Oregon  to 
Nevada. 

D.  scopnlorum  Gray  PI.  Wright,  ii,  9.  Glabrous  below  or  throughout : 
stems  1-6  feet  high  from  a  fasci«jle  of  thick  rovUs  ;  leaves  numerous,  mostly 
orbicular  in  outline,  2-3  inches  in  diameter,  5-7  parted,  the  lower  into 
cuneate  and  the  upper  into  narrower  cleft  and  lacmiate  divisions  :  petio- 
les, except  the  lowest,  hardly  dilated  at  base :  bracts  and  bractlets  mainly 
filiform :  racemes  many  flowered ;  flowers  blue  varying  to  white  or  pink  on 
short  erect  pedicels  ;  sepals  about  half  an  inch  long,  about  equaling  the 
spur :  lower  petals  deeply  notched  and  with  the  whitish  upper  ones  but  lit- 
tle shorter  than  the  oblong  sepals:  follicles  not  over  half  inch  long,  short- 
oblong,  erect :  seeds  with  a  loose  cellular  coat.  Mountains  of  eastern 
AVashington  (Sandhcrg  No.  921)  to  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  New  Mexico 

D.  glancnm  Watson  Bot.  Cal.  ii,  427.  Tall  and  stout,  glabrous  and 
more  or  less  glaucous:  leaves  large,  laciniately  lobed  and  toothed,  the 
lobes  mostly  acuminate,  the  upper  leaves  sparingly  lobed  or  entire  and 
narrowly  lanceolate:  flowers  pale  blue, numerous  in  a  narrow  raceme, upon 
slender  and  rather  short  pedicels,  the  somewhat  minutely  tomentose  sep- 
als rather  narrow,  about  6  lines  long  or  less,  follicles  glabrous.  From 
Yakima  county.  Washington,  to  California  and  north  to  the  Yukon  river. 

D.  Burkei  Greene  Eryth.  ii.  183.  Stems  one  or  several,  a  foot 
.high  or  more,  erect,  not  slender,  from  a  manifestly  woody-fibrous 
root,  leafy  at  or  near  the  base  only :  foliage  and  lower  part  of  stem  seem- 
ing glabrous,  though  somewhat  puberulent  under  a  lens ;  upper  part  of 
stem  and  the  inflorescence  clot  hed  with  a  short  villous-hirsute  pubescence : 
leaves  2  inches  broad,  deeply  parted  into  many  linear  and  oblong-linear 
obtusish  segments,  the  textur®  rather  fleshy :  raceme  rather  long  and  nar- 
row, the  pedicels  being  equal  and  quite  erect :  sepals  deep  blue,  pubescent 
exteriorly,  spur  rather  long,  usually  blunt,  nearly  straight  and  horizontal; 
petals  conspicuously  white,  or  perhaps  ochroleucous :  ovaries  densely-ap- 
pressed-vdllous :  follicles  unknown.     ''Snake   Country"  Idaho.     Burke. 

*  *  Flowers  scarlet. 

1).  nudicanle  T.  &  G.  1.  c.  Smooth  or  slightly  villous,  stems  a  foot  or 
two  high ;  leaves  mostly  near  the  base,  1-3  inches  in  diameter,   3-5  lobed, 


ACONiTUM.  RANUNCULACE^.  26 

ISOPYRUM, 

the  lobes  more  or  less  deeply  3-7  toothed,  with  broad  obtuse  segments  : 
flowers  red :  sepals  broadly  lanceolate,  abruptly  acuminate,  6  lines  long  or 
more,  much  shorter  than  the  long  stout  spur.  In  the  mountains  of  south- 
ern^OregOn  and  California. 

12.  ACONITUM  Tourn.   Inst.  424.    L.  Gen.  n.  682. 

Tall  perennial  herbs  wdth  palmately  lobed  alternate  leaves  and 
showy  tiowers  in  open  racemes.  Sepals  5,  colored  and  petaloid, 
ver}^  irregular,  the  upper  ones  arched  into  a  hood,  the  lateral 
ones  plain.  Petals  2-5,  the  upper  2  irregular,  with  long  cla\v  and 
spur-like  blade  which  are  concealed  in  the  hood  of  the  sepals ;  the 
3  lower  ones  small  or  obsolete.  Follicles  3-5,  sessile,  many-seeded. 

A.  Colnmbianum  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  i,  34.  Rather  stout,  2-6  feet  high, 
smooth  below, some  what  tomentose  above  :  leaves  ample, the  lower  on  long 
petioles,  the  upper  subsessile,  all  deeply  3-5  cleft  into  broadly  cuneate  la- 
ciniately  toothed  acuminate  lobes  :  hood  6-8  lines  long  with  helmet-shaped 
portion  higher  than  broad,  at  length  much  shorter  than  the  downwardly 
narrowed  basal  portion,  very  strongly  beaked  :  follicles  usually  3,  oblong, 
obtuse,  6-8  lines  long,  many-seeded  :  seeds  flat,  strongly  keeled  and  trans- 
versely wrinkled.  Along  mountains  steams,  California  to  Brit.  Colum- 
bia, east  to  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  New  Mexico. 

A.  bulbiterum.  Stems  slender,  weak  and  viney,  2-4  feet  long:  smooth 
below,  tomentose  above :  leaves  rather  small,  on  short  petioles,  or  the  up- 
per sessile  bearing  bulblets  in  their  axils,  all  laciniately  cut  into  acute 
lobes :  sepals  pale  blue ;  hood  6-8  lines  long.  Fruit  not  seen.  In  marshes 
on  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Cascade  Mountains  near  Mount  Hood,  flower- 
ing in -September. 

*  *  *  Flowers  regular.  Carpels  1-5.  Leaves  ternately  compound. 

-i-Fruit  dry.      Follicles  1-20. 

13.    ISOPYRUM   L.  Gen.  n.  ed.  2.  533. 

Low  perennial  herbs  with  mostly  alternate  2-3-ternately  de- 
compound leaves  and  white  flowers  in  lax  terminal  panicles  or 
solitary.  Sepals  5-6,  petaloid,  regular,  deciduous.  Petals  5, 
very- small  and  nectariferous  or  none.  Stamens  10-40.  Follicles 
2-20,  several-ovuled.  Seeds  with  a  smooth  or  rugulose  crustace- 
ous  testa. 

I.  stipitatnm  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xii,  54.  Glabrous;  stems  very 
slender,  2-4  inches  high  from  a  large  fascicle  of  thickened  fibrous  roots, 
with  about  2  ternate  cauline  leaves  and  a  single  flower ;  radical  leaves  bi- 
ternate,  petiolate,  with  cuneate  often  2-3  lobed  leaflets,  3-5  lines  long: 
peduncle  thickened  at  the  summit ;  sepals  4-6,  oblong,  3  lines  long :  fila- 
ments enlarged  in  the  middle:  follicles  2-6, shortly  stipitate,  oblong,3  lines 
long,  3-4  seeded :  seeds  globular,  transversely  rugose.  Under  trees  in  open 
moist  places,  southern  Oregon,  near  Oakland,  to  northern  California. 

I.  Hallii  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  viii,  374.  Stems  slender,  erect,  1-3  feet 
high,  2-leaved;  leaves  ample,  2-3-ternate;  leaflets  obovate-cuneate  %-2 
inches  long,  irregularly  3-incised  at  the  apex :  flowers  in  simple  or  once  or 
twice  forked  foliaceous-bracted  subumbellate  corymbs:  pedicels  slender,  an 
inch  or  two  long:  sepals  5,  obovate,  4  lines  long:  filaments  as  long  as  the 
sepals,  clavate :  follicles  3-5,  sessile,  ovate-oblong,  acuminate,  2-4  seeded : 
seeds  rugulose.  Along  mountain  streams  both  sides  of  the  Willamette  val- 
ley.   A  rare  species. 


26  RANUNCULACE^E.  cimicifuga. 

ACT^A. 

14      CIMICIFUGA  L,  Amoen.  Acad,  viii,  193  t.  4. 

Tall  perennial  herbs  with  ample  ternately  compound  leaves 
and  small  white  flowers  in  paniculate  racemes  in  summer.  Sep- 
als 4-6,  falling  soon  after  the  flower  opens.  Petals  1-8,  or  none^ 
small,  with  short,  claws.  Stamens  numerous.  Follicles  1-8, 
many-  seeded. 


C.  data  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  i,  36.  Canescently  pubescent  or  the  pani- 
cle tomentose  and  glandular,  4-8  feet  high  ;  leaves  ample ;  leaflets  thin  2-4 
inches  in  diameter,  5-7  lobed,  segments  acute,  coarsely  cuspidate- 
serrate  :  petals  none :  filaments  equal :  pistils  2-5  in  the  early 
flowers,  only  one  in  the  later  ones,  glabrous  or  minutely  glandu- 
lar; follicles  sessile,  4  lines  long,  obtuse,  6-10  seeded:  seeds  terete 
transversely  rugose.     In  woodlands  Willamette  valley  to  Puget  Sound. 

C«  laciniata  Watson  Proc.  Am,  Acad,  xx,  352.  Glabrous  or  the  pani- 
cle tomentose:  3-5  feet  high :  leaves  ample,  ternate,  the  divisions  o-parted 
or  deeply  3-lobed,  the  acuminate  segments  coarsely  laciniate-toothed  :  pet- 
als usually  present:  filaments  unequal:  pistils  2-5  pubescent;  follicles  stip- 
itate  4-5  lines  long,  6-8  seeded:  seeds  flat  linear,  light  brown,  scaly. 
Lost  Lake,  north  side  of  Mount  Hood.     Rare. 

_^  -*-  Fruit  a  one-celled,  many-seeded  berry. 

15     ACT^A  L.  Gen.  n.  644. 

Tall  perennial  herbs  with  alternate,  triternately  decompound 
leaves  and  small  white  flowers  in  short  terminal  racemes.  Sep- 
als 5-6,  nearly  equal,  petaloid,  caducous.  Petals  4-10,  or  none, 
less  showy  than  the  numerous  white  filaments.  Carpel  solitary, 
sessile,  covered  with  a  broad  and  obscurely  2-lobed  depressed 
stigma,  becoming  a  berry  filled  with  smooth  flattened  seeds 
packed  horizontally  in  two  rows. 

A.  arguta  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  i.  35.  Stems  1-6  feet  high  from  a  fascicle 
of  short  branching  roots,  1-3  leaved ;  leaves  ternately  or  quinately  decom- 
pound: leaflets  ovate  to  oblong,  often  obscurely  3-lobed,  acuminate,  irregu- 
larly incised -dentate :  racemes  oblong,  sometimes  divided  toward  the  base, 
loose  :  pedicels  longer  than  the  flowers, fi^liform, scarcely  thickened  in  fruit: 
petals  oblong,  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  stamens :  berries  red  or 
white  subglobose.  Common  in  forests  from  California  to  Alaska  and  the 
Rocky  Mountains. 

A.  rnbra  Wild.  Enum.  561.  Stems  about  2  feet  high:  leaves  ter- 
nately decompound;  leaflets  ovate,  acuminate,  1-2  inches  long,  unequally 
and  incisely  serrate,  the  terminal  one  often  3-cleft :  racemes  broadly  ovate 
or  hemispherical :  pedicels  longer  than  the  flowers,  scarcely  any  thicker  in 
fruit :  sepals  4  greenish,  ovate  petals  3-10,  rhombic-ovate,  acute,  shorter 
than  the  stamens :  berries  bright  cherry-red,  shining,  subovate. 
Craig  Mountains,  northern  Idaho  (Sandberg  n.  235),  to  the  Atlantic 
States  and  Canada. 

Tribe  5.  Pseoniex  DC.  Prod.  i.  64.  Sepals  herbaceous,  imbri- 
cated in  the  bud,  persistent.     Carpels  few,  many  ovuled. 

16      P^ONIA  Tourn.  Inst.  273  t.  146.  L.  Gen.  n.  678. 
Herbs  or  low  shrubs   with  tuberous  roots,  alternate,  triter- 
nately compound  or  divided  leaves   and  large   solitary  flowers 
terminating  the  stems  or  branches.     Sepals  5,  strongly   imbri- 


PMosiA.  BERBERIDACE^.  27 

BERBERIS . 

cated,  persistent.  Petals  5-10  or  more,  situated  with  the  sta- 
raens  on  the  fleshy  perigynous  disk  that  is  adnate  to  the  sepals 
or  concave  receptacle.  Stamens  numerous.  Carpels  few  be- 
coming coriaceous  many-seeded  follicles.  Style  short  or  none. 
Seeds  anatropous,  oval  or  oblong,  naked  at  base  or  the  very 
short  fleshy  funiculus  cupulate;  embryo  straight  or  slightly 
arcuate. 

P.  Browiiii  Doug,  in  Hook.  Fl.  i,  27.  Glabrous  and  glaucous,  stems 
ascending  or  at  length  decumbent,  1-2  feet  long:  leaves  thick,  leaf- 
lets ternately  dissected  into  oblong  or  linear  lobes;  sepals  green,  mostly- 
unequal:  petals  scarcely  larger  than  the  sepals,  thick  and  leathery,  dark 
dull  red:  follicles  oblong,  an  inch  or  more  long:  seeds  round  or  oblong  2 
lines  in  diameter,  black  and  shining.  Stony  hillsides,  Brit.  Columbia 
to  California. 

Order  II.  .  BERBERIDACEiE   Endl.  Gen.  851. 

Herbs  cr  shrubs  with  compound  or  divided  leaves  without 
stipules  and  perfect,  hypogynous  flowers.  Bracts  sepals  petals 
and  stamens  6  each  (^sepals  and  petals  wanting,  and  stamens  9 
or  more  in  Achlysj:  x^nthers  2  celled  opening  by  uplifted 
valves  that  are  hinged  at  the  top.  Calyx  and  corolla  imbricated 
in  the  bud,  deciduous,  both  usually  colored  Pistil  1,  of  a 
single  carpel.  Style  short  or  none.  Seeds  anatropous,  with 
small  or  minute  embryo  in  firm -fleshy  or  horny  albumen. 

*  Flowers  complete:  stamens  6,  mostly  short. 

1  Berberis.    ■*^hrubs   with  rigid  oddpinnate    leaves;   flowers    yellow,  in 
clustered  racemes:  fruit  a  few-seeded  berry. 

2  Vancouveria.  Herbs  with  ternately  compound  leaves :  flowers  white  or 
yellow  in  a  panicle:  fruit  a  follicle. 

*  *  Flowers  without  sepals  or  petals  :  stamens  9  or  more. 
3.    Achlys,     Flowers  spicate  on    a  scape,  without  bracts,  sepals  or  petals. 
Herbs  with  3-parted  leaves. 

1      BERBERIiS,  Tourn.  Inst.  614,  t.  385,  L.  Gen.  n.  442. 

Smooth  shrubs  with  yellow  wood,  pinnate  leaves,  yellow  flow- 
ers in  clustered  bracketed  racemes,  and  oblong  or  globose,  acid, 
dark  blue  berries.  Sepals  6,  petal-like,  with  6  closely  appressed 
bractlets  in  2  rows.  Petals  6,  opposite  the  sepals,  usually  2-gland- 
ular  at  base.  Stamens  6,  opposite  the  petals.  Stigma  peltate. 
Fruit    a    1 -celled  berry,  with  1-3  seeds.     Ours  all  of 

§     Mahonia  T.  &  G.  Fl.  i,  50.     Leaves  evergreen,  all  e volute, 
(none  reduced  to  spines)  and  3-  toseveral-foliolate  ;  petioles  artic- 
ulated at  the  insertion    of  the   leaflets  :  leaflets  thick,  coriaceous, 
spiny-toothed  :    filaments  usually  2-toothed  at  the  summit. 
*  Leaflets  pinnately  veined. 

B.  piimila  Greene  Pitt,  ii,  162.  A  few  inches  to  a  foot  high,  stout  and 
rigid,  erect  from  the  base:  leaves  very  thick-coriaceous :  leaflets  1-5,  the 
terminal  one  round-ovate,  the  lateral  ones  obliquely  ovate,  all  coarsely 
toothed,  the  teeth  rigidly  spinescent,  conspicuously  reticulate-veined  on 
both  faces,  pale  and  glaucous    beneath,  deep  but    dull  green  and  glauces- 


28  BERBERIDACE^.  berberis. 

VANCOUVERIA. 

cent  above  racemes  short,  terminal  and  axillary ;  berries  small,  very- 
glaucous.  Coast  mountains  of  southern  Oregon  and  northern  Califor- 
nia. 

B.  repens  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1176.  Stems  stoutish  erect,  branching,  1-4 
feet  high :  leaflets  few,  coriaceous,  light  green,  coarsely  spinose-toothed :  ra- 
cemes short,  in  terminal  and  axillary  clusters :  bud  scales  triangular, 
acute  :  fruit  globose  to  oblong,  dark  blue .     Idaho  to  the  Rocky  Mountains . 

B.  liana  Greene  Pitt,  iii,  98.  Low,  3-15  inches  high,  increasing  from 
underground  runners:  leaflets  3-7,  rarely  more,  ovate  to  oblong,  acute  or 
obtuse,  l-2}4  inches  long,  not  shining  above  :  racemes  few,  terminating 
the  branches,  1-2  inches  long ;  bud-scales  triangular,  cuspidate  2  lines 
long.    Brit.  Columbia  to   California,  Montana  and  New  Mexico. 

B.  Aquifolium  Pursh  Fl!  i,  219  in  part.  Large,  2-10  feet  high :  leaf- 
lets 5-9,  oblong-ovate,  acute,  spinulose  dentate,  1-3  inches  long,  green  and 
shining  above:  bud  scales  triangular,  acute,  3  lines  long;  racemens  in  ter- 
minal and  axillary  clusters,  2-4  inches  long:  fruit  globose  to  oblong. 
Western  Washington  to  California. 

*  *    Leaflets  palmately  veined . 

B.  nervosa  Pursh  1.  c.  t.  5.  Stems  simple,  a  foot  or  two  high,  from 
long  underground  shoots  :  leaves  1-2  feet  long,  of  11-17  ovate  acuminate 
spinulose-serrate  leaflets ;  bud  scales  long-acuminate,  10-12  lines  long,  per- 
sistent, becoming  dry  and  rigid:  racemes  in  terminal  clusters,  6-12  inches 
long.     In  Fir  forests   from   Brit .  Columbia  to  California. 

2    YANCOUVERIA  Morr.   &  Decsne,  Ann.   Sci.  Nat.  ser.  2,  ii,  315. 

Slender  perennial  herbs  with  2-3-ternately  compound  leaves 
and  white  or  yellow  flowers  irj  open  paniculate  racemes  upon  a 
naked  scape.  Sepals  6,  obovate  reflexed,  soon  falling  with  the 
6-9  oblong,  membranaceous  bracts .  Petals  6,  shorter  than  the 
sepals  and  opposite  them,  linear-spatulate,  nectary-like  re- 
flexed.  Stigma  slightly  dilated.  Ovules  in  two  rows  upon  the 
ventral  suture.  Capsule  dehiscing  by  a  dorsal  valve  attached 
by  the  base,  persistent.  Seeds  oblong,  somewhat  curved,  with 
a  broad  attachment  and  prominent  arillus. 

V.  liexandra  Morr.  &  Decsne.  1.  c.  More  or  less  villous,  with  brown- 
ish hairs,  1-2  feet  high,  from  long  running  rootstocks :  leaves  diffuse,  long 
petioled;  leaflets  1-2  inches  broad,  petiolulate,  subcordate,  obtusely  3- 
lobed,  the  lobes  emarginate,  the  margin  thickened  and  often  undulate: 
scapes  exceeding  the  leaves :  pedicels  an  inch  long  or  more,  recurved :  sep- 
als 2-3  lines  long:  carpels  4-6  lines  long,  gibbous-lanceolate,  with  a  slender 
beak,  smooth  or  slightly  glandular;  arillus  2-lobed,  more  than  half  cov- 
ering the  seed.    In  Fir  forests,  British  Columbia  to  California. 

V.  chrysantha  Greene  Bull.  Cal.  Acad.  Sci.  i,  66.  Stems  rusty-vil- 
lous  pubescent:  leaflets  evergreen,  thickish,  sub-3-lobed,  glabrous  and 
reticulated  above,  whitened  and  pubescent  beneath,  margins  only  slightly 
crisped,  revolute  in  places:  inflorescence  sub-racemose,  5-18  flowered,  cov- 
ered with  dense  dark  glandular  pubescence :  flowers  golden  yellow  ;  sepals 
3-4  lines  long;  ovules  7-8.  Eastern  base  of  the  Coast  Mountains  near 
Waldo,  Josephine  county,  Oregon. 

3      ACHYLS  DC.  Syst.  ii,  35. 

Smooth  perennial  herbs  with  one  radical  trifolilcate  leaf  and 
small  white  flowers,  crowden  in  a  naked  spike  terminating  the 
scape.  St,^palsand  petals  none.  Stamens  9  or  more  in  3  or  more 


ACHLYS.  NYMPH^ACE^.  29 

BRASENIA. 

rows.  Filaments  slender,  the  outer  ones  dilated  at  the  sum- 
mit. Stigma  sessile  dilated.  Ovule  solitary,  erect.  Fruit  at 
first  somewhat  fleshy ,  at  length  dry  and  coriaceous  lunate-in- 
curved, dorsally  carinate,  ventrally  excavated  each  side  of  the 
fleshy  salient  suture  or  ventral   appendage.      Embryo  minute. 

•  A.  triphylla  DC.  Syst.  ii.  35.  Kootstock  creeping,  clothed  with  ghi- 
maceous  scales  :  leaves  ample,long-petioled,a  foot  or  more  high  from  a  scaly 
base ;  leaflets  broadly  cuneate,  3-5  inches  long,  the  outer  margin  irregu- 
larly and  coarsely  sinuate,very  fragrant  when  drying :  scape  solitary, equal- 
ing or  surpassing  the  leaf.    In  Fir  forests,  Brit.  Columbia  to   California. 

Order  III.   NYMPH^ACE.'E  Endl.  Gen.  858. 

Aquatic  perennial  herbs  with  trunk-like  horizontal  root- 
stocks  or  tubers.  Leaves  peltate  or  deeply  cordate  involute 
from  both  margins  in  the  bud.  Flowers  perfect,  solitary  on  long 
axillary  peduncles.  Stamens  numerous.  Ovules  on  the  back 
or  sides  of  the  carpels,  embryo  small  at  the  base  of  fleshy  albu- 
men, enclosed  in  a  fleshy  bag. 

1.  Braseiiia>    Carpels  4-18,  in  a  cluster,  indehiscent,  2-seeded. 

2.  Nymphaea.     Carpel  only  one,  many-celled  and    many-seeded :  sepals  5- 
12,  concave. 

3.  Castalia.     Carpel  only  one,  many  celled  and  many-ovuled :  sepals  only 
4,  plain. 

1.    BRASENIA   Schreb.  Gen.  372. 

Aquatic  perennial  herbs  with  peltate  leaves  and  purple  flow- 
ers. Sepals  and  petals  nearly  alike,  nearly  oblong,  dull  dark 
purple  hopogynous  persistent, 3-4  of  each.  Stamens  12-18  hyp- 
ogynous.  Filaments  slender.  Anthers  oblong-linear.  Carpels 
11-18,  distinct,  tipped  with  the  linear  one-sided  stigma.  Fruit 
a  1-2  seeded  indehiscent  pod. 

B.  Schreberi  Gmel.  vSyst.  Veg.  i,  854:  B.  peHata,Pursh.  Fl.  ii,  389. 
Stems  ascending  from  a  tuberous  rootstock :  leaves  floating  alternate  on  long 
slender  petioles,  elliptical,, centrally  peltate,  light  green  above,  red  and  when 
young  covered  with  a  clear  jelly-like  substance  beneath;  flowers  6  lines 
long.      In  ponds,  Bnt.  Columbia  to  California,  and  east  to  the  Atlantic. 

2.     NYMPH^ABoerh.  Hort.  Acad.  Bat.  281. 

Herbs  of  shallow  waters,  sending  up  large  and  mostly  rather 
leathery  cordate  leaves,  and  1-flowered  peduncles  from  large 
and  creeping  rootstocks  in  the  mud  beneath.  Sepals  5-13. con- 
cave and  roundish,  partly  colored.  Petals  numerous,  some  of 
the  inner  ones  resembling  sterile  stamens  persistent.  Stam- 
ens numerous,  short,  h^^pogynous,  densely  crowded  around  the 
ovary,  at  length  recurving,  persistent.  Anthers  truncate  at  the 
apex,  the  two  linear  cells  adnate  introrse.  Ovary  oblong  or 
ovate,  8-20  celled.  Stigma  sessile,  peltate,  many-rayed.  Fruit 
ovoid  or  flask-shaped  indehiscent,  with  a  firm  rind  and  fleshy 
or  pulpy  interior.     Cells  many-seeded. 


30  SARRACENIACEtE.  castalia. 

chrysamphora. 

If.  advena  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  ii.  226;  Nuphar  advena,  Ait.  f.  Leaves 
floatiDg  or  emersed  and  erect,  on  stout  and  half  cylindrical  petioles,  deeply 
cordate  0-8  inches  in  diameter :  flowers  two  inches  in  diameter :  sepals  usu- 
ally 6,  unequal:  petals  narrowly  oblong,  thick  and  fleshy,  truncate  shorter 
than  the  stamens:  anthers  longer  than  the  filame  nts:  stigmal2-34-rayed, 
the  margin  entire  or  repand:  fruit  strongly  furrowed,  ovoid-oblong.  (In 
SEtbalpioe  ponds  about  Mount  Hood),  Oregon  to  Alaska  thence  eastward 
across  the  continent. 

K.  polysepala  Greene  Bull  Torr.  Ciub,  xv,  84.  Nuphar  polysepalum 
Angelm.  Trans.  Acad.  St.  Louis,  ii,  '^82.  Resembling  the  last  but  larger: 
leaves  all  floating,  8-14  inches  in  diameter:  flowers  fragrant,  2-5  inches  in 
diameter:  sepals  8-12.  unequal:  petals  11-18,  dilated  and  unlike  the  stam- 
ens, yellow:  fruit  globose,  1-2  inches  long.  In  ponds,  British  Columbia  to 
California. 

CASTALIA  Salisb.  Parad.  Lond.  14. 

Perennial  acaulesccnt  lierbs  with  thick  creeping  or  tuberous 
Tootstocks,  rounded  cordate  leaves  and  snow  white  or  pink 
flowers  blooming  all  summer.  Sepals  4,  plain,  hypogynous,  her- 
baceous on  the  oater  and  somewhat  colored  on  the  inner  face. 
Petals  plain,  those  of  the  outermost  row  often  greenish  outside, 
all  oblong  or  lanceolate,  imbricated  over  and  their  bases  ad- 
nate  to  the  surface  of  the  7-35-celled  ovary:  innermost  reduced 
to  staminodes  or  imperfect  stamens  with  petaloid  filaments. 
True  stamens  with  narrow  filaments  and  linear-oblong  anthers, 
inserted  around  the  broad  summit  of  the  ovaiv.  Ovary  con- 
cave and  umbonate,  lineate  with  as  many  radiate  stigmatic 
lines  as  there  are  carpels,  the  tips  of  the  latter  produced  into 
as  many  incurved  short  processes.  Surface  of  the  spongy-bac- 
cate fruit  bearing  the  basis  of  the  decaying  stamens  or  their 
scars.     Seeds  enclosed  in  cellular-membranaceous  arillus. 

C.  Leibergi  Morong  Bot.  Gaz.  xiii,  124  t.  7.  Leaves  oval  with  rather 
©penbinus  and  acutish  lobes,  entire  1)^-6  inches  long,  two-thirds  as  broad: 
flowers  white  13^2-2  inches  in  diameter  when  fully  expanded:  sepals  an  inch 
long,  narrow,  obtuse:  petals  in  two  rows,  a  little  shorter  and  more  obtuse 
than  the  sepals:  stamens  in  3-4  rows  running  up  the  ovary  moie  than  half 
way:  stigmatic  rays  7  or  8.  the  projecting  points  very  short  and  blunt.  In 
smali  ponds,  northern  Idaho. 

Order  IV.  SARKACENIACE^  Endl.  Gen.  901. 

Bog     plants    with    pitcher-shaped  or  tubular   and   hooded 
leaves,  and   perfect,  polyandrous    hypogynous  flowers.      The 
persistent  sepals,  petals  and  cells  of  the  ovary   each  5.     Fruit 
a  many-seeded  capsule.     Embryo  small,  in  fleshy  albumen. 
CHRYSAMPHORA  Greene   Pitt,  ii,  191. 
DARLINGTONIA   Torr.  Smith,  contrib.   vi,  4.  t.  12. 

Calyx  without  bracts,  of  5  imbricated  narrowly  oblong  sepals. 
Petals  5,  ovate  oblong  with  a  small  ovate  tip.  Stamens  12-15  in 
a  single  row.  Filaments  subulate.  Anthers  oblong  of  2  unequal 
cjells.  Ovary  top-shaped,  with  a  broad  concave  dilated  sum- 
mit^ longer  than  the  stamens,  5-celled,  the  cells  opposite  the  pet- 


CHKYS  AMPHORA.  PAP  AVERAGES.  31 

PLATYSTRMON. 

als.  Style  short,  with  5  short  linear  or  club-shaped  lobes. 
Capsule  loculicidally  o  valved.  Seeds  very  numerous[obovate- 
clavate,  thickly  beset  with  soft  slender  projections. 

C.  Californica  Greene  1.  c.  A  smooth  perennial  herb  of  greenish 
yellow  hue,  from  long  creeping  rootstocks,  leaves  tubular  gradually  enlarg- 
ing upwards  to  a  vaulted  ventricose  hood  which  terminates  in  a  forked  de- 
flexed  appendage,  under  which  ib  the  contract<^d  rounded  orifice,  the  ven- 
tral edge  winged:  scapes  2-3  feet  high  bearing  several  membranaceous  bracts; 
and  a  solitary  noddinf  flower;  sepals  dull  yellow  1-2  inches  long,  much 
longer  than  the  brown,  spotted  with  yellow  petals.  In  bogs,  soutnwestem 
Oregon  and  noithern  Cialifornia, 

Order  V.  PAPAVERACE^  Endl.  Gen.  854. 

Herbaceous  or  rarely  shrubby  plants,  with  milky  or  colored 
juice.  Leaves  mostly  alternate,  without  stipules.  Peduncle  1- 
flowered.  Sepals,  petals  and  stamens  hypogynous.  Sepals  J2 
or  3.  Petals  twice  as  many,  in  two  sets,  imbricated  and  usu- 
ally crumpled  in  the  bud.  Stamens  indefinite.  Capsule  1-celled 
with  parietal  placentae.  Seeds  anatropous,  with  minute  embryo 
in  copious  albumen.  Platystemon  is  exceptional  in  having  the 
severa]  capels  distinct  or  at  least  early  separting  and  forming 
as  many  torulose  pods,  and  Eschscholtzia  has  colorless  juice 
in  the  herbage. 

Tribe  i.  Annuals  with  opposite  entire  leaves.  Sepals  usually 
three,  distinct. 

1.  Platystemon.    Filaments  very  broad;   carpels  many,  distinct  or  soon 

becoming  so. 

2.  Platystigma.    Filaments  slightly  dilated  or  filiform,  ovary  8-ovuled. 

3.  Canbya.     Filaments  shorter  than  the  anthers,   persistent;   ovary  3- 

valved. 

Tribe  ti.  Annual  or  perennial  herbs.  Sepals  completely 
united  into  a  narrow  cap  which  falls  off  entire  from  a  top-shaped 
receptacle. 

4.  Eschscholtzia.     vStigma    lobes  4-6,   subulate,     unequal;    style  very 
short:  capsule  linear,  2-valved. 

1  PLATYSTEMON  Benth.  Trans.  Hort.  Fee.  ser.  2,  i,  405. 

Low  annual  with  mostly  opposite  or  whorled,  entire  leaves 
and  long-peduncled  yellow  flowers  that  are    nodding  in  the    bud. 

Sepals  8,  distinct.  Petals  6,  in  two  series.  Stamens  many  with 
broad  flattened  filaments  and  linear  anthers.  Carpels  6-18,  each 
several-ovuled,  at  first  all  united  in  a  circle  into  a  deeply,  pluri- 
sulcate,  compound  ovary  b}'^  as  many  j)arietal  placentae,  in  fruit 
separating  and  closing  into  as  many  torulose,  narrow  follicles 
which  when  mature  are  disposed  to  break  up  transversely  into  a 
few  1 -seeded  joints. 

P.    Californica  Benth.  1.  c.    Stems   slender,  branching    from  the  base 

6-12  inches  high,  hispid  with  long  spreading  hairs:  leaves  1-4  inches  long, 

sessile    or   clasping,   broadly  linear,   obtuse:  peduncles  3-8  inches  long: 


32  PAPAVERACE^.  platystigma. 

CANBYA. 

sepals  hispid:  petals  pale  yellow  shading  to  orange  in  the  center,  3-6  lines 
long,  tardily  deciduous,  at  length  loosely  closing  over  the  forming  fruit; 
carpels  aggregated  into  an  oblong  head,  5-10  lines  long,  beaked  with  the 
linear  persistent  stigmas,  the  one-seeded  divisions  a  line  long:  seeds 
smooth.     Southern  Oregon  near  the  sea  to  California. 

2.  PLATYSTIGMA    Benth.  1.  c.  406. 

Low  and  slender  annuals  with  verticillate  or  opposite  entire 
leaves  and  long-peduncled  white  or  yellow  flowers  in  spring. 
Sepals  2  or  3.  distinct.  Petals  4  or  6,  in  two  series,  deciduous. 
Stamens  6--12,  rarely  4,  with  narrow  filaments.  Carpels  3,  rarely 
4,  wholly  combined  into  a  somewhat  3-lobed,  or  angled,  or  nearly 
terete  ovary,  having  as  many  stricth^  parietal  placentae.  Stigmas 
ovate  to  subulate.    Seeds  smooth  and  shining. 

P.  lineare  Benth.  1.  c.  407.  Somewhat  villous  with  spreading  hairs, 
6-12  inches  high,  the  stems  usually  very  short  and  leafy:  leaves  all  linear 
sessile,  1-2  inches  long:  petals  yellow,  4-6  lines  long:  stamens  numerous, 
wdth  oblong-linear  anthers :  capsule  half  inch  long,  obovoid  or  clavate- 
ovoid,  crowned  with  the  3  broad  and  obtuse  spreading  introrsely  stigma- 
tose  stigmas. — Valleys  and  low  hills,   Oregon  to  central  California. 

P.  Oregannm  Watson,  Bibl.  Index  43.  Smooth,  1-3  inches  or  more  high 
with  spreading  branches  or  peduncles :  leaves  a  quarter  to  at  most  an  inch 
long,  lower  round  to  spatulate,  on  long  wing-margined  petioles;  upper 
leaves  spatulate  to  linear  2-4  lines  long,  verticillate  or  opposite :  flowers  on 
long  filiform  peduncles,  opening  at  night  only :  petals  white  1-2  lines  long  : 
stamens  4-6,  with  filiform  filaments  and  oblong  anthers  :  stigma  subulate  : 
capsule  linear,  8-10  lines  long,  the  thin  valves  commonly  twisted  in  age. 
In  open  places,  Hood  River  and  the  Willamette  valley  to  the  borders  of 
California. 

3.  CANBYA  Parry  in  Gray  Proc.  A.m.  Acad,  xii,  51,  t.  1. 

Little  annuals  with  alternate  entire  leaves  and  numerous  fili- 
form, one-flowered  scapes.  Sepals  3.  Petals  6,  scarrious-marces- 
cent  and  persistent,  closing  over  the  capsule  till  the  fruit  is  grown. 
Stamens  6  or  9  :  filaments  shorter  than  the  oblong-linear  anthers. 
Capsule  ovoid,  strictly  1-celled,  3-6-valved  from  above ;  valves 
alternating  witli  as  many  nerviform  placentae.  Style  none.  Stig- 
mas 3  oblong-linear,  opposite  the  3  nerviform  placentae  and  re- 
curved-appressed  to  them.  Seeds  neither  crested  nor  carunculate. 

C.  aiirea  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xxi,  445.  Stems  1-2  inches  high  : 
leaves  fleshy,  linear,  1-3  lines  long,  glabrous  or  sparingly  pubescent,  all 
clustered  at  the  base  of  the  stem :  scape-like  peduncles  few  to  several,  half 
to  an  inch  or  more  long :  flowers  bright  yellow ;  petals  ovate,  \%  lines  long, 
deciduous.     On  the  Sage  Plains  southwest  of  Prineville,  Oregon. 

4.  ESCHSCHOLTZIA,  Cham,  in  Nees.  Horse.  Phys.  Berol.  73,  t.  15. 

Smooth  herbs  with  colorless  (or  of  the  root  red,J  bitter  juice, 
finely  dissected  alternate  petiolecl  leaves,  and  bright  yellow  flow- 
ers i)i  summer,  usually  only  opening  in  bright  sunshine.  Sepals 
2,  completely  united  into  a  conical  calyptra  and  is  detached  and 
pushed  off  by  the  expansion  of  the  petals.  Petals  4.  Stamen 
numerous,  with  short  filaments  and  linear  anthers.  Ovary  linear, 
strictly  1-celled,  with  two  nerviform  placentae.    Style  very  short : 


ESCH8CHOLTZIA.  FUMARIACEiE.  33 

BICUCULLA. 

stigma  divided  into  4-6  linear  unequal,  divergent  lobes.  Capsule 
elongated,  strongly  10-nerved,  dehiscent  the  whole  length,  usual- 
Iv  from  the  bottom,  by  two  valves  separating  from  the  placental 
ribs  :  many  seeded.  Seeds  globular,  reticulated  or  rough  tubercu- 
late. 

E.  Bouglasii  Benth.  PI.  Hartw.  296.  Perennial,  smooth  and  glaucous, 
1-2  feet  high,  rather  stout  and  branching :  leaves  ternate  to  triternate,  fine- 
ly divided  into  oblong-linear  lobes  :  flowers  bright  yellow,  2  inches  in  diam- 
eter, on  pedicels  4-6  inches  long :  torus  dilated  and  broadly  rimmed :  cap- 
sule 2-3  inches  long,  curved :  seeds  reticulated.  Gravelly  hillsides  and 
i-iver  banks,  Oregon  and  California. 

E.  hypecoides,  Benth.  Trans.  Hort.  Soc.  Ser.  2,  i,  408.  Annual:  stems 
slender,  paniculately  branched  from  the  base :  leaves  small,  mostly  pin- 
nately  5-foliolate ;  leaflets  finely  divided  into  linear  lobes  :  flowers  small,  not 
over  an  inch  in  diameter,  light  yellow,  on  peduncles  1-3  inches  long ;  torus 
but  little  dilated,  and  very  narrowly  rimmed :  capsule  1-2  inches  long  by  a 
line  in  diameter,  tipped  with  filiform  stigmas :  seeds  reticulate  rugose. 
On  open  hillsides  near  Wolf  Creek,  Josephine  county,  Oregon,  to  California. 

Order  VI.  FUMARIACE^],  DC,  Syst.  ii,  105. 

Tender  herbs  with  watery  and  bland  juice,  dissected  compound 
leaves,  and  perfect  hypogynous  flowers.  Sepals  2,  small  and 
hyaline.  Petals  4,  one  or  two  of  them  spurred.  Stamens  6, 
diadelphous.  Capsule  one-ce'lled  with  two  parietal  placentae. 
Seeds  anatropous,  with  minute  embryo  in  copious  albumen. 

1  BicncuUa.    Corolla  2-spurred:   the  two    outer    and     larger    petals 
similar. 

2  Corydalis.     Corolla  with  only  one  of  the  outer  petals  spurred. 

1    BICUCULLA  Adans.  Fam.  PI.  ii.   23. 
DICENTRA  Bernh.  Linnsea,  viii,  557,  468. 

Smooth  perennials  with  tuberiferous  or  granuliferous  subter- 
ranean base,  or  running  rootstocks,  ternately  or  pinnately  com- 
pound leaves  and  racemous  or  paniculate  flowers.  Sepals  2, 
small  and  scale-like.  Corolla  flattened  and  cordate,  at  least  at 
base,  of  two  pairs  of  petals,,  the  outer  pair  larger,  saccate  or 
spurred  at  base,  the  tips  spreading ;  the  inner  much  narrower, 
spoon-shaped,  mostly  carinate  or  crested  on  the  back ;  the  small 
hollowed  tips  slightly  united  at  the  apex,  the  two  forming  a  cavity 
which  contains  the  anthers  and  stigma.  Stamens  6,  in  two  sets ; 
the  filaments  slightly  adhering  in  the  middle  :  the  middle  anther 
2-celled  ;  the  lateral  ones  1 -celled.  Style  slender  persistent :  stig- 
ma 2-lobed ;  each  lobe  sometimes  2-crested  or  horned.  Capsule 
narrow,  1 -celled,  with  2  filiform  parietal  placentae,  from  which 
the  valves  at  maturity  separate. 

B.  formosa.  Dicentra  (Diclytra)  formosa  DC.  Syst.  ii,  109:  Stems  and 
gcapes  from  the  apex  of  thickish  and  almost  naked  creeping  rootstock,  a 
gpan  to  a  foot  or  more  high :  leaves  twice  or  thrice  ternately  compound, 
the  ultimate  divisions  narrow  and  incisely  pinnatifid :  flowers  in  compound 
i-acemes  at  the  summit  of  the  naked  scapes:  corollas  ovate-cordate  with 
i-ounded  somewhat  connivent  spurs  and  anort  spreading  tips  to  the  larger 


34  FUMARIACE^\  bicdculla. 

CORYDALIS. 

petals:  crests  of  the  inner  petals  little  surpassing  their  tips:  all  the  petals 
united  up  to  above  the  middle. 

B.  CucuUaria  Millsp.  Bull,  W.  Ya.  Agr.  Exp.  iSta.  ii,  S27,  Leaves 
usually  2  to  each  stem,  long  petioled,  tjiternately  decompound,  the  prim- 
ary and  secondary  divisions  petiolate,  ultimate  divisions  laciniately  pin- 
natifid  with  oblong-linear  mucronulate  lol>es :  scapes  6-10  inches  high, 
from  a  kind  of  scaly,  fleshy  bulb  composed  of  the  triangular  bases  of  former 
leaves;  several  flowered;  corolla  white  with  yellowish  tips,  the  spurs 
divergent,  short  and  rounded,  not  longer  than  the  pedicel:  crest  of  the 
inner  petals  small,  semi-oval,  bladdery.  Along  the  Columbia  river  from 
below  the  Cascades  to  Idaho,  and  the  Eastern  States.  Ours  differs  from  the 
eastern  plant  in  having  much  shorter  and  rounded  spurs. 

B.  uniflora.  Dicentra  uniflora,  Kell.  Proc.  Cal.  Acad,  Sci.  iv,  14^- 
leaves  ternately  or  somewhat  pinnately  divided,  the  3-7  divisions  pinnati- 
fid  into  a  few  spatulate  lobes:  scapes  3-5  inches  high,  from  a  fascicle  of 
narrow-fusiform  and  i)erpendicular  fleshy  tubers,  2-3  bracted,  and  1~2- 
flowered:  outer  petals  merely  gibbous-saccate  at  base,  their  spatulate- 
linear  recurving  tips  much  longer  than  the  body ;  inner  petals  with  lamina 
dilated  and  hastate  at  base  directly  from  the  oblong-linear  claw.  On 
Mount  Adams,  Washington,  to  the  Sierra  Nevada  in  California,  and 
Wyoming  and  Utah. 

B.  pauciflora,  Dicentra  pauciflora  Watson  Bot.  Cal.  .ii,  j29.  Scapes 
and  leaves  very  slender,  4-8  inches  high,  from  running  tuberiferous  root- 
stocks:  leaves  small,  2~3-ternate,  with  narrow  segments:  flowers  1-3,  8—12 
lines  long,  the  short  stout  straight  spurs  not  diverging :  spreading  or 
reflexed  tips  of  the  outer  petals  3—4  lines  long;  inner  petals  with  ligulate 
claw  abruptly  contracted  at  apex  into  a  short  sta4}v  which  abruptly  dilates 
into  the  elongate-spatulate  lamina.  In  the  iSiskiyou  mountains  Southern 
Oregon,  to  Tulare  County,  California,  near  perpetual  snow. 

CORYDALIS  Yent.  Cels.  t.  19. 

Herbs  with  variously  decompound  alternate  leaves  and  white, 
rose-colored  or  yellow  flowers  in  racemes  opposite  the  leaves  or 
terminal.  Corolla  wdth  only  one  of  the  petals  spurred  or  gib- 
bous and  nectariferous,  by  tortion  becoming  posterior,  all  erect 
and  connivent  up  to  the  short  tips  of  the  outer  ones.  Filaments 
with  a  nectariferous  spur-like  process  at  the  base.  Style  mostly 
persistent.  Capule  few-many-seeded.  Seeds  with  a  concave  aril- 
liform  crest.  I  retain  Corydalis  because  no  other  name  has  been 
settled  on  for  this  genus. 

§  1.  Perennials  from  thickened  roots  with  ample  leaves  and 
many-flowered  racemes.  Stigma  with  6  lobes  or  processes,  one 
pair  terminal,  one  medial  and  one  basal.  Capsule  oval  or  oblong, 
rather  few-seeded. 

C.  Scoaleri  Hook.  Fl.  1,  63  t.  14.  Stems  simple  2-4  feet  high,  with  2-4 
cauline  leaves  from  a  large  and  thickened  running  scaly-jointed  rootstock  : 
leaves  very  large,  pinnately  decompound ;  ultimate  leafllets,  oblong  to 
oblong-lanceolate,  entire  or  the  teminal  one  deeply  3-lobed :  flowers  rose- 
colored,  peduncles,  1—2  inches  long  in  a  loose  raceme;  spurs  stout,  2—3 
times  as  long  as  the  balance  of  the  flower :  i)edicel8  strongly  curved  down- 
wards after  flowering,  stigma  2-lobed  at  the  base. 

C.  Cttsickii  Watson  in  Coult.  Man.  Rocky  Mt.  Reg.  14.  Stems  2-3  feet 
high,  from  strong  perennial  roots,  leafy;  leaves  bipinnately  divided,  the 
oblong  oval  leaflets  acute  at  each  eud,  ha.lf  to  an  inch  long:  raceme  term- 
inal, dense ;  flowers  white  or  purplish  with  tips  of  inner  petals  violet,  an 


coBYDALis.  CRUCIF,ER.iC.  .35 

inch  or  less  long,  the  nearly  straight  spur  fully  twice  as  long  as  the  rest  of 
the  flower ;  hood  of  the  outer  i)etals  emarginate  by  the  development  of 
broad  thin  margins  which  are  recurved  over  the  narrow  and  undulate  dor- 
sal crest:  capsule  oblong,  turgid,  6  lines  long:  seeds  nearly  smooth,  with  a 
conspicuous  orbicular  carunculate  crest.  Along  alpine  streams,  Blue  and 
Eagle  creek  Mountains,  eastern  Oregon  to  western  Idaho. 

§  2.  Biennials,  mostly  branched  from  the  base,  with  finely 
dissected  leaves  and  siliquiform  capsule. 

C.  aurea  Willd.  Enum.  710.  Commonly  low  and  spreading:  flowers 
golden  vellow  about  half  an  inch  long,  on  rather  slender  pedicels  in  a  short 
raceme':  spur  barely  half  the  length  of  the  body  when  dry,  10-12-seeded. 
seeds  turgid  obtuse  at  margin,  the  shining  surface  obscurely  reticulated. 
Rocky  banks,  eastern  Oregon  to  Brit.  Columbia,  Lower  Canada  and 
northern  New  England  {Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  i,  97). 

C.  montana  Engelm.  in  Gray,  PI.  Fend.'  8.  Stems  decumbent,  6-12 
inches  long:  leaves  pinnate,  leaflets  5-7  parted,  the  divisions  irregularly 
laciniate-toothed :  flowers  yellow,  in  short-peduncled  racemes ;  spur  shorter 
than  the  rest  of  the  flower:  capsule  4-angled,  deflexed  in  fruit:  seeds 
acutely  margined  muricate.  From  the  Blue  Mountains  of  Oregon  to  west- 
ern Idaho  and  Mexico. 

Order  VII.    CRUCIFER.E   Endl.  Gen.  861. 

Herbs  rarely  suflPrutescent,  with  pungent  watery  juice,  cruci- 
form corolla  tetradynamous  stamens  and  2-celled  pod  (silicle  or 
silique)  with  two  parietal  placentae.  Flowers  perfect  hypogyn- 
ous.  Sepals  4,  often  colored,  deciduous.  Petals  4,  usually  with 
narrow  claws  and  spreading  lamina,  rarely  wanting.  Stamens  (5, 
tAvo  of  them  inserted  lower  down  on  the  receptacle  and  shorter 
than  the  other  4.  Ovary  2-celled  by  a  partition  which  stretches 
across  from  the  placentae  or  the  partition,  rarely  wanting.  Style 
undivided  or  none  :  stigma  entire  or  2-lobed.  Ovules  few  or  nu- 
merous, camplytropous.  Seeds  smooth,  without  albumen.  Coty- 
ledons either  accumbent  applied  edgewise  to  the  radical  or  incum- 
bent, with  the  radical  against  the  back  of  one  of  them  or  sometimes 
conduplicate,  plicately  folded  and  partly  enveloping  the  radical. 
Inflorescence  racemose  orspicate  or  somewhat  corymbose  and 
(with  rare  exceptions)  ebracteate. 

Series  i.  Pods  2-valved,  dehiscent  their  whole  length  (except 
in  Brassicajj  not  compressed  contrary  to  the  partition. 

•Tribe  i.  Fruit  completely  or  incompletely  2-celled,  regu- 
larly dehiscent,  flattened  parallel  to  a  broad  partition,  terete,  or 
prismatic,  short  or  long. 

*  Pods  more  or  less  strongly  compressed  parallel  to  the  partition. 

1  Parrya.     Pods  lanceolate,  acuminate ;  valves  flat,   with  a  prominent 

central  nerv^e  and  reticulated:  seeds  in  1  row  in  each  cell,  large,  not 
winged . 

2  Cheiraiithus.    Pods  strongly    compressed,    1-4   inches    long,    broadly 

linear,  with  flat  l-nerved  valves  or  narrow  and  quadrangular  with  con- 
vex and  more  or  less  distinctly  keeled  valves. 

*  *  Pods  globose  terete  or  prismatic,  at  least  not  compressed  parallel 
to  the  partition. 


36  CRUCIFER^. 

3  Nasturtium.     Pods  short,  turgid,  little  compressed,  nerveless. 

4  Roripa.     Pods  terete  or  nearly  so,  with  nearly  or  quite  nerveless,  thin 

valves. 

5  Barbarea.     Pods  linear,   elongated,  somewhat  tetragonal :  seeds  in  1 

row  in  each  cell. 

6  Arabis.     Pods  linear  with  more  or  less  1-nerved  flat  valves  and  thin 

partition  :  seeds  in  1  row  in  each  cell,  flattened  and  more  or  less  winged. 

*  *  *  Pods  oblong  or  linear,  compressed  parallel  to  the  partition,  sessile. 

7  Streptanthus.    Pods  oblong  to  narrowly  linear,  compressed  parallel  to 

the  partition,  sessile  upon  the  enlarged  receptacle :  valves  flat,  nerve- 
less, seeds  flat,  more  or  less  winged :  cotyledons  accumbent. 

8  Caulanthus.     Pods  narrowly  linear,    somewhat  flattened  or  subterete, 

sessile  :  valves  1-nerved  and  often  reticulate-veined :  cotyledons  incum- 
bent. 

9  Bentaria.     Pods  linear,     with  nerveless    flat    valves  and     nerveless 

partition :  seeds  in  1  row  in  each  cell  wingless. 

10  Cardamiue.     Pod  linear  with  thin  flat  nerveless  valves,  and  wingless 
seeds  in  1  row  in  each  cell. 

Tribe  ii.  Pod  a  silicle,  2-celled,  completely  dehiscent,  strongly 
compressed  parallel  to  the  broad  partitioa  or  very  turgid  with 
broad  partition  and  almost  hemispherical  valves,  or  didymous,  or 
strongly  obcompressed.     Pubescence  stellate. 

*   Pods  strongly  compressed  parallel  to  the  broad  partition. 

11  Platyspermum.    Pods  suborbicular,  very  strongly  compressed  parallel 
to  the  broad  partition :  seeds  in  2  rows  in  each  cell,  broadly  winged. 

*  *  Pods  turgid  wdth  broad  partition. 

12  Lesquerella.  Pods  subglobose:  partition  suborbicular:  seeds  flattened 

*  *  *  Pods  didymous  wdth  narrow  partition. 

13  Physaria.    Silicle  didymous  or  obcompressed,  partition  narrow -ellip- 
tical :  cells  several-seeded. 

*  ***  Fruit  orbicular  or  nearly  so,  2-celled,  dehiscent,  2-several-seeded : 
filaments  often  dilated  and  toothed  or  appendaged  near  the  base. 

14  Psilouema.    Capsule  with  valves  convex,  pubescence  stellate. 

4t  *  *  *    Fruit  oblong  elliptic  or  lanceolate,  rarely  linear,  2-celled, 
dehiscent,  2-8veral-seeded :  stamens  unappendaged. 

15  Erophila.  Flowers  white:  petals  deeply  2-lobed  or  parted  :  pods  linear 
to  oblong,  many-seeded . 

1()    Draba.    Sepals    short  and  broad,   equal  at  the  base :  petals  entire  or 
emarginate. 

17  Cochlearia.     Pods  (in  ours)  very  turgid  and  appearing  obcompressed,. 
with  distinctly  1-nerved  valves. 

Tribe  hi.  Pods  longitudinally  2-celled,  dehiscent,  from  linear 
to  lance-oblong  or  elliptic,  always  longer  than  broad. 

18  Sophia.     Pods  ascending  or  somewhat  spreading,  on  slender  pedicels,, 
oblong-linear,  subterete,  less  than  an  inch  long. 

19  Erysimum.     Pods  subsessile,  erect,  appressed  to  the  rachis,  subulate. 

20  Smelowskia.     Pods  lanceolate   to  lance-oblong,  more  or  less  obcom- 

pressed with  sharply  keeled  valves. 

21  Sehoenocrambe.     Pods  slender,  terete,  somewhat  torulose. 


CRUCIFER^.  37 

Tribe  iv.    Fruit  longitudinally  2-celled,  dehiscent,  elongated, 
terete  or  prismatic  or  compressed  parallel  to  the  partition. 

22  Thelypodium.  Pods  slender,  terete  or  quadrangular,  often  torulose, 
on  a  short  thick  stipe:  valves  1-nerved:  cotyledons  incumbent. 

23  Stanleya.  Pods  terete  or  subterete,  on  a  slender  elongated  stipe :  valves 
1-nerved:  cotyledons  incumbent. 

Tribe  v.  Pods  short,  scarcely  longer  than  broad,  turgid  or  ob- 
compressed.     Cotyledons  incumbent. 

24  Braya.  Pods  oblong  to  linear-oblong  with  flattish  or  convex  faintly- 
nerved  but  not  keeled  valves. 

25  Camelina.  Silicle' obovoid,  2-celled  and  many-seeded,  with  somewhat 
firm  strongly  convex  valves,  and  thin  obovate  partition. 

26  Subularia.  Silicle  turgid,  subglobose,  pyriform  or  slaort  fusiform, 
dehiscent,  several-seeded :  cotyledons  incumbent :  aquatic  herbs  with 

subulate  leaves. 

Tribe  vi     Pods  long  or  short,    dehiscent  their  whole  length  or 
the  apex  indehiscent     Cotyledons  longitudinally  conduplicate. 

27  Brassica>   Pods  slender  and  longitudinally  dehiscent  to  near  the  apex. 

Series  ii.  Pods    short,   dehiscent  their   whole  length.     Valves 
more  or  less  obcompressed,  the  partition  usually  narrow. 

Tribe  vii.     Pod  a  2-celled    silicle,    strongly  obcompressed  or 
turofid.    Pubescence  wholly  simple  or  none. 

28  Bursa.     Pods  obcordate,  reversed  deltoid  in  outline. 
2?    Hutchinsia.    Pods  elliptical,  entire  at  the  apex. 

30  Coronopns.  Pods  more  or  less  distinctly  didymous  with  thickish 
valves,  falling  off  as  closed  or  nearly  closed  1-seeded  nutlets :  terres- 
trial herbs  but  growing  in  wet  places. 

31  Lepidinm.  Pods  strongly  obcompressed ;  with  usually  1-seeded  cells  : 
cotyledons  incumbent.   Terrestrial  herbs. 

32  Thlaspi.  Pods  strongly  obcompressed,  dehiscent;  cells 2  to  several 
seeded:  cotyledons  accumbent.  Glabrous  terrestrial  herbs. 

Series  hi.     Pods  short,  [rarely  long],  usually  crustaceous  and 
indurated,  indehiscent,  1-2-celled,  with  1-2  seeds  in  each  cell. 

Tribe  ix.     Pods  orbicular  to  elliptical.     Ovule  suspended. 

33  Heterodraba.  Pods  short-elliptical,  twisted,  not  margined,  very  tardi- 
ly dehiscent,  by  a  very  filmy  partition  2-celled. 

34  Athysaans.  Pods  orbicular,  not  margined,  uncinate-hispid,  indehis- 
cent: ovary  1-celled,  3-4-ovuled  but  only  one  maturing. 

35  Thysanocarpns.  Pods  orbicular  to  obovate,  wing-margined,  1-celled 
indehiscent:  ovary  1-ovuled :  pubescence  simple. 

Series  iv.     Pods   elongated,   indehiscent,  1-celled  and   many- 
seeded,  or  many -celled  with  1  seed  in  each  cell. 

Tribe  x.     Pods  elongated,  terete  or  somewhat  prismatic,  often 
torose,  multicellular  and  indehiscent. 

36  Raphanus.  Fruit  an  indehiscent  multicellular  or  transversely  divid- 
ed pod. 


38  CRUCIFER^.  parry  a. 

'  CHEIRANTHUS . 

Tribe  1.  Arahidese  DC.  Stigma  when  lohed  prolonged  over  the 
placentae.  Pods  ^-celled,  sometimes  incompletely  so,  regularly  dehi- 
scent, flattened,  parallel  to  a  broad  partition  or  terete.  Cotyledons 
accumbent  (incumbent  to  convolute  in  Chieranthus). 

1    PARRYA    R.  Br.  in  Parry  Voy.  App.  268. 

Low  perennial  herbs  with  mostly  radical  entire  or  toothed 
somewhat  fleshy  leaves,  and  rose-colored  or  purple  flowers.  Sep- 
als erect,  equal  or  the  lateral  ones  saccate  at  base.  Petals  spatu- 
late  unguiculate.  Anthers  usually  linear.  Style  short ;  stigma 
lobes  connate.  Pods  compressed,  the  valves  plane,  1-nerved. 
Seeds  in  1  or  2  rows  in  the  cells,  large,  somewhat  compressed, 
orbicular.    Cotyledons  various. 

P.  Menziesii  Greene  Bull.  Torr.  Club  xiii,  143.  Phcenicavlis  Cheiranthoi- 
des  Nuti.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  1,  89.  Cheiranthus  Menziesii  Watson  Bot,  King,  14- 
Caudex  stout  and  branching,  the  branches  densely  clothed  with  the  persist- 
ent petioles  of  former  seasons :  radical  leaves  spatulate  or  oblanceolate, 
entire,  1-4  inches  long,  persistent,  canescent,  with  a  dense  stellate  pubesce- 
nce, the  petioles  nearly  glabrous  :  scape-like  stems  several  from  each  branch 
of  the  caudex,  twice  longer  than  the  radical  leaves,  nearly  glabrous,  often 
leafy-bracted  below:  flowers  large  dark  purple  or  red,  to  ochroleucous,  in 
rather  dense  many-flow^ered  racemes :  pods  spreading,  on  short,  stout  ped- 
icels, 1-2  inches  long,  1-2  lines  broad,  not  carinate,  attenuate  to  the  slen- 
der style,  glabrous  few-seeded.  On  stony  hillsides,  northern  California 
and  Nevada  to  Brit.  Columbia  east  of  the  Cascade'Mountains. 

Var.  lanuginosa  Watson  in  Gray's  Syn.  Fl.  ]52.  Pubescence  more 
loose  and  woolly.     Eastern  Washington. 

2    CHEIRANTHUS    L.   Gen.  n.  815. 

Cheiranthus  and  Erysimum  of  authors. 

Biennial  or  perennial  herbs  with  narrow  entire  or  sparingly- 
toothed  leaves  and  yellow  or  purple  flowers  in  simple  racemes. 
Sepals  erect,  oblong  to  linear-oblong,  equal  at  base  or  the  lateral 
ones  somewhat  saccate.  Petals  commonly  large  with  broad  obo- 
vate  blade  and  slender  elongated  claw.  Stamens  6,  free  and  un- 
appendaged.  Pods  strongly  compressed,  broadly  linear  with  flat 
1-nerved  valves  or  narrow  and  quadrangular  with  convex  and 
more  or  less  distinctly  keeled  valves.  Seeds  numerous,  oblong 
and  turgid,  or  suborbicular  and  flattened  or  winged.  Cotyledons 
incumbent  or  accumbent  or  the  radical  very  oblique. 

*  Petals  2-2)^  lines  long,  yellow':  pods  subterete,  5-10  lines  long: 
cotyledons  incumbent  or  nearly  so. 

C.  tnrritoides  Lam.  Encycl.  ii.  716.  Erysimum  cheiranthoides  L. 
Stem  erect,  subterete,  simple  or  with  few  subterminal  branches :  leaves 
lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  entire  or  remotely  and  obscurely  denticu- 
late, 1-3  inches  long,  thin,  green  on  both  faces,  sparsely  and  finely  pubes- 
cent:  flowers  small,  yellow:  pods  obtusely  angled,  5-10  Hues  long,  on 
somewhat  spreading  and  rather  slender  pedicels,  glabrous,  slenderly  short- 
beaked.  Along  streams,  eastern  Oregon  to  Alaska  and  across  the  conti- 
nent. 

*  *  Petals  3-12  lines  long,  yellow  or  orange,  rarely  purple.  Pods 
subterete  or  obviously  4-angled,  not  strongly  compressed,  1-4  inches 
long ;  cotyledons  incumbent  or  rarely  oblique  or  somewhat  accumbent. 


CHEiRAXTHUs.  CRUCIFER^E.  36 

C.  inconspicuus  Greene  Pitt.  iii.  134.  Erysimum  parviflorum  Nmt. 
{1838),  not  Pers.  (1807)  Cinereous  and  scabrous  with  appressed  forked 
hairs :  stems  erect,  10-18  inches  high :  leaves  narrow,  oblong-hnear  or  lan- 
ceolate, mostly  entire,  the  radical  crowded,  sometimes  repand-dentate : 
sepals  linear-oblong,  acute,  3  lines  long,  little  surpassed  by  the  narrow  sul- 
phur-yellow petals :  pedicels  2-3  lines  long,  spreading  in  fruit :  pods  slen- 
der, suberect,  1-2  inches  long,  scarcely  narrowed  above,  tipped  with  a  short 
stout  style  and  2-lobed  stigma.  Eastern  Washington  to  Alaska,  Wyoming 
and  Minnesota. 

C.  elatus  Greene  1.  c.  135.  Erysimum  elatum  Nutt.  Scabrous  and  usu- 
ally canescent  with  appressed  2-parted  hairs:  stems  erect  from  a  biennial 
or  short-lived  perennial  root,  1-6  feet  high,  usually  simple,  angled ;  leaves 
lanceolate  to  entire  or  repand-dentate,  or  the  lowest  pinnatifid :  petals 
yellow  or  orange,  6-8  lines  long,  with  broadly  obovate  suborbicular,  blade 
the  very  slender  claw,  much  exceeding  the  oblong  or  linear  sepals :  pods 
2-5  inches  long  by  a  line  wide  usually  sharply  angled,  erect  or  spreading 
on  spreading  pedicels  2-6  lines  long ;  style  1-2  lines  long ;  stigma  some- 
what 2-lobecl:  seeds  oblong,  brown,  often  sharply  wing-appendaged  at  the 
apex.     Comm-m  on  dry  hillsides,  California  to  Brit.  Columbia. 

*  *  *  Flowers  large   or    middle-sized,  pods   more  strongly  flatten- 
ed, 1-nerved  or  somewhat  keeled. 

€.  occidentalis  Watson  Proc.  Amer.  Acad,  xxiii,  261.  Erysimum  oc- 
cidentale,  Rob.  Stems  erect,  simple  or  branching  from  near  the  base,  2-18 
inches  high,  from  an  annual  or  biennial  root,  becoming  stout,  angular, 
finely  pubescent  with  appressed  forked  hairs  :  narrowly  linear  to  lance-lin- 
ear, leaves  attenuate  to  long  slender  petioles  entire  or  nearly  so :  racemes 
at  first  short,  but  becoming  4-8  inches  long  in  fruit :  pedicels  stout,  spread- 
ing 2-4 lines  long:  petals  light  yellow,  8-10  lines  long,  much  exceeding  the 
pale  narrowly-oblong  strongly  saccate  calyx :  pods  3-4  inches  long,  1%  hnes 
broad,  rather  abruptly  beaked;  style  slender,  2  lines  long;  stigma  small: 
seeds  oblong,  rather  broadly  winged :  cotyledons  accumbent.  On  sandy  or 
gravelly  banks,  Klickitat  county,  Washington  to  Nevada. 

C.  arenicola  Greene  1.  c.  131.  Erysimum  arenicola  Watson  Proc.  Am. 
Acad,  xxvi,  1^2.  Cespitose  perennial :  stems  several  from  the  densely  mul- 
ticipital  caudex,  terete,  6-8  inches  high :  leaves  very  numerous,  chiefly 
clustered  at  the  base,  oblanceolate,  repandly  denticulate,  including  the 
petiole  \}4,  inches  long,  2-3  lines  broad,  pubescent  with  white  appressed 
2-3  pointed  hairs:  racemes  short,  rather  few-flowered:  pedicels  spreading, 
a  line  long :  sepals  4  lines  long ;  petals  unknown  :  pods  very  gradually  nar- 
rowed to  a  point:  cotyledons  oblique-incumbent.  Olympic  Mountains 
Washington,  5000  feet  altitude.     C.  V.  Piper. 

C.  capitatns  Dougl.  in  Hook.  Fl.  1,  38.  Cheiranthus  asper  Cham.  & 
Schlecht.  in  Linnxa  i,  14.  Finely  pubescent  with  appressed  2-parted  or  on  the 
lowest  leaves  somewhat  stellate  hairs:  stem  3-24  inches  high  from  a  per- 
ennial root,  somewhat  angular,  stout,  simple  or  less  frequently  branched, 
sometimes  from  the  base :  leaves  oblong  to  spatul^te  or  linear,  attenuate 
below,  entire  or  more  or  less  deeply  repand-dentate:  flowers  light  yellow, 
in  a  many-flowered  at  first  subcapitate  but  elongating  raceme :  petals  8-12 
lines  long,  with  broad  rounded  blade  and  slender  claw :  pods  1-4  inches 
long,  1-1  >"2  hnes  broad;  valves  flattish,  l-nerved:  style  stout,  3^-1  line 
long:  stigma  broad:  seeds  oblong,  brown,  margined.  Common  on  the 
coast  from  Curry  county,  Oregon  to  California. 

3    NASTURTIUM  R.  Br.  in  Ait.  Hort.  Kew  ed.  2,  iv,  109. 

Perennial  herbs  with  lyrately  compound  or  simple  and  pin- 
natifid or  undivided  leaves  and  white  flowers.  Sepals  erect.  Pet- 
als unguiculate.     Pods  short,  turgid,  little  compressed,  nerveless. 


40  CRUCIFER^.  nasturtium. 

RORIPA. 

Seeds  small,  rounded,  somewhat  flattened,  impressed  punctate. 

N.  OFFICINALE  R.  Br.  1.  c.  Glabrous ;  stems  stoutish  hollow  rooting  at 
the  decumbent  base,  the  branches  %-b  feet  long :  roots  all  fibrous :  leaves 
pinnate,  leaflets  rounded  or  elongated  the  terminal  one  largest :  petals 
white,  exceeding  the  calyx:  pods  divaricately  spreading,  6-10  lines  long, 
acute  at  each  end,  equaling  the  spreading  pedicels,  style  short  and  thick. 
Common  in  brooks  and  wet  places.    Introduced  from  Europe. 

4    RORIPA   Scop.  Fl.  Cam.  520. 

Annual,  biennial,  or  perennial  herbs  with  yellow  flowers  in  pan- 
iculate racemes.  Commonly  referred  to  Nasturtium.  Sepals 
greenish  yellow,  ascending  or  spreading.  Petals  short-unguicu- 
late  and  ascending.  Pods  terete  or  nearly  so ;  valves  thin,  nearly 
or  quite  nerveless.  Seeds  small,  turgid  and  wingless,  in  2  rows  in 
each  cell,  minutely  tuberculate. 

R.  sinnata  A.  S.  Hitchck.  Spring  Fl.  Manh.  18.  Nasturtium  smuatum, 
Nutt.  Stems  decumbent  to  prostrate  pale  green  glabrous  or  slightly  scurfy- 
pubescent:  leaves  narrowly  oblong  or  oblanceolate,  usually  deep  and  regu- 
larly pinnatifid,  the  subequal  oblong  to  deltoid  segments  entire  or  with  1 
or  2  teeth  :  pedicels  mostly  divaricately  spreading,  slender,  2-5  lines  long : 
pods  oblong  to  linear,  mostly  3-5  lines  long  acute  at  each  end  and  beaked 
by  a  slender  style,  more  or  less  curved.  Eastern  Oregon  and  Washington 
to  the  plains  of  the  Saskatchewan.  Minnesota  and  Arkansas. 

Var.  pubescens.  Nasturtium  sinuatum  var.  pubescens  Watson  in  Gray 
tSyn.  Fl.  i.  174-  Pubescent  throughout  with  wooUy^hairs :  stems  very  slen- 
der, decumbent:  racemes  lax,  4-5  inches  long:  pedicels  3-6  lines  long,  very 
slender :  ovary  oblong-obovate,  pubescent :  style  long  and  slender.  On 
sandy  ground  Sauvie's  Island  Oregon,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Willamette 
river.    But  one  plant  was  found :  if  not  abnormal  it  is  a  good  species. 

R.  Colninbiae.  Nasturtium  Coluinhix  Suksdorf  in  Herb,  distr.  95S.  Low 
and  spreading,  pubescent  throughout :  leaves  rather  narrow,  deeply  and 
narrowly  pinnatifid:  pedicels  scarcely  2  lines  long:  pods  short-oblong,  1}4 
-2  lines  long,  densely  pubescent  with  short  and  rather  fine  somewhat  papi- 
lose  hairs.  Low  gravelly  banks  of  the  Columbia  and  Snake  rivers,  which 
are  submerged  most  of  the  year. 

R.  palustris Bess.  Enum.  27.  Nasturtium  palustre  DC.  Glabrous  or 
rarely  somewhat  pubescent :  stems  erect  from  a  biennial  root,  6-18  inches 
high ,  branching :  lower  leaves  lyrate ;  upper  more  or  less  deeply  pinnatifid 
or  merely  toothed,  the  lobes  narrowly  to  broadly  oblong,  dentate ;  pods  ob- 
long, turgid,  usually  obtuse.  Oregon  to  the  Sierra  Nevadas  and  the  At- 
lantic states. 

R.  Faciflca.  Nasturtium  terrestre  var.  occidentale  Watson,  in  Gray  Syn. 
Fl.  i,  148.  Glabrous  or  the  auricles  of  the  leaves  sometimes  ciliate  :  stems 
stout,  1-3  feet  high  from  a  stout  annual  or  biennial  root :  more  or  less 
freely  branching :  leaves  lanceolate,  the  lower  ones  lyrate,  petioled,  2-6 
inches  long ;  the  oblong  to  ovate  segments  erose-dentate :  pods  oblong,  tur- 
gid acutish  at  both  ends  or  obtuse  above,  4-6  lines  long,  equaling  the 
spreading  pedicels.  On  alluvial  soil  lower  Columbia  valley  to  Brit.  Colum- 
bia. 

R.  sphserocarpa  Britton,  Mem.  Torr.  club,  v.  170.  Nasturtium  sphx- 
rocarpum,  Gray  PL  Fendl.  6.  More  or  less  hispid  with  short  spreading 
hairs :  stems  erect,  1-3  feet  high  from  a  biennial  or  winter  annual  root : 
branched  above :  lower  leaves  lyrate  with  oblong  or  ovate,  dentate  seg- 
ments, upper  ones  lanceolate,  more  or  less  pinnatifid  or  irregularly  den- 
tate :  pods  short,  mostly  broadly  elliptical  or  subglobose  1-3  lines  long. 
Oregon  and  Washington . 


RORiPA.  CRUCIFER^.  41 

BARBAREA. 

B.  cnrvisiliqua  Bessey  Mem.  Torr.  club  v.  169.  Nasturtium  curvisili- 
qua,  Nutt.  Glabrous,  usually  erect,  diffusely  branched  3-12  inches  high 
from  an  annual  root :  leaves  narrowly  oblong  or  oblanceolate  pinnatifid 
with  oblong  usually  toothed  lobes,  rarely  only  sinuate  toothed :  flowers 
yellow  in  rather  dense  racemes:  petals  a  little  exceeding  the  sepals:  pods 
rather  slender,  4-8  lines  long,  about  equaling  the  pedicels,  often  curved. 
On  rich,  alluvial  river  bottoms,  British  Columbia  to  Lower  California. 

R.  ly rata  Greene  Man.  20.  Nasturtium  lyratum  Nutt.  Stems  erect  or 
decumbent,  commonly  diffusely  branched  from  the  base :  leaves  lyrate  or 
pinnatifid,  the  segments  oblong-lanceolate,  inciseiy  serrate  or  angularly 
toothed:  pods  linear,  compressed,  8-10  lines  long,  more  than  twice  the 
length  of  the  pedicel,  slightly  curved,  obtuse,  tipped  with  the  very  short 
style.  On  muddy  banks  anS  in  w^et  places,  Oregon  and  northern  Cali- 
ornia. 

.  R.  polymorpha.  Nasturtium  polymorphum  Nvtt.  T.  &  G.  i,  74.  Stems 
6-10  inches  high  from  an  annual  or  biennial  root:  leaves  rather  narrow, 
deeply  pinnatifid  or  almost  entire,  the  segments  entire,  short,  linear 
acute":  flowers  small ;  the  petals  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx :  pods  ob- 
long-linear compressed :  stigma  minute,  nearly  sessile.  "Banks  of  the  Ore- 
gon, Nutt."     Moist  places.    Willamette  and  lower  Columbia  valleys. 

R.  tenerrima  Greene  Eryth.  iii,  46.  Glabrous :  stems  weak  and  de- 
cumbent sparingly  branched  6-10  inches  long  from  an  annual  root :  leaves 
few  lyrately  pinnatifid,  the  terminal  lobe  acutish,  rachis  of  the  few  ra- 
ceme's almost  capillary:  pods  subconical  to  ovate-laaceolate  slightly 
curved,  the  apex  surmounted  by  a  considerable  beak-like  style :  valves  and 
partition  both  very  thin :  seeds  many  in  2  rows  under  each  valve.  On 
moist  banks,  eastern  California  and  western  Nevada  to  Washington  and 
Wyoming. 

5    BARBAREA  R.  Br.  in  Ait  f.  Kew.  ed.  2.  iv.  109. 

Glabrous  erect  branching  biennial  or  perennial  herbs  with  an- 
gled stems  and  entire  or  pinnatifid  leaves.  Sepals  oblong,  often 
colored :  the  lateral  pair  often  saccate  at  base  and  slightly  con- 
nate on  the  back  near  the  apex.  Petals  spatulate  or  with  obovate 
blade  and  slender  claws.  Stamens  6,  free  and  unappendaged,  dis- 
tinctly tetradynamous.  Style  short:  stigma  bifid.  Pods  linear, 
elongated,  somewhat  4-angled.  Seeds  in  one  row  in  each  cell. 
Cotyledons  slightly  oblique. 

B.  vulgaris  R.  Br.  1.  c.  Stems  erect,  1-3  feet  high,  simple  or  corym- 
bosely  branched,  somewhat  angled :  radical  and  lower  caudate  leaves  usu- 
ally pinnately  parted,  the  terminal  lobe  ovate  or  orbicular,  rounded  at  the 
apex  and  varying  from  cuneate  to  cordate  at  base,  entire  or  with  a  few 
rounded  teeth  or  lobes ;  lateral  segments  very  variable  usually  oblong,  en- 
tire or  toothed :  petioles  auriculate  at  base :  upper  leaves  entire  or  toothed, 
clasping  at  base :  flowers  in  a  short  dense  oblong  raceme,  bright  yellow: 
petals  nearly  or  quite  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals  :  pods  ascending  or  sub- 
erect  upon  more  or  less  spreading  pedicels.  Common  along  streams  and  in 
cultivated  fields.    Lower  California  to  Alaska  and  across  the  continent. 

B.  stricta  Andrz.  Bess.  Enum.  72.  Stems  erect  1-2  feet  high,  leaves 
yrately  pinnatifid  with  a  large  rounded  terminal  lobe  and  1-5  pairs  of  lat- 
eral ones :  flowers  pale  yellow,  during  anthesis  closely  aggregate  and  sub- 
corymbose  :  petals  usually  not  over  a  third  or  half  longer  than  the  ca- 
lyx :  pods  mostly  appresscd  to  the  elongated  rachis.  Along  streams  etc., 
California  to  Alaska  and  across  the  continent. 


42  CRUCIFER^.  arabis, 

6      ARABIS  L.  Gen.  n,  818. 

Annual  biennial  or  perennial  herbs,  rarely  suflfrutescent  at  base 
Avith  usually  simple  leaves,  stellate  or  forked  pubescence,  and 
white  or  purple  flowers  in  ebracteate  racemes.  Sepals  equal  or 
the  lateral  ones  saccate,  at  base.  Petals  entire  or  emarginate, 
usually  unguicuhite.  Stamens  6,  free  and  unappendaged.  Pods 
linear  compressed  parallel  to  the  partition,  witii  flat  or  subcon- 
vex,  more  or  less  prominently  1 -nerved  valves  and  membranace- 
ous partition.  Stigma  simple  or  barely  2-lobed.  Seeds  in  1-2 
rows  :  elliptical  or  orbicular,  more  or  less  margined  or  winged. 
Cotyledons  accumbent  or  oblique. 

§  1  SiSYMBRiNA  Watson  in  Gray  Syn.  Fl.  i,  159.  Bienni- 
als or  perennials  with  the  pubescence,  if  any,  wholly  simple 
above,,  but  forked  upon  the  lowest  leaves. 

A.  Nnttallii  Robinson  in  Gray  Syn.  Fl.  i,  160.  A.  spathulata  Nutt.  T.  <^ 
G.  Fl.  i,  81,  not  DC.  Stems  slender  simple,  6-10  inches  high  from  a 
branching  biennial  or  perennial  rootstock,  erect  or  ascending,  glabrous 
above,  more  or  less  hirsute  below  :  radical  leaves  spatulate-oblanceolate, 
obtuse  or  acutish,  entire,  an  inch  or  less  long:  cauline  narrowly  oblong  to 
elliptical,  sessile  but  not  auricled :  petals  2-3  lines  long,  white  :  pods  short, 
6-9  lines  long  by  3^  of  a  line  broad,  somewhat  attenuate  to  a  rather  stout 
style :  valves  slightly  convex,  1-nerved  and  faintly  veined :  seeds  elliptical : 
cotyledons  accumbent.  On  low  grounds,  mountains  of  eastern  Washing- 
ton and  western  Montana. 

§  2  TuRRiTis  Flowers  whitish  ;  pods  narrow  :  seeds  in  2  rows 
in  the  cells. 

A.  perfoliata  Lam.  Encycl.  i,  219.  Glaucous,  stems  erect,  solitary,  sim- 
ple or  sparingly  branched,  usually  stout,  1-6  feet  high  from  a  biennial 
root:  radical  leaves  spatulate,  2-4  inches  long,  sinuate-pinnatifid  or 
toothed,  ciliate  and  more  or  less  hirsute  with  stellate  hairs ;  cauline  leaves 
entire  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  clasping  by  the  sagittate  base :  raceme 
long  and  strict:  flowers  white  or  stramineous:  petals  linear-lanceolate,  2- 
3  lines  long,  not  more  than  twice  the  length  of  the  sepals:  pods  strictly 
erect  almost  terete,  3-4  inches  long,  less  than  a  line  wide,  on  short  pedi- 
cels: style  short  or  none,  stigma  2-lobed:  seeds  somewhat  in  2  rows  nar- 
rowly winged  or  wingless:  cotyledons  accumbent  to  incumbent  in  the 
same  pod.  On  dry  ridges  and  stony  hillsides,  Brit.  Columbia  to  Califor- 
nia and  across  the  continent  to  New  England  and  New  Jersey. 

§  3  EuARABis  Watson  in  Gray  Syn.  Fl.  i,  160  in  part.  Seeds 
orbicular  or  broadly  elliptical,  more  or  less  wing-margined.  Coty- 
ledons strictly  accumbent. 

A.  hirsnta  Scop.  Fl.  Carn.  ed.  2,  ii,  30.  More  or  less  hirsute  at  least  at 
the  base  with  spreading  simple  or  forked,  rarely  stellate  hairs :  stems  often 
clustered  on  the  crown  of  the  biennial  root  or  branching  caudex,  ()-20 
inches  high,  simple  or  with  slender  strict  branches  above:  radical  leaves  in 
a  rosulate  cluster,  ovate  to  spatulate  attenuate  to  a  winged  petiole,  entire 
or  sparsely  dentate;  cauline  ones  ovate  to  oblong  or  lanceolate  sessile  and 
partly  clasping  by  a  somewhat  sagittate  or  cordate  base:  petals  white, 
spatulate  twice  as  long  as  the  greenish  sepals :  pods  strictly  erect  1-2 
inches  long,  less  than  a  line  wide  on  erect  slender  pedicels ;  style  very 
short  and  stout  or  the  stigma  nearly  sessile  :  seeds  suborbicular,  very  nar- 
rowly winged.  In  moist  places.  Sierra  Nevadas  of  California  through  Ore- 
gon and  Washington  to  northern  Alaska  and  across  the  continent  to  the 


ARABis.  CRUCIFER^:.  4^ 

mouth  of  the  St.  Lawrence  and  Virginia.     Eu.  &  Asia. 

A.  furcata  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xvii,  362.  vStems  several  from  a 
slender  branching  perennial  rootstock,  slender  ascending,  10-18  inches 
high:  lower  leaves  oblong-ovate,  attenuate  below  to  a  stout  petiole,  few- 
toothed,  1-3  inches  long;  sparingly  pubescent  and  cihate  with  coarse 
forked  hairs;  cauline  oblong  to  linear  or  lanceolate,  scarcely  auricled:  flow- 
ers large  in  a  lax  few -flowered  raceme ;  petals  white  broadly  spatulate, 
6-7  lines  long,  more  than  twice  as  long  as  the  sparingly  hirsute  sepals ; 
pods  10-20  lines  long,  less  than  a  line  broad,  attenuate  to  a  very  short 
style,  on  slender  pedicels  6-10  lines  long:  seeds  oblong-elliptical,  winged 
at  the  loMer  end.  On  bluffs  of  the  Columbia  river  from  the  mouth  of  the 
vSandy  to  near  Hood  river. 

A.  Suksdorfli.  A.  furcata  Watson  I.  c.  in  part.  Stems  tufted  from  a 
thick  perennial  root,  simple,  3-8  inches  high,  strictly  erect,  lower  leaves 
oblong-obovate  1-3  inches  long,  sparingly  pubescent  and  ciliate  with 
branched  hairs,  entire  or  few-toothed;  cauline  few,  oblong  to  lanceolate: 
flowers  middle-sized,  in  a  strict  somewhat  dense  raceme :  petals  white, 
spatulate  3-5  lines  long :  pods  6-18  lines  long  by  less  than  a  line  broad, 
erect  on  short  erect  pedicels.  On  dry  alluvial  ridges  Mount  Adams  Wash- 
ington near  the  line  of  perpetual  snow. 

A.  purpnrascens  Howell  in  Herb.  Greene  Pitt,  i,  161.  Usually  livid- 
purple  throughout:  stems  tufted,  from  a  branching  perennial  root,  simple, 
usually  slender,  6-30  inches  high,  soft-pubescent  with  simple  or  forked 
hairs  and  a  shorter,  more  branching  pubescence  beneath :  leaves  scattered 
but  rather  ample,  thin  sparsely  pubescent:  the  lowest  obovate-oblong  at 
tenuate  below  to  a  petiole,  the  cauline  narrowly-oblong  sessile,  all  with, 
scattered  coarse  and  salient  teeth  :  racemes  loose  and  few-flowered ;  calyx 
purple  2-3 lines  long:  petals  6-9  lines  long  deep  rose  purple:  pods  slender, 
2  inches  long  less  than  a  line  wdde.  On  rocky  ridges  and  bluffs,  northern 
base  of  the  vSiskiyou  Mountains  from  Ashland  to  AYaldo  Oregon. 

A.  atrorubens  Suksdorf  in  Herb.  Greene  Eryth.  i,  223.  Pale  and 
glaucescent  or  the  herbage  becoming  purplish  in  full  maturity:  stems 
erect,  a  foot  or  more  high  from  a  branching  perennial  root:  radical  leaves 
spatulate-oblong,  an  inch  long,  stellate-pubescent ;  cauline  ones  glabrous,, 
ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  sessile  and  auriculate-clasping,  all  rather  re- 
motely and  coarsely  serrate-toothed  :  raceme  simple,  strict,  few-flowered  : 
sepals  dark  red,  sparsely  pubescent  with  branching  hairs :  petals  dark  red 
or  almost  black  about  4  lines  long:  pods  suberect  narrowly  linear,  acute,  3 
inches  long  or  more:  seeds  flattened,  narrowly  winged.  Edge  of  brush- 
lands  on  the  higher  part  of  the  Klickitat  hills,  Klickitat  county,  Wash- 
ington. 

A.  sparsiflora  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  i,  81.  Stems  1-3  feet  high  from  a  bi- 
ennial or  perennial  root,  sparingly  pubescent  below  with  forked  or  simple 
hairs:  lower  leaves  numerous,  entire  oblanceolate,  on  slender  petioles; 
cauline  leaves  oblong  to  linear-lanceolate,  entire,  sessile  and  clasping  by 
the  auricled  base,  acut^  :  racemes  rather  few' -flow^ered ;  flowers  small ;  pet- 
als linear-oblong,  bright  purple,  twice  as  long  as  the  often  colored  sepals  : 
pods  2-3  inches  long,  spreading  or  suberect  on  spreading  pedicels :  seeds 
narrowly  winged.  On  dry  plains,  eastern  Oregon  and  Washington. to  the 
Rocky  Mountains  and  northern  Nevada. 

A.  Bolanderi  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xxii,  467.  More  or  less  pubes- 
cent throughout  with  soft  stellate  hairs :  stem  solitary,  much  branched,  1- 
2  feet  high  from  a  biennial  root :  radical  leaves  not  know-n ;  cauline  lanceo- 
late, 1-2  inches  long,  auriculate-clasping  entire :  flowers  small  2-3  lines 
long,  rose-colored :  sepals  and  pedicels  pubescent :  pods  mostly  divaricately 
spreading,  glabrous,  straight,  6-18  lines  long  obtuse  with  a' broad  sessile 
stigma:  valves  1-nerved  to  the  middle:  seeds  orbicular  to  elliptical,  nar- 
rowly wingad.     Yosemite  Valley,  Bolander;   Washington,  Brandegee. 


44  CRUCIFER^.  arabis. 

A.  Breweri  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xi,  123.  Stems  several  from  a 
branching  perennial  caudex  4-12  inches  high,  more  or  less  villous  with 
spreading  simple  or  branched  hairs  or  stellate  pubescent  towards  the  base, 
lower  leaves  narrowly  oblanceolate,  entire  or  toothed,  finely  stellate-pub- 
escent, an  inch  long  or  less,  the  petioles  often  ciliate ;  upper  cauline  leaves 
lanceolate  to  narrowly  oblong,  sessile  with  a  cordate  base  or  obtusely  au- 
riculate,  somewhat  villous  or  pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous;  flowers  bright 
rose-color  or  purplish  to  nearly  white,  3-4  lines  long;  the  pedicels  and  pur- 
plish calyx  more  or  less  villous :  pods  at  length  spreading  and  more  or  less 
arcuate  l>2-3  inches  long  by  a  line  or  more  broad,  acute  with  a  sessile 
stigma ;  valves  1-nerved,  veined :  seeds  orbicular,  narrowly  winged.  South- 
western Oregon  to  middle  California. 

A.  Lemmoni  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad  xxii,  467.  Stems  several  from  a 
branching  perennial  caudex,  slender,  6  inches  high  or  less,  glabrous  above, 
hoary  below  with  fine  dense  stellate  pubescence :  lower  leaves  spatulate- 
oblanceolate,  rarely  with  one  or  two  teeth,  6-9  lines  long,  the  petioles 
sometimes  ciliate;  cauline  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  auriculate,  mostly  gla- 
brous or  nearly  so :  flowers  2-3  lines  long,  rose-colored ;  sepals  pubescent : 
pods  ascending  or  widely  spreading,  on  short  pedicels  glabrous,  curved  1- 
2  inches  long  by  ^4  of  a  line  broad,  more  or  less  attenuated  to  a  sessile 
stigma  or  short  style :  seeds  in  one  row,  orbicular,  narrowly  winged.  In 
the  mountains  from  northern  California  to  Mount  Adams  Washington, 
Nevada,  Wyoming,  Montana  and  Brit.  Columbia. 

A.  Koehleri  (In  honor  of  R.  Koehler  of  the  S.  P.  R.  R.,  who  has 
shown  me  many  favors  while  botanizing  in  Oregon).  Stems  slender, 
3-6  inches  high  from  a  perennial  much  branched  w  oody  caudex :  lower 
leaves  densely  rosulate  at  the  ends  of  the  branching  caudex,  persistent, 
linear-lanceolate  to  spatulate,  narrowed  below  but  scarcely  pet- 
ioled,  6-12  lines  long  entire,  canescent  with  stellate  pubescence ;  cau- 
line leaves  only  one  or  two,  broadly  subulate,  auriculate :  racemes  few- 
flowered;  flowers  scarlet  4-6  lines  long:  pods  2-3  inches  long,  a 
line  broad,  often  arcuate,  erect  on  slender  pedicels ;  style  very  short  or 
none:  seeds  small,  narrowly  winged.  On  cliffs,  etc.,  in  the  Coast  Mount- 
ains of  Douglas  county,  Oregon  and  along  the  Umpqua  river  at  Roseburg, 
flowering  early. 

A.  Lyallii  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xi,  122.  Glabrous  throughout  or 
sometimes  stellate-pubescent  below:  stems  several  or  many  from  a 
branched  perennial  caudex,  2-10  inches  high:  lower  leaves  spatulate  to 
linear-oblanceolate,  usually  6-12  lines  long,  sometimes  2-3  inches  long: 
the  cauline  narrowly  lanceolate  to  oblong,  sometimes  scarcely  auricled : 
flowers  rose-color,  2-3  lines  long;  sepals  glabrous :  pods  erect  or  ascending, 
straight  or  nearly  so,  1-2  inches  long  by  %-l  line  broad,  narrowed  to  a 
short  style  or  sessile  stigma ;  valves  1-nerved,  at  least  to  the  middle, 
veined :  seeds  orbicular  narrowly  winged  in  1  row.  On  the  highest  peaks 
of  the  Cascade  Mountains  from  Brit.  Columbia  to  California,  Montana 
and  Utah. 

A.  microphylla  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  i,  82.  Stems  slender,  2-6  inches 
high  from  a  slender  branching  perennial  caudex,  somewhat  hirsute  at  base 
with  spreading  hairs  or  nearly  glabrate  :  lower  leaves  stellate  pubescent, 
linear,  acutish,  4-6  lines  long;  cauline  leaves  few,  sessile  linear-lanceolate 
to  narrowly  oblong :  racemes  few -flowered  :  flowers  pale  rose-color  to  pink, 
2-3  lines  long:  pods  only  2-6  at  the  ends  of  the  filiform  branches,  erect, 
1-2  inches  long  by  %-%  of  a  line  wide :  seeds  s"^ all,  slightly  winged. 
On  rocky  banks,  eastern  Oregon  to  Wyoming  and  Utah. 

A.  Cusickii  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xvii,  363,  Villous-hirsute  with 
scattered  spreading  mostly  simple  hairs.  Stems  usually  several  from  a 
biennial  (?)  root,  6-10  inches  high,  simple  hirsute  or  glabrate  above:  rad- 
ical leaves  linear-oblanceolate,  hirsute  and  ciliate,  8-12  lines  long;  the  up- 


ARABis.  CRUCIFER^.  45 

per  ones  linear-oblong  and  clasping  but  not  auriculate,  all  entire  or  spar- 
ingly toothed :  petals  white  with  purple  veins,  linear  spatulate,  about  3 
lines  long,  twice  as  long  as  the  sparingly  pubescent  sepals  and  exceeding 
the  pedicels :  pods  ascending,  falcate  2-3  inches  long  by  a  line,  broad 
acuminate,  stigma  sessile:  seeds  acutely  margined.  On  high  rocky 
ridges,  Klickitat  county  to  Spokane  county,  Washington  and  Union 
county  Oregon . 

A.  platysperma  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  vi,  519.  Glaucous,  sometimes 
wholly  glabrous :  stems  erect  or  ascending  from  a  branching  perennial  root- 
stock,  2-12  inches  high,  simple  or  branched:  lower  leaves  oblanceolate, 
about  an  inch  long ;  the  upper  oblong  to  linear-lanceolate,  sessile :  petals 
rose-colored  or  nearly  white  2-3  lines  long :  pods  erect  or  a  little  spreading^ 
1-2 J4  inches  long  by  lj^-2)4  lines  wide,  attenuate  to  a  short  stout  style; 
valves  distinctly  veined,  1-nerved  toward  the  base:  seeds  orbicular, 
broadly  winged.  From  Mount  Hood  Oregon  to  the  Ban  Bernardino  and 
Sierra  Nevada  Mountains. 

A.  Howellii  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xxv,  124.  Glabrous  ;  stems  1-4 
inches  high  from  a  much-branched  cespitose  caudex  :  lower  leaves  glau- 
cous, entire,  linear-oblanceolate,  an  inch  long,  often  sparsely  ciliate  tow- 
ards the  base ;  the  few  cauline  narrowly  oblong  obtusish,  sessile  some 
what  clasping  but  not  auri»3ulate  at  base :  flowers  few,  pale  to  bright  pink, 
3-4  lines  long :  pods  erect  1-2  inches  long  by  2  lines  broad  acuminate ; 
stigma  sessile  :  seeds  orbicular,  broadly  winged.  On  Ashland  Butte,  Sis- 
kiyou Mountains,  Oregon. 

§  4  Pendula  Flowers  nodding,  usually  pale.  Pods  usually 
pendulous.     Seeds  in  1-2  rows  in  the  -cells. 

A.  snffrntescens  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xvii,  362.  Glabrous 
throughout  or  sparingly  stellate  pubescent  below :  stems  several  from  a 
branching  woody  perennial  caudex,  8-12  inches  high  :  lower  leaves  nar- 
rowly oblanceolate,  acute,  about  an  inch  long :  the  cauline  more  oblong 
and  sessile  or  shortly  auricu late-clasping:  racemes  few-flowered;  sepals 
purple,  3  lines  long:  pods  l-2}4  inches  long  by  1)^-2  lines  wide,  attenuate 
to  a  short  style,  straight,  pendant, on  reflexed  pedicels 4-6  lines  long:  seeds 
orbicular  winged.  On  dry  rocky  ridges.  Mount  Adams  Washington  to  the 
bluffs  of  Snake  river  in  Oregon  and  the  Siskiyou  Mountains  near  the 
northern  line  of  California. 

A.  retrofracta  Graham  Edinb.  New  Phil.  Journ.  1829,  344.  Stems 
erect  from  a  biennial  root,  1-3  feet  high,  simple  or  branching  above,  gla- 
brous and  often  somewhat  glaucous  above,  minutely  pubescent  below  with 
reflexed  simple  or  forked  hairs :  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate  to  linear,  the 
lower  ones  attenuate  below  to  a  winged  petiole,  rather  coarsely  serrate- 
dentate,  an  inch  or  two  long,  densely  pubescent  with  stellate  hairs ;  the 
upper  ones  linear,  sessile  deeply  sagittate  entire  1)^-3  inches  long :  ra- 
cemes few  to  many-flowered ;  flowers  nodding  on  spreading  tomentose  ped- 
icels: petals  spatulate,  pale  to  bright  purple,  3-4  lines  long,  twice  as  long 
as  the  pubescent  calyx :  pods  linear,  2-3  inches  long  by  half  a  line  wide  and 
with  the  pedicels  strongly  refracted:  seeds  obovate,  narrowly  winged, 
along  streams,  eastern  Oregon  and  Washington  to  the  Rocky  Mountains 
and  Brit.   Columbia. 

A.  secuiida  Howell  Eryth.  iii,  33.  Stems  several  from  a  branching 
woody  base  10-18  inches  high,  stellate-pubescent :  lower  leaves  lanceolate, 
about  an  inch  long,  narrowed  below  to  a  winged  petiole,  entire,  acute;  cau- 
line leaves  linear,  revolute,  sessile,  distinctly  auricled  6-12  lines  long:  ra- 
cemes many-flowered,  strictly  secund :  pods  1-2  inches  long,  less  than  a 
line  wide  on  filiform  pedicels  2-3  lines  long  that  are  all  deflexed  one  way 
forming  a  secund  spike;  seeds  small,  narrowly  wMnged,  in  1  row.  On 
dry  ridges  Mount  Adams,  Washington. 


46  CRUCIFERJi'.  arabis. 

STREPTANTHUS. 

A.  ColumMana  Macoun  Cat.  Canada  PI.  ii,  304.  Winter  annual :  al- 
most smooth  or  pubescent  below  with  branching  hairs :  lower  leaves 
slightly  toothed  and  tapering  into  a  petiole  ;  cauline  sessile  and  often  clasp- 
ing :  flowers  white  :pods  exactly  sickle- shaped,  3--4  inches  long.  Common 
on  the  lower  slopes  of  mountains,  northern  Washington  to  Brit.  Columbia. 

A.  canescens  T.  &  G.  Fl.  i,  83.  Finely  stellate-pubescent  throughout : 
gtems  one  to  several  from  a  perennial  or  biennial  root,  2-8  inches  high; 
simple  or  branched  :  lower  leaves  linear-oblanceolate,  an  inch  long  or  less  ; 
cauline  leaves  linear,  clasping  but  hardly  auriculate:  flowers  small  2  lines 
or  less  long,  pale:  pods  pendulous,  pubescent  or  glab rate,  1-1  >^  inches 
long  by  less  than  a  line  broad,  on  pedicels  1-3  lines  long;  valves  1 -nerved 
to  the  middle:  seeds  small,  orbicular,  winged,  in  1  or  2  rows.  On  dry 
plains,  Blue  Mountains  and  Harney  valley  Oregon,  to  the  Rocky 
Mountains  and  Brit.  Columbia. 

A,  arcnata  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  vi,  187  (?).  More  or  less  stellate- 
pubescent  or  hirsute  :  stems  erect,  6  inches  to  2  feet  or  more  high  from  a 
perennial  woody  caudex,  simple  or  branched;  lower  leaves  spatulate,  entire 
or  denticulate  acute,  1-2  inches  long;  cauline  oblong-lanceolate,  sagit- 
tate and  clasping  at  base  6-12  lines  long  or  more ;  racemes  rather  few^-flow- 
ered;  flowers  pale  nodding;  petals  3-4  lines  long,  white  or  purple,  twice  as 
long  as  the  sepals  :  pods  1-4  inches  long  by  a  line  or  more  broad  erect 
and  slightly  curved  or  spreading  and  strongly  falcate.  On  rocky  ridges 
and  dry  plains,  eastern  Oregon  and  Washington  to  southwestern  Oregon. 

A.  snbpinDatilida  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xx,  353.  Canescent  with  a 
voiy  fine  and  dense  stellate  pubescence :  stems  1  to  several  from  a  branch- 
ing somewhat  woody  base :  lower  leaves  crowded  and  persistent,  linear- 
oblanceolate,  entire  or  sparingly  toothed,  9-12 -^ines  long;  upper  ones 
lanceolate,  coarsely  and  subpinnatifidly  toothed :  flowers  pale  pink,  3-() 
lines  long:  pods  strongly  reflexed,  on  pedicels  2-5  lines  long,  lX-3  inches 
long,  l-l}4  lines  broad,  more  or  less  attenuate  to  the  short  style,  pubes- 
cent, slightly  curved;  valves  1-nerved  to  the  middle  and  veined;  seeds  in 
one  row,  as  broad  as  the  partition,  winged.  On  dry  rocky  ridges,  south- 
western Oregon  and  and  adjacent  California  to  northwestern  Nevada. 

7   &TREPTANTHUS   Nutt.  Jour.  Acad.   Philad.  v,  134,  t.  7 . 

Caulescent  branching  herbs  with  entire  or  toothed,  or  rarely 
pinnatifid  leaves  and  purple  white  or  yellowish  flowers.  Sepals 
ov'ate  or  oblong  usually  colored,  equal  at  base  (rarely  one  or  both 
pair  saccate  J,  commonly  connivent.  Petals  often  without  a  di- 
late d  blade,  more  or  less  twisted  or  undulate  ;  the  claw  chan- 
meled.  Stamens  6,  the  longer  pair  often  connate  below.  Anthers 
more  or  less  elongated,  sagittate  at  base.  Pods  sessile  upon  the 
'enlarged  receptacle,  oblong  to  narrowiy  linear  compressed  to  sub- 
torete  :  valves  1-nerved;  partition  hyaline:  stigma  simple.  Seeds 
Hat,  margined  or  winged.     Cotyledons   accumbent.     Ours   all  of 

§  EuKLisiA  T.  &  G.  Fl.  i,  67.  Petals  narrow,  the  blade  but 
little  if  any  broader  than  the  claw,  undulate  crisped.  Calyx 
closed  or  with  spreading  tips. 

S.  orbicnlatus  Greene  Fl.  Francis.  258.  Glabrous  and  glacous  :  stems 
erect  from  an  annual  or  biennial  root,  6-18  inches  high,  diffusely  branched 
from  the  base:  lowest  leaves  round  obovate,  very  qbtuse  or  even  truncate, 
crenately  or  more  remotely  and  repandly  toothed,  abruptly  narrowed  to  a 
petiole  ^a  lorg  as  the  blade:  middle  cauline  obovate-spatulate,  auricled 
and  clasping ;  uppermost  orbicular,  mostly  entire,   obtuse,  sepals  purple, 


STREPTANTHUS.  CRUCIFER^.  47 

cacla:n^thus. 

-3  lines  long,  acute  but  not  acuminate  at  length  petaloid-dilated  undulate 
and  whitish  at  the  recurved  tips:  stamens  in  3  unequal  pairs,  the  upper 
part  much  the  longest:  torus  dilated:  pods  2  inches  long,  falcate,  on  as- 
cending pedicels  strongly  torulose ;  seeds  wingless,  though  sometimes  dis- 
tinctly but  very  narrowly  margined.  On  dry  rocky  ridges  of  the  Siskiyou 
Mountains  to  the  Sierra  ^evadas. 

S.  glandulosns  Hook  Ic.  t.  40(?).  Sparsely  setose-pubescent  help w, 
smooth  above:  stems  erect  from  an  annual  root,  1-2  feet  high,  branching: 
lowest  leaves  broadly  oval  or  obovate,  nearly  sessile,  dentate ;  cauline 
leaves  ovate,  clasping  by  a  broad  base,  the  uppermost  lanceolate  and 
acuminate,  entire  or  denticulate :  flowers  pu:rple ;  sepals  acuminate  2-3 
lines  long,  somewhat  pubescent  or  glabrate ;  the  purple  petals  a  half 
longer :  one  pair  of  filaments  connate  below :  pods  l%-2y^  inches  long,  less 
than  a  liiie  wide,  erect  or  ascending:  seeds  margined.  Base  of  the  Siski- 
you Mountains  near  Waldo,  Oregon. 

S.  Ion girostris  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xxv,  127.  Arahis  longirostris 
Watson  Bot.  King  17,  t.  2,  Brewer  and  Watson  Bat.  Cal.  i,  31.  Glabrous 
and  glaucous :  stems  erect  1-4  feet  high  from  on  annual  root,  branching 
from  the  base,  radical  leaves  ovate- spatulate,  entire  or  sparingly  toothed: 
flowers  spreading  or  reflexed  purplish  or  white  2-3  lines  long:  sepals  lin- 
ear, not  closed  over  the  ovary  2  lines  long,  the  lower  pair  saccate  at  base, 
but  little  shorter  than  the  narrow  petals :  pods  1-2  inches  long  by  a  line 
broad,  straight  attenuate  to  a  slender  style,  pendulous  on  short  reflexed 
ptdicels :  seeds  elliptical,  winged.  In  alkaline  or  sandy  localities,  Wallula, 
Washington  to  Lower  California  and  Utah. 

S.  Howellii  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xx,  353.  Glabrous  and  glau- 
cous :  the  stout  leafy  simple  stem  6-30  inches  high  from  a  perennial  some- 
what fleshy  root :  lower  leaves  obovate-spatulate,  1-6  inches  long  coarsely 
repand-dentate ;  the  upper  ones  narrowly  spatulate,  entire  not  clasping: 
racemes  elongated:  pedicels  3-10  lines  long  not  spreading:  sepals  purple, 
ovate,  acute,  3  lines  long  more  or  less  saccate ;  the  dark  purple  petals  but 
little  longer :  filaments  all  distinct:  pods  2-3. inches  long  by  1^3-2  lines 
broad,  erect  or  spreading  on  stout  pedicels:  seeds  oblong,  winged.  South- 
ern Oregon  near  Waldo,  and  on   Stein's  mountain,  southeastern  Oregon. 

8    CAULANTHUS  Watson  Bot.  King,  27. 

Stout  perennial  herbs  with  mostly  pinnatifid  leaves  and  dull- 
colored  flowers  in  long  loose  racemes.  Sepals  large,  nearly  equ- 
ally saccate  at  base.  Petals  but  little  longer  than  the  sepals, 
undulate-crisped,  the  blade  only  a  somewhat  dilated  rhomboidal 
extension  of  the  broad  claw.  Anthers  linear  sagittate.  Stigma 
2-lobed  or  slightly  emarginate.  Pods  sessile  or  with  a  short  and 
thick  stipe,  terete,  elongated ;  valves  convexed,  more  or  less  dis- 
tinctly 1 -nerved.  Seeds  in  one  row  oblong  flattened  emarginate 
or  scarcely  margined.     Cotyledons  more  or  less  incumbent. 

C.  hastatns  Watson  Bot.  King  28,  t.  3.  Glabrous,  stems  stout,  3-5  feet 
high  from  a  perennial  root :  simple  or  somewhat  branched :  leaves  very  va- 
riable, radical  ones  lyrate  or  entire  the  terminal  leaflet  inuch  the  largest, 
ovate,  acute,  hastate  or  truncate  at  base;  cauline  leaves  ovate-oblong,  en- 
tire, hastate,  rounded  or  cuneate  at  base:  flowers  greenish-yellow,  in  a 
loose  virgate  raceme,  reflexed,  sepals  narrow-lanceolate,  distinct :  petals 
equaling  the  sepals,  sublaciniately  toothed  laterally :  pods  linear,  subterete, 
obtuse,  spreading.  On  shaded  slopes  in  the  Blue  Mountains  of  Oregoii  to 
the  Wahsatch  and  Uintah  Mountains  of  Utah. 


48  CRUCIFER^.  caulanthus. 

DENT  ARIA. 

C.  pilosns  Watson  Bot.  King,  27.  Pilosely  hispid :  stems  2-4  feet  high 
from  a  biennial  root,  stout  erect  branched  leaves  petioled  lyrately  pinnat- 
ifid,  the  lobes  sparingly  angular- toothed :  flowers  greenish  white  on  spread- 
ing pedicels,  the  oblong  petals  narrowed  above,  4  lines  long:  pods  slender 
3-5  inches  long  by  less  than  a  line  in  diameter,  flexuous,  widely 
spreading  or  recurved.  In  sandy  soil  in  "sage  brush,"  etc.,  southeastern 
Oregon  to  Nevada  and  California. 

C.  crassicaulis  Watsori  1.  c.  Glabrous:  stem  simple,  erect,  1-3  feet 
high,  very  thick,  fistulous :  leaves  chiefly  clustered  at  or  near  the  base,  ob- 
lanceolate  in  outline,  lyrately  toothed  or  pinnatifid,  2-5  inches  long;  cau- 
line  leaves  few,  much  reduced,  linear  or  somewhat  hastate:  flowers 
subsessile,  large:  sepals  oblong-lanceolate  5-6  lines  long,  more  or  less  pub- 
escent, usually  densely  so,  often  velvety:  pods  ascending,  slender,  terete 
4-5  inches  long  terminated  by  the  conspicuous  stigma.  On  dry  foothills 
and  rocky  slopes  Idaho  to  Utah  and  southern  California . 

9    DENTARIA  Tourn.  Inst.225,  t.  110;   L.  Gen.  No.  540. 

Sepals  equal  at  base,  erect  or  nearly  so.  Petals  much  longer 
with  slender  claw  and  ovate  blade.  Pods  linear,  straight  with 
stout  firm  nerveless  flat  valves  that  do  not  separate  elastically, 
and  nerveless  partition.  Stigma  short,  capitate  or  rarely  2-lobed. 
Seeds  in  one  row,  wingless ;  cotyledons  often  thick  more  or  less 
unequal  and  somewhat  oblique,  petiolate.  Low,  usually  gla- 
brous perennials  with  commonly  simple  stems,  variously  lobed 
leaves  and  comparatively  large  campanulate  flowers  in  very 
early  spring. 

D.  tenella  Pursh  Fl.  U,  439.  Stems  slender  3-10  inches  high  from  an 
irregular  branching  or  tuberiferous  rootstock :  radical  leaves  shallowly 
3-5  lobed  or  coarsely  toothed,  6-18  lines  long,  the  petioles  often  bearing 
bulblets  on  their  underground  portion :  cauline  leaves  1-2,  sessile,  deeply  3- 
lobed  or  3-foliolate  with  linear  or  linear-lanceolate  entire  obtuse  segments, 
6-12  lines  long;  racemes  few-flowered,  terminal  and  sometimes  axillary: 
flowers  rose-purple:  pods  1-2  inches  long  by  a  line  broad,  attenuate  to  a 
slender  style  and  a  broad  distinctly  2-lobed  stigma.  Very  common  in 
woods,  western  Oregon  and  Washington,  flowering  in  very  early  spring. 

D.  siuuata  Greene  Pitt,  iii,  123.  Cardnmine  sirmata  Greene  Eryth.  i, 
148.  Stems  6-18  inches  high  from  tuberous  roots,  simple  or  sparingly 
branched :  radical  leaf  simple  from  round-reniform  to  almost  orbicular, 
cordate  at  base  2-3  inches  broad,  sinuately  lobed,  the  9-15  lobes  obtuse  or 
almost  truncate,  conspicuously  mucronate ;  cauline  leaves  2  or  3,  divided 
3-5  more  or  less  cuneate  leaflets  which  are  iobed  or  coarsely  toothed  at 
the  apex:  racemes  lax,  few-flowered:  flowers  large,  rose-purple;  pods  2-3 
inches  long,  conspicuously  rostrate.  Among  the  "Redwoods"  near  Cres- 
cent City,  California,  no  doubt  in  adjacent  Oregon. 

D.  pnlcherrima  Greene  1.  c.  Cardamine  pvlcherrima,  Greene  L  c. 
Stoutish,  stems  4-8  inches  high  from  a  rather  slender  horizontal  root; 
herbage  glabrous,  somewhat  succulent :  radical  leaf  palmately  3-5-lobed- 
parted-or-divided,  with  entire  lobes  or  divisions ;  caulin6  leaves  1  or  2, 
when  solitary  situated  near  the  inflorescence,  digitately  3-5  parted  into 
oblong-linear  or  lanceolate  segments  an  inch  long  more  or  less :  racemes 
short,  few-flowered :  petals  6-10  lines  long,  lilac-purple  veined  with  dark 
purple.  In  shaded  places,  eastern  Oregon  and  Washington  near  The 
Dalles.  . 

D.  quercetorum  Greene  1.  c.  Cardamine  (^"ercetormn,  Howell,  Eryth. 
iii,  33.  Glabrous :  stems  slender,  6-12  inches  high  from  a  branching  scaly 
root :   radical  leaf  3-5-foliolate;  leaflets  elliptical,  coarsely  dentate,  1-2  inches 


DENTARiA.  CRUCIFERiE.  49 

CARDAMIXE. 

long  petiolulate;  cauline  leaves  1-4,  mostly  3-5-lobed  or-parted,  with  oblong- 
lanceolate  acute,  mostly  entire  divisions:  racemes  densely  many-flowered: 
l^etals  rose-purple,  half  inch  long:  fruit  not  known.  Under  small  oaks  along 
the  creek,  Silverton,  Oregon. 

D.  ^emniata.  Cardamine  Gemmata  Greene  Pitt,  i,  162.  Stems  rather 
stout,  3-8  inches  high  from  a  round  or  oblong  tuber  4-10  lines  in  diameter: 
radical  leaves  ternate,  the  leaflets  broad  and  somewhat  quadrate,  coarsely- 
to<»thed;  cauline  leaves  1-3,  pinnately  divided  into  5-7  linear-oblong  mucron- 
ate,  entire  or  toothed  segments:  racemes  short,  several-flowered;  petals  pur- 
ple, 5-8  lines  long,  In  wet  places,  eastern  base  of  the  Coast  Mountains 
near  Waldo  Oregon,  flowering  in  very  early  spring;  often  in  January  to 
March. 

D.  Califoriiica  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  i  88.  Cardamine  paucisecta  Benth. 
PI.  Hartw .  297.  Smooth  or  slightly  pubescent:  stems  stoutish,  6-]8 
inches  high  from  small  deep-seated  tubers,  simple  or  branched;  lower  leaves 
simple  or  trifoliolate,  the  leaflets  pitiolulate,  suborbicular,  cuneate  to  sub- 
cordate  at  base,  sinuate  or  coarsely  toothed ;  cauline  leaves  2-4,  mostly 
short-petioled,  pinnately  3-5-foliolate,  rarely  simple  or  lobed;  leaflets  mostly 
petiolulate,  ovate  to  lanceolate  or  linear,  entire  or  toothed,  1-3  inches  long, 
flowers  white  or  rose-color:  pods  1-21  inches  long:  seeds  oblong;  cotyledons 
thick,  the  radical  decidedly  oblique,  cleft  to  the  middle.  Along  streams, 
southwestern  Oregon  to  southern  California. 

10    CARDAMINE    Tourn.  Inst.  224,  t.   109,  L.  Gen.  n.  812. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  of  moist  or  wet  places  with  simple 
or  pinnate  leaves  and  mostly  small  flowers  in  elongated  ra- 
cemes. Sepals  equal  at  base  erect  or  more  or  less  spreading. 
Petals  obovate  to  narrowly  spatulate.  Pods  linear,  with  some- 
what thickened  margins  merely  beaked  or  pointed  above. 
Valves  flat,  nerveless,  opening  elastically  from  the  base.  Seeds  in 
1  row,  wingless.  Cotyledons  accumbent  or  slightly  overlap- 
ping the  radical,  more  or  less  petiolate, 

C  bellidifolia  L.  KSp.  ii.  654.  Glabrous  perennial :  caudex  much 
branched,  somi^what  fleshy,  stems  very  short,  tufted:  lower  leaves  ovate  or 
elliptical,  sometimes  subcordate  usually  obtuse,  obscurely  3-lobed,  or  j.arely 
with  one  or  two  lateral  teeth,  1-6  lines  long,  on  long  slender  petioles:  ped 
uncles  3-24  lines  long:  flowers  few,  white  or  pinkish;  sepals  white,  oblong, 
a  line  long;  petals  spatulate,  narrowed  below  to  a  slendei-  claw,  very  ob- 
tuse or  truncate  above  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals:  pods  erect,  6-15  lines 
long,  on  pedicels  2-3  lines  long;  style  very  short  and  stout,  radical  cleft  to 
tlie  middle.  On  Mount  Shasta  and  Lassen's  Peak  California  to  Crater  Lake 
Oregon  and  Alaska. 

C.  Lyallii  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xxii,  466.  Glabrous:  rootstock 
creeping:  stems  erect,  simple  or  branched  o~18  inches  high:  leaves  4-8,  peti- 
oled  undivided,  roniform  to  cordate,  the  margin  sinuate,  1-3  inches  broad: 
the  upper  triangular,  cordate,  subacuminate :  racemes  pedunculate;  flowers 
white,  3-4  lines  long:  pods  erect  on  spreading  pedicels  10-12  lines  long, 
rather  shortly  attenuate  to  a  very  short  style:  radical  cleft  to  the  middle. 
Along  brooks  in  the  Cascade  and  Sierra  Nevaila  Mountains. 

C.    callosicrenata   Piper    Bot.  Gaz.    xxl,  488.      "Perfectly  glabrou 
throughout;   stems  erect,  purplish    below,  shining  above,  coars«^ly    striate, 
leaves  all  similar  and  jjinnately  trifoliolate,  or  some  of  the  radical  rarely  sim- 
ple; terminal  leaflet   orbicular,  2-5    lines  long  and    nearly  as  broad,  closely 
crenate  or  the  uppermost  lobed,  the  crenatious  tipped  with  a  short  blunt  cal- 


50  CRUCIFER^. 


CARDAMINE. 


lous  point;  lateral  leaflets  ovate,  entire,  mostly  obtuse,  10-13  lines  long:  ra- 
ceme ample:  flowers  white:  pods  25-30  lines  long,  erect  on  widely  spread- 
ing pedicels:  style  stout;  seeds  light  brown,  about  20  in  each  pod.  In 
springy  places,  Spokane  July  2nd  and  Sept.  27,  1896,"     C.  V.  Piper. 

C.  Brewerii  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  x,  339.  Glabrous  or  slightly 
pubescent  at  base:  stems  erect  or  decumbent  at  base,  a  foot  or  more  high 
from  slender  running  rootstocks;  radical  leaves  simple  or  with  a  pair  of  small 
lateral  leaflets,  round-cordate,  entire  or  coarsely  sinuate-toothed,  the  cauline 
with  rounded  and  sinuate  or  lobed  leaflets,  the  upper  more  oblong  or  lanceo- 
late: petals  2  lines  long  white:  pods  8-15  lines  long,  obtuse  or  scarcely 
beaked  with  the  short  style,  ascending  on  pedicels  2-4  lines  long :  radical, 
scarcely  cleft.  In  the  mountains  and  along  the  coast,  Brit.  Columbia  to 
California  and  Nevada.* 

C.  angulata  Hook.  Fl.  i,  44.  Glabrous  or  sparsely  hirsute:  stems 
rather  slender,  simple,  1-2  feet  high  from  long  running  rootstocks:  leaves 
all  3-foliolate  or  sometimes  5-foliolate;  leaflets  triangular-ovate  to  oblong, 
usually  cuneate  at  base  and  coarsely  3-5  toothed  or  the  lateral  ones  entire, 
the  terminal  ones  not  greatly  larger  than  the  lateral,  about  an  inch  long  ex- 
ceeding the  petioles:  raceme  short,  few-flowered:  petals  wliite,  5-7  lines  long: 
pods  about  an  inch  long  attenuate  to  the  stout  style,  spreading  on  divari-' 
cate  pedicels.    In  damp  woods,  Oregon  to  Brit.  Columbia. 

C.  occiden talis.  C.  pratensis  var  occidentali  Watson  in  Gray  Syn.  Fl. 
i,  158.  Minutely  hirsute  below :  stems  slender,  4rlO  inches  high  from 
small  oblong  tubers,  paniculately  branched:  leaves  mostly  radical,  pinnate; 
leaflets  3-5  pairs,  obovate  or  oblong  to  linear,  1-4  lines  long  sparingly  den- 
tate, the  terminal  one  the  largest:  racemes  short,  several-flowered ;  petals 
white,  a  line  long,  but  little  longer  than  the  sepal?:  pods  filiform  an  inch 
long  by  less  than  half  a  line  wide,  abruptly  contracted  to  the  sessile  stigma, 
ta  length  erect  on  spreading  pedicels:  seeds  minute^  oblong.  In  open  wet 
places  about  the  mouth  of  the  Willamette  river. 

C.  pratensis  L.  Spec,  ii,  650.  Glabrous  or  somewhat  pubescent  be- 
low: stems  erect  from  a  fibrous-rooted  tuber,  10-16  inches  high:  leaves  pin- 
nately  7-13  foliolate;  leaflets  mostly  entire,  often  petiolulate,  those  of  the 
radical  leaves  roundish,  of  the  cauline  oblong  to  linear:  flowers  white, 
usually  in  a  broad  corymb,  2-6  lines  long:  pods  2-15  lines  long  by  a  line 
wide^  tipped  with  a  short  thick  style.  In  wet  places,  Willamette  valley, 
Oregon  to  Alaska  and  the  northeastern  states  and  Labrador. 

C.  parviflora  L.  Syst.  Nat.  ed.  10,1131.  Very  slender,  glabrous  or 
sparingly  pubescent  stem  su')simple,  erect  or  nearly  so,  6-18  inches  nigh 
from  a  fascicle  of  delicate  fibrous  roots:  leaves  pinnately  parted  into  several 
pairs  of  small  leaflets,  those  of  the  lower  leaves  oblong  to  suborbicular,  of 
the  upper  linear:  flowers  small;  petals  oblong-cuneiform,  longer  than  the 
ovate  obtuse  sepals:  pods  about  an  inch  long,  erect  upon  spreading  pedi(;els. 
In  damp  woods,  Oregon  to  the  New  England  states. 

C.  Pennsylvanica  Muhl.  in  Willd.  Spec,  iii,  486  Nearly  or  quite  gla- 
brous: stems  a  foot  or  two  high  from  a  fascicle  of  slender  fibrous  roots, 
leafy  and  branching:  leaves  pinnately  3-15  foliolate;  leaflets  of  the  lower 
leaves  roundish  or  shoi-t-obloug;  of  the  upper  oblong  with  rounded  apex  and 
narrowed  base  commonly  more  or  less  decurrent  upon  the  rachis,  usually 
half  inoh  or  more  long  and  1-3  lines  broad:  petals  white,  a  line  or  two  long: 
pods  suberect  upon  ascending  pedicels.  iJalifornia  to  Alaska  and  across  the 
continent  to  the  Atlantic  states. 

C.  oligosperma  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  i,  85.  Hirsute  to  nearly  gla- 
brous: stems  slender,  3-12  inches  high  from  an  annual  fibrous  root,  leaves  all 
pinnate;  leaflets  3-5   pairs,  roundish,  1-6  lines  in  diameter?  obtusely  3-5- 


PLATY8PEBMUM.  CRUCIFERiE.  51 

LE8QUEKELLA. 

lobed,  petiolate:  petals  1-1)^  lines  long,  twice  longer  than  tlie  sepals:  pods 
few,  somewhat  coiymbed  at  the  end  of  the  branches,  5-9  lines  long  by  half 
a  line  erect:  style  very  short.  In  upland  forests  central  California  to  Van- 
couver Island  west  of  the  Cascade  Mountains. 

Tribe  II.  Alyssineae,  DC.  Fruit  short,  orbicular  elliptical  or 
short-oblong,  rarely  more  elongated  lanceolate  or  linear,  always 
more  or  less  compressed  parallel  to  the  partition,  1-2-celled  and 
1— many-seeded .  Valves  flat  or  moderately  convex.  Cotyledons 
accumbent  or  very  rarely  incumbent. 

*  Pods  strongly  compressed  parallel  to  the  broad  partition. 

2    PLATYSPERMUM  Hook.  Fl.  i,  68  t.  18  %.  B. 

Small  winter  annuals  with  simple  or  pinnatifid  leaves  and 
small  white  solitary  flowers  on  simple  scapes.  Sepals  broad, 
equal,  erect.  Petals  obovate,  entire  or  retuse.  Pods  sessile  orbic- 
ular strongly  compressed,  with  flat  nerveless  and  hyaline  parti- 
tion. Stigma  sessile,  simple.  Seeds  4-6  in  each  cell,  in  2  rows 
reticulated  orbicular  and  broadly  winged.  Cotyledons  accum- 
bent. 

P.  scapi^erum  Hook  1.  c.  Leaves  lyrately  pinnatifid  with  few 
lobes  or  reduced  to  a  single  rhombic  or  ovate  toothed,  or  entire  blade  upon  a 
slender  petiole :  scapes  at  length  3-6  inches  long  ascending :  flowers  about 
a  line  long;  petals  narrowly  obovate  to  iinear-spatulate,  short  unguiculale, 
not  exceeding  the  erect  sepals:  pods  orbicular  to  oblong  or  obovate  3-4  lines 
long.  Common  in  moist  places  Brit .  Columbia  to  California,  chiefly  east  of 
the  Cascade  Mountains. 

*  *  Pods  very  turgid  :  partition  broad,  nerved  from  the  top  to  the 
middle. 

12    LESQUERELLA  Watson    Proc.    Am.  Acad,  xxiii,  249. 
VESICARFA  of  authors  as  to  the  American  plants. 

Low  caulescent  annual  or  perennial  herbs  witii  stellate,  often 
dense  or  white-lepidote  pubescence,  entire  or  repand -dentate 
leaves  and  mostly  yellow  flowers.  Petals  spatulate  to  oblong- 
obovate  entire.  Filaments  filiform  or  rarely  dilated :  anthers 
sagittate.  Stigma  flat,  capitate  entire  or  lobed.  Pods  more  or 
less  turgid,  rounded  or  ovate  or  short-oblong  with  nerveless 
valves;  and  a  hyaline  partition  nerved  from  the  apex  to  the  mid- 
dle, several  to  many-seeded,  sessile  or  stipitate.  Seeds  rounded, 
flat,  wingless  or  rarely  narrowly  margined.  Cotyledons  accum- 
bent. 

L.  occidentalis  Watson  1.  c.  251.  Canescent  with  a  dense,  appressed, 
scurffy,  obscurely  stellate,  silvery  pubescence:  stems  many  from  a  fleshy 
branching  caudex,  decumbent,  4-12  inches  long  or  more :  lower  leaves  ob- 
lanceolate,  attenute  at  base,  1-4  inches  long  including  the  petiole,  mostly 
coarsely  sinuate-dentate;  cauline  leaves  spatulate-oblanceolate,  mostly  en- 
tire :  petals  spatulate,  3-5  lines  long ;  style  very  slender  about  2  lines  long : 
pods  compressed-globose,  acutish,  2-4  lines  long  sessile  upon  a  more  or 
less  flexuous  pedicel  4-8  lines  long.  Sandy  or  stony  hillsides,  Washington 
to  northern  California  east  of  the  Cascade  Mountains. 


62  CRUCIFER^.  PHvaARiA. 

PSILONEMA. 

L.  Don glasli  Watson  1.  c  118.  Canescent  throughout  with  fine  ap- 
pressed  pubescence  :  stems  usually  simple,  from  a  simple  caudex :  leaves 
ovate  to  oblanceolate  or  linear  mostly  entire  :  petals  spatulate,  3-4  lines 
long:  pods  obovate,  very  obtuse,  erect  on  spreading  pedicels;  cells  2- 
ovuled.     On  the  mountains  of  eastern  Oregon  and  Washington. 

*  *  *  Pods  didymous  with  narroiD  nerveless  'partition. 
12  PHYiSARIA  Gray  Gen.  111.  i,  162. 
Low  stellately  canescent  perennial  herbs  with  mostly  entire 
leaves  and  yellow  flowers.  Petals  spatulate  to  oblong,  entire. 
Filaments  filiform.  xVnthers  sagittate.  Pods  didymous :  with 
a  short  narrow  partition  :  cells  inflated,  nearly  globular,  mem- 
branaceous, nerveless,  several-seeded.  Seeds  not  winged.  Coty- 
ledons accumbent. 

*  Cells  of  the  pods  much  inflated  and  longer  than  the  partition. 

P.  didymocarpa  Gray  1.  c.  Very  canescent,  and  lepidote  with  dense 
white  stellate  pubescence :  radical  leaves  petiolate,  with  roundish  toothed 
angled  or  entire  blade,  or  oblanceolate  ant!  more  or  less  sinuately-toothed 
below:  cauline  leaves  mostly  entire,  spatulate;  racemes  dense :  pedicels 
becoming  6-7  lines  long  spreading  or  ascending :  sepals  lanceolate,  shorter 
than  the  rather  pale  yellow  petals  :  pods  strongly  didymous,  rather  deeply 
notched  above  entire  or  more  or  less  cordate  at  base,  becoming  6-8  lines 
broad;  valves  subglobose,  with  no  demarcation  between  the  dorsal  and 
lateral  surfaces ;  walls  papery.  Eastern  Oregon  to  Brit.  Columbia  and 
Nevada. 

*  *    Cells  more  or  less  compressed  and  but  little  exceeding  the 
partition. 

P.  Geyeri  Gray  1.  c.  Whitish  with  dense  stellate  tomentum  :  radical 
leaves  with  sh<"trt,  broadly  ovate,  entire,  obtusely  pointed  blade  narrowed 
below  to  long  channeled  petioles;  cauline  leaves  small,  spatulate:  racemes 
rather  dense,  1-2  inches  long:  pedicels  spreading  or  curved,  ascending,  3 
lines  long:  pods  small  for  the  genus,  broadly  and  shallowly  obcordate, 
narrowed  towards  the  base ;  cells  2%-^  lines  long  at  dehiscence  ;  partition 
ovate  much  exceeded  by  the  persistent  style.  Sandy  soil  and  volcanic 
ashes,  upper  Spokane  valley,  Washington. 

P.  Oregona  Watson  Pr  c.  Am.  Acad,  xvii,  363.  Canescent:  stems 
several  from  the  large  woody  root,  4-6  inches  high :  leaves  oblanceolate- 
spatulate,  the  lower  few-toothed  below ;  the  upper  entire :  pods  obcom- 
pressed  5-10  lines  broad,  round-reniform ;  the  narrowly  linear  partition  3- 
4  lines  long ;  the  flattened  obtusely  rounded  cells  3-4  seeded :  style  very 
short.     Gulches,  Union  county,  Oregon.     Cnsick. 

*  *  *  *  Pods  orhicidar  or  nearly  so.  Filam^Mts  often  dilated  or 
appendaged  near  the  base. 

14    PSILONEMA    C.  A.  Meyer  in  Ledeb.  Fl.  Alt.  iii,  50. 

Low  stellate-pubescent  herbs  with  mostly  simple  leaves  and 
rather  small  flowers  in  slender  racemes.  Sepals  equal.  Petals 
white  or  yellow,  cuneate.  Filaments  unappendaged.  Pods 
oval  or  orbicular,  compressed  with  convex  nerveless  valves,  2- 
celled,  with  2  seeds  in  each  cell.     Cotyledons  accumbent. 

P.  calycinum  C.  A.  Meyer  Bull.  Acad.  St.  Pet.  vii,  132.  Stellate  pub- 
escent: stems  branching  from  near  the  base,  the  branches  mostly  simple, 
decumbant  at  base  6-1 2  inches  long:   leaves  entire,  linear-spatulate  6-12 


EROPHiLA.  CRUCIFERyE.  53 

DKABA . 

lines  long:  flowers  small,  in  slender  racemes,  the  white  or  pale  yellow 
petals  but  little  exceeding  the  short  sepals:  pods  orbicular,  with  a  thin 
margin,  slightly  emarginate,  1)4  lines  in  diameter,  a  little  exceeding  the 
persistent  sepals,  pubescent,  4-8  seeded,  on  spreading  pedicels  a  hne  long: 
style  half  a  line  long.  A  native  of  southern  Europe  sparingly  introduced 
at  Seattle  Washington  and  the  eastern  states. 

*****  Pods  oblong  elliptical  or  ohlanceolate  rarely  linear 
2-seveval-seeded.     Stamens    unappendaged. 

16  EROPHILA  DC.  Syst.  ii,  35(5. 

Stellate-pubescent  scapose  winter-annual  with  entire  or  coarsely 
toothed  leaves  and  white  flowers  in  very  early  spring.  Sepals 
equal  at  dase.  Petals  2-lobed  or  2-parted.  Style  short  or  none. 
Pods  oblong,  compressed,  with  membranaceous  convex  1-nerved 
valves.    Seeds  numerous  in  2  rows  in  each  cell. 

E.  VULGARIS  DC.  1.  c.  Draba  verna  L.  Sp.  ii,  642.  Scapes  naked,  1-6 
inches  high,  filiform  :  leaves  lanceolate,  somewhat  toothed :  pods  glabrous, 
round-oval  to  oblong,  1-4  lines  long,  shorter  than  the  spreading  pedicels : 
stigma  nearljr  sessile.  Introduced  from  Europe.  Well  established  at  Van- 
couver Washington. 

17  DRABA  Dill.  Cat.  PI.    Giss.   App.     122.  L.  Gen.  n.  800. 

Low  annual  or  perennial  herbs  with  entire  or  toothed  leaves 
and  white  or  yellow  flowers.  Sepals  short  and  broad,  equal  at 
the  base.  Petals  commonly  obovate,  entire  (rarely  bifid).  Fila- 
ments mostly  flattened, without  teeth  a#  the  base.  Anthers  round- 
ed or  oval.  Style  short,  or  slender  and  somewhat  elongated. 
Stigma  simple  or  very  slightly  lobed.  Pod  oval  to  oblong  or 
linear,  flat,  dehiscent.  Seeds  few-many,  in  2  rows,  wingless. 
Cotyledons  accumbent  or  rarely  incumbent. 

§  1  Drabella,  DC.  Syst.  ii,  332.  351.  Stellate-pubescent  or 
more  or  less  villous  short  caulescent  and  more  or  less  leafy-stem- 
med winter-annuals  with  ascending  or  spreading  pedicels,  entire 
or  emarginate  petals  and  smooth  seeds. 

*  Flowers  white  :  pedicels  clustered  or  approximate  at  the  end  of  the 
stem  or  branches.     Early  spring  species. 

1>.  Caroliuiana  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  174.  Scape-like  stems  very  slender, 
often  branched.  1-3  inches  high,  smooth;  leaves  obovate  to  oblaticeolate,  ob- 
tuse, mostly  entire,  hispid  with  simple  or  branched  hairs:  pedicels  very  short: 
pocis  clustered  at  the  end  of  the  stems,  linear,  4-6  lines  long,  20-30-seedfcd, 
glabrous;  stigma  sessile.  Under  "Sage-brush"  Umatilla  Oregon  to  Ontario 
f^ew  England  and  Carolina. 

D.  niicrautha  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  i,  109.  D.  CaroUniana  var.  micran- 
tha  Gray  Man.  12.  Stems  leafy  and  hispid  below,  naked  and  smooth 
above:  leaves  cuneate-obovate,  hispid,  entire:  pods  hispid,  linear,  much  longer 
than  the  pedicels.  Open  plains  and  rocky  places,  Klickitat  Washington 
to  Illinois  and  Texas. 

*  *    Pedicels  more    remotely     racemose.       Flowers    very    small, 
white.     Stigma  sessile  or  nearly  so. 

D.  bracliycarpa,  Nutt.  T.&G.  Fl.  i,  108.  Pubeecent  with  minute 
ftppreft>)«d  stellate  hairs:  gtems  simple  or  branclied,  3^-3  inches  high,  from 


54  CRUCIFER^.  draba. 

an  annual  root,  leafy,  radical  leaves  ovate  to  ovate-oblong,  petioled,  5-7 
lines  long;  upper  ones  oblong-lanceolate  to  linear;  racemes  many-flowered, 
strict,  elongated  in  fruit:  petals  obovate,  very  slightly  emarginate:  pods  nar- 
rowly oblong,  glabrous,  1-2  lines  long,  about  the  length  of  the  pedicels ; 
valves  marked  with  a  median  nerve  and  obscur«ly  veined;  cells  4-6  seeded. 
Wet  places.  Willamette  Valley  (near  Coburg)  Oregon ,  and.  Missouri  to 
Virginia,  Louisiana  and  Georgia. 

*  *  *    High  mountain  and  northern  species    with  entire  or  few- 
toothed  leaves  and  small  yellow  flowers.     Stigma  sessile. 

D.  nemorosa,  L.  sp.  ii,  643.  Pubescent  with  white  branching  hairs : 
stem  slender,  4-8  inches  high,  branching  from  near  the  base,  leafy: 
leaves  ovate  to  lanceolate,  sparsely  toothed:  petals  emarginate  small,  yellow: 
pods  narrowly  oblong,  h^lf  the  length  of  the  spreading  pedicels,  minutely 
pubescent.  On  moist  grassy  slopes,  Oregon  to  the  Arctic  Circle  and  the 
Great  Lakes. 

1).  liitea,  Gilib.  Fl.  Lithuana,  iv,  46.  D.  nemorosa  var.  Jeiocarpa  Lindb. 
Sparingly  hirsute:  stems  very  slender,  often  nearly  or  quite  leafless:  pedicels 
coarsely  exceeding  or  even  shorter  than  the  glabrous  pods ,  In  moist  places 
snd  river  banks,  valley  of  the  Columbia, 

1).  stenoloba,  Ledeb.  Fl.  Ross.  i.  152.  Stems  slender,  simple,  or  branch- 
ing below,  villous  towards  the  base:  leaves  mostly  subrosulate,  oblong-lan- 
ceolate or  oblanceolate,  mostly  entire,  usually  more  or  less  villous  and  ciliate : 
pods  linear,  acute,  glabrous,  4-7  lines  long,  equaling  or  exceeding  the 
spreading  pedicels.  Subalpine,  from  the  Sierra  Nevadas  to  Colorado  and 
Oregon,  and  northwestward  to  Unalaska. 

§  3  DRABiEA  Lindb.  T^innsea  xiii,  318.  Perennials  with  bran- 
ching leafy-tufted  caudcx,  and  soft  flat  not  carinate  leaves. 

*  Scapose.    Leaves  entire,  less  than  6  lines  long.    Flowers  yellow. 

1>.  Howellii,  Watson,  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xx,  354.  Minutely  stellate-pu- 
bescent throughout:  loosely  cespitose:  scapose  stems  about  3  inches  high: 
leaves  rosulate,  broadly  spatulatjC  entire  or  rarely  obtusely  toothed,  3-5 
lines  long:  petals  oblanceolate,  obtuse,  3-4  lines  long,  much  exceeding  the 
oval  yellow  sepals:  pods  pubescent,  oblong,  acute,  3-4  lines  long,  beaked 
with  the  sender  style.  On  high  rocky  ridges  of  the  Siskiyou  Mountains 
near  Preston  peak, 

1>.  Lemmoiii  Watson,  Bot.  Cal.  ii,  430.  Leaves  crowded  at  the  sum- 
mit of  the  stout  branched  caudex,  broadly  oblanceolate,  obtuse  or  obtusish, 
2  to  4  lines  long  with  long  branching  hairs  on  the  margins  and  loosely  scat- 
tered over  the  surface:  scapes  and  corymbed  pedicels  pubescent  with 
spreading  hairs:  flowera  nearly  3  lines  long:  pods  ovate-lanceolale,  beaked 
with  a  very  short  thick  style,  sparingly  hairy,  3  lines  long,  rather  exceeding 
the  pedicels.  Peaks  of  the  Sierra  Nevadas  to  the  Wallowa  Mountains  in 
eastern  Oregon. 

J),  ventosa,  Gray,  Am.  Nat.  viii,  212.  Cespitose,  the  slender  branches 
of  the  caudex  more  or  less  densely  leafy:  leaves  oblong- lanceolate,  obtuse 
or  acutish,  densely  stellate-pubescent  or  glabrate:  petals  1-3  lines  long, 
much  exceeding  the  broad  obtuse  stellate-pubescent  or  glabrate  sepals: 
pods  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  densely  pubescent  or  glabrate,  on  ascending 
pedicels:  style  short  and  slender.  Stein  Mountain  southeastern  Oregon  to 
northwestern  Wyoming,  Utah  and  Nevada. 

*  *  Scapes  rarely  with  a  single  leaf :   leaves  entire  or  rarely  few- 
toothed  :  flowers  white. 

D.  laevipes  DC.  Syst.  ii,  346.    Caudex  with  numerous  slender  matted 


DRABA.  CRUCIFER^.  55 

COCHLEARIA. 

branches:  leaves  oblanceolafce,  obtuse  or  acutish,  entire,  with  a  stout  midnerve, 
canescent  with  short  dense  stellate  pubescence;  scapes  very  slender,  pubes- 
cent; pods  few,  on  smooth  pedicels,  4-8  lines  long,  glabrous:  style  short 
and  stout;  stigma  2-lobed.  On  Mount  Adams  Washington  to  the  Hocky 
Mountains  and  Brit,  Columbia. 

*  *  *  Caulescent :  stem  few-many-leaved ;  leaves  entire  few-toothed : 

flowers  yellow. 

1).  aureola  Watson  Bot.  Cal.  ii,  430.  Rather  densely  stellate-pubescent 
throughout:  caudex  simple  or  branched:  stem  simple,  |-4  inches  high: 
leaves  numerous,  4-6  lines  long,  oblanceolate,  obtuse,  entire;  the  cauline 
oblong:  racemes  short  and  dense:  calyx  glabrous:  pods  broadly  oblong,  ob- 
tuse, pubescent,  on  short  spreading  pedicels:  style  short  and  stout.  On 
the  high  peaks  of  the  Cascade  and  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains. 

§  4  Aizopsis  DC.  Syst.  ii,  332.  Leaves  linear,  entire,  becom- 
ing rigid  with  refiexed  margins,  and  carinate  by  the  prominent 
midnerve.   Densely  cespitose  and  scapose  perennials. 

D.  glabella  Adams  Mem.  See.  Nat.  Mosc.  v.  108.  Alpine  or  subalpine : 
leaves  linear  or  linear-oblanceolate,  more  or  less  densely  stellate-pubescent, 
sometimes  ciliate  at  base,  pods  ovate  to  ovate  oblong,  acute,  usually  finely 
pubescent,  1-4  lines  long:  htyle  ^-J  line  long.  In  the  high  mountains  of 
California  and  eastern  Oregon  to  the  Arctic  Circle  and  the  Rocky  Mt's 

D.  densifolia  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.i,  104  Densely  cespitose  in  somewhat  glo- 
bose tufts:  leaves  closely  imbricated,  short  and  rigid,  strongly  ciliate,  glab- 
rous or  hirsute  with  nearly  simple  hairs:  scapes  naked,  hirsute:  pods  ovate, 
pubescent,  4-6-seeded;  the  valves  only  moderately  convex:  style  about  i 
the  length  of  the  pod.      Alpine,  Idaho  to  California,  Nevada  and  Utah. 

D.  Don^lasii  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii,328.  Braya  Oregqnensis  Gray  I. 
c.  xvii,  199.  Densely  cespitose,  %~2  inches  high,  very  leafy :  leaves  oblan- 
ceolate to  linear-spatulate,  acute,  somewhat  rigid,  ciliate,  sessile,  4-6  lines 
long :  peduncles  scarsely  exceeding  the  leaves :  pods  ovate,  subterete,  acute 
at  each  end,  attenuate  upwards  to  the  long  slender  style,  pubescent :  ovules 
only  2,  rarely  4,  in  each  cell,  pendent  from  near  the  apex  of  the  cell :  seeds 
very  large.  On  the  high  hills  in  wet  gravely  places,  Klickitat  Co.  Wash, 
to  California. 

17    COCHLEARIA  Tourn.    Inst.  215,  t.  101,  L.  Gen.  n.   803. 

Low  glabrous  and  somewhat  succulent  herbs  with  mostly  en- 
tire leaves  and  small  white  flowers.  kSepal&  short  and  broad, 
rounded  at  the  apex  :  petals  obovate  or  cuneate  very  short  ungui- 
cuUte.  Stamens  straight,  free.  Style  slender,  sometimes  very 
short.  Stigma  simple  or  nearly  so.  Pods  subglobose  to  short 
oblong  often  somewhat  obcompressed,  very  turgid :  valves  dis- 
tinctly 1 -nerved.  Seeds  2-several,  in  2  rows  in  each  cell.  Coty- 
ledons accumbent. 

C.  Angiica  L.  Syst.  Nat.  ed.  10,  1128  &  spec,  ed  2,  ii,  903.  (?)  Radical 
leaves  long-petioled,  ovate  or  suborbicular  rounded  at  the  base  or  slightly 
and  broadly  cordate,  subentire ;  lower  cauline  similar,  short  petioled,  the 
middle  and  upper  ones  ovate-oblong  sparingly  and  bluntly  toothed,  sessile 
by  a  more  or  less  auriculate  base :  pods  subglobose  reticulated  with  promi- 
nent veins.    Shores  of  bogs,  etc.,  Oregon  to  Alaska. 

Tribe  III.  Sisymbriese  DC.  Pods  longitudinally  dehiscent  their 
whole  length,  l-celled,  linear  to   oblong.     Seeds  in    1  row,  not  mar- 


56  CRUCIFERvl^:.  sophia. 

ERYSIMUM. 

(jincil .     Cotyledons  'plane,  incumbent . 

18    SOPHIA  L.   Syst.  ed.  1  Adams  Fam.  ii,  417. 
SISYMBRIUM    of  authofK  as   to   our  plants. 

Erect  branching  annuals  with  pinnately  multifid  leaves  and 
small  yellow  flowers.  Pubescence  branched.  Sepals  oblong  to 
linear,  usually  spreading.  Stamens  6,  free  and  unappendaged. 
Pods  ascending  or  somewhat  spreading,  on  slender  pedicels  ob- 
long-linear, subterete,  less  than  an  inch  long.  Style  short  or 
none.     Stigma  entire. 

S.  pinnata  Erysimum  jnnnatum  Walt.  (1788).  Sisymbrium  canescens 
Nutt.  (1818).  Canescently  pubescent:  stems  6-30  inches  high:  leaves  1-2- 
pinnatifid,  the  segments  toothed  or  pinnatifid:  petals  equaling  the  sepals, 
a  Une  long  or  less :  pods  oblong  or  linear-oblong,  nearly  or  quite  a  line 
broad,  3-6  lines  long,  acute  at  each  end,  shorter  than  the  slender  spread- 
ing pedicels :  seeds  ovate-oblong,  %  hne  long,  in  2  rows  in  each  cell. 
Eastern  Oregon  and  Washington  to  southern  California,  Florida  and  Brit. 
Columbia. 

S.  iiicisa  Greene  Pitt,  iii,  95.  Sisymbrium  incisum  Engelm.  Pubes- 
cence short,  more  or  less  glandular :  stems  1-4  feet  high  :  leaves  pinnate, 
the  segments  from  linear  to  oblong,  pinnatifid  or  sometimes  entire  :  pet- 
als about  1}4  lines  long :  pods  nearly  linear,  often  3=^  inch  long,  usually 
pointed  at  each  end  and  8-12  seeded,  sometimes  much  shorter  and  few- 
seeded.     Valley  of  the  Snake  River  to  Nevada  and  Colorado. 

S.  Hartwegiana  Greene  1.  c.  Sisymbrium  Hartwegianum  Fourn. 
Slender,  subglabrous  or  finely  glandular-puberulent :  leaves  pinnate ;  leaf- 
lets lanceolate  or  narrowly  oblong,  obtuse  and  obtusely  or  acutely  toothed : 
pods  1)^-3  lines  long,  erect  on  ascending  or  erect  pedicels  as  long:  seeds 
sometimes  imperfectly  biseriate.  Eastern  Oregon  and  Washington  to  Cal- 
ifornia, Colorado  and  British  Columbia. 

S.  longipedicellata.  Sisymbrium  longipedicellatum  Fourn.  Slender, 
6-8  inches  high,  nearly  or  quite  glabrous:  lower  leaves  1-2-pinnatifid, 
the  upper  pinnate  with  few  elongated  linear  nearly  or  quite 
entire  segments :  fruiting  racemes  lax :  pods  5-7  lines  long,  erect  on 
slender  spreading  or  ascending  pedicels  6-10  lines  long.  Brit.  Columbia 
to  Oregon  and  Nevada.     Not  common  east  of  the  Cascades. 

19    ERYSIMUM  Tourn.  Inst.  228  t.  Ill,  L.  Gen.  548. 

Pods  subsessile,  erect,  appressed  to  the  rachis,  subulate,  taper- 
ing almost  from  base  to  apex.  Flowers  small  and  inconspicu- 
ous, yellow.  Stigma  slightly  2-l()bed.  Pubescence  of  simple 
hairs.     Leaves  pinnatifid. 

E.  OFFICINALE  L.  Sp.  ii,  660.  Sisymbrium  officinale  Scop.  Annual  or  bi- 
ennial, erect,  rigid,  divaricately  branching:  leaves  runcinate-pinnatifid, 
the  lowest  3-6  inches  long:  pods  subterete,  half  an  inch  long,  a  line  wide, 
subsessile,  closely  appressed,  in  a  long  raceme.  Common  in  waste  places. 
Naturalized  from  Europe. 

20    SMELOWSKIA  C.  A.  Meyer  in  Ledeb.  Fl.  Alt.  iii,  165. 

Low  cespitose  perennials  with  pinnatifid  or  bipinnatifid  leaves 
and  small  fllowers  in  terminal  racemes.  Pubescence  simple  or 
stellate.  8epals  oblong,  subequal,  somewhat  spreading.  Petals 
entire,  obovate  or  spatulate,  longer  than  the   sepak.     Stamens  6, 


SMELowsKiA.  CRUCIFERiE.  57 

SCHCENOCRAMBE. 

unappendaged.  Anthers  oblong,  slightly  sagittate  at  base.  Pods 
lanceolate  or  lance-oblong,  more  or  less  obcompressed,  with 
sharply  keeled  valves,  few-seeded.     Stigma  sessile. 

S.  calyclna  C.  A.  Meyer  1.  c.  170.  Densely  white  tomentose  to  nearly 
glabrous ;  cespitose,  the  thick  branching  rootstock  thickly  covered  with 
the  sheathing  bases  of  dead  leaves,  stems  erect,  2-6  inches  high :  leaves 
mostly  radical  and  with  long  slender  petioles,  pinnate  or  pinnatifid,  seg- 
ments linear  to  oblong,  entire  or  sparingly  lobed  :  calyx  villous,  persistent: 
petals  2  lines  long,  a  half  longer  than  the'sepals :  pods  3-6  lines  long  a  line 
wide  attenuate  to  each  end  and  beaked  with  the  short  style  and  broad 
stigma,  ascending,  on  spreading  pedicels:  seeds  2-8,  a  line  long.  Califor- 
nia to  the  Arctic  coast,  east  to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

S.  Fremonti  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xi,  123.  Pubescent  with  short 
spreading  scattered  hairs,  the  branching  woody  base  with  a  few  remnants 
of  old  leaves :  stems  2-4  inches  .  high :  leaves  less  than  half  an  inch  long, 
pinnate  with  1-3  pairs  of  linear  leaflets,  which  are  strongly  nerved  and 
somewhat  revolute :  sepals  smooth,  ovate  to  broadly  oblong,  less  than  a 
line  long,  deciduous :  the  white  petals  twice  longer:  pods  2-6  lines  long 
somewhat  obcompressed,  obtuse  at  base  and  scarcely  attenuate  above, 
beaked  with  the  short  thick  style,  valves  faintly  nerved :  seeds  small,  10 
or  more  in  each  cell;  cotyledons  obliquely  incumbent.  Southeastern  Ore- 
gon to  northern  California. 

21     SCHCENOCRAMBE   Greene  Pitt,   iii,   127. 

Glaucous  perennial  herbs,  the  stems  from  horizontal  branch- 
ing rootstocks,  often  sparingly  leafy  and  the  whole  plant  of  a 
reedy  aspect.  Sepals  equal  at  base.  Petals  yellow,  the  limb 
small  in  proportion  to  the  long  and  broad  claw  (^this  much  as  in 
StreptanthusJ.  Pods  slender  terete,  somewhat  torulose,  the 
vals^es  nerveless  or  faintly  1-nerved.     Stigma  entire. 

S.  linifolia  Greene  1.  c.  Sisymhrium  Unifolium  Nutt.  Stems  numer- 
ous slender,  branching,  erect,  1-2  feet  high :  lowest  leaves  somewhat  spat- 
ulate,  often  coarsely  few-toothed;  cauline  oblong-linear  to  narrowly  lin- 
ear, obtuse,  entire,  1-2  inches  long:  racemes  rather  few-flowered,  lax  in 
fruit :  flowers  2-3  lines  long :  fruiting  pedicels  4-5  lines  long  the  slender  pods 
about  1)^  inches  long,  ascending  or  suberect:  seeds  elongated,  scarcely 
compressed.  On  clayey  bluffs  and  banks,  Oregon  and  Washington  to 
Montana  and  Wyoming. 

Tribe  IV.  Stanleys,  Pods  longitudinally  2-celled  dehiscent 
their  whole  length,  terete  or  prismatic,  home  upon  a  more  or  less 
manifest  stipe.  Stigma  mostly  circular  in  outline,  sessile.  Coty- 
ledons incumbent. 

22    THELYPOmUM  Endl.  Gen.   876. 

Mostly  coarse  and  succulent  biennial  or  annual  herbs  with 
entire  or  pinnatifid  leaves  and  white  purple  or  rarely  yellow  flow- 
ers in  usually  dense  elongated  racemes.  Sepals  equal  or  th<'  lat- 
eral pair  saccate  at  base,  at  length  somewhat  spreading.  Petals 
plane,  long  and  narrow  or  with  a  well  developed  blade.  Stamens 
6,  well  exserted  ;  filaments  long  and  slender  ;  anthers  narrowly 
linear,  sagittate  at  base  curved  or  coiled.  Stigma  usually  f-mall. 
Pods  slender,  terete  or  quadrangular,  often  torulose,  borne  upon 
a  short  thick   stipe.     Speeds*  in   1   row   somewhat  compres^d* 


58  CRUCIFERyE.  thelypodium. 

Cotyledons  more  or  less  oblique. 

T.  Howellii  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xxi,  445.  Glabrous  and  glau- 
cous but  the  base  of  the  stem  and  the  radical  leaves  villous  with  spreading 
hairs:  stems  erect,  slender,  sparingly  branched  or  simple,  6-18  inches 
high  from  an  annual  or  biennial  root :  radical  leaves  numerous  in  a  rosu- 
late  tuft,  oblanceolate ,  obtusish,  coarsely  toothed  or  pinnatifid,  narrowed 
at  the  base,  an  inch  or  two  long;  cauline  leaves  linear-lanceolate  attenu- 
ate, sagittate,  auriculate  erect  and  usually  appressed,  6-12  lines  long: 
racemes  rather  short  and  loose,  the  flowers  scattered  and  ascending  on 
short  pedicels ;  sepals  oblong  2-3  lines  long  the  lower  pair  distinctly  sac- 
cate at  base :  petals  narrow,  crisp  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals :  pods  ascend- 
ing 12-15  lines  long,  slender  beaked.  In  grassy  meadows  Harney  valley 
Oregon  and  at  Camp  Polk  on  the  eastern  base  of  the  Cascade  Mountains. 

T.  encosmnm  Robinson  in  Gray  Syn.  Fl.  i,  175.  Glabrous,  stems  as- 
cending from  an  annual  or  biennial  root  6-18  inches  high,  freely  branch- 
ing: lower  leaves  ovate,  long  petioled;  cauline  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate* 
entire  spreading,  1-3  inches  long:  racemes  very -many-flowered ;  flowers 
deep  purple  usually  horizontal  on  spreading  pedicels  2-3  lines  long :  petals 
spatulate  4  lines  long :  pods  arcuate  ascending  1-2  inches  long :  mature  fruit 
not  known.  On  moist  slopes  of  the  Blue  Mountains  at  Baker  City,  R.  D. 
Nevius,  and  near  Canyon  City  Oregon,  Howell. 

T.  flexnosnm  Robinson  1.  c.  Stems  slender  weak  and  subdecumbent, 
flexuous,  nearly  naked  above :  radical  leaves  numerous  lanceolate,  includ- 
ing the  slender  petiole  3-6  inches  long:  cauline  leaves  distant,  all  or  at 
least  the  upper  much  reduced,  linear-oblong  or  lance-linear  with  narrow 
acutish  auricles  :  racemes  rather  loose  and  somewhat  few-flowered ;  flow- 
ers usually  horizontal  on  short  pedicels;  petal?  spatulate,  3-4  lines  long, 
usually  pale :  pods  arcuate  ascending  1-3  inches  long.  .  In  alkaline  soil 
among  "Sage  brush,"  etc.  Harney  valley  southeastern  Oregon,  Howell, 
to  Nevada  and  California. 

T.  Nuttallii  Watson  Bot.  King,  26.  Glabrous  and  glaucous:  stems 
stout,  branching  above,  3-5  feet  high:  leaves  all  entire  the  radical  ones 
ovate,  petioled,  often  6-8  inches  long  and  half  as  broad;  cauline  leaves 
lanceolate,  sagittate-clasping :  flowers  rather  large  nearly  erect,  on  pedi- 
cels 3-6  lines  long:  petals  ovate-oblong,  the  claw  exceeding  the  sepals, 
purple  6-8  lines  long:  pods  2-3  inches  long,  nearly  erect  upon  the  spread- 
ing pedicels,  subterete,  more  or  less  torulose  acuminate  with  the  rather 
long  style.  Eastern  Washington  and  Oregon  to  Idaho,  Utah,  Nevada  and 
Arizona. 

T.  integrifolium  Endl.  Gen.  876.  Glabrous:  stout,  2-8  feet  high, 
branching  at  the  summit :  radical  leaves  large  oblong-elliptical,  long-pet- 
ioled ;  cauline  leaves  mostly  narrowly  lanceolate  1-2  inches  long  sessile  not 
auriculate,  ascending,  the  uppermost  linear:  flowers  crowded  and  almost 
corymbose  at  the  end  of  the  branches  :  sepals  l%-2}4.  lines  long :  petals 
spa tulate-obovate,  pale  rose-color:  fruiting  racemes  short  and  crowded: 
pods  6-15  lines  long,  somewhat  torulose  accuminate  with  the  slender 
style,  curved  upwards  on  divaricate,  commonly  thickened  and  rigid  pedi- 
cels 1-5  lines  long.  On  plains,  Washington  to  southern  California,  Colo- 
rado and  Nebraska. 

T.  laciniatum  Endl.  1.  c.  Glabrous:  stems  stout  erect  1-6  feet  high, 
simple  or  branched ;  leaves  all  petioled  1-6  inches  or  more  long,  lanceolate 
to  broadly  oblong,  laciniately  pinnatifid  or  coarsely  and  equally  sinuate- 
toothed:  racemes  long  and  crowded:  sepals  narrowly  lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate 3-4  lines  long,  about  half  as  long  as  the  linear-spatulate  petals:  an- 
thers long-exserted  :  pods  2-3  inches  long  pointed  with  the  slender  style, 
distinctly  stipitate,  erect  on  short  stout  divaricately  spreading  pedicels. 
Among  rocks,  etc.,  at  the  base  of  cliffs  alc»ng  the  Columbia  river  in  Oregon 
and  Washington  to  California  and  Nevada. 


STANLEYA.  CRUCIFER.E.  59 

BRAY A. 

T.  lasiophyllum  Greene  Bull.  Torr.  club  xiii,  142.  Sisymbrium  re- 
flexnm  Nutt.  Proc.  Acad.  Philad.  Hi,  26,  Erect  annual,  hispid  below,  often 
smoothish  above :  leaves  oblanceolate  or  oblong  in  outline  irregularly  sin- 
uate-toothed or  pinnatifid  with  spreading  acute  or  obtuse  entire  or  toothed 
segments  l%-6  inches  long,  petioled,  or  the  upper  sessile  by  a  narrow 
base  :  flowers  small,  roseate  or  yellowish  white ;  sepals  oblong,  little  more 
than  half  as  long  as  the  spatulate-oblong  petals :  fruiting  pedicels  %-\\ 
lines  long,  curved :  pods  usually  deflexed,  slender,  slightly  curved,  atten- 
uate at  apex ;  stigma  entire.  Sandy  and  rocky  soil,  eastern  Washington  to 
California  and  Utah. 

23    STANLEYA  Nutt.  Gen.  ii,  21. 

Stout  biennial  or  perennial  herbs  with  entire  or  few-toothed 
leaves  and  white  to  yellow  flowers  in  elongated  many-flowered 
racemes.  Calyx  long,  cylindrical  or  clavate  in  bud,  at  length 
spreading.  Petals  long  and  narrow,  slender-clawed  ;  stamens  6, 
free.  Anthers  linear,  not  sagittate,  spreading.  Stigma  sessile 
entire.  Pods  terete,  or  subterete,  borne  on  a  slender  stipe ; 
valves  slender,  1 -nerved.  Seeds  oblong,  in  1  row.  Cotyledons 
incumbent. 

S.  yirldiflora  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  i,  98.  Glabrous :  stems  stout,  mostly 
simple  erect  or  somewhat  decumbent,  1-4  feet  high,  angulate :  leaves 
thickish,  the  lower  Ones  ovate  to  oblanceolate  sometimes  a  little  angled  or 
runcinately  1-2-toothed  or  even  pinnatifid  at  the  base,  attenuate  below 
into  long  flat  mnged  and  often  somewhat  toothed  petioles ;  middle  cauline 
lanceolate-hastate,  acute,  entire  gradually  reduced  upwards  :  racemes  long, 
usually  simple ;  pedicels  stoutish  3-4  hnes  long,  spreading :  buds  becoming 
7  lines  long  and  scattered  before  opening  by  the  rapid  growth  of  the  axis 
flowers  greenish,  pods  very  narrow,  3-4  inches  long,  on  stipes  6-10  lines 
long.     Oregon  and  Nevada  to  Wyoming  and  Montana. 

S.  eonfertlflora.  /S,  vindiflora  var.  confertiflora,  Rohinson  in  Gray 
Syn.  FL  i,  178.  Glabrous :  stems  usually  simple,  terete  1-3  feet  high : 
leaves  obovate  or  lanceolate,  usually  entire,  upper  ones  clasping  and  Fag- 
ittate:  racemes  densely  many-flowered,  buds  4-5  lines  long  densely 
packed  together  until  they  open  :  sepals  and  petals  linear,  white :  jx)ds  nar- 
row, 8-12  lines  long,  stipes  more  than  half  as  long  as  the  pods,  on  slender 
divaricate  pedicels  6-S  lines  long.  On  alkaline  plains  at  the  base  of  Stein's 
Mountain,  southeastern  Oregon. 

Tribe  V.  Camelinex  Pods  short,  scarcely  longer  than  broad, 
or  obcompressed  orbicular^obovate  to  elliptical  or  linear-oblong. 
Cotyledons  accumbent. 

24    BRAYA  Sternb.  &  Hoppe  Regensb.  Denkschr.  i,  pt.  1,  65. 

Perennial  herbs  from  a  usually  thickish  single  root  having  a 
multicipital  caudex,  chiefly  tufted,  entire  or  merely  dentate 
leaves  and  white  or  purplish  flowers  in  a  globular  head.  Sepals 
short,  rounded  at  apex,  equal  at  base.  Petals  exserted,  entire, 
short-clawed.  Stamens  6,  free  and  unappendaged.  Anthers 
short-ovate.  Style  short,  persistent.  Stigma  more  or  less  dis- 
tinctly 2-lobed.  Pods  oblong  to  linear-oblong,  with  flattish  or 
convex  faintly  1-nerved  not  keeled  valves.  Cotyledons  incum- 
bent. 

B.  humilis  Robinson  in  Gray  Syn.  Fl.  i,  141.  Sisymbrium  humile,  C.  A. 
Meyer  in  Ledeb.   FL  Alt.  Hi,  137.    Pubescent  throughout  with  branched 


60  CRUCIFER^.  camelina. 

«Ur.ULARIA. 

hairs;  root  single,  not  strongly  thickened:  stems  several,  spreading- 
ascending  simple  or  branched  leafy,  2-10  inches  high,  terete,  slender  wiry : 
leaves  linear-oblong  or  spatiilate,  subentire  to  shallowly  sinuate  pinnatifid, 
chiefly  basal,  the  cauline  rather  small  and  remote:  flowers  small,  white  or 
purplish :  pods  linear,  terete,  more  or  less  torulose,  erect,  5-9  lines  long ; 
partition  nerveless.  Alaska  to  Oregon  and  Willoughby  Mountain 
Vermont. 

25    CAMELINA  Crantz  Fl,  Aust.  i,  17. 

Erect  annuals  with  sagittate-clasping  entire  or  dentate  to  pin- 
natifid leaves  and  pale  yellow  or  white  flowers.  Sepals  short- 
oblong,  obtuse  thin-margined,  subequal  at  base,  more  or  less  col- 
ored, often  villous.  Petals  spatulate  or  obovate,  unguiculate. 
Stamens  6,  free  and  unappendaged.  Style  slender  :  stigma  sim- 
ple. Pods  obovoid  2-celled,  many-seeded,  with  a  broad  thin  obo- 
void  persistent  partition  and  somewhat  firm  strongly  convex 
valves.  Seeds  in  2  rows  in  the  cells  wingless.  Cotyledons 
incumbent. 

C.  SATivA  Crantz  1.  c.  Stems  simple  or  sparingly  branched  above 
1-4  feet  high  leafy,  nearly  glabrous  or  somewhat  hirsute :  leaves  erect  en- 
tire or  nearly  so:  flowers  rather  small,  light  yellow:  fruiting  pedicels 
spreading,  pods  obovate,  becoming  3-4  lines  long  three-fourths  as  broad, 
glabrous,  margined,  finely  reticulate  and  slightly  ribbed  upon  the  faces. 
An  introduced  weed  becoming  common  from  Seattle  Washington,  to  Cali- 
ifornia  and  across  the  continent. 

26    SUBULARIA  L.  Gen.   n.  799. 

Dwarf  stemless  aquatic  herbs  with  tufted  subulate  leaves  and 
few  minute  white  flowers.  Pods  small,  ovoid,  slightly  com- 
pressed contrary  to  the  partition.  Style  none,  valves  convex,  1- 
nerved.  Seeds  several  in  each  cell,  not  margined.  Cotyledons 
incumbent. 

S.  aquatica  L.  Sp.  ii,  642.  Stems  slender,  1-3  inches  high,  from 
slender  running  rootstocks  with  numerous  fibrous  rootlets ;  leaves  subu- 
late, usually  shorter  than  the  scape :  flowers  scattered,  less  than  a  line 
long,  the  petals  not  exserted :  pods  1%  lines  long,  about  equaling  the  ped- 
icels, obtuse.  Edge  of  ponds,  etc.,  Vancouver  Island  to  California,  Wyo- 
ming, Maine,  New  Hampshire  and  Canada. 

Tribe  VI.  Brassiceie,  DC.  Pods  elongated,  terete  or  somewhat 
prismatic,  often  torulose,  usually  partially  or  wholly  dehiscent 
by  2  valves,  2-celled  with  a  longitudinal  membranous  partition. 
Seeds  in  1  or  2  rows  in  the  cells.  Cotyledons  conduplicate.  Petals 
well  developed. 

12    BRASSICA    Tourn.   Inst.   218    t.   106  L.   Gen.     n.  820. 

Coarse  erect  annual  or  biennial  herbs  of  European  or  Asiatic 
origin  with  usually  (at  least  the  lowest)  leaves  lyrate  and  com- 
paratively large  yellow  flowers.  Sepals  equal,  or  one  pair  often 
saccate  at  base.  Anthers  long,  sagittate  at  base.  Pods  linear, 
nearly  terete  or  somewhat  4-sided,  pointed  with  a  conical  beak  not 
stipitate,  with  1-3  nerved  valves.  Seeds  in  1  row  globose,  not,, 
margined. 


BURSA.  CRUCIFER^.  61 

HUTCHIN8IA  . 

B.  CAiiPESTitis  L.  Sp.  ii,  GQQ,  Annual  or  sometimes  biennial,  smooth,  2-H 
feet  high :  lower  leaves  more  or  less  glaucous  pinnately  divided  with  a  large 
terminal  lobe,  the  upper  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate  with  a  broad  clasping 
auriculate  base:  flowers  3-4  lines  long;  pods  nearly^ terete  2  inches  long  or 
more,  2  lines  wide,  ascending  on  spreading  pedicefs;  the  stout  beak  8-10 
lines  long.     Cultivated  fields,  etc., 

B,  NIGRA  Koch  in  Roehl.  Deutschl,  Fl.  ed.  3,  iv,  713.  Glabrous  or  with 
some  scattered  spreading  hairs,  annual,  branching.  }4-12  feet  high:  leaves 
all  petioled ,  the  lower  lyrate  with  the  terminal  segment  very  large  and 
deeply  lobed  ;  upper  leaves  lobed  or  entire :  petals  3-4  lines  long  twice  the 
length  of  the  yellowish  sepals:  pods  closely  appressed,  4  angled,  6-9  lines 
long,  sharply  beaked  with  the  long  style ;  seeds  dark  brown.  In  cultivated 
fields.  Introduced  from  Europe. 

Trihe  VII  Lipidineoe  DC.  Pods  short,  ^-celled,  strongly  oh- 
eompressed,  dehiscent.  Cotyledons  accumbent  or  incumbent.  Pubes- 
cence wholly  simple. 

28    BURSA  Weber  in  Wigg.   Fl.  Hols.  27,  (1780). 

Low  annual  with  oblong  or  oblanceolate  leaves,  small  white 
flowers  in  elongated  racemes,  and  cuneate-obcordate  pods.  Sep- 
als ovate,  obtuse,  thin-margined,  not  saccate  at  base.  Petals 
small,  spatulate.  Stamens  free  and  unappendaged.  Style  almost 
none.  Pods  obcordate,  the  valves  carinate,  strongly  compress- 
ed contrary  to  the  narrow,  thin  and  nerveless  partition.  Coty- 
ledons incumbent. 

B.  BuRSA-PASTORis  AVeber  1.  c.  More  or  less  hirsute  at  base,  otherwise 
glabrous :  stems  6-18  inches  high,  branching :  radical  leaves  mostly  runciu- 
ate-pinnatifid,  1-6  inches  long ;  cauline  lanceolate,  auricled  at  base,  toothed 
or  entire  :  pods  cuneate-triangular  or  truncate-emarginate  above,  1-2  lines 
long  and  broad:  pedicels  widely  spreading:  seeds  numerous.  Common 
everywhere.    Introduced  from  Europe. 

29    HUTCHINSIA  R.  Br.  Hort.  Kew  iv,  85. 

Small  annuals  with  pinnatifid  leaves  and  small  white  flowers 
in  terminal  racemes.  Sepals  ovate  or  oblong,  obtuse,  not  saccate 
at  base,  at  length  spreading.  Petals  small.  Stamens  free  and 
unappendaged.  Stigma  sessile.  Pods  ovate  or  elliptical.  Valves 
membranaceous,  but  little  compressed  contrary  to  the  parti- 
tion, somewhat  tumid,  slightly  carinate,  wingless :  cells  many- 
seeded.     Cotyledons  iiicumbent. 

H.  procumbens  Desv.  Jour.  Bot.  iii,  168.  Capsella  divaricata  W.  Low, 
weak  and  spreading,  very  minutely  stellate-pubescent  or  glabrous  through- 
out: leaves  thin,  small,  spatulate  or  lanceolate,  the  lower  commonly  with  a 
few  blunt  teeth  or  more  or  less  deeply  pinnattfid  :  stems  nearly  filiform, 
flexuous:  flowers  minute:  sepals  ovate-elliptic,  obtuse,  thin-margined, 
about  equaled  by  the  narrow  wdiite  petals  :  pods  elliptic-oblong  1-2  lines 
long:  entire  at  the  apex.  In  moist  saline  places,  eastern  Oregon  and 
Washington  to  California,  Brit.  Columbia  and,  Wyoming. 

30    CORONOPUS   Ruellius. 

Diffuse  prostrate  heavy-scented  annuals  with  pinnatifid  leaves 
and  small  greenish  flowers.  Sepals  equal  at  base,  oval,  spreading, 
often  fugacious.     Stamens  free  and  unappendaged,  all  6  present, 


62  GRUCIFER^:.  coronopus. 

LEPIDIUM. 

or  only  4  or  2.  Anthers  short,  somewhat  didymous.  Stigma 
sessile,  nearly  or  quite  simple.  Pods  more  or  less  distinctly  did- 
ymous, the  valves  thickish,  often  sculptured  or  tuberculate  fall- 
ing off  as  1 -seeded  closed  or  nearly  closed  nutlets.  Embrj'o  fold- 
ed above  the  base  of  the  incumbent  cotyledons. 

0.  DiYYMUS  Smith  Fl,  Britt.  ii,  691.  Annual  or  biennial:  stems  num- 
erous and  Slender:  leaves  short  an  inch  or  less  long  pinnately  parted  with 
7-9  lanceolate  entire  or  sparingly  toothed  segments:  flowers  very  small, 
greenish  white :  petals  minute  or  none :  pods  small,  1-lK  lines  broad 
notched  at  both  ends,  thus  appearing  transversely  2-lobed;  valves  turgid 
and  finely  wrinkled.  In  moist  soil  and  ditches,  California  to  Vancouver  Is- 
land near  the  coast,  and  along  the  Atlantic  seaboard.  Introduced  from 
Europe. 

C.  RuELLii  All.  Ped.  n.  634.  Annual  or  biennial :  stems  rather  stout : 
leaves  an  inch  or  more  long  pinnatifid  with  narrow  lanceolate  entire  or 
sparingly  toothed  segments  :  pods  flattened  13^-2  lines  broad,  not  notched 
above  nor  divided  into  2  lobes,  strongly  roughened  and  somewhat  crested 
by  radiating  prominences.  Roadsides  and  rubbish  heaps,  Poriland  Ore- 
gon, and  the  Atlantic  States.    Introduced  from  Europe. 

31    LEPIDIUM    Tourn.  Inst.  215,  t.  109.  L.  Gen.  n.  801. 

Low  herbs  with  small  pinnatifid  leaves  and  small  w^hite  or  yel- 
low flowers  in  terminal  racemes.  Sepals  short,  ovate  or  elliptic- 
oblong,  obtuse,  equal  at  base,  more  or  less  spreading.  Petals  en- 
tire, rounded  at  the  apex  :  sometimes  abortive  or  none.  Stamens 
free,  unappendaged,  all  6  present  or  by  atrortion  only  4  or  2  pre- 
sent, these  representing  the  two  larger  pair.  Style  slender  and 
more  or  less  elongated,  or  none.  Pods  orbicular  or  ovate,  emargin- 
ate  or  deeply  notched  at  the  apex,  strongly  compressed  contrar}^ 
to  the  narrow  partition.  Valves  acutely  carinate;  the  cells 
1 -seeded.  Seeds  not  winged.  Cotyledons  incumbent  or  rarely 
accumbent. 

§  1  Style  slender,  sometimes  rather  short  but  distinctly  de- 
veloped and  persistent.     Cotyledons  incumbent. 

L.  montanum  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  i,  116.  Puberulent  or  nearly  gal- 
brous :  stems  several  from  a  perennial,  somewhat  ligneous  root,  8-15  inches 
long,  decumbent  and  spreading  in  a  somewhat  circular  manner:  radical 
leaves  more  or  less  bipinnatifid  with  short-oblong  acute  segments ;  upper- 
most leaves  trifid  or  linear  and  entire  :  petals  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the 
oval  oblong  sepals:  style  conspicuous :  pods  a  line  broad  elliptical,  slightly 
emarginate,  wingless  or  obscurely  winged  above,  with  short  acutish  teeth. 
Plains  and  mountain  valleys,  Washington  to  California  and  the  Rocky 
Mountains. 

L.  integrifolia  Nutt.  1.  c.  Glabrous  or  puberulent:  stems  several 
from  a  single  stout  root,  branching  from  the  base:  leaves  oblong,  oblan- 
ceolate  or  spatulate,  acute  or  apiculate,  thickish,  1-2  inches  long,  2%-^% 
lines  broad,  entire  :  racemes  single  and  terminal,  or  more  commonly  sev- 
eral, 1-2  inches  long :  pedicels  spreading,  3-4  lines  long:  petals  obovate, 
white,  about  twice  the  length  of  the  broad  membranaceous  sepals,  indis- 
tinctly and  broadly  clawed,  deciduous'  with  the  sepals :  stamens  2:  capsule 
ovate-oblong  1)^-2  lines  long,  barely  retuse  inconspicuously  reticulated 
when  quite  ripe.     Southeastern  Washington  to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

L.  CAMPESTRE  R.  Br.  in  Ait.  f.  Kew  ed.  2,  iv,  88.  Pubescefnt:  stems 
erect,  simple  and  very  leafy  up  to  the  inflorescence,  a  foot  or  more  high: 


ivEPiDiUM.  CRUCIFER^.  63 

leaves  oblong,  obtuse,  denticulate,  erect,  the  lower  ones  narrowed  to  slen 
der  petioles ;  the  upper  sessile  by  a  long  sagittate-clasping  base :  pedicel- 
horizontally  spreading,  a  little  shorter  than  the  thickish,  papillose  caps- 
sule :  petals  white  :  anthers  yellow :  style  slightly  exserted  from  the  narrow- 
notch.  In  wet  places,  Waldo  Oregon  and  across  the  continent.  Intro- 
duced from  Europe. 

§  2  Stigma  sessile  or  siibsessile.  Pods  emarginate  or  retuse 
at  the  apex.     Cotyledons  (in  ours)  incumbent. 

L.  Menziesli  DO.  Syst.  ii,  539.  More  or  less  pubescent:  stems  slender 
2-12  inches  high  from  an  annual  or  biennial  long  slender  perpendicular 
root,  simple,  or  branched  above  :  radical  leaves  pinnately  parted,  petiolate, 
pubescent  or  somewhat'  hirsute ;  segments  lanceolate,  acutish ;  cauline 
leaves  merely  toothed,  the  upper  linear  and  entire :  racemes  1-several,  not 
contracted  near  the  summit ;  pedicels  slender  early  spreading,  longer  than 
the  pods :  petals  4,  white,  exceeding  the  sepals  :  stamens  2-4 :  pods  orbic- 
ular retuse  glabrous  about  13^  lines  in  diameter:  seeds  narrowly  winged 
(n  one  edge.  Oliffs  and  sandy  or  rocky  banks,  Oregon  to  Brit.  Columbia 
near  the  coast,  not  common. 

L.  occidentale  Howell  Eryth.  iii,  32.  Stems,erect  3-12  inches  high 
from  an  annual  root  pubescent  below  with  short  simple  white  hairs,  pub- 
erulent  above,  freely  branching:  leaves  1-3  inches  long,  the  lower  pinna- 
tifid  with  obovate  to  oblanceolate  segments,  gradually  reduced  upwards  to 
linear  bracts :  petals  white,  obovate,  narrowed  below  to  a  short  claw, 
rounded  at  the  apex  longer  than  the  obovate  sepals  :  stamens  4,  about 
equaling  the  petals :  pods  orbicular,  1}4  lines  broad,  on  long  slender  divari- 
cate pedicels:  style  very  short:  seeds  obovate,  retuse  below,  narrowly 
winged  on  the  outer  edge.  On  rocky  hillsides,  Umpqua  valley,  Oregon 
and  on  cliffs  of  Cape  Foulweather.  Doubtless  at  other  places  along  the 
<5past. 

L.  medinm  Greene  Eryth.  iii,  36.  L.  intermedium  Gray  PL  Wright, 
not  A.  Richard,  Glabrous  or  puberulent:  stems  erect ,  branched  6-18 
inches  high,  from  a  rather  stout  annual  root:  lower  leaves  1-2  inches 
long,  toothed  or  pinnatifid ;  the  upper  often  entire  or  but  sparingly 
toQthed,  oblanceolate  or  linear:  petals  wanting,  stamens  2 ;  style  very 
short :  pods  rounded  1-lK  lines  broad,  with  short  and  obtuse  teeth :  pedi- 
cels spreading,  3  lines  long.  Sandy  places  and  hillsides,  California  to 
Brit.  Columbia  and  Utah,  east  of  the  Cascade  Mountains. 

L.  apetalnm  Willd.  Sp.  iii,  439.  Stems  erect  1-2  feet  high,  slender, 
odorless  ;  leaves  somewhat  narrow,  dull  green,  the  radical  ones  more  or 
less  incisely  toothed  or  pinnatifid ;  segments  usually  acutish :  flowers 
closely  aggregate,  the  pedicels  remaining  nearly  erect  in  flower,  but  in 
fruit  regularly  and  widely  spreading,  thus  making  the  racemes  appear  as 
if  contracted  just  below  the  summit :  petals  wanting :  stamens  2 :  pods  gla- 
brous, orbicular,  retuse  on  short  pedicels.  Eastern  Oregon  to  Texas  and 
the  New  England  States. 

L.  lasiocarpnm  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  i,  115.  Hispidly  pubescent:  stems 
decumbent  branching  from  or  near  the  base:  lower  leaves  pinnately 
parted,  segments  usually  rather  broad,  obtuse  or  rounded,  sparingly 
toothed  or  entire :  racemes  several :  pedicels  distinctly  flattened,  horizon- 
tally spreading,  1-1)^  lines  long :  sepals  broadly  oblong  usually  purple, 
with  thin  white  margins :  petals  minute  or  none :  pods  suborbicular,  thin 
margined  near  the  apex,  hispid  pubescent  upon  both  faces,  or  at  least 
upon  the  edge.  Southern  California  to  Texas  and  Colorado.  Introduced 
upon  R.  R.  ballast  in  Oregon,  Henderson. 

L.  nitidnin  Nutt.  1.  c.  116  Glabrous  or  somewhat  pubescent :  stems  sim- 
ple or  branched,  3-16  inches  high  :  leaves  pinnately  cut  into  linear  acumi- 
nate segments,  the  uppermost  often  entire:  pedicels  flat,  1-2  lines  long: 


e4'  CRTJCIFER^..  lepidium. 

petals  small :  pods  in  a  loose  raceme,  spreading,  glabrous  and  shining, 
rounded,  1-2  lines  broad,  acutely  margined,  the  teeth  short  and  obtuse : 
seeds  often  ash-color.     On  dry  hillsides,  Washington  to  California. 

*  *  Low  annuals :  pedicels  flat :  petals  often  wanting :  stamens  2-4 : 
style  none :  pods  reticulated,  the  apex  produced  into  2  distinct  teeth. 

L.  retlcnlatnm.  Minutely  hispid ;  stems  erect,  sparingly  branched, 
1-2  inches  high,  from  a  slender  perpendicular  annual  root:  leaves  pinnati- 
fid,  with  linear  entire  or  toothed  segments,  including  the  dilated  base  of 
the  petiole  6-12  lines  long:  pedicels  approximate,  a  line  long,  thin-edged, 
erect:  sepals  oblong,  very  acute,  with  hyaline  borders,  persistent:  stamens 
2:  pods  glabrous,  reticulated,  elliptical,  a  line  long,  the  short  obtuse  teeth 
somewhat  connivent :  seeds  oblong-obovate,  narrowly  margined  on  the 
outer  edge.     Roadsides,  southwestern  Oregon.   Rare. 

L.  dictyotnm  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  vii,  329.  Pubescent  throughout 
with  short  spreading  hairs,  or  the  leaves  glal3rous :  stems  1-3  inches  high, 
ascending,  slender  and  branching :  leaves  narrowly  linear,  1-2  inches  long, 
entire  or  pinnatifid  with  a  few  linear  lobes:  sepals  scarious-margined,  not 
persistent:  petals  white,  but  little  exceeding  the  sepals  sometimes  wanting 
stamens  4:  pods  rounded,  a  line  broad,  the  short  acutish  teeth  connivent, 
finely  reticulated  and  pubescent,  exceeding  the  thick  erect  pedicels.  In 
sandy  saline  places  under  '\Sage  brush",  eastern  Washington  to  California. 

L.   acutideus.  L.  dictyotum  var.  acutidens  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xii,  54. 

Sparingly  pubescent  with  short  spreading  hairs :  stems  3-10  inches  long, 
erect  and  nearly  simple,  or  decumbent  and  much  branched  from  the  base : 
leaves  linear,  1-3  inches  long,  entire  or  sparingly  pinnatifid :  pods  ovate,  2 
lines  or  more  broad,  deeply  notched  above,  with,- 2  acuminate  divergent 
teeth,  equalling  or  shorter  than  the  erect  or  outwardly  curved  pedicels.  In 
alkaline  soil,  eastern  Oregon  to  California. 

L.  Oreganum  Howell  P.  C.  PI.  Coll.  1887.  Finely  more  or  less  hispid- 
ulous  :  stems  erect,  simple  or  with  a  few  ascending  branches,  3-8  inches 
high :  leaves  linear,  entire  or  with  a  few  linear  attenuate  segments :  sepals 
promptly  deciduous  pods  round-ovate,  1%  lines  broad,  not  reticulated  or 
very  faintly  so,  smooth,  the  rather  prominent  teeth  divergent.  Roadsides, 
southw^estern  Oregon  near  W^oodville. 

L,  oxycarpum  T.  &  G.  Fl.  i,  116  Nearly  or  quite  smooth :  stems  slen- 
der, branched  from  the  base ;  branches  ascending,  4-6  inches  long,  loosely 
floriferous  more  than  half  their  length  :  leaves  linear,  acute,  subentire  or 
pinnatifid  with  a  few  narrow  acute  teeth :  pedicels  comparatively  slender, 
widely  spreading  or  deflexed,  1%  lines  long:  flowers  small,  apetalous;  sep- 
als very  unequal,  half  line  long:  stamens  2:  pods  suborbicular,  glabrate, 
finely  reticulated,  13^  lines  broad,  tipped  with  2  very  short  widely  diver- 
gent teeth.    In  saline  soil,  central  California  to  Brit.  Columbia. 

32    THLASPI    L.    Gen.  n.  802. 

Low  glabrous  herbs  with  simple  stems  entire  or  toothed  leaves 
and  white  or  pinkish  flowers.  Sepals  short-oval,  obtuse,  thin- 
margined,  erect  or  slightly  spreading.  Petals  obovate  or  Oblan- 
ceolate,  entire.  Stamens  free  and  unappendaged  :  anthers  short. 
Style  slender  or  sometimes  none.  Stigma  small,  entire  or  slight- 
ly emarginate.  Pods  cuneate-obovate  or  oblanceolate,  compressed 
contrary  to  the  partition,  few-seeded  :  valves  acutely  carinate  or 
winged.  Seeds  somewhat  turgid,  not  margined.  Cotyledons 
accumbent. 


THLASPi.  CRUCIFER^.  65 

HETERODRABA. 

T.  alpestre  L.  Sp.  ed.  2,  ii.  903  (?)  Stems  simple,  or  branched  from 
the  base,  from  a  quite  simp'e  or  branched  perennial  rootstock,  1-15  inches 
high:  radical  leaves  rosulate,  elliptical  to  spatulate,  attenuate  to  a  slender  pet- 
iole, 6-12  lines  long  or  more,  entire  or  sparingly  toothed ;  cauline  ovate  to  ob- 
long, entire,  acuminate,  clasping  at  base,  3-6  lines  long:  flowers  2-3  lines 
long,  crowded  in  a  somewhat  capitate  cluster;  sepals  purplish,  thin-mar- 
gined; petals  white,  or  pale  purple,  3-4  lines  long:  peduncle  at  length  elon- 
gated: pedicels  spreading,  in  fruit,  2-4  lines  long :  pods  obovateto  cuneate- 
oblong,  3-4  lines  long,  emarginate  or  truncate  or  rounded  at  the  apex  4-8- 
seeHed;  style  a  line  long.  In  mountainous  districts,  California  to  Brit.  Col- 
umbia and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

Tribe  VIII.  Isatedese  DC.  Pods  short,  rarely  elongated,  inde- 
hiscent,  inarticulate,  usually  crustaceous  or  osseous,  1-celled,  1- 
rarely  2-seeded.  Pedicels  usually  slender,  recurved  in  fruit.  Coty- 
ledons accumbent. 

33  HETERODRABA    Greene,  Bull.  Cal.  Acad.  i.  71. 

Slender  annual  with  long  horizontal  and  nearly  prostrate 
branches.  Sepals  equal  at  base.  Petals  minute  or  wanting.  Stig- 
ma sessile.  Pod  short-elliptical,  twisted,  very  tardily  if  at  all 
dehiscent,  by  a  very  filmy  partition  2-celled :  valves  flat,  nerve- 
less. Seeds  3-5  in  each  cell,  in  two  rows.  Cotyledons  accumbent. 

H.  unilateralis  Greene  I.e.  27  Draba  unilateralis  M.  E.Jones  Bull.  Torr. 
Club,  ix,  1^4-  Hirsute-pubescent  with  branching  hairs:  leaves  obovate, 
with  cuneate  base,  6-12  lines  long,  sparingly  toothed  towards  the  apex, 
branches  from  a  few  inches  to  more  than  a  foot  long,  spreading  horizontally : 
flowering  and  fruiting  throughout  their  whole  length  :  pods  2  lines  long,  1}4 
lines  wide,  with  some  stout  straight  hairs  besides  the  stellate  pubescence 
in  maturity  twisted:  pedicels  scarcely  a  line  long,  stout  and  deflexed.  In 
open  moist  places,  southern  Oregon,  near  Ashland  and  California. 

34  ATHYSANUiS    Greene,  1.  c,  72. 

Slender  annual  with  rosulate  usually  toothed  leaves  and 
small  white  flowers  in  long  racemes.  Sepals  equal  at  base. 
Petals  small  or  none.  Style  very  short.  Pods  orbicular,  not 
margined,  indehiscent,  flat,  nerveless,  1-celled,  1-seeded.  Cotyl- 
dons  accumbent. 

A.  pnsillns  Greene  1.  c.  Thysanocarpiis  pusillus  Hook.  Inc.  t.  42.  Hir- 
sute-tomentose  with  stellate  hairs;  stems  very  slender,  branching  from  near 
the  base,  the  filiform  branches  3-12  inches  long:  lower  leaves  broadly  oblan- 
ceolate,  entire  or  remotely  denticulate,  3-12  lines  long,  short-petioled ;  cau- 
line similar,  but  smaller,  often  entire,  sessile  but  not  claspmg:  floAvers  bare- 
ly a  line  broad,  the  late  ones  apetalous:  pods  orbicular,  less  than  a  line 
broad,  hirsute  with  hooked  hairs,;  pedicels  1-2  lines  long,  at  length  reflex- 
ed.  Common  on  dry  hillsides  and  rocky  banks,  southern  California  to 
Brit,  Columbia:  flowering  in  very  early  spring. 

35    THYiSANOCARPUS    Hook.  Fl.  i,  69,  t.  18.  f.  A. 

Slender  erect  sparingly  branched  annuals  with  minute  white 
or  rose-color  flowers  on  slender  pedicels  in  elongated  racemes. 
Sepals  equal  at  base.  Petals  minute.  Stamens  6,  subequal, 
free,  unappendaged,  with  slender  filaments  and  short  anthers. 
Pods  orbicular,  wing-margined,  much  compressed,  plano-convex, 


66  CRUCIFER^.  thysanocarpus. 

RAPHANUS. 

indehiscent,  1- celled,  1 -seeded.     Seeds  pendulous,  somewhat  flat- 
tened, margined.     Cotyledons  accumbent  to  oblique-incumbent. 

T,  CHrvipes  Hook  1.  c.  iSomewhat  hirsute  at  base,  glabrous  above, 
6-25  inches  high:  radical  leaves,  obi anceolate,  1-3  inches  long  pin natifid 
or  sinuately  toothed :  upper  ones  lanceolate  to  linear,  sagittate-auriculate 
and  clasping  at  base,  entire  or  sparingly  toothed :  pods  rounded  to  obo- 
vate  or  ovate,  densely  tomentose  or  glabrous  2-4  lines  broad  including  the 
entire  or  ere nate,  veined  and  often  perforated  wing,  emarginate  at  the 
summit  and  tipped  by  the  short  purple  style,  usually  colored  ;  pedicels  2- 
4  lines  long,  at  length  recurved.  Common  on  dry  hillsides  Washington 
to  California,  Arizona  and  Idaho.     Flowering  in  early  spring. 

T.  radians  Benth.  PL  Hartw.  297.  Stems  6-18  inches  high  simple  or 
with  a  few  simple,  elongated  ascending  branches,  glabrous  :  lowest  leaves 
runcinately  toothed  or  pinnatifid;  the  cauline  ones  ovate-lanceolate  and 
auriculate-clasping :  racemes  long,  loosely  flowered :  pedicels  usually  as- 
cending but  nodding  near  the  apex,  4-8  lines  long:  petals  purple , exceed- 
ing the  sepals;  pods  rounded,  4-5  lines  in  diameter,  tomentose  or  quite 
smooth,  scarcely  emarginate  with  a  broad  entire  translucent  wing  con- 
spicuously marked  by  radiating  nerves :  style  short.  Southern  Oregon 
(Umpqua  valley)  to  Central  California. 

Tribe  IX.  Raphaw.se  DC.  Pods  indehiscent,  transversely  separ- 
ated into  1-few-seeded  joints.  Seeds  globose.  Cotyledons  condu- 
plicate. 

36      RAPHANUS   Tourn.    Inst.   229  t.  114  L.   Gen.   n.   882. 

Coarse  annual  or  biennial  herbs  witTi  pinnatifid  leaves  and 
white  or  purple  flowers.  Sepals  erect,  the  lateral  somewhat  sac- 
cate. Petals  large,  unguiculate.  Stamens  6,  unappendaged, 
attenuate  to  a  slender  or  rather  stout  beak,  indehiscent  trans- 
versely divided  by  several  false  partitions,  seeds  globular,  pend- 
ulous. 

R.  SATivus  L.  Sp.  ii  669.  Stems  stout  and  branching  1-4  feet  high  from 
a  straight  thick  annual  root:  leaves  lyrately  pinnatifid,  hirsute:  petals 
white  to  purple  6-8  lines  long :  pods  terete  4-6  lines  in  diameter,  gradually 
narrowed  to  an  elongated  beak,  usually  2-3-seeded.  Escaped  from  culti- 
vation, Washington  to  California. 

Order  VIII.   CAPPARIDACE^  Endl.  Gen.  889. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  with  alternate  leaves  without  stipuh^s  and 
perfect  hypogynous  flowers.  Sepals  or  lobes  of  the  calyx  4. 
Petals  4,  rarely  5-8  or  none,  usually  ungu^'culate,  more  or  less 
unequal.  Stamens,  in  ours,  6-12,  rarely  4.  Ovary  often  stipi- 
tate,  composed  of  two  united  carpels  with  two  parietal  pla- 
centae. Styles  united  into  one,  often  filiform,  sometimes  short 
or  almost  none :  stigma  often  discoid  or  subcapitate.  Fruit 
one-celled,  in  ours  a  two-valved  pod-shaped  capsule.  Seeds 
campylotropous,  reniform,  without  albumen.  Embryo  curved. 
Cotyledons  foliaceous,  somewhat  incumbent. 

1    Jacksonia.    Stamens  8-32 :  flowers  whitish  or  pinkish :  pods  elon- 
gated, dehiscent  from  the  top  downward. 

2  Cleorae.  i^tamens  6:  flow^ers  yellow  or  purplish:  pods  oblong  or 
linear,  dehiscent  from  the  base  upward. 


JACKSONIA.  CAPPARIDACE^.  .  67 

CLEOME. 

1    JACKSONIA    Raf.  Med.  Repos.  V,  352. 
POLANISIA   Raf.   Journ.  de  Phys.  98.   (1819). 

Annual,  ill-scented  and  mostly  glandular  herbs,  with  simple  or 
3-9  foliolate  petioled  leaves,  and  yellowish,  rose-color  or  white 
flowers  in  leafy-bracted  racemes.  Sepals  4  deciduous,  lanceolate, 
sometimes  connate  at  base.  Petals  on  claws  or  sessile,  equal  or 
unequal,  torus  small  depressed.  Stamens  8-32  inserted  below 
the  torus.  Pods  erect  on  spreading  pedicels,  membranaceous, 
very  shortly  stipitate,  elongated,  compressed  or  cylindrical,  many- 
seeded,  dehiscent  from  the  top  downward.  Seeds  round-reniform, 
rugose  or  reticulated. 

J.  trachysperma  Greene  Pitt,  ii,  175.  Glandular-pubescent,  erect  6- 
24  inches  high :  leaves  3-foliolate,  leaflets  lanceolate  %-2  inches  long, 
acute,  about  equalling  the  petioles,  nearly  sessile :  floral  bracts  mostly 
simple,  ovate  to  lanceolate,  sbortlj'  petioled  petals  3-5  lines  long, 
with  slender  claws  as  long  as  the  sepals,  and  an  emarginate  blade: 
stamens  12-19,  filaments  exserted:  style  2-3  lines  long:  pods  1-2^  inches 
long,  very  rarely  on  a  short  slender  stipe:  seeds  finely  pitted  and  often 
warty.  Oregon  and  Idaho  to  Brit.  Columbia,  Kansas  and  southward  to  New 
Mexico  and  Texas. 

2    CLEOME   L.  Syst.  Nat.  ed.  1. 

Erect  branching  annuals;  with  palmately  3-8  foliolate 
leaves  and  yellow  or  purple  flowers,  in  bracteate  racemes.  Sepals 
4,  sometimes  united  at  base.  Petals  with  claws  or  sessile.  Sta- 
mens 6,  upon  the  small  torus.  Pods  linear  to  oblong,  stipitate, 
many-seeded  :  style  short  or  none.  Pods  pendant  on  spreading 
pedicels,  dehiscent  from  the  base  upward.  Seeds  globose-reni- 
form  to  ovate.    Ours  all  of 

§  EucLEOME  Gray  Syn.  Fl.  i,  183.  Torus  little  or  not  at  all 
columnar  below  the  stamens,  but  commonly  thickened,  and  bear- 
ing a  glandular  projection  behind  the  ovary :  this  in  all  our  spe- 
cies raised  on  a  slender  stipe  or  carpophore.     Cleoire  EndL 

*  Calyx  4-cleft,   tardily    deciduous,    petals    indistinctly  if  at  all 
unguiculate. 

C.  serrulata  Pursh.  Fl.  ii,  441.  C.  integrifoUa  T.  &  G.  Fl.  i,  122. 
Somewhat  glaucous,  2-3  feet  high,  widely  branching;  leaves  3-foliolate;  leaf- 
lets oblong  to  lanceplate,  or  the  uppermost  linear,  entire,  submucronate:  ra- 
cemes sometimes  nearly  a  foot  long:  flowers  large,  showy,  reddish-purple, 
rarely  white:  sepals  united  to  the  middle,  persistent;  segments  triangular- 
acuminate  :  petals  with  very  short  claws,  stamens  equal:  pods  oblong-lin- 
ear, compressed,  much  longer  than  the  stipe.  On  wntercourses,  from  the 
Columbia  river  to  Colorado,  New  Mexico  and  Dakota. 

C.  lutea  Hook.  Fl.  i,  70,  t.  25.  Glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent;  1-3 
feet  high:  leaves  5-foliolate:  leaflets  linear  to  oblong-lanceolate.  1-2  inches 
long  acute,  short-petiolulate.  equalling  the  petioles;  flowers  bright  yellow: 
sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  glabrous;  petals  broadly  lanceolate,  very 
short  clawed,  3-4  Imes  long:  pod  9-15  lines  long,  about  2  lines  broad, 
tonilose,  equalling  or  longer  than  the  stipe.  On  sandy  banks  along  the 
Columbia  liver,  and  from  Wyoming  to  Colorado  and  Nevada. 

*  *    Sepals  distinct  to  the  base,  deciduous.   Petals  not  distinctly 
unguiculate. 


.68  .  VIOLACEyE.  cleome. 

VIOLA. 

C.  platycarpa  Torr.  Bot.  Wilkes  235,  t.  2.  Pubescent  and  glandular : 
1-2  feet  high:  leaves  3-foliolate;  leaflets  broadly  oblong  to  lanceolate,  6-8 
lines  long:  flowers  very  showy,  bright  yellow:  sepals  linear- setaceous,  vil- 
lous: petals  broadly  lanceolate,  without  claws:  pods  elliptical,  8-10  lines 
long,  stipe  about  as  lont^  as  the  pod,  equalling  the  pedicels;  style  slender, 
about  3  lines  long.  Hillsides,  John  Day  valley,  Oregon  to  northern  Cali- 
fornia aid  western'Nevada. 

Order  IX.     VIOLA CEiE  S.  F.  Gray  Nat.  Arr.  ii,  667. 

Sepals  5,  persistent,  imbricated  in  tlie  bud.  Petals  5,  alter- 
nate with  the  petals  hypogynous,  on  short  claws,  commonly 
unequal.  Stamens  5.  alternate  with  the  petals,  inserted  on  the 
torus:  anthers  adnate,  introrse  2-celled,  openiug  longitudinally: 
filaments  broad,  elongated  beyond  the  anthers,  ovary  1-celled, 
3-valved,  with  3  parietal  placentae,  several  ovuled.  Style 
usually  declined  with  an  oblique  cucullate  stigma.  Seeds  ana- 
tropous  with  a  straight  embryo  in  the  axis  of  fleshy  albumen. 
Ours  are  low  herbs  with  watery  somewhat  acid  juice,  alternate 
leaves  with  persistent  stipules  and  axillary  flowers. 

1    VIOLA  Tourn.  Inst.  419,  t.  236  L.  Gen.  n.  1007. 

Perennial  or  annual  herbs  with  alternate  stipulate  leaves  and 
mostly  one-flowered  axillary  2-bracteolate  peduncles.  Early  flow- 
ers usually  showy  and  often  infertile,  tlTe  later  ones  often  cleistog- 
amous  and  more  fertile.  Sepals  more  or  less  auricled  at  base. 
Petals  unequal,  the  lower  one  produced  at  base  into  a  nectarifer- 
erous  sac  or  spur,  the  others  of  about  equal  length.  Filaments 
very  short  or  none :  anthers  connivent  but  distinct,  at  most 
lightly  coherent,  the  two  anterior  each  with  a  dorsal  appendage 
or  spur  projecting  into  the  spur  or  sac  of  the  lower  petal.  Style 
often  flexuous  below,  enlarged  upward.  Capsule  usually  ovoid, 
crustaceous  or  coriaceous  :  valves  several-seeded.  Seeds  obovoid 
or  globular,  smooth. 

Ours  are  all  perennial  with  part  or  all  of  the  stipules  more  or 
less  scarious,  never  emulating  the  blade  of  the  leaf.  The  two 
upper  petals  turned  backward,  and  the  lateral  ones  turned  for- 
ward, toward  the  lower  one,  or  merely  spreading. 

*  Strictly  acaulescent,  the  leaves  and  scapes  directly  from  root- 
stocks:  gibbous-clavate  with  inflexed  or  truncate  and  beardlet'S  sumrriit 
and  an    introrsely  beaked  or  short-pointed  small  proper  stigma. 

■*-  Rootstock  thick  and  comparatively  short,  never  filiform  or  pro- 
ducing runners  or  stolons :  spur  of  the  corolla  only  saccate  :  cleistoga- 
mous  flowers  abundant  and  short  peduncled. 

V.  co^nata  Greene  Pitt,  iii,  145.  V.  cucuUata  of  avthors  as  to  our 
plants.  Acaulescent;  rootstocks  short  and  thick:  leaves  long-petioled, 
smooth  or  more  or  less  pubescent,  slightly  fleshy,  cordate  with  a  broad 
sinus,  the  earliest  often  reniform  and  the  ^later  acute  or  acuminate,  cre- 
nately  toothed:  scapes  2-10  inches  high,  about  equalling  the  leaves:  pet- 
als 5-8  lines  long,  blue  or  violet,  all  villous  at  base,  the  three  lower  very 
strongly  bo:   spur  only  saccate:   style  smooth ;  stigma  small,  beaked  or 


VIOLA.  VIOLACEiE.  69' 

short-pointed.    In  moist  places,  eastern  Oregon  and  ■Washington  to  Brit 
Columbia  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

-•-  +-  Rootstock  thickish  and  creeping,  commonly  sending  off  leafy 
and  floriferous  stolons  or  runners  above  ground :  leaves  round-cor- 
date and  merely  crenulate :  lateral  petals  usually  bearded :  spur  short 
and  saccate. 

V.  Langsdorffii  Fisch.  in  DC.  Prod,  i,  296.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so  : 
stems  weak  and  declined  or  ascending  1-12  inches  long  from  a  creeping 
scaly  rootstock:  leaves  reniform  to  cordate,  crenately  serrate,  the  lower 
ones  on  petioles  that  about  equal  the  stems ;  stipules  lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate, 6-10  lines  long :  flowers  usually  pale  blue,  9-12  lines  long 
with  short  saccate  spur,  lateral  petals  white  with  a  small  bearded  spot 
near  the  base:  stigma  small,  rounded.  In  marshes  along  the  coast  from 
Crescent  City,  California  to  Alaska. 

^-  -^  •<-  Rootstock  long  and  filiform  extensively  creeping  under- 
ground :  plants  low  or  small :  spur  saccate. 

■^*     Corolla  blue  or  purple. 

V.  palnstris  L.  Sp.  ii,  934  (?).  Wholly  glabrous  :  rootstock  long  and 
filiform,  extensively  creeping  underground ;  leaves  round-cordate  with  a 
broad  sinus  and  rounded  summit,  1-2  inches  in  diameter,  obscurely  cre- 
nate,  scapes  2-4  inches  high,  much  longer  than  the  leaves :  flowers  pale 
lilac  to  white,  lateral  petals  sparsely  if  at  all  bearded  3-4  lines  long,  spur 
short  and  rounded.  In  marshes  of  the  high  mountains,  California  to 
Alaska  and  east  to  the  New  England  States  and  Labrador,  Europe  and 
northern  Asia. 

++  -M-  Corolla  always  white,  mostly  with  purple  lines  on  the  lower 
petal ;  stigma  as  if  truncate  and  margined,  and  antrorsely  short- 
pointed. 

=  Leaves  round-cordate  or  reniform,  on  slender  marginless 
petioles.  .  • 

V.  blanda  Willd.  Hort.  Berol.  t.  24.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so:  stems 
very  short  or  none,  from  slender  creeping  rootstocks  with  numerous 
fibrous  rootlets:  leaves  thin,  crenulate,  from  ovate-cordate  to  round-ren- 
iform,  6-18  lines  broad,  on  slender  petioles  as  long:  scapes  1-3  inches 
high  :  sepals  a  line  long,  from  oblong  to  almost  ovate-lanceolate  scarious- 
margined:  petals  white,  oblong  3-4  lines  long,  usually  all  beardless,  the 
low^er  ones  conspicuously  dark-veiny ;  spur  short,  saccate,  rounded.  In 
wet  places  in  the  mountains  from  California  to  Alaska  and  the  Atlantic 
States. 

V.  Macloskeyi  F.  E.  Lloyd  Eryth.  iii,  74.  Whole  plant  glabrous: 
rootstock  slender,  creeping,  bearing  three  or  four  leaves  and  at  length  a 
few  runners :  leaves  reniform  with  a  shallow  sinus ;  the  lamina  slightly 
decumbent  down  the  slender  petiole,  the  margin  obscurely  crenate-serrate : 
stipules  ovate  acute :  peduncles  1-3  inches  long :  petals  white,  very  thin 
and  translucent,  the  spur  very  short  and  saccate;  lateral  petals  bearded. 
Springy  places  in  the  Cascade  Mountains  about  Mt.  Hood. 

=  =  Leaves  from  linear  to  spatulate  or  ovate  or  subcordate,  the 
base  decurrent  into  a  margined  petiole  :  sometimes  leafy  along  sum- 
mer stolons. 

V.  occidentalis.  V.  primulsefoUa  var.  occidentalis  Gray  Bot.  Gaz.  xi 
255.  Glabrous  throughout :  rootstock  short,  not  creeping  but  propagating 
by  long  filiform  runners:  leaves  ovate  to  spatulate-oblong,  attenuate  at 
base  to  a  long  slender  petiole,  obscurely  crenate :  scapes  3-6  inches  high 
not  exceeding  the  leaves :  petals  white  the  lower  ones  veined  with  purple, 
lateral  ones  bearded;  4-6  lines  long,  spur  saccate,  stigma  truncate,  mar- 
gined and  antrorsely  short-pointed.    In  marshes,  eastern  base  of  the  Coast 


70  .    VIOL  ACE  iE.  viola. 

Mountains  near  the  Oregon  and  California  line. 

*  *  Subcaulescent  by  leafy  etolons,  or  caulescent  with  2-3  leaved 
stems.     Stigma  terminal  beardless  and  beakless.' 

■*-     leaves  undivided,  at  most  only  cuneate  toothed. 

V.  sarmentosa  Dougl.  in  Hook.  Fl.  i,  80.  Sparingly  pubescent:  stems 
weak  and  decumbent;  multiplying  by  long  filiform  rootstocks :  leaves 
rounded-cordate,  reniform  or  sometimes  ovate,  }4-^}4  inches  broad,  finely 
crenate,  usually  punctate  with  numerous  dark  dots :  peduncles  mostly  ex- 
ceeding the  leaves :  flowers  yellow,  lateral  petals  with  a  bunch  of  long 
scales  at  the  base  of  the  blade ;  spur  shprt  and  saccate.  In  open  forests, 
Brit.  Columbia  to  California. 

V.  orbicnlata  Geyer  Hook.  Lond.  Jour.  Bot.  vi,  73.  Kootstock  short 
and  thick,  with  few  fibrous  rootlets :  stems  at  first  very  short  with  a  pair 
of  scarious  acutely  triangular  stipules  at  the  base  of  the  peduncles,  at 
length  sarmentose  with  a  few  small  leaves  and  bearing  cleistogamous  flow- 
ers :  leaves  mostly  basal,  orbicular  to  oblong,  cordate  with  deep  narrow 
sinus,  crenulate,  1-2  inches  broad,  glabrous  below,  pubescent  with  short 
stout  appressed  scattered  hairs  above,  sepals  oblong  to  nearly  lanceolate ; 
petals  yellow,  the  lower  one  purple  veined,  spurs  short  and  saccate :  stigma 
beakless,  bearded  on  the  sides.  In  open  forests,  Cascade  Mountains  in 
Oregon  to  Idaho  and  Alaska. 

V.  purpurea  Kell.  Proc.  Cal.  Acad,  i,  56.  More  or  less  pubescent 
with  more  or  less  spreading  hairs,  stems  clustered  from  branching  perpen- 
dicular root  2-6  inches  long  :  leaves  semi-orbicular  to  ovate  or  lanceolate, 
cuneate  or  truncate  at  base  6-12  lines  long,  entire  or  coarsely  crenate,  of- 
ten purple-veined :  peduncles  but  little  longer  than  the  leaves  :  petals  4-6 
lines  long,  light  yellow  more  or  less  tinged  with"yark  purple  outside:  cap- 
sule globular,  pubescent.     On  dry  open  hillsides,  Oregon  to  California. 

■^  -*-  Leaves  3-parted,  with  more  or  less  lobed  or  cleft  segments. 
V.  Sheltonii  Torr.  Pacif.  R.  K.  Rep.  iv.  67,  t.  2.  Glabrous  or  nearly 
so:  leaves  round-reniform  to  cordate  in  outline,  3-parted,  the  divisions 
lobed  and  cleft  into  linear  or  oblong  segments :  peduncles  shorter  than 
the  leaves:  petals  yellow  veined  with  purple.  Wooded  mountains,  south- 
western Oregon  to  California. 

*  *  *  Subcaulescent,  first  flowering  from  the  ground,  from  erect  or 
ascending  rootstocks,  not  stoloniferous  or  creeping:  stipules  partly 
and  variably  adnate  :  corolla  mostly  yellow  with  short  saccate  spur : 
stigma  beakless,  sometimes  with  a  short  lip,  concave,  mostly  orbicu- 
lar, antros-termiiial  or  slightly  oblique  at  the  large  and  gibbous  cla- 
vate  summit  of  the  style;  bearded  below  its  margin  on  each  side  hy  a 
tuft  or  sometimes  by  nearly  a  ring  of  stiff  and  reflexed  spreading 
^bristles. 

-«-  Leaves  undivided,  round  ovate  or  subcordate  to  lanceolate:  lat- 
'eral  petals  either  slightly  bearded  or  beardless. 

T.  Nuttallii  Pursh  Fl.  i,  174.  Glabrous  or  the  leaf  margins  finely  and 
densely  ciliate,  root  thick,  perpendicular ;  stems  scarcely  any,  leaves  lan- 
oeolate,  nearly  entire,  attenuate  to  a  long  petiole,  stipules  lanceo- 
late ;  spur  very  short  and  saccate :  pubescence  of  the  depressed  beakless 
stigma  minute.  Plains  of  the  Blue  Mountains  of  Oregon  to  the  Rocky 
Mountains  and  Kansas. 

T.  praemorsa  Dougl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1254.  Canescent  with  short  spread- 
ing hairs,  stems  short,  from  thick,  perpendicular  branching  roots :  leaves 
from  nearly  orbicular  to  lanceolate,  densely  pubescent  below,  sparingly  so 
or  quite  smooth  above,  irregularly  crenate  toothed,  6-30  lines  long,  gradu- 
ally or  abruptly  contracted  to  a  slender  petiole :  stipules  scarious,  lanceo- 
late acuminate  entire :  scapes  longer  than  the  leaves,  pubescent:  sepals 
linear  4-5  lines  long,  often  minutely  ciliate :  petals  bright  yellow,  obovate 


TioL\.  VI0LACE2E.  71 

6-8  lines  long  not  bearded :  stigma  short-apiculate,  minutely  bearded :  cap- 
sule oval,  sparingly  pubescent  or  glabrous.  On  open  plains  about  Oregon 
City  and  near  Vancouver  Washington . 

-*-   ■*-     Leaves  finely  dissected,  subterranean  shoots  commonly  send- 
ing up  their  scapiform  peduncles  from  under  the  ground. 
**     Petals  beardless,  essentially  yellow. 

V.  Donglasii  Steud.  Nom.  ii,  771.  V.  chrysantha  Hook,  not  Schrader.. 
More  or  less  pubescent  with  short  spreading  hairs :  leaves  bipinnatifid 
with  narrow  oblong  or  linear  segments  ;  peduncles  equalling  or  exceeding 
the  leaves,  2-5  inches  long:  petals  5-9  lines  long  bright  yellow,  the  upper 
brown-purple  on  the  outside,  the  others  veined :  capsule  acute  5  lines  long.. 
In  dry  soil,  southern  Oregon  to  California. 

-M-  ■►+  Lateral  petals  bearded :  upper  deep  violet-purple  or  blue ; 
lower  pale  or  yellow. 

V.  Beckwithii  T.  &  G.  Pac.  R.  Rep.  ii,  119,  t.  1.  Pubescent  or 
puberulent,  leaves  palmately  about  thrice  3-parted  into  linear  or  spatulate- 
linear  acutish  or  obtuse  lobes,  the  primary  divisions  petiolulate :  ped- 
uncles about  equalling  the  leaves :  upper  petals  deep  violet  purple,  the 
others  light,  blue  or  bluish  with  yellow  base,  lateral  ones  short,  bearded. 
California  and  Nevada  to  southern  Oregon. 

V.  Hallii  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  viii,  377.  Glabrous :  leaves  subpin- 
nately  or  pedately  about  twice  parted  into  lanceolate  or  linear  lobes,  their 
tips  obtuse  or  acutish  and  callous  apiculate :  peduncles  surpassing  the 
leaves :  upper  petals  deep  violet,  the  others  yellow  or  cream-color  6-8  lines 
long.     Gravelly  prairies  from  Salem  Oregon,  to  northern  California. 

V.  trinervata  Howell  in  Gray  kSyn.  Fl.  i,  201.  Glabrous:  leaves  pe- 
dately parted,  the  few  divisions  lanceolate  to  almost  ovate  acute  or  ^.picu- 
late  at  maturity  almost  coriaceous  strongly  3-nerved,  the  lateral  nerves 
intermarginal,  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves :  upper  petals  dark  blue, 
the  others  pale  blue  to  white,  with  a  yellow  base.  Klickitat  county, 
Washington. 

*  *  *  *  Caulescent,  the  few  to  several -leaved  stems  erect  from 
short  or  creeping  rootstocks :  no  stolons  nor  radical  flowers :  spur  short 
and  saccate:  lateral  petals  commonly  scantily  papill ose -bearded : 
stigma  beakless,  bearded  or  pubescent  at  the  sides. 

•4-  Petals  yellow ;  stems  usually  naked  at  base  and  few-leaved 
above. 

V.  lobataBenth.Pl.  Hartw.  298.  Finely  pubescent  or  glabrous :  stems  3- 
12  inches  high  from  an  erect  rootstock:  leaves  reniform  to  broadly  cune- 
ate  in  outline  1-4  inches  broad  shortly  petioled  more  or  less  deeply  palm- 
ately cleft  into  5-9  narrowly  oblong  to  lanceolate  lobes,  the  central  lobe 
usually  more  elongated,  sometimes  only  coarsely  toothed  :  peduncles  not 
longer  than  the  leaves :  petals  6-8  lines  long,  yellow,  the  upper  brownish 
purple  outside :  capsule  5-6  lines  long,  acute.  Southwestern  Oregon  to 
southern  California. 

V.  Brooksii  Kell.  Cal.  Hort.  ix,  281.  V.  lobata  var.  integrifolia  Wat- 
son Bot.  Cal.  1,57.  Minutely  pubescent:  stems  erect,  4-8  inches  high, 
few-leaved :  leaves  deltoid  or  rhombic-ovate,  often  long-acuminate,  cre- 
nate-serrate,  1-3  inches  broad:  stipules  lanceolate,  acute,  minutely  ciliate, 
entire  or  lacerate :  flowers  few,  sepals  linear,  little  if  at  all  auricled :  petals 
yellow  5-6  lines  long.  In  dry  open  forests  southwestern  Oregon  and 
California.  , 

V.  Canadensis  L  Sp.  ii,  936.  Glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent:  stems 
erect  leafy,  6-12  inches  high  from  branching,  ascending  rootstocks,  leaves 
cordate  and  mostly  acuminate,  denticulate-serrate ;  stipules  small,  nar- 
row, entire,  scarious :   petals   usually  pale  violet   outside,  white  with  yel- 


72  VIOLACE^,  VIOLA, 

lowish  base  and  some  purple  stripes  within,  the  lateral  ones  with  some 
papillose  hairs  near  the  base;  spur  short  and  saccate:  stigma  beakless, 
bearded  on  the  sides:  capsule  ovalglabrous.  Moist  woods,  Idaho,  Sand- 
berg  (N.  213),  to  the  northern  Atlantic  States  and  Canada, 

V.  glabella  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  i,  142.  Minutely  pubescent  or  glabrous  : 
stems  slender  from  a  short  fleshy  horizontal  rhizoma,  naked  or  sparingly 
leafy  below  5-12  inches  high :  radical  leaves  on  long  petioles  the  upper 
shortly  petioled,  reniform-cordate  to  cordate,  acute  crenately  toothed  or 
crenulate  1-4  inches  broad;  flowers  bright  yellow  petals  4-8  lines  long: 
capsule  ovate-oblong  3-5  lines  long,  abruptly  beaked.  In  forests,  Alaska 
to  northern  California. 

V.  ocellata  T.  &  G.  Fl,  i,  142.  Pubescent :  stems  slender  6-12  inches 
high  from  somewhat  creeping  rootstocks:  leaves  on  very  long  petioles  cor- 
date-triangular crenately  toothed,  seldom  acuminate :  stipules  lanceolate 
somewhat  ciliate  :  peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves :  sepals  linear :  petals 
oblong  lanceolate  the  upper  ones  violet  or  with  a  deep  violet  spot  on  the 
upper  face;  lower  ones  white  or  with  some  yellow  and  put-pie  veins ;  spur 
very  short :  stigma  strongly  bearded  on  each  side.  Southern  Oregon  to 
middle  California. 

V.  cnneata  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xiv,  290.  Glabrous:  stems  slen- 
der and  somewhat  trailing,  3-12  inches  long,  from  a  long  running  root- 
stock  ;  leaves  rhombic-ovate,  acute  attenuate  into  a  slender  petiole  some- 
what crenately  toothed  above  :  peduncles  not  exceeding  the  leaves :  upper 
petals  deep  purple,  the  others  purple  and  white,  4-6  lines  long.  South- 
western Oregon  and  adjacent  California  among  underbrush. 

*****  Caulescent,  from  more  or  less  creeping  rootstocks,  or  at 
first  flowering  nearly  acaulescent,  erect  or  spreading :  leaves  cordate, 
undivided:  corolla  from  blue  to  white  with  projecting,  oblong  to  cylin- 
drical spur:  style  moderately  thickened  upward,  beardless. 

V.  adaiica  Smith  in  Bos.  Cycl.  xxxviii.  F.  canina  var.  adunca  Gray. 
Puberulent  or  nearly  glabrous,  usually  3-11  inches  high,  at  length  send- 
ing out  runners  that  bear  cleistogamous  flowers :  leaves  ovate,  more  or 
less  cordate  at  base,  y^-l^i  inches  long  obscurely  crenate :  peduncles  usu- 
ally longer  than  the  leaves  :  flowers  violet  or  purple  to  white :  petals  6-8 
lines  long  the  lateral  ones  bearded,  spur  as  long  as  the  sepals,  rather  slen- 
der, hooked  or  curved.  Common  from  Brit.  Columbia  to  California,  east 
to  the  Pocky  Mountains. 

V.  puberula.  V.  canina  var.  puberula  Watson  in  Gray  Man.  ed- 
6,  81.  Finely  puberulent  throughout :  low,  2  inches  high :  leaves  shallowly 
or  often  not  at  all  cordate,  mostly  small:  peduncles  but  little  exceeding 
the  leaves,  flowers  small,  light  bliie  :  spurs  cylindraceous,  more  than  half 
the  length  of  the  petals.  In  moist  places,  Oregon  and  Washington  to  the 
Atlantic  States. 

V.  Howellii  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xxii,  308.  Stems  slender,  few- 
leaved  4-12  inches  long :  leaves  round-reniform  to  broadly  cordate,  repand- 
dentate  and  ciliate  an  inch  or  more  wide,  on  long  slender  petioles :  pedun- 
cles equalling  or  surpassing  the  leaves :  flowers  large,  pale  blue  orvoilet; 
spur  about  half  as  long  as  the  sepals,  straight  and  blunt.  In  forests 
near  Portland,  Oregon.. 

Order  X.     POLYGALE^^]  Endl.  Gen.  1077. 

Heibs  or  shrubs  with  entire  leaves  and  no  stipules.  Sepals 
5,  distinct,  usually  persistent,  very  irregular,  three  of  them 
exterior  and  smaller;  the  two  lateral  or  inner  ones  larger  and 
usually  petal-like:  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Petals  hypogynous, 
irregular;  deciduous;   usually  only  3;   of   which   one  is   larger 


POLYOALA.  POLYGALEiB,  73 

than  the  rest,  the  others  alternate  with  the  inn^r  sepals, 
Stamens  6-8  hypogynous:  filapaents  combined  into  a  tube 
which  is  split  on  the  upper  sicjp  anij  more  or  less  connate  with 
the  claws  of  the  petals,  Fruit  loculicidal  or  indehiscent. 
Seeds  anatropous  with  a  crustaceous,  testa.  E/nbryo  straight 
in  fleshy  albumen. 

1    POLYGALA  Tourn.  L.  Gen,  n,  851, 

Sepals  persistent ;  the  wings  large  and  petal-like.  Petals  3, 
Jtheir  claws  coherent  with  the  staminal  tube,  the  lowest  one 
keeled.  Ovary  2-celled,  ovules  solitary  in  each  cell,  pendulous. 
Capsule  2-celled,  flattened  contrary  to  the  narrow  partition,  ellip- 
tical, obovate,  or  obcordate.  Seeds  carunculate,  with  copious  al- 
bumen. Herbs  shrubby  at  base,  with  simple  entire  leaves  and 
racemose  or  spicate  flowers.. 

P.  Californica  Nutt.  T.  &  G!  Fl.  i,  671.  P.  cucullata  Benth.  Stems 
slender  from  a  woody  base,  2-8  inches  high  :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or 
sometimes  ovate- elHptical  >^-l  inch  long  on  very  short  petioles :  flowers 
rose-color  on  pedicels  1-3  lines  long,  without  bracts :  sepals  glabrous  or 
nearly  so,  the  outer  2)^  lines  long,  rounded-saccate  at  base;  the  wings 
rather  broadly  spatulate  4-6  lines  long :  lateral  petals  linear-lanceolate, 
somewhat  ciliate,  about  equalling  the  keel:  fruit  mostly  from  ape talous, 
flowers  near  the  root;  capsule  glabrous,  broadly  ovate  2j^--3  lines  long,  re- 
tuse  above,  nearly  jessile,  narrowly  margined:  seeds  2  lines  long  some- 
what pubescent ;  the  caruncle  vesicular  and  wrinkled,  calyptra-like,  half 
the  length  of  the  seed.     Southwestern  Oregon  and  California. 

Order  XI.    CARYOPHYLLACE^  Juss. 

Herbs  sometimes  suffrutescent  at  base  with  bland  and  inert 
juice,  regular  and  mostly  perfect  flowers,  persistent  calyx,  its 
parts  and  the  petals  4  or  5  and  imbricated,  or  the  petals  some- 
times convolute,  in  the  bud,  stamens  twice  as  many,  or  as 
many  and  alternate  with  them  or  rarely  fewer  than  the  petals, 
ovary  1-celled  with  a  free  central  placenta  bearing  few  to  several 
campylotropous  ovules,  the  reniform  seeds  with  a  slender  em- 
bryo coiled  around  the  outside  of  farinaceous  albumen.  Stems 
usually  swollen  at  the  nodes.  Leaves  often  united  at  the  base 
by  a  transverse  line,  in  one  group  with  interposed  scarious  sti- 
pules^ .  Petals  sometimes  wanting.  Stamens  mostly  hypogynous 
around  an  annular  disk,  sometimes  perigynous  by  its  cohesion 
with  the  base  of  the  calyx.  Styles  2-5  mostly  distinct  and 
with  the  stigma  running  down  the  inner  face.  Fruit  a  capsule, 
opening  by  valves  or  by  teeth  at  the  summit.  Flowers  termi- 
nal, or  in  the  forks,  or  in  cymes. 

Tribe  i.  Sepals  united  into  a  4-  or  5-toothed  or  lobed  calyx. 
Petals  commonly  with  an  appendage  on  the  base  of  the  blade 
within,  narrowed  below  into  a  conspicuous  claw ;  these  and  the 
stamens  borne  on  the  stipe  of  the  ovary.  Styles  distinct.  Capsule 
dehiscent  at'  the  summit  by  as  many  or  twice  as  many  teeth  as 
styles.     Flowers  comparatively  large,  perfect,  or  not  infrequently 


74  CARYOPHYLLACEiE. 

polygamous. 

1.  Saponaria.  Calyx  5-angled  becoming  5-winged  :  its  teeth  short,  not 
foliaceous :  styles  2,  capsule  4-5  valved. 

2.  Silene,  Calyx  commonly  9-nerved,  styles  3 :  capsule  opening  by  as 
many  or  twice  as  many  teeth. 

3.  Lychnis.  Calyx  10-nerved,  styles  4  or  5,  alternate  with  the  petals 
when  of  the  same  number:  capsule  opening  by  as  many  or  twice  as 
many  teeth :  perennials. 

4.  Agrostemma.  Styles  5  opposite  the  petals :  calyx-teeth  conspicuously 
prolonged  into  foliaceous  appendages. 

Tribe  ii.  Sepals  free  or  slightly  united  at  the  very  base.  Pet- 
als unappendaged,  more  or  less  narrowed  below  but  not  to  a  dis- 
tinct claw,  inserted  with  the  stamens  on  the  margin  of  the  disk 
at  the  base  of  the  sessile  ovar}^  not  rarely  inconspicuous  or  none. 

*    Stipules  none, 
ore  or  less  elongat< 
by  twice  as  many  teeth  as  there  are  carpels. 

5.  Cerastiuin.  Capsule  cylindric  dehiscent  with  twice  as  many  equal 
teeth  as  styles :  petals  emarginate  or  bifid ;  styles  5,  rarely  3  or  4. 

■*-  +-    Capsule  ovoid   or  oblong,   relatively  short,  dehiscent  by   as 
many  or  twice  as  many  teeth  as  there  are  styles. 

•^+     Styles  usually  fewer  than  the  sepals,  when  of  the  same  number 
opposite  them.  ^ 

6.  Alsine.  Capsule  globose  to  oblong,  with  as  many  valves  as  styles, 
petals  bifid  or  2-parted :  styles  3,  rarely  2,  4  or  5. 

7.  Arenaria.  Sepals  5,  petals  as  many,  entire  or  emarginate  rarely 
wanting:  styles  3,  4  or  5. 

*>  -^     Styles  as  many  as  the  sepals  and  alternate  with  them. 

8.  Alsinella.  Capsule  globose  with  as  many  entire  valves  as  styles  : 
sepals  4  or  5,  petals  entire  as  many  as  the  sepals  or  wanting. 

*  *    Stipules  present  scarious  or  setiform :  petals  undivided. 
-*-     Petals  conspicuous,  styles  distinct. 

9.  Spergnla.  Styles  5,  alternate  with  the  sepals  and  with  the  entire 
valves  of  the  capsule. 

10.  Tissa.    Styles  and  valves  of  the  capsuie  3,  very  rarely  5. 

Tribe  I.  Silenese  DC.  Sepals  united  into  a  4'  or  5-toothed  or 
-lohed  calyx.  Petals  unguicidate,  often  scale-bearing  or  appendaged 
at  the  junction  of  the  blade  and  claw,  inserted  with  the  stamens  on 
the  stipe  of  the  ovary.  Stipules  none.  Flowers  usually  showy, 
perfect  or  polygamous. 

1     SAPONARIA  L.  Gen.  n.  564. 

Smooth  branching  herbs  witlj  entire  leaves  and  showy  pink  or 
white  flowers  in  terminal  clusters  or  panicles,  blooming  in  sum- 
mer. Calyx  tubular  or  obovoid,  5-toothed,  terete,  with  numerous 
faint  veins   or  conspicuously  5-angled.     Petals   5.     Stamens  10. 

Styles  2.  Capsule  1-celled  or  Imperfectly  2-4-celled  ,ai  base, 
dehiscent  by  4  short  teeth.  Seeds  laterally  attached.  Embryo 
curved. 


SAPOXARiA.  CABYOPHYLLACE^.  75 

SILENE. 

S.  Vaccaria  L.  Sp.  409.  Stem  solitary  from  an  annual  root,  erect,  1-4 
feet  high,  widely  branching  above:  leaves  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  ses- 
sile and  somewhat  connate  at  base;  flowers  in  a  broad  corymb;  calyx 
ovoid,  with  5  sharp  herbaceous  angles,  the  intervening  parts  white  and 
scarious :  petals  rose-color,  without  appendages.  Common  in  cultivated 
grounds.     Introduced  from  Europe. 

S.  OFFICINALE  L.  ^p.  408.  Stems  numerous  from  a  perennial  root,  1-2 
feet  high,  stout:  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  narrowed  at  the  base,  2-3 
inches  long,  3-ribbed:  flowers  clustered  at  the  ends  of  the  short  branches, 
often  double;  calyx  tubular,  terete,  with  numerous  faint  nerves;  petals 
white  or  pink,  appendaged  at  the  junction  of  the  claws  and  obovate  retuse 
blade.     Roadsides  and  R.  R.  embankments.    Introduced  from  Europe. 

2    SILENE  L.  Gen.  n.  567. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  with  mostly  linear  entire  opposite 
leaves  and  white  or  red  flowers  in  paniculate  racemes :  (rarely 
solitary  or  cymose).  Calyx  tubular  more  or  less  inflated,  cylin- 
dro-clavate  to  campanulate,  5-toothed,  10-nerved.  Petals  5,  with 
slender  claws,  which  are  usually  crowned  with  scales  at  their  junc- 
tion with  the  mostly  2  to  many-cleft  blade.  Stamens  10.  Style 
3.  Ovary  stipitate.  Capsule  dehiscent  by  6,  rarely  3  short  teeth. 
Seeds  opaque,  tuberculate  or  echinate,  attached  by  the  margin  : 
embryo  peripherical. 

$  Annuals,  mostly  introduced. 
+-  Inflorescence  simply  racemose  or  subspicate ;  pedicels  solitary. 

S.  Gallica  L.  iSp.  417.  Stems  hirsute  with  white  jointed  hairs :  leaves 
spatulate,  mucronate,  hirsute-pubpscent  on  both  sides  8-18  lines  long:  ra- 
cemes terminal  one-sided,  2-4  inches  long :  flowers  more  or  less  pedicel- 
late :  calyx  10-nerved,  villous-hirsute,  slender,  subcylindric  in  anthesis, 
becoming  in  fruit  broadly  ovoid  with  contracted  orifice  and  short  narrow 
spreading  teeth:  petals  usually  little  exceeding  the  calyx;  the  blade  ob- 
oyate,  somewhat  bifid,  toothed  or  entire.  Along  the  coast  from  Brit.  Co- 
lumbia to  Lower  California. 

Var.  quinquevulnera,  Koch.  Syn.  Fl.  Germ.  et.  Helv.  100.  Petals 
more  showy,  subentire,  deep  crimson  with  a  white  or  pink  border. 
With  the  typical  form. 

H-  +-    Inflorescence  cymose  or  paniculate,  not  distinctly  racemose. 
f>     Smooth  or  nearly  so,  a  part  of  the  upper  internodes  glutinous. 

S.  antirrhina  L.  Sp.  419.  Stems  slender,  6-36  high:  leaves  oblong-lan- 
ceolate or  linear,  commonly  acute:  flowers  small  in  a  compound  cyme,  on 
long  filiform  pedicels:  calyx  oblong-cylindric,  smooth,  in  fruit  ovoid  with 
short  teeth ;  petals  obcordate,  about  equalling  the  calyx-teeth  expanding  only 
at  night  or  in  cloudy  weather;  scales  minute:  ovary  scarcely  stiped.  On  dry 
hillsides,  California  to  Brit.  Columbia  and  across  the  continent. 

*  *    Very  low  and  densely  matted  subcaulescent  perennials. 

S.  acaalis  L.  Sp.  ed.  2,  603.  Closely  cespitose,  an  inch  or  two  high : 
leaves  linear,  crowded  on  the  branching  caudex :  flowers  small,  2-3  lines  in 
diameter,  subsessile  or  raised  on  naked  curved  peduncles :  calyx  narrowly 
campanulate  glabrous,  the  teeth  short  and  rounded :  petals  purplish  or 
white,  minutely  appendaged,  obcordate,  exserted:  flowers  dioecious  by 
abortion.     Arctic  America  to  the  Cascade  and  Rocky  Mountains. 

*  *  *    Caulescent  perennials. 


76  CARYOPHYLLACE.E.  silene. 

-♦-  Flowers  large  rather  few :  calyx  cylindrical  or  clavate :  petals  5-7 
lines  long,  4-several-cleft :  stems  leafy:  seedcoat  more  or  less  rough- 
ened but  firm. 

S.  Californica  Durand  PL  Pratt.  83.  Glandular-pubescent  or  puberu- 
lent:  stems  several  from  the  simple  root,  3^-4  feet  high,  lax,  leafy,  sim- 
ple, or  branched  above :  leaves  oblanceolate  to  ovate  1-4  inches  long,  acute 
or  acuminate :  flowers  large,  deep  scarlet,  few  at  the  ends  of  the  branches : 
pedicels  short,  the  lower  deflected  in  fruit:  calyx  7-10  lines  long :  petals 
deeply  parted  with  bifid  segments,  the  lobes  2-3  toothed  or  entire ;  scales 
oblong-lanceolate  :  capsule  ovate  6  lines  long  rather  shortly  stipitate.  Cal- 
ifornia, reaches  the  southwest  corner  of  Oregon. 

S.  Hookeri  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  i,  193.  White-tomentose,  especially 
above:  stems  leafy  3-10  inches  high,  from  a  deep  perpendicular  root : 
leaves  spatulate  or  lanceolate,  acute,  an  inch  or  so  long,  attenuate  below 
to  a  winged  petiole:  flowers  large  and  showy,  on  erect  pedicels  1-2  inches 
long;  calyx  oblong-clavate,  8-10  lines  long:  petals  pale  pink,  twice  longer 
than  the  calyx,  the  broad  claw  not  auricled,  the  cuneate  blade  1-6  parted 
with  lanceolate  or  linear  entire  or  bifid  segments ;  scales  lanceolate,  de- 
current  upon  the  claw,  ovary  roundish,  nearly  sessile.  Prairies  and 
wooded  hillsides,  Willamette  valley  to  California. 

+-  ■*-     Flowers  smaller,  6-8  lines  in  diameter. 
++    Flowers  borne  in  the  forks  of  the  branches  forming  a  leafy  in- 
florescence. 

S.  campanulata  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  341.  Finely  glandular 
pubescent :  root  thick,  simple,  caudex  branching,  somewhat  woody :  stem 
6-10  inches  high,  simple  or  dichotomously  branched  at  the  summit; 
leaves  lanceolate,  1-1)^  inches  long,  acute  or  acuminate ;  flowers  solitary 
or  few,  on  short  deflexed  pedicels;  calyx  campanulate,  5-6  lines  long,  the 
teeth  broad,  obtuse  or  acutish,  and  finely  net- veined ;  petals  pale  flesh- 
color,  9  lines  long,  with  pubescent  scarcely  auriculate  claws,  the  limb  4- 
parted  nearly  to  the  base,  the  lobes  bifid  to  the  middle,  or  the  lateral  ones 
entire  or  notched ;  appendages  oblong,  fleshy,  entire ;  filaments  pubescent, 
exserted ;  ovary  suborbicular,  shortly  stipitate.  In  mountains  of  southern 
Oregon  and  northern  California. 

S.  Oreenii.  S.  campanulata  var.  Greenii  Watson  in  Robinson  Proc. 
Am.  Acad,  xxviii,  137.  Pubescent  and  viscid-glandular  throughout: 
root  simple ;  rootstock  branching:  stems  slender  declined  or  ascending: 
leaves  ovate:  calyx  green,  open  campanulate,  deeply  toothed:  petals  rather 
broad,  cleft  into  4  or  more  greenish  or  yellow  segments :  capsule  globular. 
In  the  mountains  from  the  Cow  Creek  country  to  northern  California. 

S.  Menziesii  Hook.  Fl.  i,  90  t,  30.  S.  stellarioides  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  i, 
193.  Finely  glandular-pubescent:  stems  weak, dichotomously  branched 
above:  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate  at  each  end:  fiowers  small:  ca- 
lyx 2-4  lines  long :  petals  2-cleft  commonly  unappendaged  :  capsule  ovate- 
oblong,  2  lines  or  less  broad.  Common  from  Vancouver  Island  to 
southern  California  and  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  New  Mexico. 

-«-  -«-  Flowers  few,  rather  small,  white  or  nearly  so,  nodding,  borne 
in  a  lax  naked  pannicle :  petals  cleft  into  4  or  more  narrowly  linear  almost 
filiform  segments ;  styles  long  exserted. 

S.  loiigistylis  Engelm.  in  Herb.  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xxii  469. 
Cespitose  with  a  slender  much-branched  caudex:  finely  pubescent  through- 
out, with  very  short  spreading  subglandular  hairs :  stems  slender,  6-12 
inches  high  :  leaves  linear-lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  acute  an  inch  long  or 
less,  mostly  radical,  the  cauline  only  1  or  2  pairs :  calyx  ovate  cylindrical 
soon  becoming  ovoid,  the  teeth  broad  ovate,  petals  white,  the  narrow  claw 
scarcely  auricled  and  very  pubescent,  the  blade  cleft  nearly  to  the  base, 


8ILEXE.  CARYOPHYLLACE^.  77 

into  four  linear  or  filiform  segments ;  appendages  linear,  entire  :  stamens 
and  style  long  exserted,  capsule  subsessile  :  seeds  small,  dark  red.  Siski- 
you Mountains,  near  Ashland,  Oregon,  to  Scott's  Mountain,  California. 

-4-  -4-  -•-  Flowers  scattered  or  variously  paniculate :  style  in- 
cluded or  somewhat  exserted :  capsule  distinctly  stipitate :  calyx  cylin- 
drical or  in  fruit  clavate  or  obovate,  usually  distinctly  contracted 
about  the  stipe  of  the  capsule. 

S.  Oregana  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  x,  343.  Viscidly  pubescent: 
stems  strict,  erect,  simple,  few  to  several  from  a  deep  perpendicular  root  1- 
2  inches  long :  flowers  in  an  open  dichotomous  panicle,  somewhat  nod- 
ding, upon  slender  pedicels  3-6  lines  long:  petals  white,  10  lines  long,  the 
narrow  limb  parted  to  the  base  and  the  lobes  deeply  bifid  with  filiform 
segments,  the  narrow  naked  claw  with  the  auricles  produced  upward  into 
lanceolate  teeth :  scales  linear  entire  :  ovary  oblong,  long  stipitate.  Oregon 
andWashington  in  mountainous  districts. 

S.  moiitana  Watson  1.  c.  343.  Finely  pubescent:  stems  erect  from  a 
more  or  less  decumbent  base  4-14  inches  high :  linear-lanceolate  or  nar- 
rowly oblanceolate,  acuminate  1-23^  inches  long  mostly  radical ;  the  cau- 
line  3-4  pairs,  inflorescence  varying  from  subspicate  to  paniculate ;  flowers 
rarely  solitary :  calyx  6-9  lines  long :  petals  greenish  white  to  ri.>se-color 
2-4  lipes  longer  than  the  calyx,  stamens  and  style  about  equalling  the  pet- 
als: ovary  long-stipitate :  capsule  acutish.  Near  Carson  City,  Nevada,  to 
Mariposa,  Cal.  Specimens  collected  in  the  Siskiyou  Mountains  near  the 
Oregon  line  are  doubtfully  referred  to  this  species. 

S.  Gormani.  Finely  puberulent  with  minute  crisp  hairs,  glandular 
above;  stems  slender,  simple,  1-2  feet  high:  leaves  lanceolate  to  linear,  the 
lower  ones  narrowed  below  to  a  long  slender  petiole,  acute  or  acuminate: 
flowers  rather  few,  erect,  in  a  strict  elongated  panicle,  or  sometimes  con- 
tracted to  a  several-flowered  cyme,  pedicels  very  unequal  3-12  lines  long, 
slender;  calyx  oblong-cylindrical,  6-8  lines  long,  tniucate  at  base,  some- 
what costate  with  10  green  ribs,  the  intervening  spaces  scarious;  the  subu- 
late teeth  very  acute;  petals  well  exserted;  the  blade  3-paited  with  deeply 
2-lobed  segments:  stamens  and  styles  well  exsei'ted:  capsule  oval,  abruptly 
contsacted  below  to  a  short  stipe.  In  forests,  Hunt's  Eanch,  Jackson  Co. 
Oregon,  4400  feet  elevation:  Aug.  13th,  1896:  if.  W.  Gorman. 

-<--*--»-  f^-  Calyx  oblong,  campanulate,  or  rarely  obovate,  rather 
loosely  surrounding  the  ovary  sometimes  narrowed  downward,  but 
not  distinctly  contracted  about  the  stipe. 

S.  Suksdorfli  Robinson  Bot.  Gaz.  xvi  44  t.  6.  Low,  densely  matted: 
stems  2-5  inches  high,  simple,  1-3  flowered,  minutely  pubescent  below, 
glandular  above:  stem  leaves  about  2  pairs,  linear  3-7  lines  long,  a  line 
wide :  radical  leaves  numerous,  crowded,  similar  or  somewhat  spatulate : 
calyx  broadly  cylindrical  or  campanulate  seldom  exceeding  5  lines  in 
length;  nerves  conspicuous,  simple  below,  anastomosing  above,  petals 
white,  little  exceeding  the  calyx ;  shallowly  bifid,  lobes  entire:  append- 
ages oblong,  retnse :  stipe  of  capsule  1%  lines  long.  On  the  snowy  peaks, 
Washingon  to  California. 

S.  Lyallil  Watson  1.  c.  xxviii,  144.  Glabrous  excepting  the  inflores- 
cence which  is  subglandular-puberulent :  stems  slender  ascending :  leaves 
linear-oblanceolate,  1-2  inches  long,  the  lower  attenuate  to  a  slender  pet- 
iole :  flowers  in  dichotomous  few-flowered  cymes,  the  slender  pedicels  3-4 
lines  long,  not  deflexed ;  calyx  4  lines  long,  campanulate,  net-veined  above, 
the  teeth  obtuse,  broadly  triangular;  petals  7  lines  long,  brownish  purple, 
with  an  oblong  shortly  bifid  limb,  oblong  entire  appendages,  and  naked 
scarcely  auricled  claw ;  anthers  purple,  included ;  styles  very  short ;  ovary 
small,  narrowly  oblong.    Cascade   Mountains  lat.  49  Lyall  to  California. 


78  CARYOPHYLLACEiL'.  silene. 

"This  doubtful  species  is  to  be  distinguished  from  some  forms  of  S.  Doug- 
lasii  only  by  its  smaller  flowers,  more  leafy  habit  and  darker  petals." 
Robinson  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xxviii,  144. 

8.  Bonglasil  Hook  Fl.  i,  88.  Finely  puberulent  th:f©ilg&<Dnt  and 
rarely  somewhat  glandular  above :  stems  numerous  erect  o^  aecerading 
from  a  branching  decumbent  rootstock,  slender  6-15  inches  hi^,  siw^ple 
few-fiowered :  leaves  narrowly' oblanc  olate  to  linear,  an  inch  or  fevo  long:: 
flowers  erect  on  slender  pedicels :  calyx  oblong-cylindric,  often  softiewhattJ. 
inflated,  5-7  lines  long:  petals  8-10  lines  long,  with  broad  obtuse  li^besyai 
narrow  auricled  claw  and  narr  w  scales:  claws,  filaments  and  stipe  oft  thw 
ovary,  more  or  less  villous:  capsule  oblong-ovate  equalling  the  cafl^x,. 
rather  long  stipitate  seeds  strongly  tubercled  on  the  back.  Rocky  plafcesi 
and  cliffs,  Washington  to  California  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

Var.  viscida  Robinson  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xxviii,  144.  Glandular-viscid' 
especially  above:  stems  erect,  rigid,  mostly  simple  from  a  branched, 
slightly  woody  base :  calyx  broadly  oblong  or  almost  campanulate  rela- 
tively short:  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate  to  linear-oblong,  thickish.  Washing- 
ton to  Brit.  Columbia. 

S.  macrocalyx.  S.  Bouglasii  var.  macrocalyx  Robinson  Proc.  Am. 
Acad,  xxviii,  J 45.  Puberulent  or  nearly  smooth  scarcely  viscid:  stems; 
several  from  the  fleshy  root,  rather  stout  1-2  feet  high:  leaves  narrowly  lan- 
ceolate to  linear,  attenuate  to  each  end :  flowns  mostly  in  3-flowered  long- 
peduncled  cymes:  calyx  long-cylindrical,  8-10  lines  long,3-5  lines  in  diameter, 
the  ends  of  "the  teeth  surrounded  by  an  obtuse  inflexed  membrane:  petals 
pink  or  purplish,  2  lobed:  segments  obtuse:  claw  auricled,  appendages  ob- 
long, obtuse.  On  dry  ridges.  Mount  Adams  Washn  gton  to  the  Humboldt 
Mounlalns  in  Nevada. 

S.  Columbiana.  S.  Douglasii  var.  hrachy calyx  Robinson  I.  c .  Smoolhi 
or  puberulent,  but  not  viscid:  root  thick  and  branching:  stems  many  from  tlie* 
much  branched  caudex,  slender,  erect,  or  decumbent  at  base,  1-2  feet  high':; 
leaves  distant,  spreading,  narrowly  oblanceolate  the  lower  <mes  attenuate  at- 
both  ends,  2-4  inches  long:  flowers  boru«  in  1-5  flowered  long- peduncled 
cymes:  calyx  campanulate:  6-10  lines  long,  in  fruit  4-6  lines  in  diameter, 
strongly  10-nerved,  the  intervening  spaces  scarious,  the  short  triangular 
teeth  scarious  margined:  petals  white  or  pale  pink  2-lobed  reticulate  veined, 
the  blade  half  as  long  as  the  calyx,  the  claw  conspicuously  amicled,  the 
prominent  scales  oblong,  shallowly  21obed:  capsule  ovnid,  5-6  line*  long  on 
a  stout  stipe  half  as  long;  seeds  dark  brown  with  a  prominent  pectinate  bor- 
der. On  cliffs  and  rocky  banks  along  the  lower  Columbia  and  Willamette 
rivers . 

S.  moiiantha  Watson  1.  c.  x,  340.  Glabrous:  stems  very  weak,  elon- 
gated, ascending,  branched:  leaves  narrowly  oblanceolate  1)^-3  inches 
long,  acuminate,  shortly  ciliate  at  base:  flowers  terminal  on  elongated 
peduncles,  not  reflexed :  calyx  6  lines  long,  slightly  puberulent:  petals  9 
lines  long,  the  naked  claw  very  narrowly  auricled,  limb  bifid  with  broad 
rounded  lobes :  scales  lanceolate  entire,  half  as  long  as  the  limb :  filaments 
naked ;  style  short :  ovary  oblong,  rather  long-stipitate.  Collected  by  Kel- 
logg &  Harford  near  the  Cascades  of  the  Columbia :  not  since  found . 

S»  Macounii  Watson  1.  c.  xxvi,  124.  Stems  very  slender  from  a 
slender  branching  rootstock  a  foot  high,  minutely  pubescent,  gland- 
lilar  above :  leaves  lineaf-oblanceolate,  B  iliches  lotig  or  less  i  flowers  few, 
on  pedicels  6-12  lines  long :  calyx  inflated,  oblong-campanulate,  4-5  lines 
long;  with  short  obtusfe  teeth  :  petals  little  exserted,  with  a  bl^oadlj^  auri- 
cled glabrotis  claw  and  large  thin  quadrate  and  nearly  entire  appendages 
the  flabelliform  bifid  blade  with  a  linear  tooth  on  each  side :  capsule 
efc[ualiing  the  calyx,  oblong-ovate,  on  a  stipe  1J4  lines  long.  Washington 
to  Brit.  Columbia^ 


siLBNB,  CARYOPHYLLACE^.  79 

LYCHNIS. 

S.  mnlticaule  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  i,  192.  Grayish  tomentulose :  stems 
numerous,  erect,  rigid,  about  a  foot  high :  leaves  linear-oblanceolate :  rathtr 
acute:  flowers- in  threes,  few,  on  shortish  peduncles:  calyx  ovate-cylindri- 
cal, slightly  inflated  with  obtuse  teeth :  petals  bifid :  seeds  brown,  mar- 
gined with  a  scaly  crest.  Eastern  Oregon  and  Washington  to  Montana 
and  Idaho. 

S.  scaposa  Robinson  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xxviii,  145.  Finely  puberulent, 
somewhat  viscid  above:  stems  erect,  subsimple  almost  naked  12-18  inches 
high,  rather  rigid:  radical  leaves  thickish,  oblanceolate,  acute,  3-nerved, 
somewhat  glaucous  2-3  inches  long.  3-5  lines  broad,  cauline  leaves  reduced 
to  1-2  pairs  of  distant  bracts:  inflorescence  a  narrow  rigid  panicle :  flowers 
small  erect:  calyx  oblong  or  elliptical  in  outline,  with  simple  green  nerves: 
petals  white  scarcely  exceeding  the  calyx;  the  blade  short,  retuse,  the  claw 
with  somewhat  saccate  auricles :  appendages  short,  obtuse :  ovary  shortly 
stiped.     Blue  Mountains  of  Oregon,  Nevius;  Cold  Camp,  Oregon,  Howell. 

+-  -4-   -I-   -t-    -*-     Inflorescence    subspicate    or  forming  an    elongated 
thyrse :  styles  included  or  moderately  exserted. 

S.  Scouleri  Hook.  Fl.  i,  88.  More  of  less  pubescent  and  glandular, 
especially  above :  stems  stout,  erect,  few  or  solitary  from  deep  perpendicu- 
lar roots,  1-4  feet  high,  leaves  oblanceolate  2-6  inches  long:  flowers  some- 
what ciowded  in  the  axils  of  the  bracts:  calyx  oblong  clavate:  petals  bi- 
fid, the  lobes  oblong  emarginate;  the  claws  with  acute  auricles  woolly-cili- 
ate  as  well  as  the  filaments;  scales  obtuse;  capsule  ovate-oblong  3-4  times 
longer  than  the  stipe.  Oregon  and  Washington,  east  to  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tainn. 

S.  Spauldin^ii  Watson  L  c.  x,  344,  Viscidly  tomentose:  stems  erect, 
stout,  a  foot  high  or  more,  simple  or  branched,  very  leafy:  leaves  Ian, - 
ceolate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  1-2  inches  long,  acutish;  flowers  in  a  short- 
strict,  racemose  panicle,  nodding  or  erect:  calyx  oblong-cylindric,  7-» 
lines  long ;  petals  scarcely  exserted,  the  broad  auricled  claw  naked,  the 
limb  very  short  and  triangular,  notched  at  the  apex  and  with  four  small 
lanceolate  scales  at  the  base  ;  filaments  and  style  included :  ovary  oblong, 
shortly  stipitate.    Eastern  Oregon  and  Idaho. 

2    LYCHNIS  Tourn.  Inst,  i,  333  t.   175,   L.  Gen.  n.  584. 

Erect  herbs  with  the  aspect  of  Silene.  Calyx  ovoid,  obovate, 
or  clavate,  5-toothed,  10-nerved,  usually  inflated,  its  teeth  short 
and  not  foliaceous.  Petals  with  or  without  appendages ;  the 
blade  entire  or  variously  lobed  or  cleft.  Stamens  10.  Styles  5, 
rarely  4,  alternating  with  the  petals  when  of  the  same  number. 
Ovary  1-celled  or  divided  at  the  base  into  4  or  5  partial  cells. 
Capsule  dehiscent  by  as  many  or  twice  as  many  teeth  as  styles. 
Seeds  laterally  attached  :  embryo  curved. 

L.  Brnmmondii  Watson  Bot.  King  37.  Finely  glandular  pubescent 
above :  stems  several  from  thick  rootstock,  strict  and  rather  stout  a  foot  or 
two  high :  leaves  narrowly  oblanceolate  2-3  inches  long,  erect :  flowers  few, 
on  stout  strictly  erect  often  elongated  pedicels :  calyx  cylindric  becoming 
oblong-ovate,  5-6  lines  long,  with  short  acutish  teeth:  i)etals  rarely 
slightly  exserted,  white  or  purple,  the  narrow  emarginate  blade  narrower 
than  the  auricled  claw,  scales  minute,  capsule  nearly  sessile.  Eastern 
Oregon  to  Colorado. 

L.  CoRONABiA  Desr.  in  Lam.  Diet,  iii,  643,  Densely  wooUy-tomentose 
throughout:  stems  1 -3  feet  high  :  leaves  oval  or  oblong:  calyx  ovoid,  its 
teeth  filiform,  twisted,  the  alternating  ribs  more  prominent:  petals  large, 
light  crimson.     Escaped  from  gardens,  in  several    places    from   Seattle 


80  CARYOPHYLLACE^.  agkostemma. 

CERASTIUM. 

Washington  to  California. 

4  AGKOSTEMMA  L.  Gen.  n.  379. 
Erect  annuals  or  biennials  with  linear  leaves  and  showy,  usu- 
ally red,  flowers.  Calyx  ovoid  ;  with  10  strong  ribs,  its  lobes  con- 
spicuously prolonged  into  foliaceous  appendages.  Petals  5, 
unappendaged.  Stamens  10.  Styles  5,  opposite  the  petals. 
Capsule   1-celled.       Seeds   laterally   attached :    embryo  curved. 

A.  GiTHAGO  L.  Sp.  435.  Lychnis  Githago  Scop,  Hirsute  annual :  stems 
1-6  feet  high,  dichotomously  branched :  leaves  linear :  flowers  on  long  ped- 
uncles: calyx  cylindrical  campanulate,  with  very  long  teeth,  coriaceous : 
petals  large,  purple,  the  blade  oboordate ;  scales  none,  capsule  sessile. 
Cultivated  fields. 

Tribe  II.  Alsinex  DC.  Sepals  free  or  slightly  united  at  the 
very  base.  Petals  more  or  less  contracted  at  base,  but  not  unguicu- 
late,  imappendaged,  inserted  on  the.  outside  of  the  hypogynous  or 
more  or  less  perigynous  disk.  Floioers  mostly  small;  styles  distinct 
to  the  base.     Ovary   sessile. 

*  Stipules  none:  petals  entire  or  2-lohed. 
5    CERASTIUM  L.  Gen.  n.  585. 

Low  herbs  with  white  flowers  in  terminal  bracteate  dichoto- 
mous  cymes.  Sepals  5,  not  carinate.  Petals  5,  emarginate  o- 
bifid.  Stamens  10.  Styles  5,  rarely  3  or  4.  Capsule  cylindrir 
or  cylindric-conic,  often  incurved,  1-celled, "liiany-seeded,  dehis- 
cent by  twice  as  many  teeth  aa  styles.  Seeds  subreniform-glo- 
bose,  usually  granulate. 

*    Viscid  pubescent  annuals. 

C.  lon^ipeduncnlatnm  Muhl.  Cat.  46  C  nutans  Raf.  Free.  Dec.  36. 
Erect,  usually  branching  from  the  base,  4-10  inches  high :  leaves  narrowly 
oblong  or  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  clasping  %-!%,  inches  long:  cymes 
often  niany-liowered ;  pedicels  often  nodding  or  deflexed  in  fruit;  calyx 
1^-2  lines  long,  the  petals  slightly  longer:  capsule  4-6  lines  long  curved. 
Sandy  river  bottoms,  eastern  Oregon  to  the  Atlantic. 

C.  viscosuM  L.  Sp.  437.  Suberect,  3-12  inches  high,  dichotomously 
branched  above,  leaves  ovate  or  obovate  or  oblong-ovate  6-12  lines  long : 
flowers  in  close  clusters  on  very  short  pedicels :  sepals  4,  lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate, with  narrow  scarious  margins  13^-2  lines  long:  petals  notched  with 
rounded  lobes,  about  equalling  the  sepals :  capsule  narrow,  at  length  much 
exserted.    Throughout  temperate  North  America  in  cultivated  fields,  etc. 

*  *    Perennials. 

C.  VULQATUM  L.  Sp.  ed.  2, 627.  Prostrate  and  rooting  at  the  nodes  or  sub- 
erect,  4-12  inches  high  ;  pubescent  with  spreading  hairs :  leaves  spatulate  or 
oblanceolate  to  broadly  lanceolate,  6-15  lines  long :  flowers  in  clusters  at 
the  ends  of  the  branches,  on  slender  pedicels  1-2  lines  long:  sepals  lanceo- 
late acute  with  scarious  tips,  2-8  lines  long :  petals  oblong  2-toothed,  about 
equalling  the  sepals.     Common  everywhere,  introduced  from  Europe. 

C.  pilosnm  Ledeb.  Mem.  Acad.  Petr.  v,  539i  (?).  Erect,  rather  stout, 
more  or  less  densely  pilose,  glandular-pubescent  above,  leaves  oblong-lan- 
ceolate 6-12  lines  long,  1-6  lines  broad,  acute,  almost  sheathing  at  base: 
flowers  large,  few:  calyx  3-4  lines  long,  the  petals  half  longer:  capsule  6- 
10  lines  long,  the  slender  teeth  at  length  circinate.    Alaska  and  Siberia;  to? 


CERABTiTJM.  CARYOPHYLLACE^.  81 

ALSINE. 

California. 

C.  aryeuse  L.  Sp.  438.  More  or  less  pubescent  with  reflexed  hairs :  ces- 
pitose :  stems  erect,  rather  slender,  3-16  inches  high  :  leaves  linear  or  linear- 
lanceolate  6-18  lines  long,  acute,  clasping,  those  of  the  stem  distant: 
bracts  small:  cyme  few-flowered,  usually  narrow:  pedicels  half  to  an  inch 
or  more  long:  calyx  2-3  lines  long,  lanceolate,     • 

Var.  angustifolinm  Fenzl  in  Ledeb.  Fl.  Ross,  i,  413  (?)  Stems  pubes- 
cent, hoary  or  glandular :  leaves  elongated,  linear  or  narrowly  linear-lan- 
ceolate, attenuate  at  base ;  those  of  the  stem  approximate :  lobes  of  the  pet- 
als oblong-ovate.     Oregon. 

C.  alpiiinm  L.  Sp.  438.  Densely  silky-hirsute :  stems  weak,  decum- 
bent and  matted :  leaves  elliptic-ovate,  4-6  lines  long :  flowers  few,  on  more 
or  less  elongated  pedicels;  petals  bifid,  twice  the  length  of  the  rather  ob- 
tuse scarious-margined  and  hairy  sepals :  capsule  nearly  twice  as  long  as 
the  calyx.    Wyoming  to  Alaska,  i)erhaps  in  Idaho. 

6    ALSINE  L.  (not  Wahl.  Fl.  Lap.   127.) 

Low  spreading  herbs,  usually  preferring  shaded  or  moist 
places,  with  mostly  4-angled  stems,  flat,  rarely  acerose ;  leaves 
and  small  ^vhite  flowers  in  cymes  or  solitary.  Sepals  5,  rarely  4, 
somewhat  united  at  base.  Petals  as  many,  rarely  wanting,  al- 
ways more  or  less  deeply  2-cleft,  often  divided  almost  to  the 
base,  thus  appearing  as  10,  often  perigynous.  Stamens  10,  or  by 
abortion  3-8,  styles  3,  sometimes  2,  4  or  5,  opposite  to  as  many 
sepals.  Capsule  globose  to  oblong,  1 -celled,  dehiscent  to  below^ 
the  middle  with  twice  as  many  membranous  valves  as  styles. 
Seeds  numerous,  reniform-globose  or  laterally  compressed. 

§  1  Myosoton  Monch  Method.  225,  (as  genus).  Styles  5,  al- 
ternate with  the  sepals.     Leaves  ovate,  acute. 

A.  AQUATiCA.  SteUaria  aqvatica  Scop.  Perennial:  stems  strongly  an- 
gled and  somewhat  pubescent :  leaves  large  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate, 
acute,  the  upper  sessile,  cordate  ;  the  lower  petiolate  :  pedicels  glandular- 
viscid  deflexed  in  fruit:  petals  1^-2  times  as  long  as  the  campanulate 
glandular-pubescent  calyx  :  styles  6,  alternate  with  the  sepals  :  seeds  nu- 
merous dark-colored  tuberculately  roughened.  At  Nanaimo,  Brit.  Colum- 
bia, perhaps  Washington  ;  introduced  from  Europe. 

§  2  KusTELLARiA  Fenzl.     Styles  3  or  4. 

*    Petals  deeply  2-parted,  sometimes  minute  or  wanting :  segments 

narrow. 

-«-     Lower  leaves  contracted  to  slender  petioles. 

A.  media  L.  Sp.  i.  272.  SteUaria  media  Cyr.  Char.  Comm.  36.  Gla- 
brous or  nearly  so:  stems  weak  and  spreading,  rooting  at  the  lower  joints, 
marked  by  a  pubescent  line :  leaves  ovate  to  oblong-ovate,  3-9  lines  long 
on  hairy  petioles  or  the  uppermost  sessile :  pedicels  slender,  4-6  lines  long, 
deflexed  in  fruit :  bracts  foliaceous :  petals  oblong,  deeply  divided,  shorter 
than  the  pubescent  sepals :  stamens  3-10:  capsule  oblong-ovate  2-3  lines 
long,  equalling  or  exceeding  the  calyx.  A  common  weed  in  shady  places 
and  cultivated  grounds,     h'aid  to  be  introduced  from  Europe. 

A.  nitens  Greene  Bot.  Bay.  Reg.  33.  SteUaria  nitens  N»tt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  i. 
185.  Smooth  and  shining,  olten  hairy  at  base :  stems  slender, 3-8  inches 
high  erect  or  spreading,  dichotomously  branched  with  the  flowers  in  the 
forks:  leaves  lanceolate,,  3-6  lines  long,  acute,  the  lower  shortly  petiolate: 
bracts  small  and  scarious  :  pedicels  not  deflexed  in  fruit :  petals  narrow, 


82  CARYOPHYLLACE.E.  alsine. 

acuminate,  3-nerved,  2  lines  long,  twice  longer  than  the  deeply  lobed  pet- 
als which  are  sometimes  wanting :  capsule  oblong,  shorter  than  the  sepals. 
Common  in  moist  open  places,  Washington  to  California,  east  to  Utah. 

-*-  -H-     Leaves  all  sessile  or  subsessile,  sometimes  narrow   but  not 
acerose. 

■n-     Bracts  small  and  scarious. 
=    Flowers  small :  petals  minute  or  none. 

A.  baicalensis  Coville  Contr.  Nat.  Herb,  iv,  70.  Stellaria  umhellata 
Turcz.  Glabrous,  stems  very  slender,  ascending  from  slender  rootstocks, 
which  are  clothed  with  orbicular  scale-like,  colorless  bracts:  leaves  spread- 
ing, elliptical  or  olong-lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  4-8  lines  long:  flowei's 
in  a  simple  or  compound  open  umbel-like  few-rayed  cyme :  pedicels  elon- 
gated: sepals  ovate -lanceolate,  1-nerved,  1-2)^  lines  long:  petals  none: 
mature  capsule  twice  longer  than  the  calyx.  Rocky  Mountains  to  Union 
county,  Oregon,  CusicJc. 

=  =    Flowers  of  medium  size :  petals  equalling  or  exceeding  the 

calyx. 

a    Seeds  essentially  smooth. 

A.  longifolla  Britton  Mem.  Torr.  Club  v.  150.  Stellaria  longifolia  Muhl. 
Stems  sharply  4-angled,  commonly  8  inches  or  more  in  height :  leaves  lin- 
ear or  linear-oblong,  somewhat  narrowed  at  each  end,  thickish,  often  cili- 
ate  towai-d  the  base ;  the  larger  ones  1-2  inches  long :  flowers  rather 
numerous  in  a  lateral  long-ped uncled  open  cyme;  pedicels  spreading,  hori- 
zontal or  deflexed :  petals  and  capsule  exceeding  the  sepals  :  seeds  smooth . 
Idaho  to  Canada  and  Maryland.    (Europe  and  Asia). 

A.  longipes  Coville  Contr.  Nat.  Herb,  ix,  70.  ^Stellaria  longipes  Goldie. 
Smooth  and  shining  or  glaucous,  erect  or  ascending,  2-18  inches  high : 
leaves  linear  to  linear-lanceolate,  6-12  lines  long,  1-1)^  lines  wide  acute, 
rather  rigid  and  usually  ascending :  flowers  few,  on  long  slender  erect 
pedicels :  sepals  scarcely  nerved  l}4-2}4  lines  long :  petals  about  equal- 
ling the  calyx :  mature  capsule  longer  than  the  calyx.  .  About  springs  etc., 
eastern  Washington  to  California,  east  to  the  Atlantic. 

b    Seeds  distinctly  rugose-roughened  under  a  lens. 

A.  GRAMiNEA  L.  Sp.  422.  Stchis  ascending,  smooth  and  shining  1-2)^  feet 
high,  sharply  4-angled ;  internodes  usually  elongated :  leaves  sessile,  lan- 
ceolate or  linear-lanceolate,  thickish,  attenuate,  furrowed  above  and  with 
midrib  prominent  beneath,  inflorescence  a  broad  terminal  pedunculate 
cyme,  often  with  one  or  two  smaller  cymes  at  its  base ;  pedicels  elongated 
spreading  or  deflexed :  capsule  exceeding  the  calyx:  seeds  rugose,  rough- 
ened.   Introduced  from  Europe. 

A.  uliginosa  Britton  1.  c.  Stellar ia  uliginosa  Murr.  Low,  weak,  dif- 
fuse: stems  numerous,  leaf 3  :  leaves  lanceolate  or  elliptical-lanceolate, 
(>-8  lines  long:  seeds  rugose  roughened.  Mount  Rainier,  PVjaer,  to  the 
Eastern  States. 

-*^•  ■♦+  Bracts  more  or  less  foliaceous. 
A.  brachypetala.  Stellaria  hrachypetala  Bong.  S.  alpestris  Fries  S.  cor- 
ollina  Fenzl.  Glabrous :  stems  weak  and  slender,  usually  erect,  6-20 
inches  high  dichotomously  branched  above :  leaves  lanceolate,  attenuate, 
the  middle  cauline  the  largest,  1-2  inches  long,  1-nerved :  pedicels  in  the 
forks  of  the  dichotomous  branches,  slender,  spreading,  8-12  lines  long: 
sepals  lanceolate,  acute,  scarious  margined  about  a  line  long:  petals 
shorter  than  the  sepals,  2-parted,  the  segments  lanceolate,  acute :  capsule 
oblong-ovoid  exceeding  the  sepals,  seeds  smooth.  In  wet  places,  Oregon 
\9  Alaska  and  the  Eastern  StateEl^ 


ALSiNE.  CARYOPHYLLACEiE.  83 

ARENARIA. 

A.  borealis  Britten  Mtm.  Torr.  Club  v,  149.  SteUaiia  horeaJis  Bigel- 
Glabrous:  stems  usually  weak,  erect  or  spreading,  branching  )^ -2  fee* 
high:  leaves  linear-lanceolate  to  ovate-oblong,  >2-2  inches  long,  1-5  lines 
wide,  acute,  flowers  in  dichotomous  cymes :  sepals  ovate  to  lanceolate,  a 
line  long  or  more :  petals  2-parted,  shorter  than  the  calyx,  2-5  or  wanting: 
capsule  ovate  1)0-2  lines  long,  on  spreading  or  deflexed  peduncles:  seeds 
smooth.     Along  streams,  Oregon,  etc.,  to  the  Atlantic. 

A.  hnmifnsa.  Stellaria  hnmifvsa  Rotth.  Low,  densely  matted,  smooth  : 
stems  prostrate  or  ascending,  angulate,  shining :  leaves  elliptic-ovate  or  ob- 
long, acutish,  2-5  lines  long,  marcescent:  bracts  foliaceous:  peduncles  axil- 
lary, 4-7  lines  long:  sepals  ovate-oblong  acute,  narrowly  margined, 
petals  somewhat  exceeding  the  calyx:  seeds  smooth. 

A.  crispa  Holzinger  Contr.  Nat.  Herb,  iii,  116.  SteUaria  crispa  Cham. 
&  Schlecht.  Glabrous:  stems  very  slender,  weak  and  decumbent,  6-12 
inches  long,  simple  or  sparingly  branched:  leaves  thin,  ovate  to  oblong- 
ovate,  acuminate,  commonly  crisp  on  the  edges,  4-6  lines  long :  pedicels 
solitary,  8-10  lines  long:  sepals  scarious-margined,  lanceolate,  acute,  lK-2 
lines  long,  3-nerved :  petals  when  present,  deeply  cleft,  with  linear  acute 
lobes  :  capsule  acute,  longer  than  the  calyx. 

A.  obtnsa.  SteUaria  obtusa  Engehn.  Bot.  Gaz.  vii,  5.  Smooth:  stems 
weak,  nearly  simple,  2-6  inches  long :  leaves  thin,  ovate  to  broadly  lan- 
ceolate, acute,  3-10  lines  long:  flowers  solitary,  appearing  axillary :  sepals 
ovate  obtuse,  hardly  at  all  scarious  on  the  margins:  petals  none: 
capsule  13^-13^  times  as  long  as  the  calyx,  obtuse:  seed  brown,  covered 
with  minute  lighter  colored  oblong  tubercles  with  fringed  edges.  In  wet 
places  on  mountains,  Blue  Mountains,  Oregon  to  British  Columbia  and 
Colorado. 

A.  Simcoei.  Pubescent  throughout  with  spreading  hairs :  densely  ces- 
pitose:  stems  filiform  erect,  simple  or  sparingly  branched,  4-8  inches 
high  :  leaves  oblong  to  elliptical,  acute,  4-6  lines  long,  1-nerved :  pedicels 
solitary,  filiform,  10-12  lines  long;  sepals  oblong,  acutish,  broadly  mar- 
gined, less  than  a  line  long :  petals  2-parted ;  segments  oblong,  about  half 
as  long  as  the  calyx ;  capsule  and  seeds  not  seen.  In  springs  on  top  of  the 
Simcoe  Mountains,  Washington. 

*  *    Petals  retuse  or  shortly  bifid,  divided   but  ^-}4.  the  way  to  the 
base,  commonly  considerably  exceeding  the  calyx. 

A.  Jamesii  Holzinger  1.  c.  SteUaria  Jamesii  Torr.  Viscid  above: 
stems  strongly  angled,  rather  stout  and  ascending,  branched,  1-2  feet 
high :  leaves  linear  to  ovate-lanceolate,  attenuate,  1-3  inches  long,  2-9 
lines  wide,  acuminate,  dark  green:  pedicels  spreading,  rather  short,  at 
length  deflexed:  sepals  oblong,  acute,  2-3  lines  long,  the  bifid  petals 
mostly  twice  longer:  capsule  ovate  shorter  than  the  calyx:  seeds  smooth. 
Woodlands  and  creek  bottoms,  northern  Califciia  to  Washington,  Colo- 
rado, New  Mexico  and  Arizona. 

7    ARENARIA  L.  Gen.  n.  569. 

Mostly  low,  often  tufted  annual  or  perennial  herbs  with  ses- 
sile subulate  and  more  or  less  rigid  leaves  without  stipules  and 
small  white  flowers  in  paniculate  or  capitate  cymes  in  spring  and 
summer.  Sepals  5,  rarely  4.  Petals  as  majiy  as  sepals,  rarely 
wanting,  entire  or  emarginate.  Stamens  twice  as  many  as  pet- 
als. Styles  8,  rarely  2,  4  or  5,  opposite  as  many  sepals.  Cap- 
sule glo])ose  or  short-oblong,  dehigcent  into  as  many  2-cleft 
valves  as  utylea,  few  to  many-8««ded<  Be«dii.  laterally  (^ompresMd 
or  r«nifbrm'globo»e« 


84  OABYOPHYLLACE^.  arbnaru. 

§  1  M(EHKiNGiA  Fenzl.  in  Endl.  Gen.  968.  Seeds  at  least 
when  young  provided  with  a,  spongy  appendage  at  the  hilum. 

A.  lateriflora  L.  Sp,  423.  Minutely  pubescent :  stems  erect,  slender, 
4-12  inches  high,  simple  or  branched :  leaves  oblong  or  oval  obtuse,  5-6 
lines  long,  punctate,  hairy  on  the  margin  and  midrib:  peduncles  lateral 
and  terminal,  2-flowered,  one  of  the  pedicels  bibracteolate  near  the  mid- 
dle: sepals  oblong-ovate  obtuse,  13^  lines  long:  petals  oblong,  obtuse, 
twice  longer  than  the  sepals.  In  damp  shady  places,  western  Oregon  to 
the  Atlantic  Coast. 

A.  maorophylla  Hook.  Fl.  i,  102  t.  37.  Btems  aecending  3-8  inches 
high,  mostly  simple,  leafy,puberulent  above  :  leaves  3-4  pairs,  narrowly  lan- 
ceolate, acuteateach  end,  1-2  inches  long,  thin,  bright  green,  the  upper  lar- 
gest :  flowers  few  on  slender  pedicels ;  sepals  ovate-oblong,  acuminate,  1%- 
2%  lines  long,  1-nerved:  petals  obovate,  longer  or  shorter  than  the  sepals: 
capsule  ovoid,  nearly  equalling  the  calyx:  seeds  rather  large,  smooth. 
Open  forests,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California,  east  to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

§  2  Ammadenia  B.  &  H.  Gen,  i,  151.  Flowers  axillary.  Sepals 
united  at  base ;  styles  3-5  :  ovary  more  or  less  3-5  celled,  disk 
conspicuous  10-lobed  and  glanduliferoufe  :  capsule  globose,  some- 
what baccate.     Seeds  not  appendaged. 

A,  peploides  L.  Sp.  423.  Glabrous  perennial :  stems  6-8  inches  high, 
stout,  angled :  leaver,  thick,  ovale  or  obovate  1-nerved,  shortly  pointed, 
clasping  at  the  broad  lu^^e  :  sepals  ovate  lanceolate,  acuminate,  33^  lines 
long,  about  equalling  the  petals.  J^andy  seashore  from  the  Columbia  river 
northwards  and  on  the  northern  Atlantic  Coast,  (northern  Europe  and 
Asia). 

A.  Sitcheusis  Dietr.  Syn.  PL  ii,  1565.  A  peploides  var.  major.  Hook, 
1.  c.  102.  Glabrous  and  succulent:  6-12  inches  high  from  thick  creeping 
rootstocks:  leaves  oblong  to  short-spa tulate,  obtuse  or  acute,  short-apicu- 
late,  fleshy,  with  narrow,  scs^rious,  crenulate  margins:  flowers  axillary,  on 
short  penduncles  :  lobes  of  the  calyx  lanceolate-ovate,  acute,  about  a  line 
long :  petals  oblong,  narrowed  below  to  a  short  claw  about  half  as  long  as 
the  lobes  of  the  calyx,  sometimes  wanting.  Salt  marshes,  coast  of  Oregon 
to  Alaska. 

§  8  Merckia  B.  &  H.  Gen.  i,  151.  Styles  3-5.  Ovary  3-5- 
celled :  capsule  large,  depressed-globose,  somewhat  inflated : 
many-seeded,  seeds  not  appendaged. 

A.  physodes  Fisch.  in  DC.  Prod,  i,  413.  Cespitose  perennial:  stems 
weak,  decumbent,  3-6  inches  long :  leaves  ovate,  cuspidately  pointed  4-6 
lines  long :  flowers  solitary  at  the  summit  of  the  stem  or  becoming  lateral : 
sepals  lance-oblong,  acute,  3  lines  long  equalling  or  slightly  exceeding  the 
petals  :  capsule  4  lines  in  diameter.  Brit.  Columbia  to  northern  Alaska, 
perhaps  northern  Washington. 

§  4  EuARENARiA  Robinson  1.  c.  219.  Styles  normally  3,  capsule 
ovoid,  dehiscent  by  3  2-toothed  or  parted  valves :  seeds  not 
appendaged. 

*    Leaves  ovate  elliptic  or  linear,  not  acerose. 

A.  SERPYLLiFOLiA  L.  Sp.  423.  Diffusc,  3-10  inches  high,  retrorsely  pu- 
bescent: leaves  ovate,  acute,  minutely  ciliate:  sepals  lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate hairy  3-5  nerved,  nearly  twice  the  length  of  the  petals:  capsule 
ovate,  as  long  as  the  sepals.  Fields  and  roadsides,  western  Oregon  and 
Washington,  also  in  the  Atlantic  States. 

Var.  tenuior  Koch.  Synop.  117.     More  delicate,  leaves  reduced:  flowers 


ARENABiA.  CARYOPHYLLACEiE.  85 

smaller,  in  a  nearly  naked  racemoFe  panicle,  capsule   more   oblong.     Port- 
land, Oregon  and  vicinity,  (Europe). 

*  *    Leaves  very  narrowly  linear  commonly  acerose,  often  rigid  and 
pungent. 

-•-     Sepals  broadly  ovate  obtusish,  sometimes  apiculate  :  flowers  not 
densely  aggregate. 

A.  capillaris  Poir.  in  Lam .  Encycl.  vi.  H80..  Leaves  chiefly  grouped 
at  the  base  in  fascicles  upon  a  multicipital  caudex,  3^-2)4  inches  long, 
somewhat  pungent,  little  spreading ;  the  cauline  few  pairs,  much  reduced : 
stems  4-8  inches  in  height:  petals  obovate,  considerably  exceeding  the 
short  obtuse  sepals.    Idaho  to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

A.  formosa  Fisch,  in  DC.  Prcdr.  i,  402.  More  or  less  glandular-pu- 
bescent above,  erect,  3-12  inches  high :  leaves  linear  subulate,  half  to  two 
inches  long,  pungent:  the  cauline  few,  short  and  erect:  flowers  few  in  an 
open  cyme  ;  bracts  small,  lanceolate  :  sepals  ovate,  acute,  1-2  lines  long,  3- 
nerved,  membranously  margined :  petals  half  longer:  capsule  somewhat  ex- 
ceeding the  calyx.  In  the  higher  mountains  from  Brit.  Columbia  to 
California. 

A.  acnleata  Watson  Bot.  King  40.  Leaves  fascicled  at  the  ends  of  nu- 
merous barren  shoots,  glaucous j  rigid,  subulate  and  aculeate:  stems 
nearly  naked,  somewhat  scabrous  above:  flowers  few,  on  long  slender 
erect  pedicels :  sepals  ovate  acute:  capsule  becoming  twice  longer  than  the 
calyx,  splitting  into  3  2-toothed  valves:  seeds  smooth.  High  hills,  south- 
east Oregon  to  Nevada. 

-•-  -*-     fe'epals  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate  acuminate,  shorter  than  the 

petals. 

A.  con^esta  T.  &  G.  Fl.  i,  178.  KSmooth,  glaucous,  4-12  inches  high : 
leaves  very  narrowly  subulate,  scabrous  on  the  margin,  often  pungent,  the 
lower  1-3  inches  long ;  cauline  6-12  lines  long :  flowers  in  1-3  dense  subum- 
bellate  fascicles,  with  large  dilated  membranaceous  bracts :  sepals  ovate- 
oblong,  strongly  concave  with  scarious  margins,  1-3  lines  long,  acute  :  pet- 
als narrowly  oblong,  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx:  capsule  equalling 
the  calyx.  In  the  mountains  from  Washington  to  California,  Nevada  and 
Colorado. 

•*--«--«-     Sepals  lanceolate  to  lance-linear  attenuate,  equalling  or 
exceeding  the  petals. 

■Ht-     Flowers  cymose,  not  densely  aggregated. 

A.  BHrkei.  A.  Fendleri  var.  subcongesta  Watson  Bot.  King  40.  Stems 
several  from  a  more  or  less  ligneous  caudex,  smooth  or  glandular,  4-6 
inches  high,  many-leaved  at  base:  leaves  setaceous,  somewhat  flattened, 
glabrous :  flowers  more  or  less  clustered  upon  short  pedicels  or  the  lateral 
ones  sessile :  bracts  broad  and  scarious :  petals  but  little  exceeding  the  ovate 
acuminate  scarious  sepals.  On  bleak  hilltops,  eastern  Oregon  and  Nevada 
to  Brit.  Columbia  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

A.  Fendleri  Gray  PI.  Fendl.  13.  Stems  simple,  6-15  inches  high  gla- 
brous below,  more  or  less  glandular-pubescent  above,  imbricately  many- 
leaved  at  base,  leaves  long,  erect  setaceous  somewhat  flattened  scarious-ser- 
rulate  glabrous:  cymes  strict,  few-flowered:  pedicels  slender:  sepals 
glandular  pubescent,  ovate- lanceolate,  cuspidate-acuminate,  green  with  a 
broad  scarious  margin,  nearly  equalling  the  white  obovate  petals:  capsule 
about  equalling  the  calyx.     New  Mexico,  etc.,  to  eastern  Oregon. 

■^*   •**     Flowers  densely  fascicled  at  the  end  ef  the  stem. 
A.   Fraiikllnii  Dougl.  in  Hook.  Fl.  i,  101  t.  35.     A  span  or  less  in  height : 
branches  erect,  fastigiate,  numerous  fragile:  leaves  smooth  subulate-setaceous, 
very  puugeut>  au  inob  loug:  flowers  fascieled;  sepals    subulate  scaiious, 


86  CARYOPHYLLACE^.  arenaria. 

broadly  1 -nerved,  about  equalling  the  oblong  obtuse  petals:  flowers  on  short 
pedicels  in  dense  fascicles,  crowded  with  bracts  similar  to  the  leaves.  On 
sandy  banks  along  the  Columbia  river. 

§  5.  Alsine  Wahl.  (as  genus,  not  Linn  J.  Capsule  ovoid,  3- 
valved  ;  valves  entire  ;  seeds  not  strophiolate  :  matted  perennials 
or  delicate  annnals,  usually  with  narrow  linear  subulate  or  ace- 
rose  leaves. 

*  Palustrine  perennial  with  weak  elongated  stems,  narrow  linear 
or  lance-linear  leaves  and  axillary  long-peduncled  flowers. 

A.  paludicola  Robinson  1.  c.  298.  Glabrous,  flaccid :  stems  several, 
subsimple,  procumbent,  rooting  at  the  lower  joint,  sulcate,  shining,  leafy 
throughout:  leaves  uniform,  flat,  1-nerved,  acute,  spreading,  %-\y»  inches 
long,  1-3  lines  in  breadth,  often  punctate,  somewhat  connate,  slightly 
scabrous  upon  the  margins :  peduncles  solitary  in  the  axils,  1^2  inches 
long,  spreading  or  somewhat  deflexed :  sepals  nerveless  not  at  all  indur- 
ated, acutish,  about  half  the  length  of  the  obovate  petals.  In  swamps 
along  the  Coast,  8an  Francisco  to  Seattle,  Washington. 

*  *    Terrestrial  annuals:  sepals  neither  indurated  nor  very  strongly 
nerved. 

=     Seeds  much  flattened,  and  margined. 

A.  Donglasii  T.  &.  G.  Fl.  i,  074.  Sparingly  pubescent  with  spreading 
hairs  or  glabrous,  slender,  much  branched,  3-10  inches  high:  leaves  filiform, 
half  to  an  in<;li  or  more  long:  flowers  rather  large  on  long  filiform  pedicels: 
sepals  oblong-ovate  obtusish  or  acute,  obscurely  3-nerved,  1\  lines  long:  pet- 
als obovate,  2-2|  lines  long:  capsule  globose,  eqjialling  the  calyx:  seeds 
large,  flat,  smooth,  acutely  margined.  .  Dry  hillsides,  southwestern  Oregon 
and  California. 

H-    H-     Sevids  not  flattened  nor  winged. 

A.  Howellii  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xx,  354.  Glandular  hispid  but 
the  internodes  usually  glabrous:  widely  branching,  6-12  inches  high:  leaves 
thick,  narrowly  lanceolate  or  linear,  with  base  6-9  lines  long,  bluntj  spread- 
ing: flowers  small  on  slender  pedicels:  sepals  a  line  long,  nerveless:  petals 
twice  longer,  narrowly  oblong:  capsule  ovate,  a  little  exceeding  the  sepals: 
seeds  black,  tui-gid,  Mdth  several  rows  of.  minute  tubercles  along  the 
rounded  margins.  On  dry  foothills,  eastern  base  of  the  Coast  Mountains  in 
Josephine  county,  Oregon. 

A.  Californica  Brewer  in  Bol.  Cat.  6,  Brew.  &  Wats.  Bot.  Cal.  i,  69. 
Glabrous,  very  slender,  2-6  inches  high:  leaves  lanceolate,  1-2  lines  long, 
obtusish:  flowers  small  on  slender  pedicels:  sepals  oblong-ovate,  acute,  3- 
nerved,  1-2  lines  long;  petals  spatulate,  2-3  lines  long:  capsule  oblong: 
seeds  small,  sharply  muriculate.  Moist  places,  southwestern  Oregon  and 
California. 

A.  pusilla  Watson  1.  c.  xvii,  367.  Very  slender,  an  inch  or  two  high  ; 
glabrous:  leaves  lanceolate,  thick  and  bluntish,  a  line  or  two  long:  sepals 
lanceolate,  acute,  obscurely  1-nerved:  petals  very  small  or  wanting:  capsule 
o')long-ovate,  not  exceeding  the  sepals:  seeds  turgid  and  smooth.  Neai- 
The  Dalles,  eastern  Oregon  and  Washington,  in  dry  prairies:  also  on  the 
plains  about  Yreka,  northern  California. 

*  *     Annuals  or  loosely  matted  perennials:  sepals  lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate or  attenuate,  strongly  3-5  nerved . 

A.  tenella  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  i,  179.  Slender,  2-4  inches  high,  smooth, 
leaves  filiform-subulate,  acute:  peduncles  minutely  glandular:  sepals  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acute,  3-nerved  1)^3  lines  long:  petals  oblong,  2-2)^  lines  long: 


ARENARiA.  CARYOPHYLLACE^.  87 

ALSINELLA. 

capsule  but  little  longer  than  the  sepals:  seeds  turgid  minutely  mgose  tuber- 
oulate.     On  rocks,  Columbia  river  below  the  Cascades. 

A.  stricta  Michx.  Fl.  i,  274.  Diffusely  cespitose,  glabrous,  branching 
from  the  base:  stems  3-15 implies  high:  leaves  subulate-setaceous.  1-3-neiTed, 
many,  fascicled  in  the  axils :  petals  oblong-obovate  twice  the  length  of  the 
rigid,  ovate,  very  acute  3-ribbed  sepals:  -^.apsule  about  as  long  as  the  calyx. 
On  rocks  and  sandy  ridges,  Columbia  river  below  the  Cascades:  also  on  the 
Atlantic  coast. 

*  *  *     Closely  tufted   perennials:  sepals  acuminate  but  riot  strongly 
nerved,  except  in  A.  propinqua. 

A.  propinqua  Richardson  in  Franklin  Journ.  738.  A  verna  rar.  hirta 
Watson  Bot.  King  41.  Closely  tufted:  stems,  peduncles  and  calyx  finely 
glandular- pubescent:  leaves  nearly  or  quite  smooth:  stems  tufted,  numer- 
ous, slender,  ascending  or  erect,  1-5  iiiches  high,  1 -several -flowered;  leaves 
linear-subulate,  flat,  obtuse,  3-nerved,  usually  erect,  not  squarrose:  pedun- 
cles filiform:  sepals  ovate- oblong,  acutish  to  acuminate,  1,^/3-2  lines  long  ex- 
ceeding the  obovate  or  oblanceolate  petals:  capsule  surpassing  the  sepals, 
On  the  highest  mountains,  Oregon  to  Alaska  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

A,  Nuttallii  Pax  in  Engler,  Jahresb.  xviii.  30.  A.  pungens  Nutt  in  T.  & 
G.  Fl.  i,  179  (not  of  Clem.).  Pubescent  throughout:  extensively  cespitose 
stems  numerous  2-4  inches  high,  leaves  linear-subulate,  half  to  two  inches 
long,  pungent,  crowded:  flowers  in  an  open  cym.e,  leafy  braeted:  sepals  lan- 
ceolate, acuminate,  pungent  1-3  lines  long  3-nerved:  petals  about  equalling 
the  calyx:  the  capsule  shorter:  seeds  very  few,  smooth.  In  moimtainous  dis- 
tricts, California  and  Nevada  to  Oregon  and  Colorado . 

*  *  *  *     Densely  cespitose  perennials   with    acicular    or    subulate 
leaves  and  oblong  or  linear-oblont',  very  obtuse  sepals . 

+-  Petals  oblong  or  narrowly  obovate. 
A.  Sajaneiisis  Willd.  in  Schlecht.  Berl.  Mag.  Natf.  (1816)  200.  Gla- 
brous, or  the  inflorescence  glandular:  stems  simple,  usually  1-flowered: 
leaves  linear  subulate,  obtuse  thickish,  3-nerved:  petals  obtuse,  about  half 
longer  than  the  oblong  sepals.  Alpine,  Mounts  Hood,  and  Adams  to  the 
Rocky  Mountains  and  Alaska. 

■*-  +-  Petals  broadly  obovate,  much  exceeding  the  calyx, 
A.  arctica  Stev.  in  D.  C.  Prodr.  i.  404.  Stems  1-3  inches  high,  often 
scarcely  exceeding  the  leaves:  leaves  linear-subulate,  obtuse  fleshy,  minutely 
ciliate;  peduncles  glandular-pubescent  1-rarely  2  or  3  flowered;  petals  about 
twice  longer  than  the  very  obtuse  1-nerved  srpals.  Arctic  Coast,  perhaps 
o  n  our  northern  border. 

8    ALSINELLA  Dill. 
SAGINA  L.  Gen.  n.  176. 

Low  herbs  with  subulate  or  filiform  leaves  without  stipules, 
and  small  terminal  usually  long-peduncled  flowers.  Sepals  4-5, 
Petals  as  many  as  sepals,  entire  or  slightly  emarginate,  often 
minute  or  wanting.  Stamens  as  many  as  petals,  rarely  twice  as 
many  or  fewer.  Ovary  1-celled,  many-ovuled.  Styles  as  many 
as  sepals  and  alternate  with  them.  Capsule  dehiscent  to  the 
base  by  as  many  entire  valves  as  sepals  and  alternate  with  them. 

A.  occidentalis  Greene  Fl.  Francis.  125.  Sagina  occidentaUs  Watson. 
Annual:  glabrous  or  nearly  so:  diffusely  branched  from  the  base :  stems  very 
slender,  1-6  inches  long,  decumbent  at  base  or  ascending:  well  developed, 


88  CARYOPHYLLACE^.  alsixVella. 

SPERGULA. 

several -flowered:  the  lowest  flowers  distinctly  axillary:  leaves  not  fascicled, 
3-6  lines  long,  pungent  flowers  5-merous  on  long  pedicels  that  are  erect  in 
fruit:  sepals  a  line  long:  petals  nearly  as  long:  stamens  10:  capsule  ex- 
ceeding the  calyx.     Moist  places  and  along  the  Coast,  California  to  Alaska. 

A.  saginoides Greene  1.  c.  SaginaLinnsei  Presl.  Bieanml  or  perennial, 
glabrous,  densely  matted  and  decumbent,  1-3  inches  long,  rooting  and 
often  forming  lateral  rosettes:  leaves  somewhat  fascicled,  3-7  lines  long, 
pungent:  flowers  on  long  pedicels,  at  length  nodding:  sepals  a  line  long, 
obtuse,  exceeding  the  petals:  stamens  10:  capsule  at  length  nearly  twice 
longer  than  the  calyx.  In  wet  places  on  high  mountains,  Arctic  America 
to   California. 

A.  crassicaulis  Greene  1.  c.  Sagina  crassicaulis  Watson.  Smooth  per- 
ennial stems  several  to  many,  branching  1-5  inches  long :  leaves  linear,  pun- 
gent thickish,  2-7  lines  long  or  more,  the  basal  forming  a  rosette  which 
may  persist  or  not;  the  cauline  connate  by  broad  scarious  membranes:  pedi- 
cels numerous,  straight :  flowers  5-parted,  petals  and  sepals  subequal  1}>^ 
lines  long :  capsule  K~K  longer.  Near  the  sea,  mouth  of  the  Columbia  river 
to  Monterey,  Cal. 

9    SPERGULA  L.  Gen.  n.  586. 

Dichotomously  or  fasciculately  branched  annuals  with  subu- 
late fascicled  or  apparently  whorled  leaves  with  small  scarious 
stipules  and  small  white  flowers  on  slender  pedicels  in  dichoto- 
mous  cymes.  Sepals  5,  entire.  Stamens  10,  rarely  5.  Ovary  1- 
celled,  many-ovuled ;  styles  5,  alternate  with  the  sepals.  Cap- 
sule 5-valved,  the  entire  valves  opposite  Jio  the  sepals.  Seeds 
laterally  compressed,  acutely  margined  or  winged  :  embryo  spiral. 

S.  ARVENSis  L.  Sp.  440.  Smooth:  stems  several,  a  foot  or  two  high: 
leaves  filiform,  numerous  in  apparent  whorls,  1-2  inches  long;  stipules 
small :  pedicels  at  length  reflexed:  sepals  oblong  to  ovate  2  or  3  lines  long, 
equalling  the  petals,  a  little  shorter  than  the  broadly  ovoid  capsule:  seeds 
rough,  acutely  margined.  Sandy  fields,  especially  near  the  Coast,  Wash- 
ington to  California;  naturalized  from  Europe, 

10    TISSA  Adanson  Fam.  des  PL  ii,  507. 

Low,  more  or  less  succulent  herbs,  usually  depressed,  with  se- 
taceous or  linear  fascicled  leaves  with  scarious  stipules  and  small 
white  or  pink  flowers  in  subracemose  cymes,  ttepals  5.  Petals 
5,  rarely  few  or  wanting.  Stamens  commonly  10.  Styles  3,  very 
rarely  5.  Ovary  1-celled.  Capsule  with  as  many  valves  as  styles, 
when  5,  alternate  with  the  sepals.     Seeds  often  margined. 

*     Perennials  with  fusiform  fleshy  roots. 

T.  macrothecnm  Brit.  Bull.  Torr.  Club  xvi,  129.  Lepigonum  macrothe- 
cum  F.  &  M  Perennial,  rather  stout,  4-12  inches  high :  decumbent  at 
base,  sparingly  pubescent,  at  least  above :  leaves  linear,  fleshy,  1-2  inches 
long;  with  large  ovate  stipules :  flowers  large,  subracemose ;  pedicels  4-12 
lines  long  becoming  reflexed:  sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  3-5  nerved,  more  or  less 
tomentose,  3  lines  long  or  more,  equalling  or  exceeding  the  petals :  capsule 
ovoid,  about  equalling  the  calyx.  In  salt  mai'shes,  Washington  to  Southern 
California. 

*  *     Annuals:  flowers  axillary. 

T.  saliua  Britton  1.  c.  128.  Lepigonum  marinum  Wahl.  spergnla  sa- 
Una  PreaU     More  ©r  l«8s  pubeseen*  er    olt«n    nearly  glabrous  j   much 


TissA.  ILLECEBRACE^.  89 

PENTAC.ENA.  , . 

Ibranclied,  3-9  inches  bigh;  leaves  linear,  fleshy,  3^-1  inch  long  or  more;  sti- 
pules short:  pedicels  1-9  lines  long,  reflexed:  calyx  1-2  lines  long:  capsule  a 
ittle  longer  than  the  cal}x.  Along  tLe  Coast,  Pugtt  Som  d  lo  Caliiomia, 
and  the  Atlantic  Coast.    • 

*  *  *     Procumbent  or  decumbent  winter  annuals,  scarcely  at    all 
fleshy;  flowers  small  or  of  medium  size;  stipules  conspicuous. 

T.  rubra  Britton  1.  c.  127.  Spvrgularia  rubra  Presl.  Stems  spread 
ing:  wiry,  1-10  inches  long,  smoolhish  telow,  fine  glandular-pubescent 
above:  leaves  flat  above,  narrowly  linear,  cuspidate  4-9  lines  long  ^-h 
line  broad;  stipules  white,  attenuate  2-3  lines  long:  inflorescence  racemi- 
form:  pedicels  filiform,  exceeding  the  bratts  and  about  twice  as  long  as  the 
oblong-lanceolate  scarious-margined  acutish  glandular-pubescent  sepals: 
flowers  magenta,  Ij^  lines  in  dinmeter,  petals  scarcely  equalling  the  calyx: 
capsule  equalling  the  calyx:  seeds  minutely  crested  but  not  winged.  Road- 
sides and  sandy  places,  Washington  to  California  and  the  Atlantic  States 
(Eui-ope). 

*  *  *  *     Slender  spreading  or  erect  annuals  scarcely  flesby;  stipules 
short,  deltoid. 

T.  diaiidra  Britton  1.  c.  128.  Spergularia  diandria  Boiss.  Viscid  pu- 
bescent to  nearly  glabrous;  leaves  not  fascicled,  linear-filif oitq :  pedicels 
slender,  about  two  lines  long,  spreading  or  deflexed:  sepals  in  fruit  1}4  lines 
long  but  little  exceeding  the  capsule:  stamens  usually  only  2  oj*  3.  Sandy 
places  from  the  Columbia  valley  to  Texas. 

Order  XII.  ILLECEBRACE^  Lindl.  Nat.  Syst.  ed.  2,  127. 

Herbaceous  or  rarely  suffrutescent  branching  plants  with  op- 
posite or  fascicled  entire  mostly  sessile  leaves  and  scarious  sti- 
pules, closely  related  to  Amarantacege.  Sepals  5,  persistent: 
petals  reduced  to  mere  filaments  alternate  with  the  sepals  or 
wanting.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  sepals  and  opposite  them, 
fixed  by  the  middle  introse.  Ovary  l-celled  by  the  oblitera- 
tion of  the  dissepiments.  Style  2-cleft.  Fruit  an  utricle  with 
a  solitary  or  geminate  ovule  borne  on  slender  funiculi  rising 
from  the  base  of  the  cell.  Seeds  campylotropous.  Embryo 
more  or  less  curved  around  the  outside  of  mealy  albumen. 

1     PENTAC^NA  Bartling. 

Low  densely  tufted  perennial,  with  the  subulate  leaves  densely 
crowded  on  the  branches,  dry  and  silvery  stipules  and  axillary 
clusters  of  sessile  flowers.  Sepal-*  5,  nearly  distinct,  hooded, 
unequal,  terminating  in  a  short  divergent  spine,  the  inner 
more  shortly  awned.  Petals  minute,  scale-like.  Stamens  3-5, 
inserted  at  the  base  of  the  sepals  :  style  very  short,  bifid.  Utricle 
included  in  the  rigid  connivent  cah^x. 

P.  ramosissima  Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot.  Misc.  iii,  338.  Prostrate  and  mat- 
ted, 2-18  inches  long,  somewhat  woolly:  leaves  3-5  lines  long,  pungently 
awned,  at  length  recurved :  stipules  lanceolate,  acuminate,  shorter  than 
the  leaves,  1-nerved :  calyx  tube  a  line  long,  the  divergent  outer  lobes 
nearly  twice  longet* :  stamens  usually  5 :  stisrmas  snVjSessil©  t  utricle  apicu- 
ate.    On  the  eeashoi'ej  Oregon  to  southern  Californiai 


90  PORTULACACE^.  portulaca. 

Order  XIII.     PORTULACACE^  Reichb.  Consp.  161. 

More  or  less  succulent  herbs  with  simple  entire  leaves  and 
regular  perfect  flowers.  Sepals  only  2  (sometimes  more  in 
Lewisia).  Petals  5  and  definite  or  indefinite,  imbricated  in  aes- 
tivation. Stamens  opposite  the  petals  when  of  the  same  num- 
ber or  fewer;  filaments  all  fertile,  distinct;  anthers  fixed  by 
the  middle,  versatile  or  introse.  Ovary  1-celled  by  the  obliter- 
ation of  the  dissepiments,  with  few  or  many  campylotropous  or 
amphitropous  ovules  on  a  free  central  placenta,  in  fruit  be- 
coming a  capsule  with  transverse  or  loculicidal  dehiscence. 
Embryo  curved  or  coiled  on  the  outside  of  mealy  albumen. 
Flowers  axillary  or  terminal,  mostly  ephemeral. 

*  Capsule  dehiscing  transversely  near  the  middle :  sepals  united  to 
ne^r  the  middle,  and  in  ours  adnate  to  the  ovary,  the  upper  portion  at 
length  deciduous. 

1.  Portulaca.     Petals  4-6  periginous :  stamens  9-20. 

*  *  Capsule  dehiscing  transversely  at  the  very  base :  sepals  per- 
sistent. 

*^.  Lewisia.  Sepals  6-8;  marcescent-persistent :  petals  10-16:  scapes  1- 
flowered,  jointed  and  bracteolate  near  the  middle. 

3.  Oreobroma.  Sepals  2  :  petals  3-10,  usually  7 ;  stems  scape-like  with  a 
pair  of  (at  least  when  young)  opposite  bracts  below  the  inflorescence, 
1-many-flowered . 

*  *  *  Capsule  loculicidally  3-valved :  sepals  2,  ovary  several- 
ovuled :  petals  3-several. 

4.  Calandrinia.  Sepals  2,  persistent :  petals  3-7 :  stamens  3-10,  seldom 
of  the  same  number  as  the  petals. 

5.  Taliuum.     Sepals  2,  deciduous :  petals  5. 

*  *  *  *     Capsule  loculicidally  3-valved :  sepals  2,  persistent :  petals  5. 

(>.  Claytonia.  Capsule  several-seeded :  stamens  lOj  inserted  on  the  claw 
of  the  free  and  equal  petals. 

7.  Montia.  Petals  5,  more  or  less  distinctly  united  at  the  base,  un- 
equal :  stamens  mostly  3,  inserted  on  the- claws  of  the  3  smaller  petals. 

*  *  *  -:f  *  Capsule  2-  valved:  sepals  2,  broad,  more  or  less  scarious, 
persistent. 

8.  Hpra^uea.  Sepals  emarginate  at  base  and  apex:  petals  4:  stamens  3, 
exserted,  opposite  the  3  larger  petals.     , 

9.  Calyptridium.  Sepals  mostly  unequal,  petals  2-4;  stamens  1,  2  or  3, 
shorter  than  the  petals  and  alternate  with  them. 

§  1  Capsule  circumscissile. 

]     PORTULACA  Tourn.  Inst.  236. 

Low  succulent  diffuse  or  Mscending  herbs  with  alternate  or  op- 
posite leaves  scarious  or  setaceous  stipules  and  axillary  or  ter- 
minal ephermal  yellow  or  rose-color  flowers  in  summer.     Sepals 

2,  coherent  at  base   into  a  tube  and   adnate   to   the   base   of  the 
ovary,  the  free  upper  portion  at  length  deciduous.     Petals  4-6. 
Stamens  4-20,  perigynous  with   the  petals.     Style  1,  deeply  3-8- 
cleft.     Capsule  circumscissile  near  the  middle,  many-seeded. 


LEwisiA.  PORTULACACE^.  91 

OREOBKOMA. 

P.  oleracea  L.  Sp.  445.  Glabrous  and  usually  purplish  :  stems  pros- 
trate, 2-20  inches  long:  leaves  flat,  fleshy,  obovate  to  spatulate,  rounded  at 
the  summit:  stipules  minute :  sepals  acute,  carinate ;  petals  yellow,  1-2 
lines  long:  stigmas  5:  capsule  3-5  lines  long:  seeds  dull,  black,  finely  tu- 
berculate :  flowers  sessile,  axillary.  Cultivated  grounds  and  waste  places 
throughout  North  America,  Europe,  etc. 

2    LEWIBIA  Pursh.   Fl.  368. 

Low  acaulescent  succulent  perennials  with  thick  fleshy  roots, 
short  1 -flowered  scapes  that  are  joined  and  bracteolate  near  the 
middle,  and  large  usually  pink  flowers.  Sepals  6-8  distinct,  mar- 
cescent-persistent.  Petals  8-1 6j  large  and  showy.  Stamens  nu- 
merous. Style  5-8  parted  nearly  to  the  base.  Capsule  circum- 
scissile  at  the  very  base  then  bursting  irregularly,  many-seeded. 
Seeds  black  and  shining.     Cotyledons  accumbent. 

L.  redi viva  Pursh.  1.  c.  Leaves  densely  clustered  at  the  crown  of  the 
thick  caudex,  linear-oblong,  subterete  1-2  inches  long,  smooth  and  glau- 
cous :  scapes  but  little  longer  than  the  leaves,  sepals  broadly  ovate,  un- 
equal, partly  scarious  6-9  lines  long,  petals  narrowly  oblong  9-16  lines 
\ong,  pink  or  rose-color  to  w^hite :  capsule  broadly  ovate,  3  lines  long.  On 
^op  of  the  highest  hills  and  mountains  east  of  the  Cascade  Mountains 
from  California  to  P»riti8h  Columbia  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

3    OREOBROMA  Howell   Eryth.    i,  31. 

Low  acaulescent  perennials  with  fleshy  roots  with  or  without  a 
multicipital  caudex  bearing  tufted  leaves  and  scapose  stems 
which  are  jointed  at  the  base  and  2-bracteolate  below  the  inflor- 
escence. Sepals  2,  rarely  apparently  4,  persistent.  Petals  3-10 
or  more.  Stamens  5-20  or  more  usually  not  of  the  same  num- 
ber as  the  petals.  Style  deeply  2-7-cleft.  Capsule  membran- 
aceous, circumscissile  at  the  base,  thence  splitting  upwards  irreg- 
ularly, many  seeded.     Cotyledons  incumbent. 

*  Root  branching,  the  caiidex  at  the  surface  of  the  ground :  nerves 
of  bracts  and  sepals  excurrent  and  gland-tipped :  stems  terminating 
in  open  paniculate  many- flowered  bracted  racemes. 

0.  Leana  Howell  1.  c.  Cdlandrinia  Leana  Porter  Bot.  Gaz.  i,  43. 
Leaves  numerous,  terete  or  some  of  the  other  ones  subspatulate,  acute,  1- 
2  inches  long,  smooth  and  glaucous :  scapose  stems,  3-6  inches  high ;  sepals 
rotmded  a  line  long  by  1%  lines  broad :  petals  6-8,  obovate,  bare  retuse  or 
entire  3  lines  long,  red  to  white  with  darker  veins.  In  beds  of  talc  on  high 
exposed  ridges  of  the  Siskiyou  Mountains. 

0.  Columbiana  Howell  1.  c.  32.  Calandrinia  Columbiana  Howell  Gray 
Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xxii,  211 .  Leaves  numerous,  linear-spatulate  flat  \%-i 
inches  long,  not  glaucous :  scapose  stems  5-12  inches  high  :  sepals  rounded 
or  truncate,  a  line  long  \%-2  lines  broad:  petals  4-7,  oblong,  more  or 
less  truncate,  deeply  emarginate  to  entire,  rarely  several-toothed  at 
apex,  5-6  lines  long,  white  or  pink  with  dark  red  veing.  On  bare  exposed 
basaltic  rock  along  the  Columbia  river  below  the  Cascades.  Cascade 
Mountains  lat .  49,  Lyall. 

0.  Cotyledon  Howell  1.  c.  32.  Calandrinia  Cotyledon  Watson  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  x.r,  355.  Leaves  flat,  spatulate  or  oblanceolate  1-2  inches  long  by  6- 
12  lines  broad,  imbricated  in  a  dense  rosulate  tuft:  stems  rather  stout,  6- 
12  inches  high,  sometimes  with  2  pairs  of  bracts  below  the  short  cymose 
panicle:  sepals  1)^-2  lines  long  ovate  or  orbicular;  petals  5-10,  6-8  lines 


92  PORTULACACEJ^.  oreobroma. 

long  oblanceolate,  deei)  rose-color  with  orange  stripe  in  the  centre  :  stam- 
ens about  7,  filaments  dilated  below,  coherent  in  a  tube  around  the  2-4- 
parted  style  capsule  obscurely  2-4  valved,  12-20  ovuled.  On  high 
exposed  i)eaks  of  syenitic  rock  near  Preston's  peak,  KSiskiyou  Mountains. 

0.  Ho wellii  Howell  1.  c.  Calandrinia  Howellii  Watson  l.  c.  .rxiii,  262. 
Leaves  flat,  oblong  to  ovate,  attenuate  to  a  margined  petiole,  5-7  lines 
wide,  with  narrow  hyaline  crisped  margins :  stems  4-6  inches  high  with 
one  or  two  pairs  of  bracts  below  the  short  racemose  cymes :  sepals  13^-2 
lines  long,  orbicular  to  broadly  ovate :  petals  7-10,  oblong-oblanceolate, 
emarginate  or  entire,  6-8  lines  long,  deep  rose-color,  stamens  7.  On  high 
exposed  ridges,  Josephine  county,  southwestern  Oregon. 

*  *  Long  thick  root  branching  below  :  the  2-3-divided  caudex  not 
reaching  the  surface  of  the  ground  :  nerves  of  the  calyx  excurrent,  but 
not  gland-tipped :  stems  terminating  in  a  few-flowered  umbel. 

0.  oppositifolia  Howell  I.e.  Calandrinia  oppositifolia  Watson.  Radical 
leaves  linear-oblanceolate,  attenuate  to  the  scarious-margined  subterra- 
nean base  13^-3  inches  long :  the  lower  caulirie  1-3  pairs,  opposite  and 
similar  with  occasionally  scattered  entire  bracts  above :  stems  5-10  inches 
high  bearing  a  terminal  1-5  flowered  umbel:  flowers  white  or  pale 
pink  on  elongated  pedicels  1-3  inches  long :  sepals  orbicular,  2-3  lines 
long:  petals  10,6-10  lines  Irng:  stamens  8-12  or  more :  style  deeply  3- 
cleft:  capsule  oblong,  3  lines  long,  5-10-seeded.  On  wet  hillsides  about 
Waldo,  Josephine  county,  Oregon,  flowering  in  April  and  May. 

0.  Tweedyi  Howell  1.  c.  Calandrinia  Tweedyi  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad, 
xxii,  277.  Caudex  and  root  very  thick  :  leaves  obovate  fleshy  2-4  inches 
long,  an  inch  or  two  wide,  scapes  a  little  longer  J,han  the  leaves  1-3  flow- 
ered: sepals  and  bracts  entire,  the  former  orbicular:  petals  an  inch  long: 
stamens  10-11 :  capsule  20-30 -seeded :  seeds  with  a  large  and  loose  orbicu- 
lar arillus.    Wenatchee  Mountains,  Washington,  alpine. 

*  *  *  Root  fusiform  or  conical ;  wholly  underground :  scapes  1-3- 
flowered,  not  surpassing  the  radical  leaves. 

0.  pygmaea  Howell  1.  c.  33.  Talinum  pygmxum  Gray  Sillim.  Journ. 
xx.riii,  407.  Leaves  narrowly  lanceolate  or  linear  1-2  inches  long,  wdth 
broad  scarious  margined  underground  petioles  :  bracts  scarious  glandular- 
ciliate:  sepals  orbicular,  glandular-dentate  2  lines  long:  petals  red, 
about  twice  the  length  of  the  sepals:  capsule  obtuse,  nearly  equalling  the 
calyx,  16-20-8eeded.  On  Mount  Adams,  Washington  to  the  Rocky  Mount- 
atins,  Nevada  and  California. 

0.  Ifevadensis  Howell  1.  c.  Calandrinia  Nevadensis  Gray  Leaves 
linear  2-4  inches  long  by  a  line  or  two  wide,  the  underground  "portion  di- 
lated, scapes  1-3  inches  high  with  a  pair  of  foliaceous  linear  bracts  near 
the  middle  1-3  flowered:  sepals  ovoid,  more  or  less  apiculate  entire,  3-4 
lines  long:  petals  8-10,  white,  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals:  capsule  ellip- 
tical, a  little  longer  than  the  calyx:  ovules  3-50.  Wet  alpine  meadows 
and  rivulets,  Washington   to  California  and  Nevada. 

*  *  *  *  Root  glandular,  comparatively  deep-seated :  radical  leaves 
few  or  none :  scape-like  stems  with  a  pair  (or  sometimes  3  or  4  in  a 
whorl)  of  opposite  fleshy  hnear  leaves  near  the  middle:  several- 
flowered. 

0.  triphylla  Howell  1.  c.  Claytonia  triphylfa  Watson  L  c.  x,  345. 
KStems  1-3  inches  high :  radical  leaves,  when  present,  narrowly  lanceolate 
to  linear  6-12  lines  long ;  cauline  1-4  in  a  whorl  narrowly  lanceolate  at- 
tenuate below  :  1-2  inches  long,  inflorescence  a  several-flowered  bracteate 
umbel :  bracts  minute  :  petals  oblong,  2  lines  long  exceeding  the  rounded- 
sepals.    In  wet  places  on  high  mountains,  California  to  Brit.  Columbia/ 


CALAXDRixiA.  PORTULACACEiE.  93 

TAUXDM. 

§  ^.  Capsule  3-valved,  S-several-seeded.  Sepals  ^,  green  herb- 
aceous, becoming  more  or  less  colored. 

4    CALANDRINIA  HBK.  Nov.  Gen.  vi,  77  in  part. 

Succulent  herbs  with  alternate  leaves  and  ephemeral  flowers  in 
bracted  racemes.  Sepals  2,  subequal,  persistent.  Petals  3-7. 
Stamens  3-10,  seldom  of  the  same  number  as  the  petals,  appar- 
ently always  hypogynous.  Capsule  3-valved  from  the  sunmiit, 
persistent,  several-seeded.  Seeds  black,  minutely  tuberculate. 
Our  species  annuals. 

C,  caulescens  HBK.  I.  c.  Glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent ;  stems  dif- 
fusely branching  from  the  base,  decumbent,  3-8  inches  long:  leaves  lin- 
ear to  lanceolate,  1-3  inches  long,  the  lower  slender  petioled:  racemes 
simple :  peduncles  erect  or  ascending :  buds  4-angled :  sepals  ovate  acute, 
strongly  carinate,  the  keel  ciliate :  petals  broadly  obovate,  2-6  lines  long : 
capsule  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  the  valves  becoming  somewhat  in- 
durated, about  equalling  the  sepals.  Roadsides  and  moist  places,  Brit. 
Columbia  to  South  America. 

C.  micraiitha  Schl.  Linnaea  xiii,  Lit.  Ber.  97.  Diffusely  branched 
from  the  base ;  stems  slender,  decumbent  or  ascending,  2-6  inches  long : 
leaves  linear,  ciliate  on  the  margins  and  midrib:  racemes  simple:  pedicels 
ascending:  sepals  broadly  lanceolate,  acuminate,  1^-2  lines  long;  petals 
3-7,  about  a  line  long:  capsule  ovate,  acute,  equalling  the  sepals.  Moist 
sandy  places  along  the  Columbia  river. 

5  TALINUM  Adanson  Fam.  des  PI.  ii,  145. 

Low  glabrous  herbs,  rarely  suffrutescent  at  base  with  mostly 
linear  leaves  without  stipules  and  usually  white  or  red  flowers  in 
paniculate  racemes.  Sepals  2,  deciduous.  Petals  5,  sessile,  hyp- 
ogynous, stamens  10-30,  adherent  to  the  base  of  the  petals. 
Style  trifid.  Capsule  globose,  3-valved  from  the  top,  many- 
seeded.     Seeds  smooth. 

T.  spinescens  Torr.  Bot.  Wilkes  xvii,  250.  Caudex  short,  succulent, 
beset  with  small  subulate  spines  which  are  the  indurated  and  persistent, 
midribs  of  former  leaves :  leaves  terete,  6  lines  long :  scapiform,  peduncles 
slender,  surpassing  the  leaves :  flowers  in  terminal  paniculate  naked 
cymes :  petals  rose-red :  stamens  20-30.  AVenatchee  Mountains,  Wash- 
ington. 

6  CLAYTONIA  L.  in  Gronov.  Fl.  Virg.  25. 

Low  glabrous  acaulescent  succulent  perennial  herbs  with  sea- 
pose  stems  from  a  fleshy  tuber  or  roots  bearing  a  pair  of,  at  least 
when  young,  opposite  leaf-like  bracts  subtending  the  loose  ter- 
minal naked  racemes  or  umbels  of  delicate  white  or  rose-color 
flowers  that  open  for  more  than  one  day.  Sepals  2,  persistent. 
Petals  5,  equal.  Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  claws  of  the  petals. 
Ovary  free,  several-ovuled.  Capsule  loculicidally  3-valved. 
Seeds  compressed,  shining. 

*    Stems  and  leaves  from  a  deep-seated  corm. 

C.  lanceolata  Pursh.  Fl.  175.  Scapose  stems  3-6  inches  high  :  leaves 
narrowly  lanceolate,  1-2  inches  long,  usual  Iv  wanting  on  flowering  speci- 
mens) ;  involucral  leaves  sessile,  from  narrowly  lanceolate  to  oblong,  1  or  2 
inches  long:  racemes  few-flowered  and  cyniose  with  a  single  scarious  bract  at 


94  PORTULACACE^.  claytonia. 

MONTIA. 

the  base  of  the  lowest  pedicel :  sepals  ovate,  acntidi  rr  obtr.se,  1-13^  lines 
long :  petals  3-4  lines  long,  pale  rose  color  with  darker  veins :  roots  glo- 
bose. Eastern  "Washington  and  Oregon  to  the  Eocky  Mountains,  Nevada 
and  California,  in  mountainous  districts. 

C.  nmbellata  Watson  Bot.  King  4:5,  t.  6.  Scapose  stems  an  inch  or 
two  high  :  radical  leaves  orbicular  to  oblong  or  ovate  on  long  slender  pet- 
ioles (often  wanting  on  flowering  specimens) :  involucral  leaves  orbicular 
to  ovate  or  rhomboidal,  on  slender  petioles :  flowers  3-5  in  a  subseesile  um- 
bel, subtended  bj'  a  broad  scarious  bract:  petals  ?>-4  lines  long,  a  little 
longer  than  the  rounded,  obtuse,  somewhat  scarious  sepals:  root  of  vari- 
ous shape,  usually  oblong  or  fusiform,  }4-2  inches  long.  In  gravelly 
ground,  Btein's  Mountain,  southeastern  Oregon  to  Nevada. 

*  *     Ptems  and  leaves  from  the  crown  of  a  fleshy  root. 

C.  Me§rarrhiza  Parry  Watson  Bib.  Tnd.  118.  Leaves  numerous, 
cuneate  with  rounded  apex,  attenuate  below  to  a  margined  petiole 
with  scarious  dilated  base  1-6  inches  long.  2-18  lines  wide;  scapose  stems 
not  exceeding  the  leaves :  involucral  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear  sessile : 
raceme  secund,  subsessile,  with  comparatively  large  acutish  scarious 
bract  at  base;  sepals  oblong  2-3  lines  long,  petals  obovate  subemargin- 
ate,  a  third  longer  than  the  sepals.  High  alpine,  growing  in  crevices  of 
rocks,  its  large  purple  tap-root  penetrating  to  a  great  depth.  Blue  Mount- 
ains of  eastern  Oregon  to   the  Rocky  Mountains. 

7  MONTIA  Micheli  Nova   Plantarum   Gen.   17  t,    13. 

Low  glabrous  and  succulent  herbs  with  delicate  pale  or  white 
flowers  in  loose  axillary  or  terminal  simple  or  compound  ra- 
cemes. Sepals  2,  rarely  3,  persistent.  Petals  usually  5,  rarely  3 
or  wanting ;  more  or  less  united  at  base,  usually  unequal,  3  of 
them  a  little  smaller  than  the  other  2.  Stamens  3-5,  inserted  on 
the  base  of  the  corolla,  opposite  its  lobes.  Ovary  3-ovuled  :  cap- 
sule 3-valved,  3- seeded. 

*    Leafy-stemmed  annuals :  petals  unequal. 
+-     At  least  the  lower  leaves  opposite.  ' 

M.  minor  Gmelin  Fl.  Bad.  i,  301,  (?),  Stems  weak  and  filiform,  form- 
ing dense  mats  2-10  inches  iu  diameter  rooting  at  the  lower  nodes  :  leaves 
spatulate  or  obovate  to  narrowly  oblanceolate,  3-9  lines  long :  flowers  a 
line  long  or  less:  petals  conspicuous  a  little  longer  than  the  calyx:  seeds 
dull  black,  tuberculate.  In  wet  places  and  ditches,  Washington  to  north- 
ern California. 

•*-     Leaves  all  alternate. 

•♦*     Stamens  2  or  3 :  opposite  the  3  smaller  petals. 

M.  Howellii  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xviii,  191.  Stems  slender,  dif- 
fusely branched  3^-3  inches  long,  procumbent  and  rooting  at  the  nodes : 
leaves  narrowly  spatulate  2-4  lines  long  with  a  dilated  scarious  clasping 
base,  rarely  opposite,  usually  opposite  to  a  triangular  scarious  clasping 
bract  which  subtends  a  few-flowered  raceme :  pedicels  shorter  than  the 
leaves,  reflexed  in  fruit:  flowers  very  small:  sepals  less  than  a  line  long: 
petals  2,  rarely  3-5  or  wanting;  the  2  larger  a  little  exserted  :  seeds  black, 
smooth  and  shining.     Willamette  valley :  flowers  in  very  early  spring. 

M.  dichotoma  Howell  1.  c.  36.  Claytonia  dichotoma  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fh 
202.  Erect,  1-3  inches  high,  branching  from  the  base  and  compact  leaves 
all  linear  6-12  lines  long:  flowers  in  dense  terminal- racemes ;  sepals 
broadly  elliptical,  about  a  line  long,  usually  colored  i  petals  but  little 
longer',  diitiuctly  united  tat  baie:  seeds  thick-lenticulftf  minutely  tuber*^ 


MONTiA.  PORTURACACE.E.  95 

culate,  small,  dull  black.    In   wet  places,  Columbia  river  valley  from  The 
Dalles  westward. 

M.  linearis  Greene  Fl.  Francis.  181.  Claytonia  linearis  Dougl.  Stems 
erect  or  spreading  2-6  inches  long,  branching  from  the  base :  leaves  lin- 
ear, sessile  by  a  clasping  base,  1-3  inches  long,  flowers  in  lax  terminal 
often  secund  racemes  :  stamens  3,  (rarely  2  or  5) :  sepals  broadly  elliptical, 
2  lines  long,  often  partly  scarious  and  colored ;  petals  a  little  longer :  seeds 
black  and  lustrous,  a  line  broad,  the  largest  in  the  genus,  flat  and  sharply 
margined.  In  moist  or  wet  places,  Vancouver  Island  to  northern 
California. 

**  +*     Stamens  5,  seeds  closely  striate  and  transversely  lineolate. 

M.  diffusa  Greene  1.  c.  Annual,  stems  procumbent  diffusely  branched: 
2  inches  to  a  span  long:  leaves  broadly  ovate  or  deltoid,  abruptly  attenuate 
into  a  petiole,  )^-l  inch  broad:  racemes  very  numerous,  terminal  and 
lateral,  subcorymbose;  pedicels  slender,  at  length  recurved,  the  lowest 
one  and  often  several  of  the  upper  ones  bracteate :  petals  emarginat^,  2 
lines  long,  a  little  longer  than  the  calyx.  In  forests  and  shady  or  rocky 
places  near  the  mouth  of  the  Willamette  river  to  northern  California. 

*  *  Leafy-stemmed  perennials,  stoloniferous  or  bulbiferous ;  ra- 
cemes terminal  and  axillary,  not  involucrate-braeted :  petals  5, 
scarcely  unequal:   stamens  5. 

-«-  Stems  filiform :  leaves  alternate ;  racemes  terminal. 
M.  parvifolia  Greene  1.  c.  Stems  filiform  2-10  inches  long:  leaves 
fleshy,  lower  clustered,  oblanceolate  or  spatulate,  5-18  lines  long;  cauline 
much  smaller,  usually  with  leafy  bulblets  in  their  axiles:  racemes  ter- 
minal few-flowered :  some  or  all  of  the  pedicels  subtended  by  scarious 
bracts:  sepals  broadly  ovate  obtuse,  a  line  long:  petals  oblanceolate,  emar- 
ginate     About  springs  and  wet  places,  California  to  Alaska 

+-  -«-  Leaves  opposite :  racemes  axillary. 
M.  Chamissoiiis  Greene  I.  c.  180.  Stems  weak  and  slender,  erect  or 
decumbent,  a  foot  or  less  high,  stoloniferous  and  rooting  at  the  joints: 
leaves  oblanceolate  or  spatulate  }4~\%  inches  long ;  often  with  bulblets  in 
their  axiles :  racemes  few- flowered  with  a  scarious  bract  at  base ;  flowers 
on  slender  pedicels:  sepals  orbicular  1%  lines  wide:  petals  white,  3  or  4 
lines  long.  In  wet  places,  Alaska  to  California,  east  to  the  Rocky 
Mountains. 

M.  Hallii  Greene  1.  c.  A  span  high,  destitute  of  stolons  or  bulblets: 
leaves  only  2  or  3  pairs:  pedicels  in  fruit  ascending  :  calyx  barely  a  line 
long :  seeds  muriculate.    Wet  ground,  Willamette  valley. 

*  *  *  Leaves  all  radical :  stems  scapiform :  racemes  involucrate, 
petals  and  stamens  5  each. 

■*-  Involucral  bracts  more  or  less  united  into  a  disk,  other  and 
smaller  bracts  above  them  :  annuals,  apparently  confluent  in  a  series. 
M.  perfoliata  Howell  1.  c.  38.  Claytonia  perfoliata  Bonn  Willd.  Sp.  ii, 
1186.  Scapose  stems  6-12  inches  high  :  leaves  long  petioled,  ovate  to  del- 
toid usually  acute  3^-3  inches  broad :  light  green :  involucral  bracts  com- 
pletely joined  together  forming  a  perfoliate  shallow-funnelform  disk: 
flowers  in  short  or  long  peduncled  interrupted  elongated  racemes  :  sepals 
ovate  1-1)^  lines  long;  petals  a  half  longer:  seeds  rather  small,  black  and 
lustrous,  lenticular.  Common  in  shady  moist  places,  Vancouver  Island 
to  California  and  the  Rocky  Mountains,  also  Mexico  and  Chile. 

M.  parviflora  Howell  1.  c.  Claytonia  parviflora  Dougl.  Leaves  light 
green,  spatulate  to  filiform,  including  the  petiole  2-6  inches  long:  scapose 
stems  2-8  inches  long,  involucral  bracts  joined  together  on  one  or  both 
sides  into  a  perfoliate  or  clftiping  or  ehallow  diik  j  flowers  in  sesiile  or 
ihort-pedufi^kd  raotmei }  upalf  oy»t«,  a  line  long ;  p«t»lf  but  liitlf  long «r  ( 


96  PORTULACACEiE.  montia, 

seeds  Email  lenticular,  black  and  shining.    Common  in  moist  shady  places, 
Washington  to  California. 

M.  rnbra  Howell  1.  c.  Whole  plant  usually  livid  red,  spreading: 
leaves  deltoid  or  rhomboid,  abruptly  narrowed  to  a  margined  petiole  1-3 
inches  long:  scapes  1-3  inches  long,  more  or  less  depressed;  involuci-al 
bracts  completely  united  (or  slightly  open  on  one  side)  into  an  orbicular 
perfoliate  disk :  flowers  in  ghort  sessile  racemes ;  sepals  orbicular,  less 
than  a  line  long,  about  half  the  length  of  the  petals.  Jn  dry  open  woods 
Washington  to  northren  California. 

M.  spathnlata  Howell  1.  c.  Claytcnia  spathvJata  Dtjagl.  Succulent  and 
glaucous  or  pale,  scapose  j-.tems  1-8  inches  long,  spreading  or  erect :  leaves 
slender,  terete  or  some  of  the  outer  ones  becoming  spatulate  and  flattish  : 
involucral  bracts  either  wholly  united  and  the  disk  shorter  on  one  side,  or 
joined  together  on  one  side  only  and  that  thrcughout  or  only  in  part:  ra- 
cemes short,  nearly  or  quite  sessile  ;  the  slender  and  mostly  alternate  pedi- 
cels 3-4  lines  long;  fepals  ovate,  a  line  or  more  long,  about  half  the  length 
of  the  white  or  rose  color  petals:  seeds  minutely  tuberculate.  In  wet  sa- 
line soil,  southern  Oregon  and  California. 

M.  hnuiifusa.  Depressed  and  spreading  in  a  circular  manner,  form- 
ing a  rosette  1-4  inches  in  diameter,  pale  green  or  yellowish :  leaves  rather 
few,  thin,  orbicular  or  rhombic  to  oblong  or  broadly  spatulate  the  blade 
2-t)  lines  long,  abruptly  or  gradually  contracted  below  to  a  slender  petiole, 
3>^-2  inches  long :  scapose  stems  numerous,  3^-2  inches  long:  involucral 
bracts  large,  completely  united  on  one  edge  and  little  or  not  at  all  on  the 
other,  forming  a  broad  somewhat  angular  reniform  sessile  leaf :  flowers 
glomerate  in  the  axils  of  the  involucre  and  not  surpassing  it;  pedicels 
about  a  line  long :  calyx  orbicular  to  broadly  oBovate,  a  line  long,  petals 
not  seen :  seeds  small,  very  black  and  lustrous,  turgid,  with  a  distinct 
white  appendage  at  the  hilum.  In  moist  places,  valley  of  the  Walla  Walla 
river  near  Milton,  May  18,  1886,  i/ou'<^ZL  This  may  be  Claytonia  parvi- 
flora  var.  depressa  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xxii,  181. 

M.  tennifolia  Howell  1.  c.  Claytonia  termifolm  T.  <&  G.  FL  i,  Wl. 
Stems  numeroi\s,  filiform:  leaves  narrowly  linear  or  filiform  %-2  inches 
long,  insensibly  decumbent  into  long  petioles :  involucral  bracts  linear, 
somewhat  dilated  at  base  and  then  slightly  connate  on  one  side,  much 
longer  than  the  sessile  1-bracteate  subumbellate  raceme :  petals  oblong, 
longer  than  than  the  calyx,  rose-color.  In  damp  places  about  cliffs,  etc., 
southern  Oregon  and  California. 

M.  arenicola.  Claytonia  arenicola  Henderson  BvlL  Torr.  Club  xxii, 
49.  "Annual  with  delicate  fibrous  roots,  2-6  inches  high  :  radical  leaves 
linear-spatulate,  the  broadest  not  over  2)4  lines  wide  (generally  about  a 
line  wide)  1-2  inches  long,  tapering  from  near  the  obtuse  apex  into  a  deli- 
cate petiole:  cauline  leaves  a  single  pair,  similar  to  the  radical  but  shorter, 
opposite  and  distinct:  racemes  numerous  and  prolifically  flowered,  the 
flowers  on  pedicels  >2-^  inch  long;  petals  pink-white,  3  lines  long,  emar- 
ginate ;  seeds  J-^  line  long  shining  and  resembling  those  of  0.  Fiberica,  but 
only  half  as  large.  Dry  sandy  banks  along  streams  as  well  as  dry  pine 
woods,  Idaho  and  eastern  Washington."  -, 

-•-  •*-     Involucral  bracts  distinct;  petals  subeqUal. 
•»+     Perennial  with  creeping  rootstocks:  racemes  without  bractlets. 

M.  asarifolia  Howell  1.  c.  Claytonia  asarifolia  Bong.  Veg.  Sitch.  137 
(?)  C.  cor di folia  Watson  Froc.  Am.  Acad,  xrii,  365.  Scapose  stems  4-12 
inches  high  from  a  creeping  caudex  :  radical  leaves  sulcordate  or  some- 
what reniform  to  rhombic-ovate,  on  long  slender  pedicels :  involucrate 
leavo's  ovate  acute, I'^-l^  inches  long :  flowers  few  upon  slender  pedicels  in  a 
long  pedunculate  naked  (or  with  a  single  scarious  bract)  raceme:  petals  3- 
4  lines  long,  thrice  longer  than  the  rounded  sepals.  Alpine  and  alpestrin 
from  Alaska  to  California,  east  to  the  northern  Rocky  Mountains. 


8PRAGUEA.  PORTULACACE^.  97 

CALYPTRIDIUM. 

♦+  +*  Perennials  with  a  thickened  crown  and  fibrous  roots. 
M.  Slbirica  Howell  1.  c.  38.  Claytonia  Sibirica  L.  Sp.  B04  (fj.  Sea- 
pose  stems  6-15  inches  high  from  a  thickened  crown  with  fibrous  roots : 
radical  leaves  rhombic-ovate  or  nearly  orbicular  to  lanceolate,  1-3  inches 
long,  )^2-2  inches  wide :  involucral  leaves  ovate  or  spatulate-ovate  to  lan- 
ceolate' 3^-2  inches  long :  flowers  on  slender  pedicels  in  elongated  bracted 
geminate  racemes ;  sepals  ovate,  acute,  1-13^  lines  long;  petals  oblong,  nar- 
rowed to  a  short  claw  below,  somewhat  truncate  and  notched  at  the  upper 
end,  3-6  lines  long.  Common  in  moist  ground,  Alaska  to  California,  west 
of  the  Cascade  Mountains. 

M.  bulbifera  Howell  1.  c.  Claytonia  hnlMfera  Gray  I.  c.  xii,  54.  Stems 
rather  slender,  4-12  inches  higli,  erect  or  ascending  from  a  cluster  of 
bulblets  that  are  the  fleshy  persistent  bases  of  fomber  leaves:  leaves  orbic- 
ular or  rhombic  to  lanceolate,  'j-IS  lines  long,  narrowed  below  to  a  slender 
petiole  2-4  inches  long :  involucral  leaves  orbicular  fo  obovate  or  elliptical, 
sessile  but  not  connate :  raceme  solivary  and  tenrrtnal,  rarely  with  a  second 
one  in  the  axil  of  a  bract  below  the  terminal  one ;  bracts  foliaceous ;  pedi- 
cels filiform,  1-2  inches  long:  sepals  cordate,  1-2  lines  long,  about  as 
broad,  acutish ;  petals  oblong,  emarginate  to  2-lobed,  4-6  lines  long,  white 
with  red  or  purple  veins;  stamens  about  half  as  long  as  the  petals:  cap- 
sule globose:  seeds  moderately  compressed ,  ovate,  with  a  conspicuous 
white  appendage  at  the  hilum.  Along  streams  and  damp  places  in  forests, 
southwestern  Oregon  and  adjacent  California. 

§  IV.  Sepals  S ,  broad ,  more  or  less  scarious^  persistent:  cap- 
sule 2'Valved.  • 

9.     SPRAGUEA  Torr.  PI.   Frem.  4  t.   1. 

Herbs  with  rosulate  tufts  of  fleshy  leaves  from  the  crow^n  of 
a  Heshy  root,  or  on  densely-leafy  s':ems,  and  ephemeral  flowers  in 
dense  scorpioid  spikes  umbellate-clustered  on  a  scape-like  pedunc- 
le. Sepals  2,  orbicular,  emarginate  at  both  ends,  scarious-hyaline, 
persistent.  Petals  4,  somewhat  unequal.  Stamens  3,  opposite 
the  3  larger  petals,  exserted.  Ovary  8-10-ovuled ;  style  long,  bifid 
at  the  apex.  Capsule  2-valved,  membranaceous.  Seeds  black 
and  shining. 

S.  umbellata  Torr.  1.  c.  Stems  neveral  from  a  thickened  biennial 
root,  simple,  erect  or  ascending  2-12  inches  high  :  radical  leaves  spatulate 
or  oblanceolate,  on  thick  petioles  1-4  inches  long;  the  cauline  similar  but 
smaller,  frequently  scarious-stipulate,  often  reduced  to  a  few  bracts;  invo- 
lucre of  broader  scarious  bracts  subtending  the  dense  capitate  umbel  of 
nearly  sessile  spikes :  sepals  very  conspicuous,  2-4  lines  in  diameter,  about 
equalling  the  oblong-ovate  petals :  stamens  and  style  conspicuously  ex- 
serted. In  damp  sandy  places  from  the  Siskiyou  to  the  Sierra  Nevada 
Mountains. 

S.  multiceps  Howell  Eryth.  i,  39.  Depressed  freely  branching  per- 
ennial: stems  1-6  inches  long  with  densely  leafy  branches:  leaves  3-6 
lines  long  or  on  young  plants  2  or  3  inches  long:  peduncle  solitary, 
terminating  the  short  lateral  bractlets,  usually  with  1  or  2  scarious  bracts 
below  the  involucre :  flowers  in  dense  capitate  clusters  :  sepals  scarious,  2-4 
lines  in  diameter,  about  equalling  the  oblong-ovate  petals :  stamens  and 
style  conspicuously  exserted.  In  volcanic  sand,  etc.,  on  the  snowy  peaks 
of  the  Cascade  Mountains. 

9    CALYPTRIDIUM  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  i,  198. 

Smooth  depressed  annuals  with  alternate  fleshy  leaves  and 
small  ephemeral  flowers  in  dense    axillaiy  ;ind  terminal    clusters 


98  EIATINACE.E.  elatine. 

BEROIA. 

or  compound  seorpioid  spikes.  Sepals  2,  mostly  unequal,  ovate 
or  orbicular,  more  or  less  scarious.  Petals  2-4.  Stamens  1-8, 
shorter  than  the  petals  and  alternate  with  them.  Capsule  mem- 
branaceous 2-valved,  G-12-seeded.  Seeds  black  and  shining,  cir- 
cinate,  compressed,  on  filiform  funiculi  of  unequal  length,  rising 
from  the  base  of  the  cell 

C.  roseum  Watson  Bot.  King  44  t.  6.  figs.  6-8.  Diffusely  branched : 
stems  decumbent,  1-3  inclies  long:  leaves  oblong-spatulate,  attenuate  at 
the  base:  sepals  very  unequal,  nearly  orbicular,  1-8  lines  broad:  petals 
minute,  rounded-oblong:  capsule  obfong-ovate,  shorter  than  the  calyxs 
style  very  short.     Southeastern  Oregon  to  Nevada  and  California. 

Order  XIII.     eIaTINACE^  Lindl.  Nat.  Syst.  ed.  2,  88. 

Low  annuals  wkh  opposite  dotless  me/nbranous  stipulate 
leaves,  regular  and  symmetrical  flowers  with  hypogynous  pet- 
als and  stamens  and  distinct  styles  bearing  capitate  stigmas. 
Sepals  2-5  distinct,  persistent.  Petals  as  many  as  the  sepals 
and  alternate  with  them.  Stamens  as  many  or  twice  as 
many  as  the  petals.  '  Ovary  2-5-celled .  Capsule  2-5-valved, 
crowned  wdth  the  persistent  styles  or  stigmas:  placentae  in  the 
axis.  Seeds  anatropous  cylindrical  with  ciustaceous  coat  and 
little  or   no  albumen. 

1.  Elatiiie.     Parts  of  the  flowers  each  2-4,     sep'als  obtuse. 

2.  Bergia.    Parts  of  the  flowers  each  5,    sepals  acute. 

1     ELATINE  L.  Gen.  n.  502. 

Small  prostrate  glabrous  annuals,  growing  in  water  or  wet 
places  with  entire  leaves  and  solitary  flowers.  Sepals  2-4,  mem- 
branaceous, obtuse,  nerveless.  Petals  as  many  as  sepals.  Stam- 
ens as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  petals.  Styles  2,  3  or  4.  Ovary 
globose,  with  the  placentae  in  the  axis,  many-ovuled.  Capsule 
membranaceous  2-4-celled,  the  partitions  remaining  attached  to 
the  axis  or  evanescent. 

E.  Americana  Arnott  Edinb.  Journ.  Pci.  i,  430.  Low  and  tlepressed, 
1-6  inches  in  diameter,  rooting  at  the  nodes  :  leaves  obovate,  yery  obtuse : 
flowers  sessile,  purplish:  seeds  cylindrical,  slightly  curved,  about  one- 
third  of  a  line  long,  very  minutely  pitted  in  9  or  10  longitudinal  lines. 
Lower  Columbia  river  bottoms ;  also  in  the  Eastern  States. 

E.  Californica  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xiii.  ?>(]] .  Floating:  leaves  obo- 
vate, attenute  at  base,  the  lower  with  a  petiole  not  longer  than  the  blade : 
flowers  shortly  pedicellate,  with  3  or  4  sepals  and  petals  and  twice  as 
many  stamens  :  seeds  circinate-incurved  nearly  one-third  of  a  line  long, 
minutely  pitted  in  10  or  12  lines.  In  Sierra  valley,  California;  KSpokane 
Falls,  Washington. 

2    BERGI A  L.  Mant.  n.  1309. 

Branching  and  often  pubescent  nearly  eiect  annuals  with  en- 
tire or  serrate  leaves  and  fascicled  or  solitary  flowers.  Sepals  5, 
with  a  strong  midnerve  or  herbaceous  in  the  middle,  acute. 
Ovary  ovoid.  Capsule  subcrustaceous,  5-valved,  more  or  less 
of  the  partitions  in  dehiscence  remaining  with  the  axis. 


HYPERICUM.  HYPERICACE^..  99 

B.  Texaiia  Seubert  in  Walp.  Rep.  i,  285.  Glandular  pubescent, 
branching  from  the  base,  2-10  inches  high:  leaves  oblanceolate,  acute,  ser- 
rate, }^-l}/2  "iches  long,  attenuate  to  a  short  petiole:  flowers  fascicled, 
shortly  pecficelled :  sepals  carinate,  IV,  lines  long  exceeding  the  petals  and 
stamens :  capsule  globose :  seeds  smooth  and  shining.  .Moist  or  very  wet 
places  along  rivers  and  ditches,  Columbia  river  to  Nevada,  California  and 
Texas 

Order  XIV.      HYPP^RICACE^:  Lindl.  Nat.  Syst.  ed.  2,  77. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  with  opposite  entire  leaves,  punctate 
with  immersed  pelhicid  lesinous  glands  and  often  sprinkled 
with  black  glandular  dots  or  lines,  without  stipules.  Calyx  of 
4  or  5  persistent  sepals  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Petals  as  many, 
convolute  in  the  bud,  deciduous  or  withering,  usually  glandu- 
lar-punctate. Filaments  mostly  in  8  sets  or  bundles.  Styles 
2-5,  usually  distiiict  or  becoming  so.  Stigmas  terminal. 
Ovary  and  capsule  with  2  5  parietal  placentae,  or  2-5- celled  by 
their  union  in  the  axis.  Seeds  anatropous,  with  a  somewhat 
crustaceous  coat,  filled  by  the  straight  cylindraceous  embryo. 
Only  one  genus  in  our  range. 

1     HYPERICUM  L.  Gen.  n.  902. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  witli  .simple  entire  opposite  leaves  without  sti- 
pules and  yellow  flowers  in  cymes.  Sepals  5,  rarely  4,  similar. 
Petals  as  many,  oblique.  Stamens  numerous,  sometimes  few,  in 
3-5  clusters :  filaments  united  at  base  into  8-8  phalanges  or  dis- 
tinct. Ovary  1-celled  with  parietal  placentae  or  8-5-celled  with 
placentie  in  the  axis.  Styles  8-5  distinct  or  united  :  stigma  often 
capitate :  capsule  conical  to  globose. 

*  fStamens  numerous,  distinct  or  united  into  sets :  styles  3,  long 
and  distinct:  capsule  ovate,  3-celled,  more  or  less  glandular:  tall  per- 
ennials with  opposite  leaves. 

H.  PERFORATUM  L.  Much  branched,  1-4  feet  high:  leaves  linear  to  ob- 
long, obtuse,  mostly  tapering  at  base,  6-12  lines  long,  1-5  wide :  flowers 
numerous  in  loose  cymes,  about  an  inch  in  diameter :  sepals  narrowly  lan- 
ceolate, very  acute  or  acuminate  :  petals  bright  yellow,  black  dotted  along 
the  margin  :  capsule  conical-ovate  2-3  lines  long.  Very  common  in  fields 
and  along  roadsides.     Introduced  from  Europe. 

H.  Scowlerl  Hook.  Fl.  1,111.  Simple  or  sparingly  branched  above, 
often  with  numerous  small  branchlets  from  running  rootstocks,  1-2  feet 
high :  leaves  thin,  shorter  than  the  internodes,  about  an  inch  long  mostly 
obtuFe,  more  or  less  clasping,  usually  black  dotted  along  the  margin  on  the 
under  side :  flowers  6-12  lines  in  diameter,  in  more  or  less  panicled  cymes  : 
sepals  oval  or  oblong,  obtuse,  2  lines  long,  or  less:  petals  6  lines  long, 
obovate  :  stamens  numerous  in  3  fascicles,  3-celled.  In  wet  meadows  and 
by  streams  throughout  the  Pacific  (states  and  Territories,  flowering  in 
summer. 

*  *  Stamens  15-20,  mostly  in  3  clusters ;  styles  3  or  2,  short  and 
distinct,  stigmas  capitate  :  small  slender  annuals  with  small  flowers: 
petals  shorter  than  the  sepals. 

H.  ana^alloides  Cham.  &  Schlect.  Linnaea  iii,  127.  Procumbent,  dif- 
fusely branching,  often  forming  dense  mats:  stems  1-12  inches  long: 
leaves  oblong  to  broadly  ovate,  obtuse,  5-7  nerved  at  base,  2-6  lines  long, 
almost  as  broad  :  flowers  3  or  4  lines  in  diameter,   in  few-flowered  naked  or 


XOO  MALVACEiE.  Hypericum. 

MALVA. 

leafy  cymes:  sepals  follaceous,  unequal,  lanceolate  to  broadly  ovate,  1-3 
lines  long,  longer  than  the  ovate  1-celled  capsule :  stamens  15-20.  In  wet 
places,  Brit-  Columbia  to  California., 

H.  Canadense  var.  major  Gray  Man.  80.  Stems  rather  stout  and  strict, 
almost  simple,  12-18  inches  high":  leaves  lanceolate,  1-2  inches  long,  4-() 
lines  broad,  more  or  less  clasping,  often  very  acute,  glandular  dotted  be- 
neath :  flowers  in  somewhat  crowded  cymes :  sepals  linear-lanceolate  long- 
pointed;  stamens  5-10:  capsule  very  acutely  conical,  3-4  lines  long:  seeds 
yellow,  more  or  less  striate  and  pitted.  Green  Lake,  King  county,  Wash- 
ington and  the  Eastern  States. 

Order  XVI.     MALVACE^  Neck.  Act.  Ac.  Theod.  Palat.  2,  488. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  with  alternate  stipulate  mostly  palmately 
veined  leaves  and  usually  showy  flowers.  Flowers  regular, 
hermaphrodite  or  rarely  dioecious  or  polygamous.  Sepals  5, 
rarely  3  or  4,  valvate  in  the  bud,  more  or  less  united  at  base, 
often  having  an  external  calyx  or  involucre,  Petals  hypogyn- 
ous,  equal  in  number  to  the  sepals,  twisted  in  the  bud.  Stamens 
hypogynons,  commonly  indefinite  in  number,  rarely  as  few  as 
the  petals,  united  below  into  a  monadelphous  tube  or  ring: 
anthers  1-celled,  reniform,  bursting  transversely.  Ovary  form- 
ed of  several  (carpels  around  a  common  axis,  either  distinct  or 
cohering.  Styles  as  many  as  carpels,  united  or  distinct  Fruit 
capsular  or  rarely  baccate :  carpels  1  to  many-seeded  sometimes 
closely  united,  sometimes  separate  or  separable.  Seeds  cam- 
pylotropous  or  heterotropous  with  little  or  no  albumen.  Em- 
bryo curved:  cotyledons  foliaceous,  twisted  and  doubled  up. 

*  Styles  stigmatic  on  the  inner  face :  carpels  indehiscent :  ovules 
solitary,  ascending. 

1.  Malva.     Bractlects  1-3,  distinct:  axis  broad,  shorter  than   the  numer- 
ous carpels,  filaments  in  1  series. 

2.  Sidalcea.     Bractlets  none.     Filaments  in  2  series;  those  of  the  outer 
series  united  into  5  clusters :  carpels  5-10,  covering  the  axis. 

*  *    Stigmas  capitate :  carpels    mostly  dehiscent,  at  least  at  the 
apex. 

3»    Sphaeralcea.    Bractlets   1-3,  ovules  2,  the  lower  ascending,  the  up- 
per pendulous. 

4.  8ida.    Bractlets  usually  none  :  ovule  solitary. 

5.  Abutiloii.     Bractlets  none :   ovuled  3-4  in  each  cell. 

1    MALVA  L.  Gen.  n.  841. 

Hirsute  or  glabrate  herbs  with  angularly  lobed  or  dissected 
leaves  and  mostly  showy  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the 
leaves  or  rarely  in  terniinid  i-acemes.  Calyx  5-cleft,  with  an  in- 
volucre of  usually  3  oblong  or  setaceous  bractlets  or  rarely  none. 
Petals  5,  obcordate.  Staminal  column  divided  above  into  numer- 
ous filaments.  Styles  filiform,  stigmatic  on  the  inner  side.  Car- 
pels numerous  with  a  single  ascending  ovule  in  each.  Fruit  de- 
pressed, the  numerous  free  carpels  separating  from  the  broad  and 
not  projecting  axis,  indehiscent,  beakless. 

M.     BOREALis  Wall,  in  Liljebl.  Sv.  Fl.  ed.  2,  218.    Annual,  erector  some- 


SIDALCEA  :MALVACE^.  101 

what  (lecumhent,  luiiry  or  nearly  e!aV)rous:  leaves  round-cordate,  crenate, 
more  or  less  strongly  5-7  lol)etl  ;  p-duncles  axillary,  solitary  or  clnster<id, 
1-3  lines  long:  calyx-lobes  acute,  becoming  very  broad  and  enlarged  in 
fruit:  petals  2-3  lines  long:  capsule  transversely  reticulate-rugose.  A 
weed  from  Europe,  on  the  Coast  from  Puget  Sound  to  Lower  California. 

M.  ROTUNDiFOLiA  L.  Stcms  prostrate  from  a  perennial  root,  6-20  inches 
long,  leaves  cordate-orbicular,  obtusely  5-lobed  and  crenate  on  elongated 
pubescent  petioles:  pedicels  axillary,  1 -flowered  involucral  bracts  ob- 
long-linear: calyx  lobes  acutely  triangular:  petals  4-6  lines  long,  pale 
purple:  carpels  numerous,  wrinkled.  Roadsides  and  waste  grounds;  in- 
troduced from  Europe. 

2    SIDALCEA  Gray  PI.  Fendl.  18. 

Herbs  with  more  or  less  deeply  lobed  leaves  and  purple  or 
while  fiovvers  in  a  terminal  raceme  or  spike :  involucre  none :  ca- 
lyx o-parted.  Staminal  column  double,  the  filaments  of  the 
outer  series  united  usually  into  5  sets  opposite  the  5  petals,  of 
the  inner  distinct.  Styles  filiform,  stigmatic  on  the  inner  face. 
Carpels  5-9,  with  a  single  ascending  seed  in  each,  separating  at 
maturity  from  the  short  axis,  sometimes  beaked,  indehiscent. 
Ours  all  perennials. 

*     Pubescence  not  hirsute. 

S.  glaucescens  Greene  Bull.  Cal.  Acad:  3,  77.  Minutely  stellate-pub- 
escent, and  somewhat  glaucous  throughout :  stems  numerous  and  decum- 
bent, 2  feet  high,  rather  slender:  leaves,  even  the  lowest,  palmately  5-7- 
parted,  the  crenate  divisions  3-5  lobed  or  toothed,  those  of  the  uppermost 
entire :  raceme  simple,  loosely  flowered  :  divisions  of  the  calyx  attenuate- 
acuminate  :  petals  deep  purple,  obtuse  or  at  most  only  truncate :  carpels 
with  distinct  longitudinal  reticulations.  Oregon,  Hall;  station  not  noted 
to  Mount  Shasta  and  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains,  California. 

S.  malvaeflora  Gray  PI.  Wright  i,  16.  Stems  2-4  feet  high,  erect  or  a 
little  decumbent,  mostly  solitary  from  a  fusiform  root:  hirsute  below  and 
on  the  calyx  and  pedicels ;  short,  stellate  pubescence  w  anting :  leaf  mar- 
gins ciliate :  radical  leaves  orbicular  with  open  sinus  and  5-9  shallow, 
crenate-incised  lobes:  the  uppermost  cauline  5-7-parted  into  linear,  entire 
segments  :  raceme  usually  solitary,  virgate  :  pedicels  erect,  twice  the  length 
of  the  calyx,  the  lobes  of  which  are  broadly  ovate,  acuminate :  carx)els 
smooth,  depressed.     Idaho  to  Colorado,  New  Mexico  and  Arizona. 

S.  Yirgata.  Stellate  pubescent  throughout:  stems  numerous  from  the 
thick  somewhat  woody  root,  spreading  or  ascending,  sparingly  branched, 
6-24  inches  high  :  leaves  orbicular  in  outline,  1-4  inches  in  diameter  all 
petioled,  the  lower  more  or  less  deeply  5-7  lobed,  the  obtuse,  oblong  lobes 
coarsely  toothed  at  the  apex,  densely  stellate-pubescent  beneath,  more 
sparsely  so  with  more  simple  appressed  hairs  above:  upper  more  deeply 
lobed  or  parted  with  linear-acute  or  acutish  entire  or  sparingly  toothed 
segments :  flowers  bright  purple  in  virgate  racemes :  bracts  setaceous, 
calyx  lobes  lanceolate,  acuminate,  2-3  lines  long,  rounded,  or  retuse  and 
minutely  erose-dentate  at  the  apex.  Common  on  dry  hillsides,  Willam- 
ette valley  to  the  northern  boundry  of  California. 

*  *    Pubescence  of  two  kinds,  hirsute  and  stellate. 

S.  spicata  Greene  1.  c.  76.  Equably  hispid-hirsute  throughout,  tho 
hairs  simple  and  not  defiexed,  stellate  pubescence  sparse,  mostly  confined 
to  the  under  surface  of  the  leaves  and  the  calyx  where  it  is  minute :  stems 
2  feet  high,  strict  and  simple,  or  with  a  few  short  branches  above  :  lowest 
leaves  orbicular,  lobes  and  teeth   shallow,  rounded ;  cauline  parted  into  7 


102  MALYACE^.  sidalcea. 

SPH.ERALCEA. 

variously  incised,  or  the  uppermost  linear  and  entire  segments:  raceme 
short,  spicate-crowded :  petals  deeply  notched,  half  inch  long:  pedicels 
very  short:  calyx  thin,  very  hairy,  its  lobes  ovate  acute  or  acuminate:  car- 
pels small,  smooth.     Southwestern  Oregon  tt)  California. 

S.  campestris  Greene  1.  c.  Bristly  hairs  of  the  stem  abundant,  forked 
from  the  very  base  and  defl.exed :  leaves  soft  beneath  with  stellate  pubes- 
cence which  becomes  dense  on  the  pedicels  and  calyx :  stems  erect,  2-6 
feet  high  simple  or  slightly  branched  above :  lower  leaves  orbicular,  about 
9-lobed,  the  middle  and  upper  7-9-parted,  their  segments  with  3-5  linear 
spreading  lobes :  racemes  short:  petals  emarginate,  an  inch  long:  calyx 
lobes  lanceolate  acuminate,  3-nerved  ;  carpels  papillose-hirsute.  In  moist 
places,  Willamette  valley. 

S.  Oregaiia  Gray  PI.  Fendl.  20.  vSlender,  1-3  feet  high,  merely  puber- 
ulent  or  glabrous  up  to  the  simple  or  paniculate  racemes  :  foliage  as  in  the 
preceding,  but  the  segments  narrower;  lobes  of  the  calyx  canescent, 
broadly  deltoid :  petals  6-9  lines  long :  carpels  obscurely  rugulose-reticu- 
lated,  at  least  on  the  dorsal  angles  and  sides,  the  back  smoothish.  Com- 
mon in  wet  meadows  and  swales,  British  Columbia  to  California,  east  to 
Idaho. 

S.  Hendersoni  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xxiii,  262.  "Tall  and  appar- 
ently perennial  (3  or  4  feet  high),  glabrous  throughout,  the  stem  simple  or 
nearly  so :  leaves  palmately  7-cleft  to  below  the  middle,  the  mostly  broad 
segments  coarsely  lobed  and  toothed,  the  upper  leaves  3-5-parted  and  the 
segments  narrower:  flowers  large  (9-12  lines  long),  in  a  loose  raceme,  the 
pedicels  (1-3  lines  long),  shorter  than  the  linear  bracts:  calyx  large  (j^ 
inch  long  in  fruit),  the  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  shortly  acuminate:  carpels 
few  (8),  smooth  and  glabrous,  2  lines  long  includiTig  the  conspicuous  lin- 
ear beak.  Near  the  shore  of  Clatsop  Beach,  Henderson,"  to  Seattle, 
AVashington,  Piper. 

3    SPH^EALCEA  St.  Hil.   PI.  Us.  t.  51. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  with  angular  or  lobed  leaves  and  mostly 
showy  flowers,  solitary  or  fascicled  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  or 
bracts,  or  in  terminal  racemes.  Involucre  2-o-leaved,  setaceous, 
often  deciduous.  Calyx  5-parted,  staminal  column  simple  ;  free 
filaments  terminal  and  distinct,  numerous.  Styles  5  or  more, 
with  capitate  stigmas.  Ovules  1-3,  one  ascending  and  maturing, 
the  others  pendulous  and  abortive.  Fruit  conical.  Carpels  2- 
valved  above,  the  upper  portion  where  the  seed  is  wanting  thin- 
walled  and  smooth,  the  lower  half  rugf^se-reticulated  on  the  sides. 
Seeds  reniform. 

*  Carpels  i-2,  ovulate,  the  upper  ovule  when  present  abortive,  at 
length  directly  deciduous  from  the  axis,  Malvastrum  Gray,  in  part. 

S.  Mnnroaiia  Spach.  Hist.  Veg.  iii,  353.  Malvastrum  Munroanum 
Gray.  Grayish  or  hoary  with  dense  stellate  pubescence,  branching  from 
the  base,  1-2  feet  long,  usually  spreading  or  ascending:  leaves  broadly 
ovate,  usually  cordate  at  base,  more  or  less  deeply  3-5-lobed,  crenately 
or  acutely  toothed,  1-2  inches  long,  equalling  or  exceeding  the  slender  pet- 
iole; calyx  lobes  acute  or  acuminate,  2-4  lines  long:  petals''scarlet,  broadly 
obovate,  6-10  lines  long:  carpels  oblong  2  lines  long,  pubescent  on  the 
back.  On  gravelly  banks  along  rivers,  eastern  Oregon  and  Washington  to 
Nevada  and  Utah. 

*  *  Carpels  2-3  ovulate,  1-3  seeded :  when  separating  from  the 
axis  cohering  by  their  aides  and  at  base  held  by  a  kind  of  thread 
which  at  length  either  tears  away  from  the  back  of  the  carpel  or  else 
it  ci(rri«d  away  with  ii,    Tall  p«renniftl  herbs; 


siDA.  MALVACE^.  103 

ABUTILON. 

S.  acerifolia  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  i,  228.  Hcabrous  with  stellate  pubes- 
cence :  stems  stout,  much  branched,  H-6  feet  high  :  leaves  cordate,  deeply 
o-71obed,  lobes  acute,  coarsely  serrate:  racemes  leafy  below,  naked  above, 
the  flowers  clustered  on  short  peduncles :  lobes  of  the  calyx  broadly  tri- 
angular acute  or  acuminate  :  petals  9-15  lines  long,  carpels  hirsute  on  the 
back.  On  the  C<jlumbia  river  and  its  tributaries  from  the  Rocky  Mount- 
ains to  the  ocean. 

S.  leptosepala  Torr.  Bot.  Wilkes  255,  of  the  upper  Columbia  has  slen- 
der peduncles  and  caudate-attenuate  calyx  lobes.  I  have  been  unable  to 
see  either  a  specimen  or  a  description  of  it. 

4    SIDA  L.  Gen.  n.  837. 

Pubescent  or  tonientose  herbs  with  white  or  yellow  axillary 
solitary  fascicled  flowers.  Calyx  usually  without  bractlets. 
Staminal  tube  simple  antheriferous  at  the  summit.  Petal  soblique. 
Styles  5  or  more  with  capitate  stigmas.  Carpels  as  many,  1- 
ovuled,  indehiscent  or  2-valved,  at  length  separating  from  the 
axis. 

S.  hederacea  Torr.  in  Gray  PI.  Fendl.  23.  Stems  decumbent  from  a 
perennial  root,  leafy,  a  foot  long  or  less :  leaves  reniform,  about  an  inch 
broad,  very  oblique,  serrate  or  crenate,  shortly  petioled:  flowers  in  short 
axillary  panicles  or  solitary,  the  pedicels  at  length  deflexed :  calyx  with  1 
or  2  setaceous  bractlets  at  base,  the  lobes  acuminate :  petals  yellowish,  pu- 
bescent externally,  4-6  lines  long,  carpels  6-10,  triangular,  1}4  lines  long, 
smooth.  From  Washington  (near  Walla  Walla)  to  Arizona  and  New 
Mexico. 

S.  spiNosA  L.  Sp.  683.  Annual :  minutely  and  softly  pubescent,  much 
branched,  10-20  inches  high :  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong,  serrate, 
rather  long  petioled:  peduncles  axillary,  1-flowered,  shorter  than  the 
petiole,  flowers  yellow,  small:  carpels  5,  each  splitting  at  the  top  into  2 
beaks.     On  the  ballast  ground  at  Portland,  Oregon. 

5    ABUTILON  Tourn. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees,  with  cordate,  rarely  somewhat  lobed, 
leaves  and  solitary  axillary  flowers.  Calyx  5-cleft,  without  an 
involucre.  Ovary  5-many-celled  with  8,  rarely  more,  ovules  in 
each  cell.  Capsule  composed  of  5  or  more  2-valved,  3-seeded, 
rarely  4-6-seeded,  carpels.  Peduncles  axillary,  solitary  or  rarely 
m  pairs,  1-many-flowered,  sometimes  by  the  abortion  of  the  up- 
per leaves  apparently  in  terminal  racemes.  None  indigenous 
but  the  following  one  introduced  and  liable  to  become  common. 

A.  AvicENN.E  Gsertn.  Fr.  ii,  251,  t.  135.  Annual :  stem  2-5  feet  high 
with  spreading  branches:  leaves  orbicular-cordate,  abruptly  acuminate,  4- 
6  inches  in  diameter,  velvety  tomentose,  crenately  toothed :  flowers  usually 
solitary  on  axillary  peduncles,  sometimes  3  or  more  on  short  flowering 
branches  which  bear  1  or  2  small  leaves,  orange-yellow:  carpels  about  15, 
3-seeded,  inflated,  truncate,  birostrate,  the  long  beaks  spreading  in  a  ra- 
diate manner.    Waste  places  and  roadsides.     Introduced  from  India. 

Order  XVI.     LINACE.E  Dumort.  Comm.  Bot.  61. 

Annual  or  perennial  caulescent  herbs  or  low  shrubs.    Leaves 
alternate  sometimes   opposite  or  subverticillate  below :  simple, 

fenerally  entire,  sessile   or  nearly   so,  mostly  estipulate.     In- 
orescence  usually  cymose*     Flowers  hermaphrodite,  4i-5-mer- 


104  LTNACK/E.  lixum. 

ous,  hypogjnous.  Sepals  valvate  and  petals  convolute  in  tlie 
bud,  distinct  or  nearly  so.  Stamens  as  many  as  petals  and  al- 
ternate with  them,  united  at  base,  sometimes  with  intermediate 
processes  p:}rsistent:  anthers  oblong,  intiorse  more  or  less  ver- 
satile, 2-celled,  dehiscing  longitudinally.  Styles  2-5.  Ovary 
slightly  4-10-lobed  its  cells  equal  in  number  to  the  stvles  or 
twice  as  many  from  the  intrusion  of  a  false  partition  from  the 
back  of  each  cell,  the  cells  2-ovuled.  Seeds  oily  with  a  little 
albumen. 

1     LINUM  L.  Gen.  n.  389. 

Leaves  estipulate.  Flowers  5-merous,  symmetrical.^  except  that 
the  carpels  are  fewer  than. the  other  parts  in  one  section.  Sepals 
persistent  or  at  length  deciduous.  Petals  fugacious.  Capsule 
splitting  through  the  false  partitions  and  also  septicidal  in  most 
species. 

*    Pedicels  elongated :  flowers  large  blue. 

L.  Lewisii  Pursh.  Fl.  210.  Perennial,  glabrous  and  glaucous  2-3  feet 
high  :  stems  mostly  cespitosely  clustered,  striate :  leaves  often  somewhat 
crowded,  oval-linear,  acute  or  obtusish,  3-5-nerved  :  flow^ers  somewhat  cor- 
ymbose :  sepals  broadly  oval  mostly  pointless,  the  inner  scarion^  margined : 
petals  5-8  lines  long,  thrice  the  length  of  the  calyx :  stamens  equal  to  or 
twice  the  length  of  the  sepals,  appendages  slender :  capsule  two  or  three 
times  as  long  as  the  calyx  ovoid,  obtuse,  incompletely  10-celled  and  10- 
valved,  the  valves  dehiscing  widely  above  and  separating  nearly  to  the 
centre  below,  the  septa  ciliate.  Alaska  to  vSaskatchewan  and  the  Great 
Plains,  south  to  Arkansas  and  Texas,  west  to  the  Cascade  and  Siskiyou 
Mountains. 

*  *  Pedicels  often  elongated,  flowers  of  medium-size  or  mostly 
small,  yellow,  white  or  rose-purple :  sepals  usually  glandular-ciliate, 
persistent:  petals  commonly  with  lateral  teeth  and  1-3  ventral  ap- 
pendages at  base :  filaments  without  intervening  appendages  but 
sometimes  2-toothed  at  base  :  carpels  2-3  without  cartilaginous  inser- 
tions: styles  distinct;  stigmas  small,  oblique  or  subcapitate  :  capsule 
with  firm  septa,  long,  ciliate  at  base,  the  false  partitions  mostly  incom- 
plete seeds  mostly  plump:  annuals. 

L.  digynuni  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  vii,  334.  About  a  span  high,  gla- 
brous, stems  slender,  several  times  forked,  rather  prominently  angled 
flb.ve:  leaves  mostly  opposite  elliptical-spatu late,  the  lower  obtuse  and 
entire,  the  upper  acute  or  mucronate  and  remotely  serrulate,  flowers  at 
length  corymbose  or  subracemose, small, yellow :  pedicels  short  about  equal 
to  the  flowers:  sepals  ovate-obJong  rather  obtuse,  minutely  serrulate, 
glandular  and  lacerate  below,  two  of  them  mostly  conspicuously  longer 
and  very  blunt ;  p^etals  spatulate-oblong,  truncate  or  emarginate  not  ap- 
pendaged  about  a  line  long,  one  half  longer  than  the  sepals :  stamens  and 
pistils  a  little  shorter  than  the  calyx:  carpels  2:  capsule  a  little  shorter 
than  the  calyx,  completely  4-celled.     Washington    to  northern  California. 

L.  micranthum  Gray  1.  c.  333.  A  span  to  a  foot  high,  glaucous,  some- 
what soft-pubescent,  loosely  dichotomous  with  slender  terete  branches  : 
leaves  spatulate-oblong,  obtuse  or  acutish,  entire,  1-nerved  :  pedicels  slen- 
der, longer  than  the  minute  white  flowers :  sepals  ovate-lanceolate  to  oblong 
the  inner  slightly  glandular  ciliate :  petals  obovate,  about  tv\dce  the  length 
of  the  calyx,  not  toothed  and  without  lateral  appendages,  the  median  ap- 
pendage ligulate  and  loosely  hairy :  filaments  round-toothed  and  slightly 
hairy  at    base:    capsule  ovoid,  acute  about  equal   to   the  calyx,  the  false 


GEKANiUM.  GERAXIACE^^:.  105 

septa   incomplete   extending  half   way  to   the  axis  balow  the  middle,  nar- 
rowed above.     California  and  Oregon. 

Order  XVII.  GERANIACE^   J.  St.  Hil.    Expos.  Fam.ii,  51. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  with  toothed,  lobed  or  compound  leaves, 
perfect  regular  or  irregular  but  commonly  symmetrical  flow- 
ers on  axillary  peduncles.  Sepals  5,  imbricated  in  the 
bud.  Petals  5..  generally  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens 
mostly  in  two  sets,  those  alternate  with  the  petals  sometimes 
sterile:  filaments  either  dilated  or  monadelphous  at  base. 
Ovary  formed  of  5  1-celled  carpels  around  a  central  axis  with 
2  anatiopous  ovules  in  each  cell  of  which  only  1  matures, 
separating  elastically  at  maturity  from  the  long-beaked  and 
indurated  central  axis  from  below  upward,  the  styles  form- 
ing long  tails  which  become  revolute  upward,  or  spirally 
twisted.  Emjbryo  filling  the  seed.  Cotyledons  convolute 
pleated  and  incumbent  on  the  radicle. 

1.  Oerauium.    Fertile  stamens  10;   tails  of  the  carpels  not  bearded. 

2.  Erodiuiii.     Fertile  stamens  5,  tails  of  the  carpels  bearded. 

1     GERANIUM  L.  Gen.  n.  832. 

Usually  caulescent  herbs  with  sim pie  radiately-divided,pe tided 
stipulate  leaves  and  1-8  flowered  peduncles  with  a  4-bracted  in- 
volucre at  the  ba-e  of  the  pedicels.  Sepals  5,  imbricated  in  the 
bud,  persistent.  Petals  5,  deciduous.  Stamens  10,  all  antherifer- 
ous  (except  in  G.  pusilluvi),  mostly  united  a  little  at  base;  fila- 
ments slender  in  2  sets,  with  a  gland  behind  the  base  of  each  of 
the  shorter  ones.  Ovary  5-lobed,  5-celled  :  style  5-lobed  at  the 
summit,  the  lobes  stigmatic  on  the  inner  face.  Carpiels  at  ma- 
turity separating  from  the  long-beaked  axis  and  borne  on  the  re- 
curving persistent  beardless  styles,  (except  in  G.  piisillum). 

*    Annuals  with   small   flowers,  the  petals  not  exceeding  the  sep- 
als :  perhaps  introduced,  but  now  thoroughly  naturalized. 

-I-     Sepals  awned :   carpels  hairy,  at   maturity  detached   from   the 
axis  and  borne  on  the  recurved  style. 

G.  Caroliiiiauum  L.  Sp.  ii,  682.  Erect,  diffusely  much  branched  from 
the  base  or  nearly  simple  4-20  inches  high,  pubescent:  leaves.  1-2)^  inches 
in  diameter,  palmat^ly  5-7-lobed  or  parted,  the  divisions  cleft  into  oblong - 
linear  lobes  :  pedicels  short,  crowded  at  the  end  of  branchlets  :  petals  ob- 
cordate,  pale  flesh-color,  equalling  the  awned  sepals:  carpels  pul^escent : 
seeds  obscurely  reticulated.  Common  from  Brit.  Columbia  to  California 
and  across  the  continent. 

(x.  DissECTUM  L.  Amoen.  iv,  282.  Decumbent  or  ascending,  6-20 
inches  long,  dichotomously  Vjranched,  pubescent:  leaves  5-7parted;  the 
divisions  deeply  and  unequally  cleft  into  linear  lobes :  peduncles  elongated 
usually  solitary  in  the  forks  of  the  branches :  petals  rose-color,  a  little 
longer  than  the  ovate  acuminate  sepals:  carpels  hairy:  seeds  strongly 
reticulated.  Cultivated  grounds  about  the  mouth  of  the  Willamette  river. 
•*-  ■*-     Sepals  not  awned,  mature  carpels  detached  from  the  axis 

and  some  on  the  recurved  style. 

G.     MOLLE  L.  Sp.  PI.  ii,  682.    Low,  slender,  diffuse,  the  branches  a  few 


106  GERANIACE^.  geranium. 

inches  to  a  foot  long,  the  herbage  softly  and  someM'hat  clammily  villous : 
leaves  an  inch  broad  or  more,  cleft  into  oblong  obtusish  lobes :  sepals  ovate- 
oblong,  not  awn-pointed -.  petals  very  small,  rose-color :  carpels  glabrous, 
transversely  rugose :  seeds  minutely  striate.  Plentiful  northward,  from 
northwestern    California  to  Brit.  Columbia. 

-»--»--<-     kSepals  not  awned  :  carpels  rugope,  not  hairy,  at  maturity 
remaining  on  the  axis,  not  borne  on  the  recurved  style. 

G.  PUSiLLUM  L.  Sp.  ed.  2,  957.  8oft-pubescent  or  the  pe<iice]s  and 
calyx  villous  and  usually  glandular :  stems  slender  or  ascending,  8-6  inches 
long:  lower  leaves  orbicular  an  inch  or  less  in  diameter  equally  cleft  into 
7-9  linear  or  oblong  lobes,  each  more  or  less  regularly  3-toothed  at  the 
apex  ;  cauline  round- reniform,  5-7-parted,' the  l^divisions  cleft  into  linear 
lobes:  peduncles  often  in  the  axils  of  bracts  opposite  the  leaves,  short; 
sepals  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate  not  awned :  petals  pale  purple,  about 
equalling  the  calyx,  usually  only  5  of  the  filaments  antheriferous :  carpels 
fine  canescent,  keeled,  not  wrinkled :  seeds  smooth.  Common  in  open 
places  thTOn^iiout  the  Willamette  valley;   introduced  from  Europe. 

*  *  Perennials:  flowers  large :  stems  naked  below,  dichotomously 
branched  with  opposite  leaves  above:  sepals  shortly  aristate,  scarious 
on  one  side,  the  scarious  portion  often  extending  lobe-like  beyond  the 
apex  :  filaments  and  petals  pilose  at  base. 

G.  Fremonti  Torr,  in  Gray  PL  Fendl.  26.  Rather  stoat,  more  or  less 
pubescent  throughout  with  a  close  glandular  pubescence,  sparsely  inter- 
mixed with  longer  pilose  hairs:  radical  leaves  7-cleft,  the  segments  3-lobed 
or  incised ;  cauline  3-5  cleft,  the  divisions  3-lobed :  petals  obovate  twice 
the  length  of  the  sepals  :  villous  at  base.  Dry  open  hillsides,  Idaho  to  the 
Rocky  Mountains. 

G.  Richardsoni  F.  &  M.  Ind.  Sem.  Petr.  iv,  37.  Erect  with  slender 
branches  1)^-3  feet  high :  pubescence  usually  fine  and  appressed  :  leaves 
deeply  5-7-cleft,  lobes  sharply  incised  :  pedicels  and  sepals  glandular  pilose : 
petals  entire,  hirsute  at  base.  In  the  mountains  from  Brit.  Am.  to  New. 
Mexico  and  westward,  perhaps  on  our  eastern  border. 

G.  incisum  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  i,  206.  Densely  pilose  with  short  white 
spreading  or  deflexed  hairs  to  nearly  glabrate :  stems  stout,  numerous 
from  the  crown  of  a  large  somewhat  woody  perennial  root,  1-3  feet  high, 
dichotomously  branched  above  with  a  long  2-flowered  peduncle  or  branch 
in  the  forks  or  at  length  a  pair  of  opposite  sessile  leaves,  with  a  peduncle 
in  the  axil  of  each ,  appearing  compact  and  many-flowered :  lower  leaves  very 
long  petioled,  ample,  round-reniform  in  outline,  primarily  deej)ly  3-lobed 
or-parted,  the  broad  cuneiform  lateral  segments  deeply  2-lobed,  'the  oblong 
lobes  coarsely  incised  and  serrate ;  the  upper  ones  similar  but  very  short 
petioled  or  sessile  :flowers  purple,  on  slender  pedicels  3^-2  inches  long, 
somewhat  abruptly  contracted  above  to  the  rather  stout  awn,  outer  one 
somewhat  pubescent  and  more  or  less  glandular-ciliate ;  inner  ones  min- 
utely pubescent,  with  rather  broad  scarious  margins  ;  petals  broadly  obo- 
vate 6-8  lines  long,  more  or  less  retuse,  conspicuously  veined,  densely 
bearded  at  base;  filaments  about  equalling  the  style,  dilated  and  ciliate  at 
base  ;  styles  minutely  hispid,  the  free  tips  1-2  lines  long  and  spreading  or 
recurved.  Along  sniall  streams,  eastern  Oregon  and  Washington  to  Brit. 
Columbia  and  Dakota. 

G.  Ore^annm.  Pilose  with  short  white  deflexed  hairs  or  that  of  the 
pedicels  spreading  and  gland-tipped,  stems  several  from  the  crown  of  a 
thick  perennial  root,  erect,  1-2  feet  high  comparatively  slender  with  long 
internodes,  dichotomously  branched :  leaves  all  rather  long  petioled,  deeply 
5-7-cleft,  the  cuneate  segments  irregularly  incised  and  toothed :  flowers 
bright  purple  on  long  slender  ascending  peduncles  thus  appearing  loosely 
flowered,  pedicels  1-2  inches  long  slender:  sepals  oblong-ovate,  outer  ones 


ERODiuM.  GERANIACEJ^.  107 

4-5  lines  long,  glandular  ciliate  and  minutely  pilose,  gradually  contracted 
to  the  slender  awn,  inner  ones  with  rather  broad  purple  margins  and  ab- 
ruptly awned ;  petals  obovate  entire,  6-8  lines  long  densely  bearded  on  the 
edges  at  base  inside,  obscurely  veined ;  filaments  longer  than  the  styles 
dilated  and  ciliate  at  base;  styles  pilose,  the  free  tips  >-2-l  line  long,  con- 
nivent.  Carpels  minutely  pubescent;  beak  2  inches  long.  Edge  of  woods 
and  open  places  throughout  the  Willamette  valley. 

2    ERODIUM  L'Her.  Geran.  t.  1-6. 

Herby,  rarely  shrubby  with  pinnately  parted  or  palmately 
veined  stipulate  leaves  and  1-3-fiowered  peduncles  usually  in  the 
axils  of  the  upper  leaves.  Sepals  5,  equal,  regular.  Petals  5, 
mostly  equal.  Stamens  10,  the  5  opposite  the  petals  short  and 
sterile,  or  reduced  to  scales,  the  5  alternate  with  the  petals  longer 
and  perfect,  with  nectariferous  glands  at  the  base  of  the  fila- 
ments. Styles  persistent,  bearded  on  the  inner  side,  at  length 
spirally  twisted  below.  Leaves  often  pinnate  and  bipinnately 
parted  or  lobed,  when  opposite  more  or  less  unequal  in  size : 
peduncles  terminal  or  lateral  (opposite  the  leaves  or  in  the  axil 
of  the  smaller  one),  umbellately  2-several-flowered  with  a  4- 
bracted  involucre  at  the  base  of  the  pedicels.  Carpels  very  sharp- 
pointed  below,  covered  with  obliquely  ascending  appressed  hairs, 
tardily  if  at  all  dehiscent.  Seeds  obconical  or  oblong,  not 
sculptured. 

*     Leaves  mostly  opposite,  pinnate  or  pinnatifid,  the  divisions  lobed 
or  toothed  :  pedicels  at  length   deflexed,  the  fruit  remaining  erect. 

E.  cicuTARiUM  L'Her.  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  ii,  414.  Hairy,  much  branched 
from  the  base,  an  inch  to  2  feet  long:  leaves  opposite,  pinnate,  the  leaflets 
laciniately  pinnatifid  with  narrow  acute  lobes :  peduncles  exceeding  the 
leaves  bearing  a  4-8-fiowered  umbel :  sepals  1-3  lines  long,Jacute :  petals 
bright  rose-color,  a  little  lojiger :  tail  of  the  carpels  1-2  inches  long.  Com- 
mon throughout  the  Pacific  States  and  Territories.  Flowers  in  very  early 
spring. 

E.  MoscHATUM  Willd.  Sp,  iii,  631.  More  or  less  glandular  pubescent: 
stems  a  few  inches  to  a  foot  long:  leaves  pinnate,  the  oblong-ovate  leaflets 
unequally  and  doubly  serrate:  flowers  pale  on  short  pedicels :  sepals  3-4 
lines  long:  whole  plant  exhaling  a  musky  odor.  Roadsides,  southwestern 
Oregon  and  California. 


Leaves  mostly  radical,  round-ovate :   pedicels  erect  in  fruit. 

»phyllniii   H.   &  A.   Bot.  Beechy  327   (?).     Somewh 
;5hort    spreading  hairs   that    are  often   gland-tipped 


E.  macrophylluiii  H.  &  A.  Bot.  Beechy  327  (?).  Somewhat  canes- 
cent  with  short  spreading  hairs  that  are  often  gland-tipped :  subcau- 
lescent,  with  a  straight  perpendicular  annual  root :  leaves  round 
reniform  to  triangular  ovate  with  a  broad  shallow  sinus,  cre- 
nately  dentate,  6-18  lines  broad,  on  petioles  1-3  inches  long:  ped- 
uncles stout,  1-6  inches  long  1-several-flowered :  involucral  bracts 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  1-2  lines  long:  sepals  broadly  lanceolate  shortly 
acuminate  scarious  margined,  prominently  5-nerved :  petals  white,  ob- 
ovate, entire.  2-3  lines  iDng  exceeding  the  calyx :  stamens  5,  subtended 
by  a  broad  appendage  that  is  attached  to  them  half  way  up  or  more :  style 
shorter  than  the  stamens,  5-lobed :  carpels  densely  hispid  5-7  lines  long, 
prominently  keeled,  acuminate  beloW  ;  seed  oblong,  smooth,  3  lines  longi 
On  clayey  soil  near  Ashland,  Oregon* 


108  LIMNANTHACE.E.  limnanthes. 

Order  XVIII.     LIMNANTH  ACE.E  Liiidl.  Nat.  Syst.  ed.  2,  14?. 

Glabrous  annual  herbs  with  pungent  juice ,  pinnately  dis- 
sected alternate  leaves  without  stipules  and  pale  flowers.  Sep- 
als 3-5,  valvatein  the  bud,  united  at  base,  persistent.  Petals 
3-5,  withering-persistent.  Stamens  twice  as  many  as  petals 
and  inserted  with  them  upon  a  somewhat  perigynous  disk,  all 
antherif erous ,  filaments  distinct,  those  opposite  the  sepals  hav- 
ing a  small  gland  at  the  base  on  the  outside :  those  opposite  the 
petals  usually  shorter:  anthers  roundish  introrse.  Ovary  con- 
sisting of  2-  5  distinct  1-ovuled  carpels  opposite  the  sepals,  the 
styles  rising  from  the  centre  of  each  carpel  and  united  into  one 
nearly  to  the  top :  stigmas  simple.  Carpels  becoming  semi- 
drupaceous  tuberculate  nutlets.  Seeds  erect,  anatropous.  with- 
out albumen.  Embryo  with  very  large  cotyledons  and  very 
short  radicle. 

1,  Limiiaiithes.     Sepals,  petals  and  carpels  normally  5 :  stamens  10. 

2.  Floerkea.     Sepals,  petals  and  carpels  normally  3:  stamens  0. 

1     LIMNANTHES  R.  Br.  Lond.  &  Edinb.  Phil.  Mag.  1833  ii,  70. 

Low  annuals  with  estipulate  pinnatifid  leaves  and  showy  white, 
yellowish  or  rose-color  flowers,  solitary  on  lateral  and  terminal 
peduncles :  growing  in  water  or  wet  places.  Calyx  deeply  5- 
parted.  Petals  5,  persistent.  Glajuds  Or'alternating  with  the  pet- 
als. Stamens  10.  Style  5-cleft  at  the  apex.  Ovary  with  solitaiy 
ascending  ovules.  Carpels  distinct,  subglobose,  at  first  fleshy,  at 
length  hard  and  indehisoent,  separating  from  the   axis. 

L.  Donglasii  R.  Br.  1.  c.  Glabrous  throughout,  diffusely  branched 
from  the  base:  the  succulent  stems  6-8  inches  long:  leaves  pinnate,  the 
leaflets  incisely  lobed  or  parted  into  linear  acute  lobes :  peduncles  at 
length  2-4  inches  long:  sepals  lanceolate  acute,  3  or  4  lines  long:  petals 
obovate,  cmarginate,  6-8  lines  long,  white,  with  yellow  base :  style  very 
slender  3-4  lines  long :  seeds  densely  covered  with  coarse  obtusish  tubercles. 
Umpqua  valley,  Oregon. 

L.  gracilis.  Glabrous  throughout,  branching  from  the  base,  the  slen- 
der stems  6-18  inches  long :  leaves  pinnate,  the  ovate  to  ovate-lanceo- 
late or  linear  acute,  leaflets  entire  or  3-parted:  sepals  lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate, 3  lines  long:  petals  oblanceolate,  truncate  or  emarginate  6-7  lines 
long,  white  with  yellowish  base:  fruit  smooth  or  sparsely  tuberculate.  On 
wet  rocks,  Rogue  River  Valley  and  southward. 

L.  rosea  Hart,  in  Benth.  PI.  Hartw.  301.  Glabrous,  petals  obovate 
and  emarginate  or  obcordate,  light  rose-color  or  purplish  below,  villous 
within  near  the  base:  frnit  strongly  tuberculate.  California,  to  be  looked 
for  on  our  southwest  border. 

L.  puniila.  Glabrous,  simple  or  sparingly  branched  near  the  base,  2-4 
inches  high  :  leaves  commonly  bipinnate  with  trifoliolate  pinnae  ;  pinnies 
lanceolate  to  oblanceolate  acute :  sepals  lanceolate  acuminate  3-4  lines 
long:  petals  white,  oblong  entire,  little  if  at 'all  longer  than  the  sepals : 
stamens  about  half  the  length  of  the  petals:  carpels  ovoid,  rugose  below, 
crowned  M'ith  short-conic  processes.  On  top  of  Table  Rock,  Jackson 
County,  Oregon. 

L.     floccosa.      rioccose-villous,   stems  simple    or  sparingly   branched 


PL(EHKiA.  OXALIDACEiE.  109 

OXALIS. 

near  the  base,  1-3  inches  high,  recurving;  leaves  pinnate  with  linear  or 
lanceolate  pinnae :  flowers  white  on  short  slender  penduncles  fascicled  at 
the  end  of  the  stem  or  branches :  sepals  broadly  lanceolate,  acuminate 
densely  villous  within :  petals  oblong,  3-4  lines  long  not  exceeding  the 
sepals:  stamens  not  more  than  %  the  length  of  the  petals:  carpels  obovoid 
the  upper  half  beset  with  white  acuminate  processes.  On  gravelly  plains, 
Jackson  county,  Oregon  to  northern  California. 

2    FLOiRKEA  Willd.    Neue  Schr.   Ges.  Nat.    Fr.  Berl.  iii,  448. 

Low  smooth  annual  herbs  with  alternate  dissected  leaves  with- 
out stipules  and  small  flowers  on  axillary  peduncles.  Calyx 
deeply  8-parted.  persistent.  Petals  3,  alternate  with  as  many 
glands,  open  in  the  bud,  w^ithering-persistent.  Stamens  G,  styles 
3,  united  to  near  the  apex.  Ovaries  3,  opposite  the  sepals,  1- 
ovuled,  distinct,  fleshy,  becoming  indehiscent  1 -seeded  nutlets, 
separating  from  the  axis. 

F.  proserpinacoides  Willd.  Act.  Berol.  iii,  448.  Glabrous  :  stems  weak, 
4-10  inches  high  sparingly  branched  from  the  base :  leaves  pinnate,  the 
lowest  trifoliolate  with  lanceolate  leaflets :  the  upper  with  more  numerous 
linear  filiform,  leaflets;  sepals  ovate-acute,  about  a  line  long,  a  little  longer 
than  the  white  petals  :  carpels  globose,  densely  tuberculate.  Under  Ash 
trees  in  moist  places  about  the  mouth  of  the  Willamette  river,  Oregon  to 
California,  Illinois,  Canada  and  the  New  England  States. 

Odrer  XIX.    OXALIDACE^    Lindl.  Nat.  Syst.  ed.  2,  140. 

Herbs,  rarely  shrubby,  with  acid  juice,  trifoliolate  or  pin- 
nate leaves  and  variously  disposed  regular  flowers.  Sepals  5, 
equal  distinct  or  nearly  so,  persistent ^  imbricate  in  the  bud. 
Petals  5,  livpogynous,  equal,  unguiculate  deciduous,  spirally 
twdsted  in  the  bud.  Stamens  10,  hypogynous,  more  or  less  mon- 
adelphous :  filaments  subulate,  those  opposite  the  petals  longer 
than  tlie  others:  anthers  short,  attached  by  the  middle,  in- 
trorse,  often  reflexed  and  appearing  extrorse,  Ovary  of  5 
united  carpels  with  distinct  styles  and  capitate  or  penicillate 
or  sometimes  2-lobed  stigmas.  Capsule  usually  membranace- 
ous, l-lobed  and  5-celled,  the  capsule  at  length  mostly  separa- 
ble to  the  axis,  opening  by  the  dorsal  suture,  1-12-seeded. 
Seeds  anatropous,  with  a  loose  fleshy  testa  which  bursts  elastic - 
ally  when  the  seeds  are  ripe.  Embryo  straight,  as  long  as  the 
firm  fleshy  albumen  with  a  rather  long  radicle.  Cotyledons 
bread  and  foliaceous. 

1    OXALIS  L.  Gen.  n.  582. 

Herbs,  rarely  shrubby,  with  trifoliolate  or  pinnate  leaves  with- 
out stipules  and  perfect,  regular  flowers.  Sepals  5,  distinct  or 
united  at  the  very  base,  imbricate  in  the  bud.  Petals  b,  convo- 
lute and  twisted  in  the  bud.  Stamens  10,  the  filaments  some- 
what dilated  and  united  below  in  2  sets  of  unequal  length,  all 
antheriferous.  Capsule  columnar  or  ovoid,  beaked  with  the  5 
styles.  5-celled,  dehiscing  loculicidally,  the  valves  remaining  at- 
tached by  the  partitions  to  the  axis.  Seeds  2-several  in  each 
cell,  pendulous  the  outer   fleshy   aril-like    coat   at   length   split- 


no  BALSAMINACE^.  oxalis. 

IMPATIENS. 

ting  and  elasticall_y  recurved  upon  the  raphe.  Low  acaulescent 
herbs  with  a"  sour  watery  juice  :  leaves  alternate,  mostly  digitate- 
trifoliate,  rarely  stipulate  :.  peduncles  unibellately  or  cymosely 
1-many-  flowered.    Ours  all  perennials  with  trifoliolate  leaves. 

*  Acaulescent :  leaves  and  scapes  from  the  end  of  a  slender  peren- 
nial scaly  rootstock:  flowers  white  or  pinkish,  somewhat  yellow  at 
base  and  mostly  red-veined :  leaves  palmately  trifoliolate. 

0.  Oregaiia.  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  i,  211.  Villous  with  spreading  rusty 
hairs :  leaves  and  scapes  clustered  at  the  end  of  the  short  lateral 
scaly  branch  lets  of  long  creeping  rootstocks :  petioles  2-0  inches  high  :  leaf- 
lets broadly  obcordate  1-2  inches  wide,  smooth  above:  scapes  not  longer 
than  the  petioles,  2-bracted  above  the  middle,  1-flowered:  sepals  oblong, 
rounded  at  the  apex:  petals  oblong-obovate  entire  or  emarginate,  8-12 
lines  long,  white  with  purple  veins :  capsule  globose,  2  or  3  lines  in  diam- 
eter, its  cells  1-2-seeded.  In  moist  places  and  along  streams  in  dense  for- 
ests, Piiget  Sound  to  California. 

0.  trilliifolia  Hook.  Fl.  i,  118.  Glabrous  or  the  underside  of  the  leaf- 
lets and  inflorescence  minutely  pubescent:  scapes  and  few  leaves  from  the 
end  of  a  short,  branching,  fleshy-scaly  rhizome:  petioles  4-12  inches  high  : 
leaflets  broadly  obcordate,  }£-2  inches  broad:  scapes  longer  than  the  pet- 
ioles, terminating  in  a  few-flowered  umbel  of  white  flowers  on  short  pedi- 
cels: sepals  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  2  lines  long:  petals  broadly  oblan- 
ceolate,  deeply  emarginate,  6  lines  long :  capsule  linear,  <>-8  lines  long  with 
an  acuminate  beak  half  its  length:  carpels  about  6-seeded.  Along  mount- 
ain streams  in  dense  forests :  Paget  Sound  to  California. 

*  *  Caulescent  perennials,  with  trifoliolate  leaves  and  yellow 
flowers.  "'. 

0.  Suksdoriii  Trelease  Mem.  Bost.  Nat.  Hist.  Soc.  iv,  89.  More  or  less 
villous  throughout:  stems  erect,  slender,  4-12  inches  high :  leaflets  deeply 
obcordate  with  unequal  lobes :  peduncles  scarcely  longer  than  the  petioles ; 
1-3-flowered :  sepals  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  densely  villous  at  the  apex  : 
petals  yellow,  6-8  lines  long,  thrice  as  long  as  the  sepals,  attached  to  each 
other  near  the  base :  wavy-margined,  not  emarginate  :  styles  shorter  than 
the  inner  stamens:  capsule  nearly  smooth,  about  twice  the  length  of^the 
sepals.     On  dry  wooded  hillsides,  Oregon  and  Washington. 

Order  XX.     BALSAMINACE^    Dumort.   Anal.    Fam.  46. 

Succulent  herbaceous  planLs  with  bland  colorless  juice,  sim- 
ple opposite  or  alternate  leaves  without  stipules  and  irj  egular 
axillary  flowers.  Sepals  5,  imbricate  in  the  bud,  deciduous, 
the  tAvo  upper  usually  connate,  the  lowest  spurred  ro  gibbous. 
Petals  hypogynous,  usually  4,  and  unitedby  pairs,  rarely  5 
and  distinct.  Stamens  5,  hypogynous;  with  subulate  filaments 
and  2-velled  anthers.  Ovary  5-celled  with  the  placentae  in  the 
axis,  ovules  few  to  many  in  eg^ch  cell,  suspended.  Stigmas  5. 
sessile,  distinct  or  more  or  less  united.  Capsule  5  celled,  the 
dissepiments  usually  disappeariiig,  5-valved,  with  several  ana- 
tropous  seeds  in  each  cell.  Seeds  Avithout  albumen.  Embryo 
straight:  cotyledons  plano-convex. 

1     IMPATIENS  L.  Gen.  n.  1008. 

Ours  glabrous  annuals  Avith  alternate  leaA'es  and  transparent 
stems.     Sepals  apparently  only  4  from  the  union  of  the  tAvo  up- 


I 


I 


IMPAtlEN9.  CELaSTRACE^.  Ill 

EDONYMUS. 

per  ones.  Petals  4,  apparently  only  2  from  the  union  of  each  of 
the  lower  to  each  of  the  lateral  ones.  Filaments  5,  more  or  less 
united  at  the  apex.  Cells  of  the  ovary  formed  by  membranous 
projections  of  the  placentae  which  occupy  the  axis  of  the  ovar}^ 
and  are  connected  with  its  apex  by  5  slender  threads.  Capsule 
often  1-celled  by  the  disappearance  of  the  dissepiments. 

I.  pallida  Nutt.  Gen.  i,  146.  ^Sterns  2-5  feet  high,  much  branched: 
leaves  oval  or  ovate,  coarsely  and  obtusely  serrate  with  mucroiiate  teeth : 
peduncles  2-4-flowered :  lower  sepal  obtusely  conic,  dilated,  shorter  than  the 
petals,  broader  than  long  with  a' very  short  recurved  spur:  flowers  pale 
yellow  sparingly  punctate.  Near  the  Coast  from  the  Columbia  river 
northward  and  east  to  the  Atlantic  States. 

I.  fulva  Nutt.  1.  c.  Smaller,  with  smaller  flowers:  leaves  rhombic- 
ovate  coarsely  and  obtusely  serrate,  teeth  mucronate  :  peduncle  2-4  flow- 
ered: lower  sepals  acutely  conic,  longer  than  the  petals,  (longer  than 
broad)  with  a  rather  long  resupinate  spur:  flowers  deep  orange  with 
numerous  reddish-brown  spots.     Same  range  as  the  preceding. 

Order   XXI.     CELASTRACE^    Lindl.  Nat.    Syst.  ed.   2,  119. 

Shrubs  or  trees  with  simple  or  undivided  leaves  with  small 
or  no  stipules  and  small,  usually  perfect  regular  flow^ers.  Sep- 
als 4-5,  united  at  base  imbricate  in  the  bud,  usually  persist- 
ent. Petals  as  many  as  the  sepals  and  alternate  with  them, 
inserted  by  a  broad  base  under  the  margin  of  the  disk,  imbri- 
cate in  the  bud.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals  and  alternate 
with  them  inserted  on  the  margin  or  upper  surface  of  the  flat, 
fleshy  disk.  Ovary  more  or  less  immersed  in  and  adhering  io 
the  disk,  2-5  celled  w^ith  1-seveial  erect  or  ascending  ovules  in 
each  cell.  Styles  and  stigmas  2-5,  distinct  or  combined  into 
one.     Seeds  anatropous,  often  arilled. 

1.  Euoiiyiiious.     Flowers  rather  conspicuous.      Ovary  3-5-celled :   fruit 
colored  :  seeds  in  a  bright  red  arill :  deciduous  shrubs. 

2.  Pachystiina.    Flowers  very   small :    ovary  2-celled :   fruit  small,  not 
colored.     Evergreen  undershrubs. 

1     EUONYMUS  Tourn.  Inst.  t.  388  L.  Gen.  n.  271. 

Shrubs  with  4-anfrled  branches,  (jpposit:^  leaves  with  small,  de- 
ciduous stipules  and  small  flowers  in  axillary  1 -many-flowered 
cymes.  Sepals  and  petals  4  or  5,  widely  spreading.  Stamens  as 
many,  very  short,  on  a  broad  angular  disk.  Style  short  or  none. 
Capsule  2-6-lobed  and  8-5-valved.  loculicidal,  coriaceous,  col- 
ored, often  warty.  Seeds  1-4  in  each  cell,  covered  with  a  fleshy 
red  arill. 

E.  occideiitalis  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  i,  258.  A  sim  oth  straggling  shrub 
7-15  feet  high,  with  slender  greenish  branches:  leaves  smooth,  ovate  to 
oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrulate,  2-4  inches  loi  g,  on  short  petioles: 
peduncles  slender  1-4-flowered:  flowers  dark  brown,  4  6  lines  in  diameter, 
the  parts  in  fives :  fruit  smooth,  deeply  lobed.  Along  m  )untain  streams, 
Puget  Sound  to  California. 


112  RHAMNACEiE.  pachystima. 

RHAMNUS. 

2    PACHYSTIMA  Raf.  Am.  Month.  Mag.  1818. 

Low  evergreen  shrubs  with  opposite  leaves,  and  small  flowers 
in  1 -few-flowered  axillary  cymes.  Calyx  with  a  short  obconical 
tube  and  four  rounded  lobes.  Petals  4.  Stameng  4,  inserted  at 
the  edge  of  the  broad  disk  which  lines  the  calyx-tube.  Ovary 
free,  2-celled :  style  very  short:  capsule  2-val^''ed,  1-2-seeded. 
Seeds  enclosed  in  a  white,  many-cleft  membranous  aril. 

P.  Myrsinites  Raf.  1.  c.  Densely  branched  to  nearly  simple,  1-3  feet 
high:  leaves  smooth,  ovate  to  oblong  or  lanceolate,  cuneate  at  base,  the 
upper  half  serrate  or  serrulate,  3^-1  in<h  long  on  very  short  peduncles  : 
flowers  a  line  or  two  long:  fruit  2  lines  long,  smooth.  In  the  mountains, 
from  Brit.  Columbia  to  California  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

Order  XXII.     KHAMNACE^  Dumort.  Fl.  Belg.  102. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  the  branches  often  thorny.  Leaves  sirnple 
with  minute  stipules.  Flowers  small,  sometimes  by  abortion  dioe- 
cious, monoecious  or  polygamous.  Calyx  4-5-cleft,  valvate  in  the 
bud.  Petals  distinct,  cucullate,  (each  wrapped  around  a  stamen) 
narrowed  at  base,  inserted  upon  the  throat  of  the  calyx,  some- 
times wanting.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  calyx  and 
alternate  with  them.  Ovary  2-4,  united  carpels,  2-4-celled,  free 
from  or  usually  cohering  with  the  tube  of  the  calyx  or  more  or 
less  immersed  in  the  fleshy  perigynous  disk  :  ovules  solitary,  erect. 
Styles  more  or  less  connate :  stigmas  simple  usually  distinct. 
Fruit  free  or  commoidy  more  or  less  cohering  with  the  calyx, 
fleshy  and  indehiscent  or  with  the  carpels  dry  and  at  length  sep- 
arable. Seeds  erect,  anatropous,  with  a  large,  straiglit  embryo 
in  sparing  fleshy  albumen. 

1.  Rhamims.     Calyx  and  disk  free  from  the  ovary:   calyx-lobes  erector 
spreading :  fruit  berry-like. 

2.  Ceanothns.     Calyx  and  disk  adnate  to  the  base   of  the  ovary :   calyx- 
lobes  connivent.     Fruit  dry  or  nearly  so. 

1     RHAMNUS  L.  Gen.  n.  265  in  part. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees  with  alternate  petioled  pinnately  veined 
leaves,  small  deciduous  stipules  and  axillary  c3'mose  or  racemose 
flowers.  Flowers  perfect  or  polygamo-dicecious.  Calyx  4-5-cleft, 
with  erect  or  spreading  lobes,  the  campanulate  tube  lined  Avith 
the  disk  and  persistent.  Petals  4  or  6  or  more,  inserted  on  the 
margin  ot  the  disk  :  claws  short.  Stamens  4  or  5  :  filaments  very 
short.  Ovary  free,  2-4-celled  :  style  short,  3-4-cleft.  Fruit  bac- 
cate, containing  2-4  cartilaginous  1-seeded  nutlets,  mostly  inde-  • 
hi  scent. 

§  1  Rhamnus  Brongn.  Ann.  Sc.  Nat.  x,  360.  Seeds  and  nut- 
lets deeply  sulcate  or  concave  on  the  back,  the  raphe  in  the 
hollow:  flowers  mostly  dioecious,  solitary  or  fascicled  in  the 
axils. 

R.  alnifolia  L'Hor.  Sort.  Angl.  o.  Shrub  2-4  feet  high  :  leaves  decid- 
uous, ovate-oblong,  acute  at  each  end  or  acuminate,  2  or  8  inches  long, 
crenately  serrate,  the  slender  petioles  slightly  puberulent :    lobes  of  the^ 


HUAMNUS.  RHAMNACE.E.  113 

CEAXOTHUS. 

calyx  and  stamens  5;  petals  wanting :  fruit  black,  3-lobed,  3  lines  long, 
equalling  the  pedicels.  Eastern  Washington  to  California,  east  to  Canada 
and  New  England. 

§  2  Frangula  Brongn.  1.  c.  Seeds  and  nutlets  convex  on  the 
back,  the  raphe  lateral ;  tiowers  mo^stly  perfect,  in  pedunculate 
cymes. 

R.  Californicus  Esch.  Mem.  Acad.  Petr.  x,  281.  A  spreading  shrub 
4-18  feet  high;  young  branches  somewhat  tomentose:  leaves  ovate-oblong 
to  elliptical,  1-4  inches  long,  6-18  lines  broad,  acute  or  obtuse,  mostly 
rounded  at  base,  denticulate  or  nearly  entire,  persistent:  peduncles  with 
numerous  mostly  abortive  flowers  in  subumbellate  fascicles:  calyx  usually 
D-cleft;  petals  very  small,  broadly  ovate,  emarginate:  fruit  very  dark  pur- 
ple, 3-4  lines  in  diameter,  2-3-lobed  and  2-3-seeded;  pulp  thin.  From 
Klamath  lake,  Oregon,  to  southern  California. 

R.,  occidentalis  Howell  P.  C.  PI.  Coll.  1887.  Erect  shrub  2-10  feet 
high:  smooth  throughout  or  the  young  branches  and  petioles  minutely 
scabrous:  leaves  coriaceous,  yellowish-green,  elliptical,  acute  to  obtuse  or 
retuse,  obscurely  repand-dentate,  1-2  inches  long  by  6-15  lines  broad,  per- 
sistent: peduncles  with  numerous  flowers  in  subumbellate  fascicles:  calyx 
usually  o-cleft,  the  deltoid  lobes  with  a  raised  callous  down  the  centre: 
petals  small,  orbicular,  2-lobed  at  the  summit:  fruit  black  when  mature, 
obscurely  3-Iobed;  pulp  moderately  thick.  On  gravelly  hillsides  and  plains, 
along  the  eastern  base  of  the  Coast  Mountains  near  Waldo,  Josephine  Co., 
Oregon. 

R.  Pnr.shiaua  DC.  Prodr.  ii.  25.  cascara.  A  tree  20 — 50  feet  high: 
young  branches  tomentose:  leaves  elliptical,  2-7  inches  long  by  1-3  inches 
broad,  mostly  acute,  obtuse  or  cordate  at  base,  denticulate  pubescent 
beneath,  thin,  deciduous:  flowers  perfect,  comparatively  large,  in  a  some- 
what umbellate  cyme;  sepals  5;  petals  5,  small,  2-lobed,  embracing  the 
very  short  stamens:  styles  united  to  the  summit;  stigmas  3:  fruit  black, 
turbinate.  3-seeded.  Common  from  Brit.  Columbia  to  California  west  of 
the  Cascade  Mountains. 

CEANOTHUS  L.  Gen.  n.  267. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees  with  petioled  simple  leaves  and  perfect 
flowers  in  lateral  and  terminal  dense  thyrsoid  panicles  or  corymbs. 
Calyx  5-cleft,  with  acute  connivent  lobes,  the  upper  part  at  length 
separating  by  a  transverse  line  the  tube  remaining;  disk  thick, 
adnate  to  the  turbinate  or  hemispherical  tube  and  to  the  ovary. 
Petals  5,  longer  than  the  calyx,  saccate  and  arched,  on  long  claws. 
Stamens  5,  exserted;  filaments  filiform;  anthers,  ovate.  2-celled. 
Styles  3,  more  or  less  united  below,  diverging  above.  Fruit  sub- 
g^lobose,  3-lobed,  surrotmded  at  base  by  the  adnate  calyx-tube, 
soon  dry,  the  3  crustaceous  ntitlets  at  length  separating  and  dehis- 
cent by  the  inner  suture.     Seeds  convex  on  the  back.  , 

3  1  Ce.axothus  proper.  Leaves  all  alternnte,  3-ribbed  from 
the  base  or  pinnately  veined,  glandular-toothed  or  entire.  Fruit 
not  crested. 

*     Leaves  3-ribbed  from  the  base. 
■*-     Erpct  shrubs,  the  branches  not  rigidly  divaricate  nor  spiny:   leaves 
usually  large,  more  or  less  serrate:    inflorescence  thyrsoid. 
■•-+     In  florescence  on  leafless  lateral  shoots  from  wood  of  the  previous 


114  RHAMNACE^.  ceanothus. 

season's  growth. 

C.  saiiguiueus  Pursh  Fl.  167.  A  stout  shrub  4-12  feet  high  with 
terete  reddish  branches:  leaves  thin,  1-4  inches  long,  ovate  to  elliptical, 
finely  serrate,  pubescent  beneath,  on  slender  petioles  6-15  lines  long,  decid- 
uous: whole  inflorescence  white,  1-4  inches  long,  pubescent,  the  numerous 
flowers  fascicled  on  the  sides  and  at  the  ends  of  the  short  lateral  branches: 
style  shorter  than  the  stamens,  3-lobed.  Common  on  rocky  hillsides,  Brit, 
Columbia  to  northern  California  and  Montana. 

■**     Inflorescence  on  lateral  shoots  of  the  previous  year's  growth  or 
terminal  on  leafy  shoots  of  the  present  season's  gi'owth. 

C.  velutinns  Dougl.  Hook.  Fl.  i,  125,  t.  45,  (Mountain  Balm).  A. 
smooth  shrub  2—6  feet  high,  with  terete  green  branches,  cespitose,  often 
decumbent  at  base,  the  branches  somewhat  pendulous;  leaves  orbicu- 
lar-elliptical or  elliptical-ovate,  obtuse,  subcordate,  glandularly  crenate 
above,  serrulate,  coriaceous,  glabrous  and  shining  above,  (as  if  var  ashed 
and  exuding  a  fragrant  balsamic  substance). velvety-canescent  and  strongly 
3-ribbed  beneath,  2—3  inches  long,  on  petioles,  '6—8  lines  long,  persis- 
tent; panicles  axillary,  thrice  compound,  elongated,  on  rather  long 
peduncles;  flowers  white;  styles  as  long  or  longer  than  the  stamens. 
Common  In  mountainous  districts,  Brit.  Columbia  to  eastern  Oregon 
and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

C.  laevigatns.  C.  velutinus  var.  Isengat^ts  T.  &  G.  Fl.  i,  686. 
(Smooth  Mountain^  Balm).  A  large  shrub  8—15  feet  high  with  smooth 
terete  green  erect  branches:  leaves  orbicular  to  elliptical,  2—4  inches 
long,  subcordate,  finely  glandular-serrate,  dark  green  and  shining 
above  the  whole  upper  surface  glandular  and  exuding  a  balsamic  fra- 
grant substance,  paler  but  smooth  and  prominently  3-ribbed  beneath, 
thick-coriaceous,  persistent:  panicles  axillai-yr  compound,  rather  small, 
the  peduncles  but  little  if  any  longer  than  the  leaves:  flowers  white. 
In  forests,  Vancouver  Island  to  Northern  California,  near  the  coast. 

C.  Calif ornicus  Kell.  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  i.  55.  C.  inteaerrimns  of  re- 
cent authors  not  of  H.  isc  A.  Bot.  Beech.  329:  C.  thyrsijiorus  var.  macro- 
thyrsus  Torr.  Bot.  Wilkes  263.  A  slender  branching  shrub,  2—10  feet 
high,  young  branches  more  or  less  angled  and  pubescent:  leaves  thin 
oblong  to  broaaiy  lanceolate,  1—3  inches  long,  more  or  less  serrulate 
toward  the  apex,  pubescent  with  minute  appressed  haii-s,  on  slender 
petioles  2—6  lines  long,  deciduous:  flowers  blue  to  white,  fascicled  on 
terminal  and  axillary  peduncles  from  wood  of  the  present  season's 
growth;  bracts  ovate,  shortly  acuminate,  1—2  lines  long-  pedicels 
slender,  4-6  lines  long:  styles  shorter  than  the  stamens,  united  to  near 
the  summit.  On  dry  open  hillsides,  from  the  Columbia  river  to  Cali- 
fornia. 

C.  thyrsiflorus  Esch.  Mem.  St.  Petersb.  Acad,  x,  285.  An  erect 
shrub  or  small  tree  (>-lo  feet  high  with  strongly  angled  branches:  leaves 
lanceolate,  finely  dentate,  1-2  inches  long,  on  short  petioles,  deciduou? 
flowers  blue,  m  dense  subcompound  racemes,  tenninating  thrusualfv 
neTr^Se  coast. '''''''''^'^*  ^^^^^  peduncle.    Puget  Sound  to  California! 

H-  +-      Erect  shrubs,  the  branches  usually  rigid  and -spinose- 
leaves  rather  small:     flowers  in  simple  racemes  or  clusters. 

C.  divaricatus  Nutt.  T.  ik  G.  Fl.  i,  266.  A  stragfflinir  shrub  with 
erete  often  pruinose  branches:  leaves  oblong  ovatf  to  ovate  4^15 
lines  long,  rounded  at  base,  lucid,  somewhat  obtuse,  minutelv  and 
glandularly  serrulate,  pubescent  l^neath,  somewhat  coriaceous,  on 
petioles  about  2  lines  long,  persistent:  flowers  blue  to  white  in  sub 
simple  often  elongated  racemes  3-4  inches  long.    Southern  Idaho  to 


CEANOTHUS.  VITACE.E.  115 

southern  California. 

C.  cordulatus  Kell.  Proc.  Cal.  Acad,  ii,  124,  fig.  39.  A  densely  ces- 
pitose  erect  shrub  with  intricate  branches  and  spinose  branchlets,  4—6 
feet  high,  hirsutely  pubescent  with  short  erect  or  spreading  hairs  and 
cinereous:  leaves  oval  to  elliptical  or  oblong,  6—12  lines  long,  rounded 
or  subcordate  at  base,  finely  glandular-serrulate,  dei^ely  tomentose 
beneath,  somewhat  coriaceous  on  slender  petioles  3—6  lines  long,  de- 
ciduous: flowers  white,  in  racemes  or  fascicles:  styles  united  to 
near  the  summit,  shorter  than  the  stamens.  In  the  mountains  of 
southern  Oregon  and  California. 

§  2  Cerastes  Watson  1.  c.  Leaves  mostly  opposite,  l-ribbod, 
with  numerous  straight  parallel  veins,  very  thick  and  coriace- 
ous, spinosely  toothed  or  entire.  Flowers  in  sessile  or  short-ped- 
uncled  axillary  clusters.  Fruit  large,  with  3  horn-like  or  warty 
processes  below  the  summit. 

C.  cuneatns  Nutt.  1.  c.  An  erect  shrub  2—12  feet  high  with  rigid 
intricate  branches:  the  young  branches  white  with  a  villous  tomen- 
tum,  at  length  smooth  and  whitish:  leaves  cuneate-obovate  or  ob- 
long, rounded  or  retuse  above,  entii-e  or  rarely  few-toothed,  minutely 
tomentose  beneath,  on  short  rather  slender  petioles:  flowers  white  or 
rarely  light  blue,  in  rather  loose  axillaiy  fascicles.  On  dry  hillsides, 
from  the  lower  Willamette  (the  original  locality,)  to  Lower  California. 

C.  pumilis  Greene  Eryth.  i,  149.  A  rigid  depressed  mucn  branched 
under  shrub:  branches  6—18  inches  long,  rooting  at  the  nodes  and 
forming  mat§  1—3  feet  in  diameter:  leaves  cuneate-oblong  to  obo- 
vate,  2—6  lines  long,  entire  to  spinose-dentate,  but  mostly  3-toothed  at 
the  apex,  very  minutely  white-tomentose  between  the  veins  beneath, 
very  short  petioled:  flowers  bright  blue  to  white,  fascicled  at  the  ends 
of  short  lateral  branches;  pedicels  filiform,  6 — 8  lines  long;  sepals 
ovate,  spreading,  nearly  a  Ime  long;  styles  united  to  the  top,  shorter 
than  the  stamens.  On  dry  hillsides,  about  Waldo,  Josephine  Co.,  Ore- 
gon. 

C.  prostrattss  Benth.  PI.  Hartw.  302.  (Mahala  Mats).  Glabrous, 
prostrate,  the  branches  rooting  and  repeatedly  subdivided,  the  whole 
forming  a  close  mat  2—8  feet  in  diameter:  leaves  3—12  lines  long,  oh- 
ovate  or  oblong-ciTueiform,  obtuse  or  truncate,  with  2  or  3  pairs  of 
coarse  spinose  teeth  above  the  middle,  on  short  slender  petioles:  flow- 
ers dark  blue  to  white,  clustered  at  the  ends  of  short  stout  peduncles: 
fruit  large,  with  erect  horns.  In  open  pine  forests,  Washington  to  Cal- 
iforrip.. 

Order  XXIII  VIT.VCEyE  Lindl.  Nat.  Syst.  ed.  2,  30. 

Mostly  climbing  shrubs  with  simple  or  compound  leaves, 
the  upper  ones  opposite  the  racemes  or  thyrsoid  panicles  of 
small  flowers,  or  tendrils.  Calyx  minute,  nearly  entire  or  5- 
toothed.  Petals  4  or  5,  inserted  upon  the  outside  of  an  annu- 
lar disk,  inflexed,  valvate  in  the  bud,  caducous.  Stamens  as 
many  as  petals  and  opposite  them,  inserted  on  the  surface  of 
the  disk.  Ovary  2  celled,  with  two  collateral  ovules  in  each 
cell.  Style  short  or  none:  stigma  simple.  Fruit  a  globose, 
mostly  pulpy  berry,  often  by  abortion  1-celled.  Seeds  anatro- 
pous,  erect,  with  a  hard  testa.  Embryo  much  shorter  than  the 
horny  or  fleshy  albumen :  radicle  slender.  Cotyledons  lanceo- 
late or  suloulate. 


110  ACERACE.E.  vitis. 

ACER. 

1     VITIS    Tourn.  Inst  613.  L.  Gen.  n.  234.     (Grape.) 

Woody  vines,  climbing  by  tendrils  that  are  opposite  to  leaves, 
with  acid  juice,  mostly  simple  opposite  leaves  and  small  greenish 
flowers  in  compound  racemes  or  panicles  that  are  opposite  the 
upper  leaves.  ,  Calyx  very  small,  entire  or  4-5-toothed  or  -lobed, 
the  tube  filled  with  a  fleshy  annular  disk  which  bears  the  4  or  5 
thick  caducous  petals' and  the  distinct  stamens.  Fruit  a  more  or 
less  pulpy  berry. 

V.  Calif ornica  Benth.  Bot.  Snip.  10.  Stems  often  1—2  inclies  in 
diameter  l)elow,  climbing  trees  to  the  lieiglit  of  2t)— 30  feet:  leaves 
round-cordate  with  a  deep  and  narrow  sinus,  2—3  inches  long,  nearly 
as  broad,  obtuse,  rather  coarsely  serrate  and  often  somewhat  3-lobed, 
tomentose  or  canescent,  especially  beneath:  fniit  4  lines  in  diameter, 
in  rather  large  clusters,  pui^ple,  covcicd  with  bloom:  seeds  broad. 
Along  streams:,  from  the  Umpqua  N'allcy.  Oregon,  to  southeni  Califor- 
nia. 

Omdvai  XXiV   A-'JKIJACE.E  J.   St.  Hil.  Expos.  Fam.  ii,  15. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  opposite  pahnately  lobed  or  pinnately 
3-5-foliolate  ('rarely  alternate  and  entire)  leaves  without  stip- 
ules and  small  flowers  in  lateral  or  terminal  racemes  or  fasci- 
cles that  are  often  by  a  bortion  polygamous  or  dioecious.  Sepals 
6,  rarely  4-9,  more  or  less  united,  imbricate  in  the  bud.  Pet- 
als as  many  as  sepals  and  alternate  A\ith  them,,  inserted  around 
a  commonly  lobed  hypogynous  disk,  sometimes  w^anting.  Sta- 
mens usually  8,  sometimes  3-12,  distinct  inserted  on  the  disk: 
anthers  introrse  or  versatile.  Ovary  2- lobed,  composed  of  2 
united  carpels  each  containing  2  collateral  ovules,  or  a  single 
2o  vuled  carpel.  Styles  more  or  less  combined,  stigmatose  on 
the  inside  or  the  stigma  almost  sessile.  Fruit  composed  of  2, 
rarely  3  cr  4,  indohiscent  samarioid  carpels,  finally  separable 
from  the  filiform  axis  the  wdng  thickened  at  the  low^er  margin, 
.  or  a  cartilaginous  follicle.  Seeds  1  or  2  in  each  cell,  erect, 
with  little  or  no  albumen.  Embryo  curved  or  nearly  straight, 
with  foliaceous  cotyledons  variously  folded  upon  each  other. 

1  Acer.     L3aves  opposite,  palmately  lobsd  or  rarely   divided :  flowers  in 

racemes  or  fascicles,  polyg.^mous. 

2  Forsellesia.     Leaves  alternate,  simple  and  entire:  flowers  solitary  ter- 
minating short  axillary  branches  or  spar-like  fascicles,  perfect. 

1     ACER  Tourn.  Inst.  615,     L.  Gen.  1155.     (Maple.) 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  opposite  mostly  palmately  lobed  leave.* 
and  small  flowers  in  terminal  racemes,  umbel-like  corymbs  or 
fascicles.  Calyx  colored,  usually  r-lobed.  Petals  5,  sometimes 
wanting.  Stamens  3-12,  usually  8,  inserted  with  the  petals  up- 
on a  lobed  hypogynous  disk.  Styles  2,  elongated.  Ovary  2- 
lobed,  rarely  3-  or  4-lobed,  and  as  many  celled,  with  a  pair  of 
ovules  in  each  cell,  becoming  in  fruit  a  double,  rarely  triple  or 
quadruple,  samara  that  is  separable  at  maturity  into  1 -seeded 
indehiscent  winged  nutlets. 


ACER.  ACERACE.E.  Il7 

FORSELLESIA. 

*  Flowers  in  racemes:    body  of  the  fruit  hispid. 

A.  luacrophyllum  Piirsli  VI.  2<>7.  (Large  leaved  Maplf  ).  A  tree 
50—90  feet  liigh,  1—3  feet  in  diameter:  leaves  6—12  inches  louj^,  nearly 
as  broad,  cordate  with  a  deep  sinus,  deeply  3— 5-cleft,  the  segments 
cleft  into  3—5  sinuate,  acute  lobes,  pubescent  beneath  when  young: 
flowers  yellow,  fragrant,  in  crowded  pendent  racemes  3—6  inches  long, 
appearing  after  the  leaves:  calyx  petaloid,  campanulate,  the  broad 
obovate  segments  2—3  lines  long:  petals  obovate,  about  equalling  the 
sepals:  stamens  8 — 12  exserted,  filaments  hirsute  at  base  style  longer 
than  the  stamens,  deeply  2-lobed:  fruit  densely  hispid,  the  glabrous 
wing  IV^— 2  inches  long.  In  mountain  ravines  and  river  bottoms,  Brit. 
Columbia  to  California  and  Idaho. 

*    *    Flowers   in  loose-  umbel-lil^e   corymbs   or   fascicles:      fruit 
smooth. 

A.  glabrum  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  172.  (^^■M00TH  Maple-).  A  shrub 
or  small  tree  G— 30  feet  high,  2—8  inches  in  diameter,  glabrous  through- 
out except  the  bud  scales  w^hich  are  densely  villous  inside:  leaves 
round-cordate  with  shallow  sinus,  2—4  inches  broad,  nearly  as  long, 
more  or  less  deeply  3-lobed  or  parted,  the  ovate  acuminate  lobes  doubly 
serrate  with  acuminate  teeth,  conspicuously  veined  and  reticulated: 
flowers  few,  greenish-yellow,  somewhat  corymbose,  on  short  2-leaved 
branchlets,  appearing  after  the  leaves:  calyx  campanulate,  deeply  5- 
cleft,  the  spatulate  segments  about  2  lines  long:  stameHS  8,  shorter 
than  the  spatulate  petals:  fruit  very  smooth,  with  slightly  spreading 
wings,  about  an  inch  long.  Along  streams  and  on  the  highest  moun- 
tains, Vancouver  Island  to  California  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

A.  circiuatnm  Pursh  Fl.  206.  (  Vine  MapleO-  A  large  shrub  10—30 
feet  high,  usually  declined  and  somewhat  viny:  leaves  round-cordate 
with  a  narrow  shallow  sinus,  3—5  inches  long  nearly  as  broad,  7—9 
lobed  nearly  ^o  the  middle,  the  acute  lobes  doubly  and  sharply  serrate, 
villous  beueath  and  on  the  veins  above  when  young,  becoming  glab- 
rate:  flowers  in  loose  10— 20-flowered  terminalcorj-mbs;  calyx  dark 
red,  deeply  5-lobed  or  parted,  the  ovate  acute  sepals  2—3  lines  long, 
spreading:  petals  greenish  white,  about  half  as  long  as  the  sepals, 
ovate,  acute,  erect:  stamens  8,  exserted:  style  short;  ovary  villous: 
fruit  10—16  lines  long,  the  wings  spreading  at  right  angles  tothe  pedi- 
cels. In  forests  and  along  sreams.  Alaska  to  California,  west  of  the 
Cascade  Mountains. 

2  FORSELLESIA  Greene  Ei-yth.  1,  206. 

(iLOSSOPETALON  Gray   PL  Wright.  H,  39,  t.  le.  not  Schreber. 

Low  and  rigid  shrubs  with  slender  spinescent  branches,  and 
small  alternate  simple  entire  leaevs,  which  separate  in  ajre  by  an 
indistinct  articulation  from  a  'lilated  scale-like  minutely  2-stip- 
ulate  base;  the  setaceous-subulate  stipules  adnate  to  the  scales, 
and  small  solitary  flowers,  terminating  short  axillary  branchlets, 
or  spur-like  fascicles.  Calyx  deeply  4 — 5-cleft,  persistent,  its  flat 
l)ase  within  filled  by  an  8-10-lobed  perigynous  disk  ;  ])etals  4  or 
5,  inserted  on  the  margin  or  under  the  edge  of  the  disk,  some- 
what withering-persistent.  Stamens  8  or  10  inserted  at  the  sin- 
uses of  the  disk^  shorter  than  the  calyx ;  filaments  subulate, 
l)ersistent :  anthers  didymous.  Ovary  1-celled,  of  a  single  ovoid 
carpel,  with  style  extremely  short  or  none,  and  a  depressed  en- 
tire or  obscurely  2-lobed  stigma.  Ovules  2,  collateral  or  nearly 
so  inserted  on  the    ventral    suture   barely   above    the  base  of  the 


118  ANACARDIACE^C.  rhus. 

cell,    ascending,     anatropous.       Fruit    a    firm-c;)riaceous  follicle 
opening  clown  tiie  ventral  suture,  1-2-seeded. 

r.  spinescens  Greene  1.  c.  -^Glossopetalon  spinescens  Gray  I.  c.  A 
smooth  rigidly  branched  shrub  2—3  feet  high:  leaves  oblong  to  spatu- 
late,  narrowed  below  on  slender  pedicels  2—4  lines  long,  acute  or  ob- 
tuse: flowers  on  slender  pedicels  2—4  lines  long:  lobes  of  the  calyx 
oblong,  a  line  or  more  long:  petals  white,  4—5  lines  long,  spatulate, 
attenuate  below  to  a  short  slender  claw:  stigma  nearly  sessile,  2- 
lobed;    ovary  acute;    fruit  not  seen.    Bluffs  of  Snake  river  (Cusick). 

Order  XXV.   ANACARDIACE^.  Lindl.  Nat.  Syst.  ed.   1. 

Shrubs  or  trees  Tvith  resinous  or  milky  juice,  simple  or  com- 
pound leaves  without  stipules,  and  small  flowers  in  axillary  or 
terminal  panicles.  Flowers  usually  regular,  perfect,  dioecious 
or  polygamous.  Sepals  usually  5,  distinct  or  more  or  less  uni- 
ted, mostly  persistent.  Petals  of  the  same  number  as  the  sep- 
als, or  wanting,  inserted  into  the  disk  which  lines  the  bottom 
of  the  calyx .  Stamens  as  many  as  sepals,  or  twdce  as  /nany,  or 
more,  sometimes  part  of  them  sterile;  filnments  distinct,  some- 
times alternately  shorter,  inserted  wath  the  petals.  Ovary  sol- 
itary, free  ,*  9r  rarely  adhering  to  the  calyx,  1-celled,  or  with  1 
■or  'J  abortive  cells  ;ovule  solitary,  on  a  funiculus  which  rises 
from  the  base  of  the  cell.  Styles  3,  rarely  4,  distinct  or  com- 
bined. Fruit  a  1-seeded  indehiscent  drupelet.  Seed  erect  or 
suspended,  anatropous,  without  album-on.  A  large  order, 
represented  here  only  by  the  genus 

RHUS    L.  Gen.  n.  361. 

Shrubs  or  sniiill  trees  with  alternate  leaves  and  small  poly- 
gamous or  polygamo-diiL'cious  flowers  in  axillary  and  terminal 
bractcatc  racemes  or  panicles.  Calyx  small,  4-6-parted,  persist- 
ent, imbricated  in  the  bud.  Petals  4-6,  imbricated  in  the  bud. 
Stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  petals,  with  subulate  fila- 
ments, inserted  under  the  edge  of  the  disk.  Fruit  a  dry  drupe- 
let. Seed  pendulous  upon  a  slender  seed-stalk  arising  from  the 
base  of  the  cell. 

*  Flowers  polygamous  or  dioecious;    panicled,  developed  with  or 
after  the  leaves. 

R.  glabra  L.  Sp.  i,  265.  (Sumach).  An  erect  shrub  4—12  feet  high, 
smooth  and  glaucous  when  young:  leaves  oddpinnate;  leaflets  13—31, 
petiolulate,  oblong  to  lanceolate,  acuminate,  acutely  serrate  1—3  inches 
long:  inflorescence  terminal,  thyrsoid,  hirsute:  sepals  broadly  subu- 
late, about  a  line  long:  petals  oblong,  a  little  longer  than  the  sepals: 
drupelets  clothed  with  crimson  acid  hairs:  seeds  smooth,  about  a  line 
long.  In  ravines  and  along  streams,  eastern  Oregon  to  Brit.  Columbia 
and  the  south  Atlantic  States. 

R.  toxicodendron  L.  Sp.  266.  Stems  erect,  1—3  feet  high;  leaves 
trifoliolate,  pubescent;  leaflets  rhomboid,  acuminate,  entire  or  toothed. 
the  lateral  ones  more  or  less  oblique:  panicles  axillarj^;  racemes  sub- 
sessile;  flowers  mostly  dioecious:  fruit  white,  subglobose,  smooth, 
persistent.  Along  small  streams,  eastern  Oregon  to  the  Atlantic 
States. 


LEG  U  MINOS  ^:.  119 

R.  diversiloba  T.  &  G.  Fl.  i,  218.  (Poison  Oak).  Stems  erect  and 
shrubby  or  climbing  by  rootlets  attached  to  the  bark  of  trees;  2—20 
feet  high,  usually  somewhat  pubescent:  leaves  usually  3-foliolate  rarely 
5-foliolate;  leaflets  ovate,  obovate  or  elliptical,  1—3  inches  long,  obtuse 
or  acutish,  3-lobed  or  coarsely  toothed,  (rarely  entire),  the  lobes  and 
teeth  rounded:  panicles  iDeduncled:  flowers  dioecious:  fruit  white, 
2—3  lines  in  diameter,  falling  soon  after  maturing.  In  forests  and 
rocky  hillsides,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California. 

*    *   I  owers   polygamo-dioecious,   in  short   scaly-bracted   spikes 

preceding  the  leaves. 

R.  trilobata  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  i,  219.  A  shrub  2—5  feet  high,  dif- 
fusely branched,  more  or  less  pubescent,  at  length  nearly  glabrous: 
leaves  trifoliolate:  leaflets  sessile,  cuneate-obovate  or  rhomboidal,  1—2 
inches  long,  coarsely  toothed  above  and  often  3-lobed,  the  segments 
obtuse:  spikes  of  small  yellowish  flowers  4—6  lines  long,  approximate 
at  the  ends  of  the  branchlets:  fruit  somewhat  viscid,  2—3  lines  in 
diameter,  globose,  bright  red;  nut  smooth.  On  gravelly  plains  and 
hillsides,  along  streams,  southern  Oregon  to  California  and  the  Rocky 
Mountains. 

Order  XXVI.     LEGUMINOS^   Boerh.  Hor.  Acad.  ii.  22. 

Herbs  slimbs  or  trees  wdth  alternate  usually  compound 
stipulate  leaves,  and  usually  showy  flowers  in  axillary  or  termiii- 
al  racemes  or  spikes,  rarely  solitary  or  capitate.  Sepals  united 
into  a  5-cleft  or  5-tootlied  calvx,  the  lobes  often  unequal  or 
variously  combined,  the  odd  one  inferior.  Petals  5,  sometimes 
by  abortion  fewer  or  wanting,  perigynous  or  hypogynous,  ir- 
regular and  unequal,  or  sometimes  regular,  distinct  or  various- 
ly cohering,  the  odd  one  superior.  Stamens  mostly  10,  diadel- 
phous  (9  and  1)  or  monadelphous,  sometimes  distinct  or  num- 
erous, inserted  wdth  the  petals.  Ovaiy  simple,  solitary,  very 
rarely  two  or  more,  free  from  the  cah^,  the  style  proLruding 
from  the  upper  or  ventral  suture:  stigma  simple.  Fruit  a  1- 
celled  2-valved  pod  (^legume^),  or  sometimes  a  drupe.  Seeds 
solitary  or  several,  heterotropous  or  anatiopous,  sometimes 
with  an  aril  or  large  caruncle:  albumen  none.  Embryo  straight 
or  with  the  radicle  bent  back  along  the  edge  of  the  cotyledons. 
Cotyledons  thin  and  somewhat  foliaceous,  or  thick  and  fleshy. 

Ours  are  all  of 

Suborder  Papiltonace.^-:  L.  Sepals  imbricate  or  rarely 
somewhat  valvate  in  the  bud.  Corolla  papilionaceous  or  other- 
wise more  or  less  irregular,  rarely  wanting  Stamens  10,  rarely 
fewer,  inserted  with  the  petals  into  the  bottom  of  the  calyx,  or 
perigynous.  Radicle  bent  back  upon  the  edge  of  the  cotyledons, 
or  straight.  Leaves  simple  or  simply  compound.  Flowers  usu- 
ally perfect. 

Tribe  i.  Podalyrie^.  Herbaceous  or  suff'rutescent  plants   with 
palmate,  or  pinnate  or  simple  leaves  and  papilionaceous  flowers. 
Stamens  10,    distinct;    anthers   uniform.     Embryo   incurved  or 
inflexed,  or  often  straight. 
1.  Thermopsis.    Herbs  with  conspicuous  stipules,  digitately  trifoliolate 


120  LEGUMINOB.E. 

leaves  and  yellow  flowers  in  racemes. 

Tribe  it.  Geniste.^.  Herbs  or  shrubs  ,vith  palmately  com- 
pound or  simple  leaves  and  various  colored  tiowers  in  racemes  or 
solitary.  Stamens  10,  monadelphous :  anthers  of  two  forms. 
Radical,  incurved  or  inflexed. 

2.  Lupinus.  Herbs,  rarely  shrubby,  with  various  colored  flowers  in 
racemes:  leaves  digitate,  mostly  of  more  than  3  leaflets:  calyx 
deeply  bilabiate:  upper  petal  with  recurved  sides;  keel  falcate: 
pods  large,  straight. 
5.  Ulex.  Spinescent  shrubs  with  inconspicuous  simple  leaves  and  yel- 
low axillary  flowers. 

4.  Cytisus.    Shrubs  with  green,  often  angular  branches,  palmately  or 

pinnately  trifoliolate  leaves  and  solitary  or  racemose  yellow  flowers. 

Tribe  hi.  Trifolie^..  Mostly  low  herbs  with  palmately  or 
pinnately  trifoliolate,  rarely  5-7-foliolate  leaves  and  axillary  or 
terminal,  racemose,  spicate,  capitate  or  umbellate  inflorescence. 
Corolla  papilionaceous.  Calvx  -"i-lobed.  Stamens  diadelphous 
(9  and  1). 

5.  Medicago.    Herbaceous  or  rarely  shrubby  plants  with  palmately  tri- 

foliolate leaves  and  axillary  peduncles:  petals  free  from  the 
stamens,  deciduous:  pods  1— several-seeded,  falcate-incurved,  or 
coiled  into  a  spiral. 

6.  Melilotns.    Erect  herbs  with  pinnately  trifoliolate  leaves  and  small 

fragrant  flowers  in  slender  axillaiy  racemes:  petals  free  from  the 
stamens,  deciduous:  pods  ovoid,  sm-all,  scarcely  dehiscent,  1—2 
sseeded. 

7.  Trifolium.    Herbs  with  palmately  or  pinnately  trifoliolate,  rai-ely 

5— 7-foliolate  leaves  and  mostly  very  many  flowers  on  axillary  or 
terminal  peduncles:  corolla  persistent:  the  banner  and  wings  com- 
monly coherent  with  the  staminal  tube:  pods  concealed  within  or 
but  little  exserted  from  the  calyx,  1— 6-seeded. 

Tribe  iv.  Lote.e.  Herbs  or  shrubs  with  pinnately  1-many- 
foliolate  leaves  and  various  colored  flowers  capitate  or  umbellate 
on  axillary  peduncles,  rarely  solitarv. 

8.  Lotus.    Herbaceous  or  suffrutescent  plants  with   pinnate,   usually 

3— many-foliolate  leaves  and  solitary  or  numerous  flowers  on  axil- 
lary peduncles  witli  or  Avithout  a  1— 3-foliolate  bract  at  summit: 
corolla  deciduous,  the  banner  often  remote  from  the  other  petals: 
pods  oblong  to  linear,  terete,  turgid  or  plain,  few  or  many-seeded. 

Tribe  v.  Galege^.  Erect  herbs,  or  shrubs  with  unequally 
pinnate,  seldom  stipellate  leaves  and  axillary  or  terminal,  race- 
mose or  spicate  inflorescence.  Corolla  papilionaceous  or  otlier- 
wise  irregular.  Stamens  diadelphous  (9  and  1),  or  sometimes 
monadelphous.  Pods  continuous,  1-celled,  several-seeded,  de- 
hiscent ;  or  1-2-seeded  and  indehiscent.  Radicle  incurved  or  in- 
flexed. 

9.  Psoralea.  Herbs  with  trifoliolate  leaves  and  axillary  spikes  of 
rather  small  flowers;  herbage  glandular-dotted:  stamens  mona- 
delphous or  diadelphous:    pods  indehiscent,  1-seeded. 

10.  Fetalo&temon.  Herbs  with  gland-dotted  herbage  unequally  pinnate 


THEKMOPSId. 


LEGUMINOS^.  121 


leaves  and  small  flowers  in  pedunculate  dense  terminal  spikes  or 
heads;  petals  5,  on  filiform  claws  that  are  united  to  the  stamen-tube 
the  upper  one  free,  all  deciduous:  stamens  5,  monadelphous:  ovary 
with  two  collateral  ovules:    pods  1-seeded. 

Tribe  vi.  Astragale.^.  Erect  or  decumbent  herbaceous,  rare- 
ly suffrutescent,  plants  with  unequally  pinnate  leaves  and  axil- 
lary or  radical,  racemose  or^picate  inflorescence.  Stamens  diadel- 
phous  (9  and  1).  Pods  1 -celled  or  often  spuriously  2-celle;l  by 
the  introflexion  of  one  or  both  sutures,  dehiscent,  several-seeded 
or  rarely  1-2-seeded.     Radicle  incurved. 

11.  x^stragalns.  Unarmed  herbs  with  unequally  pinnate  leaves  without 
tendrils  and  axillary  spikes  or  racemes  of  comparatively  small  flow- 
ers: herbage  neither  glandular  nor  dotted:  pods  various,  often 
coriaceous  and  turgid,  or  thin  and  bladderly-inflated,  or  thin  and 
flat,  more  or  less  2-celled  by  the  intrusion  of  the  dorsal  suture:  keel 
obtuse. 

12.  Oxytropis.  Unarmed  herbs  or  sometimes  suffruticose  plants,  with 
unequally  pinnate  leaves:  the  flowers  spicate  on  axillary  or  radi- 
cal peduncles:  pods  partly  2-celled  by  the  introflexion  of  the  pla- 
cental suture:    keel  Avith  a  subulate  point. 

13.  Glycyrrtiza.  Glandular-viscid  perennials  with  unequally  pinnate 
leaves  and  flowers  in  peduncled  axillary  spikes:  pods  short,  com* 
pressed,  prickly,  indehiscent,  few-seeded. 

Tribe  vii.  Hedysare.e.  Herbs  or  shrubs  with  pinnate  .or 
simple  leaves,  the  flowers  in  axillary  or  terminal  spikes,  racemes 
or  umbels.  Stamens  10,  monadelphous  or  diadelphous.  Pods 
usuall}'  transversely  divided  into  1-seeded  indehiscent  joints. 

14.  Hedysarnin.  Herbs  with  unequally  pinnate  leaves,  the  flowers  in 
axillary  or  terminal  racemes:  keel  obliquely  truncate,  longer  than 
the  wings:  stamens  diadelphous:  pods  of  several  1-seeded  joints 
connected  by  their  middle. 

Tribe  viii.  Vicie^.  Herbs  with  abruptly  pinnate  leaves,  the 
common  petiole  not  articulated  with  the  stem,  produced  at  the 
apex  into  a  bristle  or  tendril,  the  flowers  in  axillary  racemes. 
Stamens  10,  diadelphous.  Pods  not  jointed,  dehiscent.  Cotyle- 
dons remaining  under  ground  and  unchanged  in  germination. 
Radicle  inflexed. 

15.  Vicia.  Weak  herbs  with  stems  climbing  by  tendrils  which  termin- 
ate the  pinnate  leaves,  and  1— several-flowered  axillary  peduncles. 
Style  bent  upward  at  the  apex  and  villous  under  the  stigma  on  the 
under  or  outer  side. 

16.  I^athyrns.  Herbs  clinging  by  tendrils  which  terminate  the  pinnate 
leaves  and  few— several-floMered  axillary  peduncles:  style  bent  at 
right  angles  to  the  ovary  and  villous  in  a  line  on  the  inside. 

Tribe  1  Podalyriese  Benih.  B.  &  H.  Gen.  i,  4r37.  Mostly  hn-hs 
with  simple  or  digitately  trifoliolate .  rarely  many-foliolate]  leaves, 
and  papilionaeeons  flowers.  Stamens  10,  free,  or  slightly  united  at 
J)ns('.     Pod  dehiscent.     Radicle  incurved  or  inflexed. 

1  THERMOPSIS  R.  Br.  in  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  e.  2,  iii,  3. 

Stout   perennial  herbs  with  erect   stems,  digitately  trifoliolate 


122  LEGUMINOS^.  thermopsis. 

leaves,  foliaceous  free  stipules,  petioliilate  entire  leaflets,  and 
moderately  large  yellow  flowers  in  terminal  bracteate  racemes. 
Bracts  herbaceous,  persistent.  Calyx  campanulate,  4-5-cleft  to 
the  middle,  the  lobes  equal  or  the  two  upper  ones  united.  Upper 
petal  roundish,  shorter  than  the  oblong  lateral  ones,  the  sides  re- 
flexed,  keel  nearly  sraight,  obtuse,  equalling  the  wings.  Stam- 
ens 10,  distinct.  Style  slightly  curved ;  stigma  minute.  Pods 
narrow,  compressed,  few  to  many-seeded. 

T.  montana  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  i,  388.  Glabrous  below,  somewhat 
silky- villous  above:  stipules  ovate  to  lanceolate,  1—2  inches  long: 
leaflets  oblong-ovate  to  oblong,  1—3  inches  long,  obtuse  or  acute,  spar- 
nigly  villous  beneath,  smooth  above:  bracts  mostly  lanceolate:  lobes 
of  the  calyx  triangular  one  and  a  half  lines  long:  pods  silky-villous, 
2  inches  long  or  more,  nearly  straight,  erect,  short  stipitate,  linear, 
10— 15-seeded.  Along,  streams,  Brit.  Columbia  to  Califoraia  and  the 
Rocky  Mountains. 

T.  gracilis  Howell  Eryth.  1,  109.  Sparingly  strigose-pubescent 
throughout:  stems  slender,  erect,  1—3  feet  high,  sparsely  branched  above 
the  branches  spreading:  stipules  broadly  ovate  to  lanceolate,  usually 
acute:  leaflets  oblanceolate,  acute  at  base,  petiolulate,  1—3  inches 
long  by  8—12  lines  broad:  racemes  short,  loosely  flowered:  bracts 
ovate,  acute,  mostly  shorter  than  the  pedicels:  lower  teeth  of  the 
calyx  triangular,  acute,  the  upper  truncate  or  barely  2-toothed:  ovary 
about  12-ovuled:  pods  appressed-silky,  2  inches  long  or  more  by  2 
lines  broad,  on  a  veiy  short  stipe,  usually  spreading  and  often  falcate. 
In  the  mountains  of  southern  Oregon  from  the"  sources  of  the  Willam- 
ette river  to  northern  California. 

T.  robusta  Howell  1.  c.  Densely  tomentose  throughout:  stems  stout, 
4—6  feet  high:  stipules  large,  broadly  ovate  to  orbicular-ovate,  acute 
at  both  ends,  2—3  inches  long:  racemes  long,  densely  many-flowered: 
bracts  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  longer  than  the  pedicels:  teeth  of 
the  calyx  acuminate,  the  upper  2-  toothed:  fruit  not  seen.  In  open 
forests  on  top  of  the  Coast  Mountains  on  the  old  Crescent  City  Wagon 
road,  collected  in  June,  1884,  not  since  reported. 

T.  argentata  Greene  Eryth.  iii,  18.  Rather  slender,  a  foot  or  two  in 
height:  all  the  growing  parts,  and  when  young  the  whole  plant 
silvery-canescent  throughout  with  a  very  dense  and  minute  silky  pu- 
bescence, the  mature  part  also  not  indistinctly  silky  and  pale:  stipules 
6—18  lines  long,  from  broadly  to  narrowly  lanceolate  and  often  slight- 
ly falcate:  leaflets  of  the  lowest  leaves  obtusish  and  of  narrowly 
cuneate-obovate  outline,  of  the  upper  from  oblanceolate  to  rhombic- 
obovate  and  very  acute:  raceme  short  and  rather  few-flowered:  calyx- 
teeth  triangular-subulate  and  about  as  long  as  the  campanulate  tube: 
petals  of  the  wings  and  keel  notably  longer  than  the  banner:  pods 
long,  spreading,  silky-tomentulose.  Modoc  County,  California,  perhaps 
in  southeastern  Oregon. 

Tribe  ^.  Genistese  DC.  Prodr.  ii,  115.  Herbs  or  shrub.^  with 
simple  or  compound  estipellate  leaves,  and  papilionaceous  flowers. 
Stamens  10,  monadelphous;  anthers  of  two  forms.  Pod  continuous^ 
1-celled,  sometimes  intercepted  internally,  but  not  jointed.  Radicle 
incurved  or  inflexed. 

2  LUPINUS  Toum.    L.  Gen.  n.  865. 

Herbaceous  or  rarely  shrubby  plants  with  palmately  5-15-folio- 


LUPiNus.  LEGUMINOSJ^.  123 

late,  rarely  1-foliolate,  leaves,  small  stipules  and  mostly  showy 
flowers  interminal  racemes  or  spikes.  Calyx  deeply  bilabiate, 
often  2-bracteolate ;  the  upper  lip  2-cleft  or  -toothed,  or  rarely 
entire,  the  lower  entire  or  8 -toothed.  Upper  petal  with  the  sides 
reflexed,  the  lateral  ones  foveolate-plicate  toward  the  base,  united 
at  the  summit,  keel  fiilcate,  acuminate.  Stamens  monadelphous, 
the  sheath  entire ;  alternate  filaments  longer ;  the  5  anthers  op- 
posite the  sepals  oblong,  maturing  early,  those  opposite  the  pet- 
als roundish  or  reniform,  maturing  later.  Stigma  bearded  :  Pod 
coriaceous,  somewhat  oblong,  more  or  less  compressed,  often 
torulose  or  intercepted  with  cellular  partitions.    Cotyledons  fleshy. 

§  1  Lupixus  PROPER.  Flowers  in  terminal  racemes.  Sides 
of  the  upper  petal  strongly  reflexed.  Ovary  5-12-ovuled.  Cotyle- 
dons petioled  after  germination. 

*  Perennial,  shrubby,  at  least  at  base,  tall,  branched  and  leafy:  pu- 
bescence silky,  mostly'  appressed  :  leaflets  5-7  :  petioles  rarely  much 
exceeding  the  leaves;  bracts  deciduous;  flowers  large;  lips  of  the 
calyx  nearly  equal :  ovules  8-12. 

L.  holosericens  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  i,  380.  Frutescent,  silvery-canes- 
cent:  stems  12—20  inches  high,  leafy,  branching,  ascending:  leaflets 
5—9,  lanceolate,  obtuse  or  acute,  mucronulate,  narrowed  at  base,  often 
arcuate,  denselj'  silky-canescent  and  silveiy  on  both  sides,  mostly 
shorter  than  the  petiole  or  the  upper  ones  as  long  or  longer  than  the 
petiole:  stipules  subulate:  flowers  verticillate  or  somewhat  scattered, 
approximate,  on  short  pedicels:  bracts  lanceolate,  shorter  than  the 
flowers:  calyx  bracteolate  the  upper  lip  slightly  2-cleft,  the  lower  near- 
ly as  long  ana  entire:  petals  oright  blue,  6  lines  long  or  more,  the 
lateral  ones  broadly  oblong.  Islands  and  gravelly  banks  of  the  Wil- 
lamette river,  to  California. 

Ju.  propinqnus  Greene  Eryth.  i,  12G.  Shrubby,  much  branched  and 
bushy,  usuallj^  2—4  feet  high,  all  the  herbage  except  the  glabrous  up- 
per surface  of  the  leaves  puberulent;  racemes  short  and  short-ped- 
uncled,  the  flowers  indistinctly  whorled:  bracts  squarrose  spreading, 
very  caducous:  lobes  of  the  calyx  subequal,  the  upper  notched,  often 
deeply  so  :  petals  5  lines  long,  subequal,  violet,  the  upper  one  redden- 
ing in  age;  keel  strongly  ciliate.  In  damp  woods  along  the  coast  from 
Santa  Barbara  to  Crescent  City,  California;  no  doubt  on  the  coast  of 
southern  Oregon. 

*  *  Perennials :    stems  wholly  herbaceous,  more  or  less  elongated. 

-•-  Leaflets  glabrous  above  or  nearly  so,  oblong  or  oblanceolate  an 
inch  or  more  long ;  stems  mostly  succulent  and  fistulous  :  flowers  sub- 
verticillate :  bracts  deciduous :  lips  of  the  calyx  usually  but  slightly 
toothed :  ovules  8  or  mure. 

L.  Nootkatensis  Donn  Cat.  Cant.  Sims  Bot.  Mag.  t.  1311.  Stems 
often  stout,  1—2  feet  long,  more  or  less  decumbent,  leafy:  pubescence 
densely  villous,  spreading  or  subappressed:  stipules  elongated,  setace- 
ous-acuminate: leaflets  6—8,  cuneate-oblong,  obtuse  or  acutish,  mu- 
cronate,  1—2  inches  long,  about  equalling  the  petiole:  racemes  elon- 
gated, nearly  sessile:  bracts  linear-lanceolate,  equalling  the  calyx:* 
flowers  blue  or  purplish,  verticillate  or  scattered;  pedicels  2—6  inches 
long;  caiyx  large,  w  ith  long  setaceous  bractlets,  the  upper  lip  rather 
deeply  bifid  and  the  lobes  often  erosely  truncate,  the  lower  one  usual- 
ly strongly  3-toothed:  petals  8—9  lines  long,  the  keel  a  little  shorter 
and  usually  naked:     ovules  9—12:     pods  18  lines  long.    Near  the  sea. 


124  LEGUMINOS.^.  lupixXUs. 

northern  Washington  to  the  Aleutian  Islands. 

li.  polyphyllus  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  xiii,  t,  1096.  Stems  stout  erect, 
2— G  feet  high,  sparingly  villous:  the  bracts  calyx  and  youngest  leaves 
silky-pubescent:  stipules  triangular  to  subulate:  leaves  distant,  long- 
petioled;  leaflets  10—16,  in  the  upper  leaves  often  but  8—10,  glabrous 
above,  2—6  inches  long  by  6—12  lines  broad:  racemes  often  1—2  feet 
long;  bracts  oblong-lanceolate,  equalling  or  shorter  than  the  calyx: 
flowers  mostly  scattered,  blue,  purple  or  white:  pedicels  8—6  lines 
long:  lips  of  the  calj^x  subsequal,  entire;  bractlets  very  caducous; 
petals  equal,  6—7  lines  long,  keel  naked:  ovules  8—10:  pods  an  inch 
long  or  more.  Common  from  Brit.  Columbia  to  California,  west  of  the 
the  Cascade  Mountains. 

L.  Wyethli  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  525.  Stems  ascending,  stout, 
6—-^  inches  high,  sparingly  leafy:  pubescence  villous,  spreading: 
stipules  setaceous:  leaflets  8—12,  oblong  to  oblanceolate.  1—3  inches 
long,  acute,  glabrous  above;  the  lower  petioles  much  elongated: 
racemes  4—10  inches  long,  often  long-peduncled:  bracts  subulate-set- 
aceous, exceeding  the  calyx:  flowers  blue  or  pink,  scattered  or  sub- 
verticillate:  pedicels  slender,  8-^  lines  long:  calyx  villous,  with  short 
setaceous  bractlets,  upper  lip  2-toothed,  the  lower  one  longer,  suben- 
tire:  petals  equal,  6 — 7  lines  long,  keel  naked:  ovules  7—8.  Flathead 
river  (Wye.-O  Clearwater,  Idaho  (Spalding). 

li.  longipes  Greene  Fl.  Francis.  41.  Stems  more  or  less  clustered, 
erect,  stoutish,  not  at  all  succulent,  sparingly  branched  above,  2—4  feet 
high,  striate,  glabrous  or  loosely  hairy:  leaves  mostly  basal,  on  petioles 
12 — 18  inches  long;  stipules  setaceous-subulate:  leaflets  7—11,  broad- 
ly lanceolate,  acute,  setaceously  mucronulate,  2—4  inches  long,  glab- 
rous, the  margin  often  more  or  less  ciliate:  raceme  peduncled,  elon- 
gated, not  d^nse:  flowers  subverticillate,  lon^^pedicelled,  blue  to  white, 
keel  ciliate  in  the  middle:  pod  an  inch  long  or  more,  densely  hirsute, 
about  7-seeded:  seeds  compressed,  oval,  brown  with  a  dark  diagonal 
line.  Along  streams  and  in  wet  meadows,  from  the  Columbia  river 
to  California. 

li.  latifolius  Agh.  Syn.  Lup.  18.  Stems  erect,  2 — 4  feet  high,  smooth, 
with  numerous  slender  branches,  flowering  throughout  the  season: 
stipules  small,  linear-lanceolate:  leaflets  7—9,  light  or  yellowish  green, 
oblanceolate  or  spatulate,  narrowed  below,  mostly  shorter  than  the 
petioles,  1—4  inches  long  by  8—12  lines  broad,  obtuse,  with  a  slender 
niucro  a  line  long  at  the  apex,  smooth  above,  rather  sparsely  pubes- 
cent with  minute  appressed  hairs  beneath:  racemes  4—12  inches  long, 
short  peduncled;  flowers  subverticillate  or  scattered,  pale  blue  or 
pinkish;  bracts  setaceous,  about  equalling  the  calyx,  caducous;  ])edi- 
cels  slender,  4—6  lines  long;  calyx  appressed-pubescent,  upper  lip 
ovate-lanceolate.  2-toothed,  shorter  than  the  linear  entire  lower  one: 
petals  6  lines  long,  light  blue  and  white,  the  keel  naked:  ovary  densely 
pubescent  with  brownish  hairs,  7— 8-ovuled:  seeds  light-colored,  very 
smooth.  In  open  places  and  among  shrubs.  Washington  to  California, 
west  of  the  Cascade  Mountains. 

L.  Burkei  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  ~^2~^.  Stems  2—8  feet  high, 
nearly  glabrous:  stipules  lanceolate;  lower  leaves  long-yietioled:  leaf- 
lots  7—10,  1—5  inches  long,  oblanceolate,  acute  or  the  lower  ones  obtuse, 
iiiabrous  above:  racemes  short  and  dense,  with  the  pedicels  mostly 
])Ut  1—2  lines  long:  flowers  blue:  bracts  villous,  somewhat  persistent: 
pubescence  of  the  calj'x  somewhat  villous,  spreading:  pods  8-.seeded. 
From  [Mount  Adams,  Washington,  to  the  falls  of  the  Yellowstone. 
Idaho  and  Nevada. 

Tt.  ligculatus  Greene  Pitt,  i,  215.  Stems  clustered,  simple,  erect. 
stout  and  somewhat  fistulous,  2—4  feet  high,  glabrous,  a  little  glaucous: 
other  parts  of  the  plant  except  the  upper  surface  of  the  leaves  more  or 


LUPixirs. 


LEGUMINOSi*:.  125 


H-  -t-  Leaflets  pubescent  both  sides, 
less  hirsute:  stipules  an  inch  long,adnate  for  something  less  than  half 
their  length,  the  elongated-linear  acuminate  free  part  strongly  villous- 
hirsute:  petioles  3—5  inches  long;  leaflets  about  9,  oblanceolate,  acute. 
1—2  inches  long:  racemes  short-peduncled,  0—10  inches  long:  bracts 
villous-ciliate:  ^flowers  rather  distinctly  verticillate,  nearly  6  lines  long; 
keel  densely  ciliate  in  the  middle:  ovary  very  villous,  on  Crooked 
Creek,  southern  Oregon. 

Ti.  Uttoralis  Dougl.  Bot.  Reg.  xiv,  t.  1198.  Stems  slender,  decum- 
bent or  ascending,  1—2  feet  long  often  not  succulent,  leafy: pubescence 
silky,  rather  thin:  stipules  linear;  leaflets  5—8,  oblanceolate  or  cun- 
eate-oblong,  0—12  lines  long,  the  petioles  sometimes  twice  longer: 
racemes  short;  bracts  setaceous,  exceeding  the  calyx:  flowers  blue  or 
violet,  verticillate  or  scattered  on  ix'dicels  2—3  lines  long:  calyx 
large  with  small  bractlets,  upper  lip  2-toothed;  petals  equal,  6  lines 
long;  keel  ciliate:  'ovules  and  seeds  10—12:  pods  narrow,  15  lines 
long.    On  sand  dunes  along  the  coast,  Washington  to  California. 

H_  ^  H_  Rather  sparingly  leafy,  the  lower  petioles  at  least  twice 
as  long  as  the  leaflets:  racemes  loose;  bracts  mostly  deciduous; 
flowers  large,  not  yellow:  ovules  G— 7,  rarely  fewer:  leaflets  glab- 
rous above. 

L.  areticus  V\'atson  1.  c.  520.  "Villous  or  subgiabrous:  stems  rather 
stout,  one  foot  high  or  less,  erect  or  ascending,  simple:  stipules  con- 
spicuous, acuminate:  leaflets  0—8,  cuneate-oblong  or  oblanceolate, 
1 — 2  inches  long,  acute  or  obtuse,  the  i^etioles  much  elongated: 
racemes  2—4  inches  long;  bracts  linear  about  equalling  the  calyx,  de- 
ciduous or  subpersistent:  flowers  subverticillate  or  scattered,  on  slender 
pedicels  2—3  lines  long:  bractlets  wanting  or  caducous:  calyx-lips 
short,  the  upper  entire  or  slightly  toothed,  the  lower  a  little  longer; 
petals  7—8  lines  long,  the  upper  one  shorter:  keel  naked:  ovary 
slightly  haii-j',  5— 7-ovuled.  Near  the  coast,  Washington  to  the  Polar 
Sea." 

li.  mucronnlatus  Howell  Eryth.  i,  109.  Pubescence  short  and  ap- 
pressed:  stems  slender,  decumbent,  2—6  inches  long,  2—3  leaved: 
stipules  subulate:  leaflets  0—10,  obovate  to  oblanceolate,  obtuse  or 
acutish,  mucronulate.  1—2  inches  long,  sparingly  pubescent  on  both 
sides  or  glabrous  above:  peduncles  equalling  the  leaves:  racemes 
2 — 3  inches  long,  rather  dense;  bracts  setaceous;  flowers  subverti- 
ciliate,  purple  or  ochroleucous:  upper  lip  of  the  calyx  acute,  entire, 
the  lower  longer,  narrow,  subentire:  petals  4—5  lines  long,  equal,  keel 
ciliate  above  the  middle.  On  diy  hillsides,  eastern  base  of  the  Coast 
Mountains  in  Josephine  County,  Oregon. 

-4-  -t-  -*-  -«-  Leafy  and  branching :  the  petioles  not  longer  than  the 
leaflets  :  flowers  large  :   subverticillate:    bracts  deciduous :   ovules  6-8. 

L.  Sabinii  Dougl.  Hook.  Fl.  i,  160.  Stems  erect,  2  feet  high:  pubes- 
cence short,  appressed,  silky:  stipules  long,  setaceous;  leaflets  8—11 
oblanceolate,  12—18  lines  long,  acute,  silky  both  sides,  racemes  0—10 
inches  long,  rather  dense  and  long-peduncled:  bracts  linear-setaceous; 
pedicels  3—4  lines  long;  calyx  minutely  bracteolate,  upper  lip  shortly 
toothed,  the  lower  longer  and  entire;  petals  yellow,  equal,  7—8  lines 
long,  the  upper  one  emarginate,  naked,  keel  ciliate:  ovules  7.  In  the 
Blue  Mountains  of  Oregon. 

L.  albicaulis  Dougl.  1.  c.  105.    Pubescence  short,  more  or  less  villous 
and  spreading  or  appresssed:    cespitose;    stems  slender,  erect,  1—3  feet 
high,    branched,    whitish:     stipides  linear-setaceous:    racemes  4 — 12 
inches  long,  short-peduncled:    bracts  subulate;    pedicels  2—3  lines  long: 
calyx  large,  u--  lips  nearly  equal,  upper  one  narrow,  shortlv  2-toothed, 


126  LEGUMINOS.E.  htpinus. 

lower  one  subentire:  petals  equal,  5—7  lines  long,  blue,  violet  or  whit- 
ish, the  upper  one  acute,  naked,  keel  strongly  falcate,  naked:  ovules 
5—7:  pods  1—2  inches  long,  4—5  lines  wide,  3—6  seeded.  From  the  Co- 
lumbia to  the  Sacramento  Valley. 

L.  ornatns  Dougl.  Bot.  Reg.  xiv,  t,  1216.  Stems  decumbent  or  as- 
cending: pubescence  short,  more  or  less  silky,  mostly  appressed: 
stipules  setaceous:  leaflets  5—7,  oblanceolate  or  cuneate-oblong,  &— 24 
lines  lohg,  acute  or  acutish:  racemes  3—8  inches  long,  usually  short- 
peduncled:  bracts  short,  subulate  or  ovate;  pedicles  2—3  lines  long: 
calyx-lips  nearly  equal,  the  upper  rather  shortly  toothed  or  bifid,  the 
lower  subentire;  petals  blue,  equal,  5—7  lines  long,  the  upper  one 
acutish,  subsilky  on  the  back;  keel  ciliate:  ovules  5—8.  pods  15  lines 
long,  3—4  lines  broad.    From  the  Columbia  river  to  California. 

•<--«--«--•-+-     Leaves  distant      lower    petioles  elongated;  leaflets 
not  smooth  above:    racemes  mostly  dense. 

L.  sulphurens  Dougl.  _^ook.  Fl.  i,  166.  Stems  erect  slender,  sul- 
cate,  silky:  leaflets  13—15,  narrow^ly  lanceolate,  densely  sericeous  on 
both  sides,  shorter  than  the  petiole,  whitish:  stipules  subulate,  short: 
flowers  somewhat  verticillate,  in  a  dense  thick  raceme:  calyx  ebrac- 
teolate,  very  silky:  flowers  small,  pale  sulphur-color,  keel  glabrous. 
On  the  Blue  Mountains  of  Oregon. 

L.  sericeus  Pursh  Fl.  468.  Rather  stout,  suberect,  1—2  feet  high: 
pubescence  more  or  less  coarsely  villous  or  subsilky,  spreading:  stipules 
usually  long-setaceous:  leaflets  5—8,  rarely  10,  narrowly  oblanceolate, 
1—3  inches  long,  acute;  racemes  short-peduncled;  bracts  deciduous,  sub- 
ulate-setaceous often  much  exceeaing  the  calyx;  flowers  subverticillate 
or  scattered,  on  short  pedicels  blue,  pink  oi^  white;  calyx  strongly 
gibbous,  minutely  bracteolate,  densely  silky-villous,  the  lips  nearly 
equal,  6  lines  long,  keel  ciliate:  ovules  4—6:  pods  densely  hairy,  an 
inch  long.  Common  from  Washington  to  northern  California  and 
Nevada. 

li.  saxosus  Howell  Eryth.  i,  110.  Stems  simple,  decumbent  or  as- 
cending, 4—10  inches  long,  soft-pubescent  with  spreading  hairs:  stipules 
subulate:  leaflets  8—12,  densely  appressed-silky  beneath,  sparsely  so 
above,  6—12  lines  long,  acute  or  obtusish:  racemes  dense,  2 — 3  inches 
long,  short-peduncled:  bracts  lanceolate,  acuminate,  caducous:  flow- 
ers subverticillate,  on  short  slender  pedicels:  upper  lip  of  the  calyx 
bifid,  the  lower  a  little  longer,  trifid:  petals  equal,  6  lines  long,  bright 
blue,  the  upper  one  obtuse,  smooth,  keel  ciliate:  ovules  4—5:  pods 
villous.  On  high  stony  ridges  in  the  John  Day  Valley,  eastern  Oregon, 
and  the  Klickitat  hills,  Washington. 

li.  lencophyllus  Dougl.  Bot.  Reg.  xiii,  t,  1124.  Stout.  2—3  feet  high, 
branching,  leafy,  densely  white-silky  throughout:  stipules  long-setace- 
ous or  subulate:  leaflets  7-10,  oblanceolate  or  cuneate-oblong.  1—3 
inches  long,  acute,  the  petioles  about  equalling  the  leaflets  or  the  lower 
ones  twice  longer:  racemes  sessile  or  nearly  so,  very  dense,  6—12 
inches  long:  bracts  subulate  or  linear,  subpersistent  or  deciduous, 
longer  than  tue  buds:  flowers  scattered  or  subverticillate,  nearly 
sessile:  calyx  minutely  bracteolate,  upper  lip  rather  broad,  more  or 
less  villous,  keel  ciliate.  On  damp  hillsides,  Brit.  Columbia  to  Califor- 
nia and  iNew  Mexico.  Flowering  from  May  until  heavy  frosts  in  au- 
tumn. 

L.  canescens  Howell,  1.  c.  Rather  stout,  strict,  2—3  feet  high,  at 
length  branching,  silky-canescent  or  the  inflorescence  hirsute:  leaflets 
8—12,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  1—3  inches  long,  densely  appressed-villous 
on   both   sides:     racemes   short-peduncled,   dense,   8—10   inches   long: 


LUPiNUS.  LEGCMINOS^.  127 

bracts  somewhat  persistent,  subulate,  about  equalling  the  calyx:  flow- 
ers subverticillate,  on  stout  pedicels  a  line  long  or  moi-e:  upper  lip  of 
the  calj'x  bifid,  the  lower  subentire:  petals  4  lines  long,  equal,  the 
upper  one  rather  broad,  pubescent  outside,  keel  cilate.  By  small 
streams,  western  base  of  Buck  Mountain,  eastern  Oregon. 

L.  lepidns  Dougl.  Hot.  Reg.  xiv,  t,  1149.  Stems  slender,  6—24  inches 
high,  leafy  at  base,  densely  appressed  silky:  stipules  setaceous:  leaf- 
lets 7—9,  narrowly  oblanceolate,  9 — 18  lines  long,  acute,  petioles  much 
elongated:  racemes  2—8  inches  long,  many-flowered:  bracts  not  ex- 
ceeding the  calyx,  caducous:  flowers  in  near  verticils  or  scattered: 
pedicels  1—2  lines  long:  upper  lip  of  the  calyx  2-toothed  or  deeply 
cleft,  the  lower  3-toothed  or  subentire:  petals  violet,  equal,  5  lines 
long,  the  keel  ciliate:  ovules  4—6:  pods  an  inch  long.  In  prairies  and 
plains,  Puget  Sound  to  the  Klamath  Lakes. 

-t-  •*-  -t-  -^  -^  -t-  Stems  leafy :  petioles  short :  racemes  short-pedunc- 
led :  bracts  deciduous,  mostly  short :  flowers  usually  small,  not  yellow  : 
ovules  3 — 5. 

li.  flezuosns  Lind.  in  Agh.  Syn.  Lup.  34.  Stems  ascending  or  decum- 
bent, 18  inches  high,  branching  pubescence  short,  silky,  appressed,  or 
subvillous  on  the  leaves:  stipules  linear-setaceous:  leaflets  6—8,  ob- 
lanceolate, 12—18  lines  long,  acute,  silky  on  both  sides:  racemes  3—6 
inches  long  or  more;  bracts  lanceolate-setaceous,  equalling  or  much 
exceeding  the  calyx;  flowers  subverticillate,  on  pedicels  2—3  lines 
long:  lips  of  the  calyx  uearlj^  equal,  the  upper  slightly  toothed,  the 
lower  subentire;  bractlets  short,  setaceous;  petals  blue  or  flesh-color, 
equal,  5  lines  long,  the  upper  one  verj'  hairy,  keel  strongly  ciliate: 
ovules  4r-5;  pods  an  inch  long.  Columbia  valley  to  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains. 

L.  parviflorus  Nutt.  H.  &  A.  Bot.  Beech.  338.  Stems  strict,  usually 
solitaiy,  slender,  erect  2—3  feet  high,  at  length  branching:  pubescence 
scanty,  short,  appressed,  the  calyx  and  i)edicels  silky:  stipules  setace- 
ous: leaves  rather  distant;  leaflets  5—11,  oblanceolate  to  obovate, 
1—2  inches  long,  acute  or  obtuse,  mucronulate,  glabrous  above,  the 
lower  ones  shorter  than  the  i^etioles:.  racemes  6—12  inches  long,  slen- 
der; bracts  linear-subulate, equalling  the  calyx;  flowers  subverticillate 
or  scattered,  the  slender  pedicels  1—2  lines  long:  lips  of  the  calyx 
nearly  equal,  the  upper  bifid:  petals  light  blue,  equal,  3-4  lines  long, 
keel  ciliate  or  naked:  pods  9—10  lines  long,  2—4  seeded,  pubesceut. 
In  the  mountains,  from  the  Columbia  river  to  northern  Utah  and  the 
Yosemite  Valley,  California. 

L.  laxiflorns  Dougl.  Bot.  Reg.  xiv,t.  1140.  [stems  cespitose,  erect  orws- 
cending,  1—2  feet  high,  slender,  at  length  much  branched:  pubescence 
minute,  silky,  appressed:  stipules  setaceous,  mostly  very  small:  leaf- 
lets 6—8,  narrowly  oblanceolate,  canaliculate,  arcuate,  1—2  inches  long, 
acute,  appressed-silky  both  sides  or  nearly  smooth  above,  at  least  hatf 
as  long  as  the  petioles:  racemes  rather  loose,  3—6  inches  long:  bracts 
subulate,  deciduous:  flowers  subverticillate  or  scattered,  on  slender 
pc^iCels  2—4  lines  long;  calyx  narrowed  and  moi-e  or  less  spurred  at 
base,  minutely  bracteolate,  the  upper  lip  broad,  shortly  2-toothed  lower 
one  a  little  longer,  almost  oblong  or  broadly  lanceolate,  subentire-  pet- 
als blue  to  white  or  yellowish,  3-5  lines  long,  equal,  the  upper  one  sub- 
pubescent,  keel  villous  ciliate  in  the  middle;  ovules  4—5-  pods  silkv- 
pubescent.  Common  from  Vancouver  Island  to  northern  California 
Utah  and  Montana. 

Var.  montanns  -Howell  Eryth.  iii.  33.  Leaflets  silky  both  sides 
rather  shorter  than  the  type:  calyx  dense -silkv.  prominentlv  spurred' 
the  upper  lip  more  distinctly  toothed.  On  Mount  Hood,  near  the  line 
of  perpetual  snow. 


128  LEGUMlNOSiE.  j.upinls. 

li.  argenteus  Pursh  Fl.  468.  Silvery  canescent :  stems  erect  or  ascend- 
ing, cespitose,!— 2  feet  liigh,  slender  and  branching:  pubescence  minute, 
silky,  appressed:  stipules  small:  leaflets  5—8,  linear-lanceolate,  1—2 
inches  long,  acute,  smooth  above  or  nearly  so,  about  equalling  the  pet- 
ioles: racemes  2—0  inches  long,  nearly  sessile:  flowers  subverticillate 
or  scattered;  pedicels  1—2  lines  long;  calyx  campanulate,  gibbous  but 
not  spurred  at  base,  upper  lip  broad,  2-toothed,  the  lower  subentire; 
slightly  longer;  petals  blue  or  cream-color,  equal.  3—4  lines  long,  the 
upper  one  very  broad,  naked  or  subpubescent,  keel  naked  or  subciliate; 
ovuies  3—5.    I'lains  of  the  Columbia  and  Snake  rivers. 

*  *  *  Dwarf,  short  stemmed,  mostly  cespitose :  racemes  mostly 
short  and  deilse:  bracts  subpersistent;  flowers  subverticillate,  short- 
peduncled :  calyx  with  tlie  upper  lip  deeply  cleft,  the  lower  3-  toothed, 
keel  ciliate  :  ovuies  3 — 6:  pods  hairy,  1 — 4-seeded. 

li.  cespitosus  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  i,  376.  Stems  very  shor.  and  cespi- 
tose: pubescence  dense,  villous,  appressed:  leaflets  5—7,  oblanceolate, 
6—12  lines  long,  acute,  the  petioles  thrice  longer:  racemes  sessile, 
shorter  than  the  leaves:  bracts  setaceous,  exceeding  the  calyx;  petals 
pale  blue,  equal,  3—4  lines  long,  the  upper  one  narrow,  2  lines  broad: 
pods  6  lines  long.    Eastern  Oregon  to  Colorado. 

li.  aridns  Dougl.  Bot.  Reg.  xv,  t.  124.  Stems  cespitose,  2—3  inches 
long,  with  rather  long  internodes:  pubescence  silky-hirsute,  fulvous, 
appressed:  leaflets  5—7,  oblanceolate,  acute,  9—12  lines  long,  the  pet- 
ioles 3 — 4  times  longer:  racemes  dense,  2—3  inches  long,  the  peduncles 
shorter  than  the  leaves:  bracts  nearly  equalling  the  calyx:  upper  lip 
of  the  calyx  shortly  toothed,  the  lower  subentire  petals  purple,  5  lines 
long,  nearly  twice  longer  than  the  calyx,  the  elliptical  upper  one  usual- 
ly shorter:  pods  5  lines  long,  very  hairy.  In  ^eandy  or  gravelly  places, 
Washington  to  California, 

li.  liobbii  Gray  in  Herb.  Watson  1.  c.  533.  L.  (^ridvs  var.  Lohhii  Wat,- 
son.  Stems  cespitose,  1—3  inches  long,  leafy:  pubescence  silky,  ap- 
pressed: leaflets  5—7,  oblanceolate  to  obovate,  6—8  lines  long,  the  pet- 
ioles 2—3  times  longer:  raceme^  dense,  1—2  inches  long,  peduncles 
shorter  than  the  leaves:  bracts  nearly  equalling  the  calyx:  upper  lip 
of  the  calyx  deeply  bifid,  the  lower  slightly  trifid;  petals  purple,  the 
upper  one  orbicular.  In  alluvial  prairies  and  hillsides,  Washington  to 
California. 

li.  minimus  Dougl.  Hook.  Fl.  i,  163.  Appressed  silky-villous,  3—6 
inches  high:  leaflets  5—9,  obovate  or  lanceolate,  3—8  lines  long,  mostly 
acutish,  the  petioles  3 — 4  times  longer:  pedicels  equalling  or  exceeding 
the  leaves:  bracts  short,  deciduous:  calyx  half  the  length  of  the 
petals,  upper  lip  deeply  bifid;  petals  purple,4— 5  lines  long,  equal,  the 
upper  one  orbicular.    Eastern  Oregon  and  Washington. 

li.  Cusickii  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xxii,  469.  Canescent  through- 
out with  soft  appressed  hairs:  stems  2—4  inches  high,  much  branched 
from  the  biennial  or  perennial  root:  leaflets  5 — 8  oblanceolate,  slightly 
less  villous  above,  3—9  lines  long,  the  petioles  usually  elongated:  ped- 
uncles mostly  very  short,  the  loosely  few-flowered  racemes  shorter  than 
the  leaves:  flowers  purple,  3^4  lines  long:  calyx  narrowly  lobed 
1—3  lines  long;  upper  petal  glabrous,  keel  ciliate:  pods  villous  with 
short  appressed  hairs,  2—3  seeded,  4—5  lines  long.  On  sterile  hillsides, 
Union  County,  Oregon. 

li.  Breweri  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  vi,  334.  Stems  2—6  inches  long, 
from  a  spreading  branched  woody  caudex,  very  leafy:  pubescence 
dense,  villous,  appressed:  leaflets  7—10  obovate,  obtuse,  4—6  lines  long, 
the  petioles  1—2  times  longer:  racemes  very  short;  peduncles  equall- 
ing the  leaves:    bracts  short;    lips  of  the  calyx  nearly  equal,  the  upper 


LUi'i.vLS  LEGUMINOS.'E.  129 

one  deeply  bifid,  the  loAver  one  shortly  and  equally  toothed;  petals 
blue,  equal,  3 — 4  lines  long,  the  upi^er  one  orbicular.  Alpine,  on  the  Sis- 
kiyou and  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains. 

li.  Lyallii  Gray  1.  c.  Canescent  with  dense  appressed  villous  pubes- 
cence: stems  leafy,  2—0  inches  long,  from  a  spreading  woody  caudex: 
leatiets  5—7,  obovate,  3—4  lines  long,  acutish,  the  slender  petioles  3 — 4 
times  longer:  rac*emes  very  short,  the  pedicels  exceeding  the  leaves: 
bracts  short:  lips  of  the  calyx  nearly  equal;  petals  purple  or  blue,  5 
lines  long,  nearly  eciual,  the  upper  one  elliptical:  pods  sillvy,  4—6  lines 
long.  Common  on  the  hiuliest  points  of  the  Cascade  and  Sierra  Ne- 
vada Mountains  from  Washington  to  California. 

*  *  *  ♦  Erect  annuals:     leaflets     mostly  5—7:     upper  lip  of  the 
calyx  2-parted  or  bitid:    keel  mostly  ciliate. 

li.  carnosulus  Greene  Bull.  Cal.  Acad,  ii,  144.  Erect  annual,  1—2 
feet  high,  simple  or  branched,  stout  and  succulent:  pubescence  ap-. 
pressed,  minute;  leaflets  pubescent  both  sides,  oblanceolate.  0 — 12 
lines  long,  obtuse  but  Avith  a  small  recurved  mucronation:  the  petioles 
1—3  times  longer;  racemes  loose,  distinctly  verticillate;  bracts  most- 
ly exceeding  the  calyx;  upper  lip  of  the  calyx  deeply  cleft,  the  lower 
entire;  petals  barely  exceeding  the  calyx,  2  lines  long,  the  upper  one 
entire;  ix^tals  8 — 6  lines  Ions?,  deep  blue,  ket'I  villous  in  the  mi<ldle: 
pods  fleshy,  an  inch  long.  In  open  places,  AVilbimette  Valley  to  Marin 
County,  California. 

Ii.  micranthus  Dougl.  Bot.  Reg.  xv,  t,  1251.  Stems  slender,  branch- 
ing from  the  base,  G— 8  inches  long,  pilose-pubescent,  not  at  all  succu- 
lent: leaflets  5 — 7,  narrowly  linear  to  linear-spatulate,  (>- 18  lines  long, 
on  petioles  twice  longer:  racemes  peduncled;  flowers  more  or  less  dis- 
tinctly verticillate;  bracts  shorter  than  the  calyx;  pedicles  1—3  lines 
long;  upper  lip  of  the  calyx  with  divergent  lobes,  lower  lip  longer, 
entire;  petals  barely  exceeding  the  calyx,  2  lines  long,  the  upper  one 
short,  orbicuiar,  mucronulate,  blue  with  white  dots  in  the  centre.  lateral 
ones  narrow,  appressed.  dark  blue,  keel  wooly-ciliate  toward  the  apex: 
pods  an  incli  long,  .3—4  lines  broad.  appressed-pu])escent.  5— 7-seeded: 
seeds  grayish  Avith  a  dark  diagonal  line  near  the  liilum.  In  open  places 
along  streams,  Washington  to  California. 

Ii.  bicolor  Lindl.  Bot.  lieg.  xiii.  1. 1109.  Stems  stoutish.  G— 10  inches 
high,  erect,  diffusely  branched,  sometimes  simple,  silky-pilose:  stipules 
linear-lanceolate:  leaflets  ,5—8.  unequal.  narrowl.V  oblanceolate.  obtuse 
or  acutish.  (►— 10  lines  long,  appressed-silky  both  sides,  the  petioles 
3 — i  times  longer:  racemes  long-peduncled  ;  bracts  setaceous,  shorter 
than  the  calyx,  deciduous;  floAvers  in  2 — 4  verticils,  on  stout  pedicels 
a  line  or  more  long;  upper  lip  of  the  calyx  deeply  cleft,  the  lower  a 
little  longer  and  slightly  3-cleft;  petals  3 — i  lines  long,  the  upper  one 
orbicular,  blue  Avith  a  Avhite  dotted  Avith  blue  stripe  down  the  center, 
lateral  ones  broadly  oboA'ate,  dark  blue,  keel  ciliate:  pods  an  inch  long 
by  3  lines  broad,  densely  appressed-silky.  4 — G  seeded:  seeds  light 
broAvn.    In  open  places,  Washington  to  California. 

Ii.  trif idus  Torr.  in  Watson  Proe.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  535.  Stems  slender, 
G— 10  inches  high,  branched  from  the  base,  pubescent  throughout  Avith 
rather  coarse  more  or  less  spreading  Avhitish  hairs:  stipules  linear- 
lanceolate,  adnate  for  half  their  length:  leaflets  5—8.  unequal,  linear- 
oblanceolate,  obtuse,  not  half  as  long  as  the  petioles:  bracts  deciduous, 
linear-lanceolate.  2—3  lines  long;  upper  lip  of  the  calyx  deepl.v  cleft, 
the  segments  diA'^ergent.  loAver  lip  a  little  longer,  trifid:  flOAvers  verti- 
cillate. on  pedicels  a  line  long;  petals  nearly  3  lines  long,  the  upper 
one  orbicular,  blue  and  Avhite.  the  lateral  ones  dark  blue,  keel  ciliate 
above  the  middle.    On  dry  hillsides,  southern  Oregon  to  California. 


130  LEGUMINOt^.E.  jatpinus. 

r  LEX . 

§  2  pLATYcARPOsWat.sonProc.  Am.  Aciid.  viii,  oSS.  Flowers 
in  terminal  racemes.  Sides  of  the  upper  i)etai  strongly  retiexed. 
Ovary  2-ovuled.  Cotyledons  brojid  and  clasping  after  germina- 
tion, usually  long-persistent.  Annuals  with  cuneate-oblong  or 
obovate  leaflets    and  persistent  bracts ;  i)ods  ovate. 

I..  Inteolus  Kell.  Proc.  Cal.  Acad,  v,  38.  Stout,  1—2  feet  high,  usual- 
ly much  branched:  pubescenee  short,  appressed,  rather  silky:  stipules 
setaceous,  villous:  leaflets  usually  7,  cuneate-oblong,  an  inch  long  or 
more,  the  petioles  but  little  longer:  i-acemes  short,  dense;  peduncles  ex- 
ceeding the  leaves;  bracts  linear-setaceous,  villous;  flowers  yellow,  6 
lines  long;  upper  lip  of  the  calyx  narrow,  about  a  line  long,  lower  lip  4 
lines  long,  upper  petal  oblong,  shorter  than  the  others:  pods  villous: 
seeds  2  lines  long,  black,  rough.    Southern  Oregon  to  California. 

Jj.  microcarpus  Sims  Bot.  Mag.  t,  2413.  Erect  and  branching,  3—18 
inches  high,  vITious  with  long  spreading  hairs:  stipules  long-setjiceous: 
leaves  mostly  approximate  upon  the  stem,  on  elongated  petioles;  leaf- 
lets 7—11,  usually  9.  cuneate-oblong,  1—2  inches  long,  obtuse  and  mu- 
cronulate  or  emarginate,  smooth  above:  flowers  in  close  verticils,  on 
pedicels  1—2  lines  long;  bracts  subulate-setaceous,  equalling  the  calyx 
or  shorter;  calyx  dense  villous,  lower  lip  large  3-toothed,  the  middle 
tooth  small;  upper  lip  very  short,  sub-scarious,  2-toothed;  petals 
purple  to  white  or  cream-color,  6 — 7  lines  long,  the  keel  slightly  ciliate: 
pods  villous,  8  lines  long.  On  moist  sloi)es,  from  the  C«jlumt)ia  river  to 
southern  California. 

li.  pusillus  Pursh  Fl.  4G8.  Rather  stout,  3—10  inches  high,  diffusely 
branched  from  the  base,  hirsute  with  long  spreading  hairs;  leaflets 
usually  5,  cuneate-oblong  or  oblanceolate,  0—15  lines  long,  a<*ute  or 
obtuse,  nearly  glabrous  above,  alxHit  half  as  long  as  the  petioles: 
racemes  short-peduncled  or  sessile,  not  exceeding  the  leaves,  2—3  inches 
long:  pedicels  2—3  lines  long;  upper  lip  of  tlie  calyx  2-cleft,  the  lower 
subentire;  petals  purple  or  rose-color,  4  lines  long,  equal:  seeds  nearly 
2  lines  broad.  On  sanuy  plains,  eastern  AVashington  to  the  Missouri 
river  :nid  New  ^Mexico. 

L.  Lrevicaulis  Watson  Bot.  King  53,  t,  7.  Steins  short  or  nearly 
wanting:  leaves  1—4  inches  high,  pubescent  with  spreading  hairs; 
leaflets  mostly  7,  euneate-obovate,  5 — 7  lines  long,  rounded  at  the  apex: 
racemes  dense,  1—2  inches  long,  the  peduncles  nearly  equalling  the 
leaves:  upper  lip  of  tlie  calyx  very  short  or  truncate,  scarious,  the  low- 
er one  subentire:  petals  blue,  3—5  lines  long,  equal.  Southeastern  Ore- 
gon to  Nevada,  Arizona  and  New  Mexico. 

3  LJ^EX  L.  Gen.  n.  881.   (Furze.) 

Compact  th(»rny  shrubs  with  simple  prickle-pointed  leaf  like 
organs  without  stipules,  and  scattered  yellow  dowers.  Calyx  of 
two  nearly  or  (juite  distinct  yellowish •sei)als.  Petals  short,  un- 
guiculate,  subequal  the  up])er  one  not  reflexed.  Stamens  10, 
monadelphous ;  anthers  in  two  sets,  the  outer  ones  she, it  and 
versatile,  the  inner  long  and  basifixed.  Ovary  sessile,  many- 
ovuled ;  style  smooth,   incurved ;  stigma  capitate. 

U.  Europaeus  L.  Sp.  741.  A  dense  shrub  3—0  feet  high,  the  numerous 
short  branches  villous,  ending  in  a  short  spine:  lower  leaves  some- 
times lanceolate,  more  commonly  reduced  to  spines.  6  lines  long:  flow- 
ers G  lines  long,  yellow,  solitary  in  the  axil  of  a  spinescent  leaf,  often 
crowded  on  the  short  braiichlets:  calyx  villous;  upper  petal  ovate, 
obtuse,  hardly  erect:    pods  fi'W-seeded,  but  little  longer  than  the  calyx. 


cYTisrs.  LEGUMINOS.E.  131 

MEDlCACiO. 

On  sandy  plains  about  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia  river.    Introduced 
from  Europe. 

4     CYTI S  US  L.  Geii.  n.  877. 

Slirulis  witli  green,  more  or  less  leafy  angular  l)ranches,  palm- 
ately  or  jannately  trifoliolate  leaves,  minute  or  ineonspieuous 
stipules  and  solitnry  or  raeemous,  yellow  or  white  flowers.  Calyx 
with  campanulate  tube  and  bilabiate  limb.  Petals  broad,  ungui- 
ciilate,  free,  the  keel  obtuse.  Stamens  10,  monadelithous  ;  anth- 
ers in  two  sets,  the  outer  ones  short  and  versatile,  the  alternate 
ones  long  and  basitixed.  Ovary  mostly  sessile,  many-ovuled; 
style  glabrous,  incurved;  stigma  terminal,  capitate  or  obli(pie. 
Pod  compressed,  several-seeded. 

C.  scopARius  Link.  Enum.  ii,  241.  (^ScoTCH  Broom).  A  much  ]»ranclie<l 
slirub  3-8  feet  high  with  promin<mtly  angular  green  branches ;  sparingly 
leafy,  leaflets  glabrous,  often  1  only:  flowers  large,  })right  yellow,  solitary 
or  in  pairs  along  the  branchlets,  in  the  leaf-axils  and  apparently  racemose : 
pods  pilose  along  the  margins.  Becoming  common  in  many  places.  In- 
troduced from  Europe. 

Tribe  ^J.  Trifoliese.  Bronn.  DC.  Prodr.  ii,  171.  Erect  or  pro- 
cumbent^ mostly  loic  herbs,  rarely  a  little  shrnbby,  icith  palmately 
or  pinna tely  trifoliolate,  rarely  5—7-foliolate  leaves,  the  leaflets  often 
toothed  or  scrrvlate.  and  axillary  or  terminal,  racemose,  spicate, 
capitate  or  umhellaie  inflorescence.  Corolla  papilionaceous.  Sta- 
mens diadelpthovs.  Pod  continuous,  1-celled.  several-seeded  and  de- 
hiscent, or  one  to  fciv-seeded  and  nearly  indehiscent.  Radicle  in- 
flexed. 

5     MEDIC  AGO  Tourn.     L.  (len.  n.  899. 

IT(n-baceous,  or  rarely  shrubby,  plants  with  palmately  trifolio- 
late leave«,  often  incised  stipules,  and  axillary,  1-2-  or  mnny- 
flowered  i)edimcles.  Calyx  somewhat  cylindrical,  5-cleft.  Keel 
of  the  corolla  remote  from  the  upper  petal.  Pod  usually  many- 
seeded,  of  various  forms,  falcate  or  spirally  coiled. 

M.  SATivA  Moris.  Hist,  ii,  150.  (Alfalfa).  Perennial;  glabrous:  stems 
erect,  2-4  feet  high  :  leaflets  cuneate-oblong  or  oblanceolate,  toothed  above, 
mucronate;  stipules  lanceolate,  somewhat  toothed:  flowers  numerous, 
racemose,  violet :  ix)ds  spirally  coiled,  unarmed.  Fields  and  roadsides, 
sparingly  introduced. 

M.  LUPCLiXA  L.  Sp.  779.  Annual,  slender,  procumbent,  1-2  feet  long, 
soft-haity  :  leaflets  obovate,  small:  flowers  minute,  in  small,  oblong  heads; 
yellow  :  pod  small,  reniform  or  curved  almost  into  a  ring,  black  when  ripe, 
l-seeded.     Klickitat  Co.,  AVashington.     Introduced  from  Asia. 

M.  DKNTicuLATA  Willd.  ►^^p.  iii,  1414.  (Bcr-Clovek).  Annual,  much 
branched,  decumbent,  glabrous :  leaflets  obovate  or  obcordate,  denticulate : 
flowers  2-0,  yellow  :  pods  coiled  into  2  circles,  their  margins  armed  with 
hooked  prickles.     Introduced  from  Asia. 

fi  MELILOTUS  Tourn.  Inst.  t.  220  L.  Gen.  n.  899  (Swkkt  Clover). 
Ere  't  herb^    with  pinnately   trifoliolate   leaves  and  small  fra- 


132  LEGUMINOB.I^:.  mklilotus. 

TRIFOLIIM. 

grant  flowers  in  slender  axillary  rncemes.  Calyx  tubular  or 
campanulate,  5-toothe(l,  ])ersistent.  Corolla  deciduous,  the  U]>})er 
petal  free,  longer  tlian  the  lateral  ones,  keel  petals  completely 
united  cohering  with  the  lateral  ones,  all  free  from  tlie  stamens. 
Stamens  diadelphous.  Style  filiform.  Pods  coriaceous,  globose 
or  ovoid,  longer  tlian  the  calyx,  scarcely  deliiscent,  one  to  few- 
seeded. 

M.  IxoicA  All.  Fl.  Ped.  i,  30;}.  M.  parvijiora  Desv.  Steins  erect  or  hh- 
cendiiig,  with  spreading  branches,  1-3  feet  high,  from  an  annual  root : 
leaflets  of  the  lower  leaves  obovate  aad  often  nearly  entire,  of  the  upx^er 
ones  cuneate-oblong  or  linear,  truncate  or  emarginate,  serrate ;  stipules 
linear-setaceous ;  racemes  at  first  dense,  at  length  ratlier  loose ;  flowers 
yellow,  small;  teeth  of  the  calyx  broad,  nearly  equal,  half  the  length  of 
the  corolla  ;  petals  nearly  equal :  pods  globose-ovate,  wrinkled,  2-8eeded. 
In  low  grounds  and  along  rivers.     Introduced. 

M.  ALBA.  Lam.  Encycl,  iv,  63.  Stems  erect,  branching,  3-6  feet  high, 
from  a  biennial  root :  leaflets  ovate-oblong,  truncate  at  the  apex,  mucro- 
nate,  remotely  serrate;  stipules  setaceous:  racemes  elongated,  panicled, 
loose;  teeth  of  the  calyx  unequal,  as  long  as  the  tube;  corolla  white,  2-3 
lines  long,  more  than  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  the  upper  petal  longer 
than  the  others :  pods  ovate,  Mrinkled,  two-seeded.  Along  streams  and 
river  bottoms.     Introduced. 

7  TRIFOLIUM  Tourn.  Inst.  t.  228.    L.   Gen.  n.  896.     (Clover). 

Herbs  with  palmately  orpinnately  trifoliolate,  rarely  o-T-folio- 
late,  leaves  with  adnate  stipules,  and  usually  numerous  flowers 
in  capitate  racemes,  spikes  or  umbels,  on  axillary  or  ai)parently 
terminal  peduncles.  Calyx  o-cleft  or  -parted,  with  nearly  ecpial 
teeth,  persistent.  Petals  persistent,  unguiculate,  the  claws  all 
more  or  less  adnate  to  the  staminal  tube,  or  the  upper  one  free  : 
keel  sbort,  obtuse.  Stamens  diadelphous.  Pods  concealed  with- 
in or  little  exserted  from  the  calyx,  1-6-seeded,  dehiscent  or  in- 
dehiscent. 

§  1.  Lupin ASTEK  ^lonch.  DC.  Prodr.  ii,  208.  Heads  not  in- 
volucrate,  dense  :  leaflets  5-7,  rarely  only  8  ;  flowers  sessile  : teeth 
of  the  calyx  nearly  equal,  filiform,  plumose  :  perennials. 

T.  megacephahiin  Nutt.  Gen.  ii,  105  (?).  Stems  stout,  4-8  inches 
long,  from  a  stout  perennial  root,  decumbent  or  ascending,  villous,  1-2- 
leaved  below,  and  a  pair  of  opposite  ones  at  the  summit ;  stipules  folia- 
ceous,  the  lower  ones  lanceolate  to  oblong,  irregularly  incised  with  acumi- 
nate lobes,  to  almost  entire,  the  j^air  subtending  the  peduncle  obliquely 
ovate,  6-8  lines  long  by  4-6  lines  l)road,  laciniately  lobed  and  tpothed "; 
leaflets  5-7,  obovate  to  oblanceolate,  4-10  lines  long,  spinulose-dentate, 
apiculate,  obtuse  or  emarginate,  strongly  veined:  peduncle  stout,  appar- 
ently terminal,  longer  than  the  leaves;  flowers  many,  in  dense  capitate 
spikes,  very  shortly  pediceled,  an  inch  or  more  long,  ochroleucous  and  pur- 
ple :  tube  of  the  calyx  1-2  lines  long,  the  setaceous  plumose  teeth  5-0 
times  longer;  upper  petal  broad,  free,  longer  than,  and  enfolding  the  oth- 
ers, wings  and  keel  unguiculate,  the  claws  adnate  to  the  staminal  tulx' : 
pods  sessile,  ciliate  near  the  apex,  otherwise  smooth,  4-6-ovuled,  usually 
2-seeded.    In  wet  gravelly  places.  Eastern  Oregon  and  Washington. 

T.  Plummerae  Watson  Bot.  Cal.ii,  440  (?).  Stems  cespitose,  1-3  indies 
high,  clustered  at  the  crown  of  a  thick  perpendicular  root,  canescent  witli 


TRIFOLIIM. 


LEGUMINOS.E.  133 


appressed  hoary  pubescence  throughout:  leaflets  3-5,  obovate  to  oblanceo- 
late,  coarsely  serrate,  8-6  lines  long:  stipules  mostly  scarious  and  inflated  ; 
l>eduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves ;  flowers  few,  3-4  lines  long,  on  short 
IMidicels :  teeth  of  the  calyx  linear,  but  little  longer  than  the  tube,  a  third 
fihorter  than  the  petals  :ovary  densely  villous,  2-ovuled.  In  open  forests, 
Blue  Mountains  of  Oregon. 

g  2.  EuTHiKOLii '^r.  Heads  not  involucrate:  peduncles  termi- 
nal or  apparently  so  :  flowers  sessih?  or  nearly  so. 

*     More  or  less  puT)escent:  teeth  of  the  calyx  longer  than  the  tube, 
very  narrow  :  stipules  linear  or  lanceolate,  acuminate. 

■*-     Teeth  of  the  calyx  plumose  or  haii;j' . 

■»*-     Flowers  never  reflexed. 

T.  albopiirpureuin  T.  &  G.  Fl.  i,  313.  T.  Macnri  <jf  authors  not  H.  A 
A.  Somewhat  villous,  with  appressed  *»r  spreading  hairs:  stems  slender, 
branching,  6-12 inches  high  :  from  an  annual  root:  stipules  ovate  to  lanceo- 
late, long-acuminate :  leaflets  olx)vate  to  narrowly  oblong,  obtuse  or  re- 
tuse,  serrulate  a}^>ve  the  middle,  2-6  lines  long:  flowers  in  dense,  ovate 
slender-peduncled  heads,  sessile,  dark  purple;  calyx  very  villous,  the 
straight  filiform  plumose  teeth  as  long  as  the  petals,  somewhat  spreading: 
petals  scarcely  connected  :  ovary  pul)escent :  pods  1 -seeded.  On  dry  hill- 
sides, western  Washington  to  California. 

T.  PRATKNSE  L.  v^p.  1082.  (RedClover).  Perennial:  stems  ascending, 
somewhat  hairy,  1-3  feet  long;  stipules  broadly  lanceolate,  membrana- 
ceous, nerved,  setaceously  acunr>inate:  leaflets  olx'iordate  or  oblong-ovate, 
often  emarginato,  nearly  entire,  glabrous  alx)ve,  1-2  inches  long:  heads  of 
flowers  ovate,  dense,  nearly  sessile,  bracteate;  teeth  of  the  calyx  setaceous, 
hairy,  the  lower  one  much  longer  than  the  other  four,  which  are  equal 
and  about  half  as  long  as  the  corolla  ;  petals  purplish-red,  all  united  into  a 
tube  at  the  base.     Roadsides  and  culthated  flelds,  common. 

T.  loii^ipes  Xutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.i,  314.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so:  stems 
erect  or  ascending  from  spreading  perennial  roots,  6-20  inches  high,  stout : 
stipules  mostly  narrow,  entire  <)r  eparsely  toothed,  apiculate:  leaves  long- 
petioled ;  leaflets  lanceolate  to  ovate,  entire  or  minutely  denticulate,  1-2 
inches  long,  acute  or  obtuse,  apiculate,  strongly  veined:  flowers  white,  in 
dense  ovate  long-peduncled  heads,  sessile  or  nearly  so ;  tube  of  the  calyx 
sparingly  villous,  a  line  long,  the  setaceous  teeth  minutely  plumose ;  5-7 
lines  long,  nearly  equalling  the  corolla;  upjxir  ix^tal  free,  the  others  united 
with  the  stamiual  tube :  ovary  pul>escent  at  the  apex,  shortly  stipitate, 
2-4-ovuled.  In  wet  places  and  about  springs,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California 
and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

Var.  latifolinm  Hook.  Lond.  Journ.  Bot.  vi,  209.  Often  low:  leaflets 
l)road  :  flowers  pedicillate,  in  loose  heads.  From  the  Rocky  Mountains  to 
the  Pacific. 

->    -n-  Flowers  at  length  reflexed. 

T.  erioceplialniii  Nutt.  I.  c.  313.  Villous  with  spreading  hairs,  stems 
erect,  6-10  inches  high  or  more,  from  a  stout  perennial  root:  stipules  linear 
to  lanceolate,  entire  or  repand;  12-18  lines  long:  leaflets  oblong  to  lanceo- 
late, 1-2  inches  long,  acutely  and  minutely  serrulate:  flowers  in  dense 
nvate  spikes,  yellowish  or  white,  4-8  lines  long;  tube  of  the  calyx  very 
short,  its  filiform  plumose  teeth  aljruptly  narrow^ed  from  a  broad  base, 
nearly  equalling  the  petals ;  claws  of  the  petals  united  to  the  staminal 
tube;  ovary  hairy,  2-4-ovuled.  Common  in  open  places,  western  Wash- 
ington and  Oregon  to  northern  California. 

T.  plnmosum  Dougl.   Hook.   Fl.  i,  13  ^  t.  49,     l^ilky-pubescent :    stems 


134  LEGUMIXOS/E.  tkifoliim. 

Hlender,  8-16  inches  higli,  from  a  stout  perennial  root,  erect  or  ascending: 
Btipiiles  linear-lanceolate,  acaminate,  adnate  to  above  the  middle:  leaflets 
narrowly  oblong  to  linear,  1-2 inches  long, acuminate,  denticulate:  flowers 
white,  in  dense  oblong  or  ovate  spikes,  6  lines  long,  rertexed:  tube  of  the 
calyx  very  villous,  a  line  or  less  long,  the  subulate-setaceous  teeth  about 
half  as  long  as  the  petals,  silky-plumose:  ovary  4-ovuled,  In  open  places 
that  are  wet  in  spring,  Oregon  to  California. 

T.  Harneyeiisis  Howell  P.  C.  PL  Coll.  of  1887.  Glal)rous  or  nearly  so ; 
steins  erect ;  H-18  inches  high,  from  a  cre^^ping  perennial  root :  stipules  linear 
to  lanceolate,  entire  or  dentate,  an  inch  or  more  long;  leaflets  linear  to  ob- 
lanceolate,  irreo:ularly  dentate,  1-3  inches  long,  appressed  pubescent  be- 
neath ;  flowers  in  dense  oblong  heads,  on  rather  long  pedicels,  at  length 
reflexed:  tube  of  4he  calyx  appressed-pubescent,  less  than  a  line  long, 
the  subulate  teeth  2-3  lines  long,  less  than  half  as  long  as  the  petals  :  ovary 
densely  tomentose.  In  alluvial  prairies,  Harney  valley  southeastern 
Oregon. 

T.  Ore^anum  Howell  Eryth.  i,  110.  Perennial;  stems  decumbent  or 
ascending,  6-8  inches  long;  herbage  glabrous  or  the  petioles  and  peduncles 
oppressed-silky;  stipules  linear  or  the  upper  ones  lanceolate,  acute,  entire 
or  serrate  a])ove  the  middle  ;  leaflets  linear-oblong  to  lanceolate,  entire  or 
denticulate,  6-12  lines  long;  flowers  pinkish  or  light  red  in  loose  subumbel- 
late  heads,  the  short  pedicels  reflexed  in  age;  tul)e  of  the  calyx  minutely 
vilfous,  a  line  long,  the  subulate-setaceous  teeth  twice  longer:  ovary 
smooth,  stipitate,  3-4-ovuled.  In  moist  places,  eastern  base  of  the  Coast 
Mou'itains,  near  Waldo,  Josephine  Co.,  Oregon. 

*  *  GLibrous  perennials:  teeth  of  the  calyx  subulate,  rigid,  con- 
torted, twice  longer  than  the  tube  :  flowers  sessile,  not  reflexed :  sti- 
pules lanceolate,  acuminate.  •; 

T.  aUissiiiinm  Dougl.  Hook.  Fl.  i,  130,  t,  AS.  Erect,  stout,  a  foot  or 
more  high:  stipules  very  long,  toothed;  leaflets  narrowly  oblanceolate, 
very  acute,  2  inches  long,  strongly  veined,  the  veins  excurrent:  flowers  in 
dense  oblong  or  ovate  spikes,  6-8  lines  long ;  lower  tooth  of  the  calyx 
straight,  the  others  curved  or  twisted  :  petals  red:  ovary  smooth,  2-ovuled. 
Eastern  Oregon  and  AVashington  to  Idaho. 

*  *  *  Glabrous  throughout:  teeth  of  the  calyx  straight,  scarcely 
longer  than  the  tube :  stipules  lanceolate  to  ovate :  flowers  on  very 
short  pedicels,  at  length  reflexed:  perennials. 

T.  Beckwltliii  Brewer  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xi,  128.  Stout:  leaflets 
<)l)long  to  oblanceolate,  obtuse  or  acute,  1-2  inches  long,  coarsely  veined 
and  toothed :  flowers  7-9  lines  long,  in  dense  globose  heads ;  teeth  of  the 
calyx  linear-subulate :  ovary  2-6-ovuled.  Southern  Idaho  to  northern 
California. 

T.  Kiu^ii  Watson  Bot.  King,  59.  Slender,  6-8  inches  high :  stipules 
lanceolate  to  ovate,  entire  or  the  upper  ones  dentate ;  lower  leaflets  round- 
ovate  to  oblong,  obtuse,  upper  ones  linear-ol)long  to  lanceolate,  acute,  all 
"serr.ite:  flowers  in  oblong  spikes,  the  rachis  often  produced  above  the 
liead  with  a  few  spinescent  bracts;  teeth  of  the  calyx  thin,  subulate,  a 
line  long,  but  little  if  any  longer  than  the  tube,  about  one-third  the 
length  of  the  i)urplish  corolla.  In  moist  places,  eastern  base  of  the  Cas- 
cade Mountains  at  Camp  Polk,  Oregon,  to  California,  Utah  and  Montana. 

T.  Howellii  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xxiii,  262.  Stems  stout,  erect,  1-3 
feet  high  :  stipules  of  the  lower  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate,  of  the  upper 
ones  ovate,  all  entire:  petioles  short;  leaflets  mostly  cuneate-oblanceolate, 
1-3  inches  long  irregularly-toothed  peduncles  axillar}',  longer  than  the 
leaves;  flowers  white,  in  rather  dense  ovate  or  oblong  heads,  4-6  lines 
long;  teeth  of  the  calyx  sulnilate,  about  as  long  as  the  tube;  upper  j)etal 
oblong,  (:-7  lines  long*  much  longer  than  the  others,  free;  ovary  2-ovuled; 


TRiFOLiuM.  LEGUMINOS^.  135 

pods  l-2-seede(l,  a  little  longer  than  the  calyx,  dehiscent.      Along  streams 
and  ditches,  Siskiyou  Mountains,  Oregon  and  northern  California. 

*  *  *  *  Peduncles  axillary :  flowers  on  slender  pedicels,  soon  re- 
flexed:  ovules  2-4:  spreading  perennials. 

T.  Breweri  Watson  1.  c.  xi,  131.  Somewhat  pubescent  throughout, 
stems  procumbent,  very  slender,  4-12  inches  long,  from  a  rather  thick 
perennial  root:  stipules  lanceolate,  short;  leaflets  obovate  to  oblong, 
mostly  retuse,  toothed  or  serrulate,  3-9  lines  long:  flowers  white  or  pink- 
ish, on  slender  pedicels,  in  loose  glolx)se  heads:  calyx  very  narrow,  the 
slender  teeth  much  shorter  than  the  corolla.  In  moist  jplaces,  south- 
western Oregon  and  northern  California. 

T.  REPExs  L.  Sp.  1080.  (White  Clover).  Glabrous  perennial;  stems 
slender,  creeping,  rooting  at  all  the  nodes,  4-20  inches  long:  leaves  long- 
petioled ;  stipules  narrowly  lanceolate,  scarious ;  leaflets  olx;ordate,  den- 
ticulate, 4-10  lines  long:  flowers  white  or  pinkish,  in  loose  depressed-glo- 
bose l(Mig-peduncled  heads,  soonreflexed;  teeth  of  the  calyx  unequal, 
lanceolate-subulate,  shorter  than  the  tube:  pods  4-seeded.  Common  in 
cultivated  flelds  and  roadsides.     Introduced  from  Europe. 

*****  Peduncles  axillary:  flowers  on  short  pedicels,  in  small 
heads,  at  length  reflexed  :  teeth  of  the  calyx  subulate,  mostly  glabrous  : 
slender  annuals. 

T.  ciliolatum  Benth.  PI.  Plartw.  304.  T.  ciliatum  Nutt.  not  Clark. 
<ilabrous;  stems  erect,  often  1-2  feet  high,  simple  or  branched:  stipules 
usually  narrow,  acuminate ;  leaflets  cuneate-oblong  to  obovate,  6-12  lines 
long,  obtuse  or  retuse,  serrulate  :  flowers  in  small  dense  ovate  heads,  the 
rachis  prolonged  above  as  ?  stout  bristle :  calyx  campanulate,  the  teeth 
very  unecjual,  the  two  upper  ones  lanceolate,  spinulose-acuminate,  longer 
than  the  corolla,  the  others  similar  but  smaller,  about  two-thirds  as  long, 
all  with  scarious  and  rigidly  ciliolate  margins;  petals  purple  and  white, 
3-4  lines  long,  the  upper  one  free  and  folded  around  the  others:  pods 
shorter  than  the  calyx,  1-seeded;  seeds  oblong,  turgid,  light  brown.  In 
moist  meadows  of  the  Willamette  Valley  to  California. 

T.  Hallii.  T.  gracilentum  and  hifidum  of  authors  as  to  the  Oregon  plant, 
not  T.  &  G.  Subvillous  to  glaV)rous,  pale  green  and  somewhat  glaucous: 
stems  slender,  diffusely  branched  to  simple,  0-18  inches  high  from  a  slen- 
der annual  root :  stipules  ovate-lanceolate,  setaceous-acuminate,  entire  : 
leaflets  linear-cuneate  to  obcordate,  sparsely  dentate,  more  or  less  deeply 
notched  at  the  apex,  the  midnerve  excurrent  in  the  centre,  4-8  lines  long': 
])eduncles  exceeding  the  leaves,  pilose  near  the  summit ;  flowers  pink  or 
rose-color,  in  small  depressed-globose  10-30-fllowered  heads,  on  short  pedi- 
cels, soon  reflexed ;  calyx  5-parted,  the  teeth  suV)ulate-setaeeous,  sx)arsely 
hirsute,  somewhat  unequal,  but  little  shorter  than  the  corolla  ;  petals  rose- 
color,  3-4  lines  long,  the  upper  one  free  and  folded  over  the  others:  pods 
included,  1-seeded.  Open  places  and  prairies,  western  Washington  to 
California. 

T.  PROCTMBEXS  L.  Sp.  772.  Pulxiscent;  stems  procumbent  to  sub-erect, 
slender,  4-12  inches  long:  leaves  short-petioled,  pinnately-trifoliolate ; 
stipules  rather  foliaceous,  ovate,  ciliate,  mostly  shorter  than  the  petiole; 
leaflets  cuneate-obcordate  or  cuneate-oblong  and  emarginate,  denticulate, 
the  lower  pair  distant  from  the  terminal  one  :  flowers  on  slender  axillary 
])eduncles,  in  small  ovate  heads,  soon  reflexed ;  teeth  of  the  calyx  un- 
equal, the  two  upper  ones  very  short ;  petals  yellow,  the  up|)er  one  striate 
when  old:  pods  1-seeded.  Common  in  fields  and  roadsides.  Introduced 
from  Europe. 

§  3.  Involucrakh  M  T  .^^  G.  Fl.  i,  817.  Heads  of  flowers  sub- 
tended by  a  monoj)hyllous,  usually  manj^-cleft  involucre  :  pedun- 


136  LEGUMINOS^.  trifomlm. 

cles  axillary  :  flowers  sessile  or  nearly  so,  never  reflexed :  pods 
often  dehiscent  at  the  ventral  suture  :  veins  of  the  leaves  often 
reticulate. 

*    Involucre  not  membranaceous,  deeply  lobed,  the  lobes  laciniately 
and  sharply  toothed :   corolla  not  becoming  inflated . 

T.  fliiibriatuui  Lmdl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1070.  Glabrous:  stems  long  and 
thick,  prostrate:  stipules  ovate,  acuminate,  laciniate-spinulose  :  leaflets  ob- 
long or  slightly  cuneate,  spinulose-denticulate,  an  inch  or  more  long:  in- 
volucre laciniately  many-cleft,  shorter  than  the  large  subglobose  heads  of 
purple  or  reddish  flowers:  teeth  of  the  calyx  broadly  subulate,  straight, 
half  the  length  of  the  corolla,  shorter  than  the  tube,  unequal,  spiny :  cor- 
olla slender:  pod  2-seeded.  In  salt  marshes  along  the  coast,  Oregon  to 
California. 

T.  spiuulosuiii  Pougl.  Hook.  Fl.  i,  133.  Glabrous:  stems  prostrate  or 
ascending,  slender,  1-2  feet  long:  stipules  ovate,  acuminate,  spinulose- 
serrate;  leaflets  oblong,  acute  at  each  end,  spinulose-denticulate,  termi- 
nated by  a  rigid  spiny  point;  involucre  often  small,  laciniately  many-cleft, 
shorter  than  the  subglobose  heads ;  teeth  of  the  calyx  narrowly  subulate, 
pungent,  shorter  than  the  corolla,  3-4  times  as  long  as  the  tube;  corolla 
white,  or  the  keel  and  wings  tipped  with  flne  purple:  pods  2-seeded.  In 
mountain  valleys  near  springs,  Oregon. 

T.  heterodou  T.  &  G.  Fl.  i,  133.  Glabrous :  stems  several  from  a 
brancliing  perennial  root,  decumbent,  10-18  inches  long,  simple  or  a  little 
branched,  usually  producing  only  terminal  heads:  stipules  membrana- 
ceous, ovate,  acuminate,  laciniately  serrate  with  subulate  teeth,  the  Unver 
ones  lanceolate  and  nearly  or  quite  entire;  leaflets  oblong  or  oval,  some- 
what cuneiform  at  base,  mucronately  ciliate- serrulate,  obtuse,  the  lower- 
most mostly  emarginate,  6-18  lines  long:  heads  an  inch  or  more  in  diam- 
eter depressed-globose,  long-peduncled ;  involucre  large,  foliaceous,  lacini- 
ately many-cleft  with  spinulose  lobes,  little  shorter  than  the  heads ;  teetli 
of  the  calyx  narrowly  subulate,  nearly  equal,  2-3  times  longer  than  the 
tube,  shorter  than  the  corolla;  petals  an  inch  long,  purple,  the  upper  one 
I>ale  at  Che  tip:  pods  somewhat  stipitate,  3-6-seeded.  In  salt  meadowj? 
along  the  coast,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Cohimbia  river. 

T.  obtttsifloruiu  Hook.  Ic.  PI.  t.  218.  Sjmrsely  short-hairy  or  glabrous, 
often  more  or  less  resinous-glandular :  stems  stout,  a  few  inches  to  3  feet 
l<mg,  from  an  annual  root,  erect  or  decumbent,  diffusely  branched  :  lower 
stipules  scarious,  prominently  nerved,  lanceolate,  setaceously  acuminate, 
an  inch  long,  entire  or  toothed,  upper  ones  more  herbaceous,  setaceously 
pectinate:  leaflets  elliptic-lanceolate  12-18  lines  long,  spinulose-serrate. 
acute  at  each  end,  terminated  by  a  rigid  spiny  point:  heads  an  inch  or 
more  broad  on  long  stoutish  peduncles :  involucre  setaceously  many-cleft : 
tuVje  of  the  calyx  oblong-campanulate,  3  lines  long,  with  10  prominent  and 
as  many  lesser  nerves,  these  branching  and  forming  reticulations  above, 
teeth  subulate-spinose,  entire,  shorter  than  the  tube;  petals  8-10  line;^ 
long,  lilac-purple  with  dark  centre:  pods  elliiJtical,  2-seeded,  dehiscent. 
On  clayey  hillsides,  southwestern  Oregon  to  middle  California. 

T.  trideutata  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  under  t.  1070.  Glabrous  annual:  sterns^ 
slender,  erect,  simple  or  branched,  3-20  inches  high:  stipules  scarious, 
narrowly  lanceolate,  spinulose  acuminate,  the  lower  entire,  the  upper  seta- 
ceouslv  iaciniate:  leaflets  linear-lanceolate,  1-2  inches  long,  spinulose  ser- 
rate; heads  nearly  an  inch  broad:  involucre  orbicular,  setaceously  many- 
lobed  and  toothed,  shorter  than  the  flowers:  tube  of  the  calyx  campanu- 
late,  prominently  10-nerved,  reticulated,  the  short  oblong  hibes  abruptly- 
contracted  above  to  a  slendr-r  spine,  often  subtended  by  a  pair  of  short 
spines  or  teeth  ;   flowers  purlpe  and  white:   mature  jxids  fully  as  broad  as 


TRiFOLiuM.  LEGUMINOS.E.  137 

long,  2-see(.led,  dehiscent.     Common  on    rocky  hillsi(le>^  and  river  banks, 
Brit.  Columbia  to  California. 

T.  oligauthum  Steiid.  Nom.  i,  707.  T,  paucijiorutn  Nutt.  not  d'Ur- 
ville.  Cxlabroui^  annual :  stems  slender,  erect,  much  branched  from  the 
base  and  sometimes  sparingly  so  above,  about  a  foot  high :  stipules  lacini- 
ate,  acuminate :  lower  leaflets  on  long  petioles,  cuneate-oblong,  obtuse  «>r 
emarginate,  upper  ones  on  short  petioles,  lanceolate-linear,  acuminate, 
8-10  lines  long  by  1  -2  lines  broad,  distinctly  and  minutely  spinulose-ser- 
wiiate;-Jnvoluere  12-J<»-parted,  about  one-third  the  length  of  the  flowers: 
heads  5-7-flowered,  on  long  flliform  peduncles ;  teeth  of  the  calyx  simple, 
broadly  subulate,  pungent,  scarcely  longer  than  the  tube,  shorter  than  the 
petals;  lower  part  of  the  corolla  dull  purple,  upper  part  whitish  :  pods  2- 
seeded.  Wet  places  on  the  higher  plains  of  the  Columbia  and  Willamette 
valleys. 

T.  varie^atam  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  i,317.  Glabrous  winter  annual;  stems 
weak  and  decumbent,  H-12  inches  long,  branching  from  the  base  and  spar- 
ingly above :  upper  stipules  roundish,  laciniately  dentate  with  subulate- 
setaceous  teeth  :  leaflets  obovate  tooblong  or  somewhat  obcordate,  ndnutely 
spinulose-serrate,  3-G  lines  long,  |>eduncles  filiform,  longer  than  the  leaves  ; 
involucre  oixiu-campanulate  or  at  length  spreading,  laciniately  many-cleft, 
shorter  than  the  flowers ;  heads  about  6  linesJ  in  diameter ;  teeth  of  the 
glabrous  calyx  equal,  lanceolate-suV)ulate  with  setaceous  points,  longer 
than  the  tube,  shorter  than  the  corolla:  petals  purple  with  white  tips: 
pods  small,  2-seeded.  Common  in  wet  places  throughout  the  Willamette 
valley. 

*  *       Involucre  membranaceous,  at  least   at  base,  less  deeply  lobed, 

the  lobes  entire  or  toothed :    corolla  not   becoming  inflated:   annuals. 

T.  microcephalaiii  Pursh  Fl.  478.  Villous  with  soft  hairs:  stems 
.slender,  erect  or  decumbent,  6-20  inches  long,  diffusely  branched  from  the 
base:  stipules  lanceolate  to  ovate,  acuminate,  mostly  entire:  leaflets  ob- 
lanceolate  to  obcordate  or  obovate,  denticulate:  aA)  lines  long:  heads 
small,  densely  many-flowered;  involucre  about  9-1  obed,  the  lobes  acumi- 
nate, 3-nerved,  entire;  calyx  hairy,  its  subulate  teeth  scariously  nungined, 
sometimes  toothed  at  base,  attenuate  to  a  long  spinulose  |)oint,  equalling 
the  corolla :  ovules  2;  i^ods  glabrous,  1 -seeded.  Common  in  o}>en  places, 
Brit.  Columbia  to  California. 

T.  iiiicrodoii  H.  ct.  A.  Bot.  Beech,  330,  t.  79.  Komewhat  villous: 
stems  slender,  erect  or  ascending,  diffusely  branched  l)elow,  0-12  inches 
high:  stipules  lanceolate  to  ovate,  spinulose-acuminate,  entire;  leaflets 
obcordate,  serrate,  4-8  lines  long,  nearly  as  broad:  heads  small,  long- 
peduncled ;  involucre  conspicuously  cup-shaped,  as  long  as  the  flowers, 
y-12-lobed,  the  oblong  lobes  laciniately  toothed:  calyx  glabrous,  campanu- 
late,  10-nerved,  the  short  t^jeth  triangular-subulate,  spinose ;  jxHals  rose- 
color:  p<xls  small,  1-seeded.  On  dry  hillsides,  Brit.  Columbia  to  Cal- 
ifornia. 

T.  cyathiferuiii  Lindl,  Bot.  Reg.  under  t.  1070.  Glabrous:  stems  erect 
or  ascending,  4-12  inches  high,  diffusely  branched:  stipules  ovate  to 
lanceolate,  laciniately  toothed  or  entire;  leaflets  obovate  to  oblanceolate, 
obtuse  or  acute,  0-12  lines  long  by  half  as  broad:  heads  0-10  lities  in 
diameter,  long-|)eduncled ;  involucre  broad  and  memV)ranaceous,tr()nspic- 
uously  nerved  and  reticulated,  7-10-lobed,  the  shallow  acute  lolx^ss]>inu lose- 
dentate,  nearly  as  long  as  the  flowers:  calyx  smooth,  the  tube  somewhat 
inflated,  prominently  5-nerved,  the  nerves  excurrent  into  branching  seta- 
ceous tips  which  equal  the  small  white  corolla:  pods  oblong,  2-8eeded. 
About  springs  and  on  wet  rocks,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California  and  the 
Rocky  Mountains. 

*  *  *     Involucre   membranac-eous :    the   upper  petal  becoming  eon ! 
spicuously  inflated  and  enclosing  the  lower  ones. 


138  LEGUMINOS.!-:.  trifolum. 

LOTUS. 

T.  fiicatum  Liiidl.  1.  c.  t.  1883.  Usually  stout  and  fistulous,  the  de- 
cumbent brandies  1-2  feet  long:  herbage  light  green,  glabrous  and  some- 
what succulent:  stipules  large,  membranaceous  nearly  or  quite  entire : 
leaflets  6-18  lines  long,  broadly  obovate,  obtuse  or  retuse,  dentate  or  spinu- 
lose-denticulate  ;  peduncles  stout,  far  exceeding  the  leaves  ;  bracts  of  the 
involucre  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  scarious-margined,  connate  at  base; 
heads  hemispherical,  1-2  inches  l)road :  calyx  thin,  campanulate,  the 
short  teeth  entire,  unequal  :  corolla  0-12  lines  long,  ochroleucous,  fading 
with  a  red  tinge:  pods  stipitate,  o-8-seeded  :  seeds  roundish,  nearly  a  line 
broad,  minutely  granulate.     Along  the  coast,  Oregon-  and  California. 

T.  depauperatum  Desv.  Journ.  Bot.  iv,  69,  t.  32.  Smooth,  low  and 
slender,  decumbent  or  ascending:  stipules  small,  lanceolate,  acuminate, 
entire  ;  leaflets  obcordate  to  linear,  obtuse,  6  lines  long  or  less :  heads  3-10- 
flovvered ;  inv^olucre  reduced  to  a  very  sm^ll  toothed  or  truncate,  often 
minute  and  scarious  ring :  calyx  short,  the  narrowly  subulate  teeth  but 
little  longer  than  the  tube;  upper  petal  much  inflated  and  enclosing  the 
others,  pods  1-2-seeded,  seeds  little  broader  than  long,  rather  angular; 
tuberculate-rugose.  In  wet  phices  top  of  Table  Rock,  Southern  Oregon  to 
California  and  South  America. 

Tribe  4.  Lotece  B  &>  JI.  Gen.  442  Herbs  rarely  shrubby^ 
with  one  to  viany-foliolate  leaves.,  entire  leaflet:,,  foliaceous.  scarious  or 
gland-like  sHpules,  and  capitate,  umbellate  or  solitary  inflorescence. 
Petals  jree  from  the  stamens.  Stamens  70^  diadelphous.  Pod  con- 
tinuous., one-celled  but  often  with  spongy  partitions  between  the  seeds. 

8  LOTUS  Tourn. 
HOSACKIA  Benth.  and  Americaiviiuthors . 

Herlmceous  or  suffrutescent  ])lants  with  pinnately  one  to  sev- 
eral-foliolate  leaves  with  gland-like,  rarely  scarious  or  foliaceous, 
stipules  and  one  to  several-Howered  axillary  peduncles,  the  flower 
often  subtended  by  a  1-5-foliolate  bract.  Calyx  5-toothed  or 
-cleft,  the  teeth  nearly  equal,  usually  longer  than  tlie  tube. 
Petals  free  from  the  stamens,  nearly  equal,  the  upper  one  ovate 
or  roundish,  lateral  ones  obovate  or  oblong,,  keel  somewhat  in- 
curved, obtuse  or  acutely  beaked.  Stamens  diadelphous ;  the 
alternate  filaments  dilated  or  thickened  under  the  anthers.  Pods 
linear,  compressed  or  terete,  straiglit  or  arcuate,  sessile,  dehis- 
cent or  indehiscent,  1 -several-seeded,  with  spongy  partitions  be- 
tween the  seeds.  Seeds  variously  rounded  or  elongated,  some- 
times (juadrate.  smooth,  tuberculate  or  rugose. 

§  1  AcMispox  Raf.  New  Fl.  53,  as  genus.  Annuals  with  1-5- 
foliolate  nearly  sessile  leaves  with  small  gland-like  stipules  and 
small  flowers  on  axillary  peduncles.  Petals  but  little  exceeding 
the  calyx  the  claws  equally  approximate  to  each  other^  keel  nar- 
rowed above  into  a  rather  short,  acute,  incurved  beak,  equalling 
or  exceeding  the  wings :  pods  linear,  straight  or  nearl)^  so,  some- 
what compressed,  readily  dehiscent,  several-seeded. 

L.  Americaiins  Bisch.  Hort.  Heidelb.  Hosackia  Purshiana  Benth. 
More  or  less  villous  or  glabrous :  stems  erect  or  assurgent,  6-18  inches 
high,  simple  to  diffusely  branched:  leaves  nearly  sessile  or  short-petioled ; 
leaflets  ovate  to  lanceolate  or  oblong,  3-9  lines  long  often  only  the  terminal 
one  present,  the  others  when  present  scattered  on   a  short  slightly  dilated 


LOTUS.  LEGUMIXOS.E.  139 

rachis:  peduncles  usually  exceeding  the  leaves,  with  a  single  unifoiiolate 
bract  at  the  summit ;  flowers  solitary,  2-8  lines  long;  teeth  of  the  calyx 
linear,  much  longer  than  the  tube,  almost  equalling  the  corolla;  petals 
salmon-color,  the  upper  one  orbicular :  pods  narrow,  S(jme\vhat  compressed, 
alx)ut  an  inch  long,  5-7-seeded,  with  very  sv>ongy  partitions  l>etween  the 
oblong  black  or  mottled  seeds.  Common  on  bars  and  gravelly  banks  of 
streams.     Brit.  C(>lumbia  to  Calif<jrnia,  Missouri  and  Arkansas. 

§  2.     Axr.soLOTrs    Bernli.  as   genus.     Leaves    piimately 

2-10-tbliolate,  the  leaflets  scattered  on  a  more  or  less  dilated 
rachis,  with  gland-like  ^tipules  and  small  Mowers  on  axilhiry 
pediimdes.     Pods  promptly  deciduous. 

*  Annuals:  flowers  solitary,  on  very  short  pedicels,  not  bracted  : 
claws  of  the  petals  equally  approximate  t<^  each  other ;  the  keel  nar- 
rowed above  into  a  somewhat  incurved  beak:  pxls  short,  not  attenu- 
ate at  base,  few-seeded,  promptly  deciduous. 

L.  Wran^eliauus  F.  &.  M.  Ind.  Sem.  Hort.  Petrop.  16.  Jlosackia  sxh- 
pinuafu  T.  d-  G.  Pilose  or  subglabrous :  stems  diffusely  branched  from  the 
hase,  4-6  inches  high  :  leaflets  2-4,  all  but  one  on  the  outside  of  the  rachis. 
oblong,  subglabrous,  4-6  lines  long,  more  or  less  pilose:  flowers  sessile  or 
nearly  so,  about  2  lines  long ;  teeth  of  the  calyx  subulate,  several  times 
longer  than  the  tube,  ciliate  with  long  spreading  hairs,  not  as  long  as  the 
yellow  corolla :  pods  pubescent,  6  lines  long,  nearly  obtuse,  5-7-seeded. 
Southern  Oregon  to  California. 

L.  hnmistratus  Greene  Pitt,  ii,  139.  Ilosackia  brachycarpa  Benfh. 
Softly  villous  :  stems  4-6  incites  high,  diffusely  branched  from  the  base : 
leaflets  usually  4,  all  but  one  on  the  outside  of  the  rachis  3-6  lines  long, 
obovate  to  oblong,  acute,  flowers  sessile,  3-4  lines  long,  bright  yellow; 
calyx-tube  very  short,  its  subulate  teeth  much  longer,  nearly  equalling  the 
cor(»lla :  pods  3-4  lines  long,  oblong,  obtusish,  very  pubescent,  nearly 
terete,  2-4-8eeded.  On  gravelly  bars  and  banks  along  streams,  vSouthern 
Oregon  to  California. 

L.  dentieulatus  Greene  1.  c,  Hosackia  denticulata  Drew.  Pale  green 
and  glaucous,  glabrous  or  the  inflorescence  villous :  stems  erect,  sparingly 
l)ranched,  1-2  feet  high:  leaflets  2-6,  all  but  one  on  the  outside  of  the 
rachis,  obovate  to  oblanceolate,  4-8  lines  long,  sparingly  hairy  beneath : 
tlowers  2-3  lines  long,  solitary,  on  short  axillary  pedicels  or  nearly  sessile: 
calyx  deeply  o-cleft,  its  subulate  teeth  longer  than  the  tube,  denticulate, 
about  equalling  the  corolla ;  petals  about  2  lines  long,  pale  yellow  or  sal- 
mon-color, changing  to  rich  dark  red :  pods  pubescent,  very  short,  3- 
seeded.     In  wet  places,  A'ancouver  Island  to  California. 

*  *  Peduncles  elongated,  one  to  several-flowered,  mostly  bracted : 
claw  of  the  upf)er  petal  commonly  remote  from  the  others;  keel  mostly 
obtuse. 

L.  micraiithus  B?nth.  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xvii,  367.  Hitmckia  parvi- 
flora  Benth.  Annual:  glabrous  or  nearly  so:  stems  slender,  ascending, 
4-12  inches  long,  usually  branching  from  the  base:  leaflets  3-5,  obovate  to 
narrowly  oblong,  2-8  lines  long:  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves,  1-2- 
flowered,  with  a  1-3-foliolate  bract  at  the  summit:  petals  yellow,  about  2 
lines  long,  keel  with  a  short  incurved  apex,  nearly  equalling  the  wings ; 
banner  obcordate :  ix)ds  t>-12  lines  long,  5-7-seeded,  often  contracted  be- 
tween the  seeds.  Common  on  dry  or  gravelly  plains  and  hillsides,  Van- 
couver Island  to  California. 

§  3  8vRMATruM  Vogel  as  (ienus.  Mostly  perennials  with 
pinnately  8-7-foliohite  leaves,  and  gland-like  sti[»ules.  Pedun- 
cles umbelhitely  one  to  several-flowered;  claw  of  the  upper  petal 


140  LEGUMINOH.E.  lotis. 

remote  from  the  others;  keel  broad  jind  o1)tiise  above.  The  ma- 
ture calyx  deciduous  witli  tlie  indehiscent,  usually  small,  arcuate, 
slender-pointed,  few-seeded  pod. 

L.  Donglasii  Greene  1.  v.  149.  UxHackia  decamhenn  Beiith.  Yillous- 
pubescent  and  somewhat  tomentose  :  stems  slender,  ascending  or  diffnsely 
procumbent,  0-18  inches  long,  from  a  thick  very  tough  perennial  root : 
leatiets  5-7,  cuneate-obovate  to  oblong,  mostly  acute,  3-0  lines  long:  um- 
bels of  j'ellow  flowers  on  short  peduncles,  subtended  by  a  1-8-foliolate 
bract:  calyx  silky,  its  slender  teeth  often  as  long  as  the  campanulate  tube: 
pods  pubescent,  falcate,  the  beak  longer  than  the  seed-bearing  portion, 
about  2-seeded .     Open  plains  and  hillsides,   Brit.  Columbia  to  California. 

g  4.  HosAcKiA  Benth.  l^ot.  Ivea.  xv,  under  t.  1257,  as 
Genus.  Perennial  herbs  with  ])innate  leaves,  true  stipules,  the 
leaflets  evenly  distributed  upon  a  lineai-  rachis.  Peduncles  um- 
bellately  many-flowered,  the  flowers  usually  subtended  by  a 
bract.  Claw  of  the  upper  petal  remote  from  the  others,  the  lat- 
eral ones  partially  cohering  with  the  broad  and  mostly  veiT  ob- 
tuse keel  and  spreading  away  from  the  claw  of  the  upper  one. 
Pods  acute  above,  linear,  straight  or  nearly  so,  o-20  seeded,  gla- 
brous, terete  or  somewhat  compressed,  tardily  dehiscent. 

*  Glabrous  throughout  or  becoming  so:  bracts  petioled  or  wanting: 
stipules  scarious :  leaflets  5-15:  flowers  rather  large. 

L.  crassifolius  Greene  1.  c.  147.  Jfomekia  croHaifolia  Benth,  .Stout, 
erect,  often  2-4  feet  high,  widely  brandling:  leaflets  9-15.  minutely  pubes- 
cent or  somewhat  villous  but  soon  glabrate,  thickjsh  obovate  or  oblong, 
usually  obtuse  and  mucronulate,  0-12  lines  long,  peduncles  nearly  equal- 
ling the  leaves,  usually  many-flowered :  bract  usually  some  distance  be- 
low- the  umbel,  1-3-foliolate:  flowers  on  slender  ]>edicels,  2-4  lines  long: 
tube  of  the  calyx  campanulate,  3  lines  long,  truncate,  the  yery  short  tri- 
angular teeth  distant  from  each  other;  petals  mucli  longer  than  the  calyx, 
dull  dark  purple:  pods  thick,  about  2  inches  l«)ng  by  3  lines  in  diameter: 
seeds  nearlj  orbicular.  In  rich  allvivial  soil,  foothills  of  the  Cascade 
Mountains,  Washington  to  California. 

L.  piiiiialns  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2913.  llomckia  hicolor  Dougl,  Glab- 
rous throughout :  stems  numerous,  from  a  thick  perennial  root,  erect, 
branched  above,  1-2  feet  high:  leaflets  5-9  obovate  or  oblong,  obtuse  or 
acutish,  <)-12  lines  long;  stipules  rather  large,  triangular,  acuminate:  ped- 
uncles mostly  longer  than  the  leaves,  3-10-flowered,  naked,  oi-  sometimes 
with  a  small  scarious  or  1-3-foliolate  bract  at  the  summit:  flowers  nearly 
sessile,  H-10  lines  long;  calyx  campanulate,  oblique,  its  triangular  teeth 
but  half  as  long  as  the  tube;  upper  i^etal  bright  yello\y,  the  lateri^l  ones 
usually  white :  pods  nearly  terete,  2  inches  long,  but  little  more  than  a 
line  in  diameter :  seeds  numerous,  oblong.  In  springs  and  ditches,  Brit. 
(\)lumbia  to  California. 

L.  toriiiosissiiiiiis;  Greene  1.  c.  Hoyackia  gracilU  Benth.  Low  and 
slen'der,  the  weak  stems  0-12  inches  long:  leaflets  5-7,  broadly  «jbovate  to 
obovate-oblong,  obtuse,  the  lowest  truncate  or  retuse ;  stipules  thin,  ovate: 
pedicels  equalling  or  shorter  than  the  leaves;  bract  petioled,  1-3-foliolate: 
teeth  of  the  calyx  unequal,  triangular,  acute  or  acuminate,  shorter  tlian 
tbe  campanulate  tulx? ;  petals  7  lines  long,  the  upper  one  yellow\  the  wide 
spreading  lateral  ones  and  much  shorter  keel  rose-color:  pods  short.  In 
moist  ground  along  the  seaboard,  Oregon  to  Cahfornia. 

*  *     Pul^escent  or  puberulent ;  bracts  lu'arly  sessile,  at  the  top  of 
the  ptnluncles. 


psoRALEA.  LEGUMINO»S.K.  141 

L.  Torreyi  Greene  1.  c.  146.  Hosackia  Torreiji  Gray.  Minutely  pubes- 
cent :  Htems  rather  slender,  numerous,  from  a  stout  perennial  root,  1-2 
feet  high,  mostly  simple:  stipules  triangular,  a  line  «»r  more  long;  leaflets 
5-1),  obovate  to  narrowly  oblanceolate  or  linear,  densely  pul)escent  be- 
neath, mostly  obtuse,  0-12  lines  long:  peduncles  exceeding  the  leaves; 
bracts  usually  trifoliolate :  umbels  5-7-ttowered :  teeth  of  the  pu]>escent 
calyx  subulate,  about  as  long  as  the  short  campanulate  tube ;  petals  6  lines 
long,  the  upper  one  bright  yellow,  the  lateral  ones  and  very  obtuse  keel 
white  or  reddish :  pods  linear,  1-2  inches  long,  with  an  acuminate  hooked 
beak.     In  springs  and  ditches,  southwestern  Oregon  to  California. 

Tribe  5.  Gnlegetr.  Bronn.  (partly)  T.  tC"  G.  FL  i\  292.  Erect 
herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees  with  vsually  unequally  'pinnate,  seldom 
stipellate  leares  and  axillary  or  terminal,  racemose  or  spi- 
cate  inflorescence.  Corolla  papilionaceous,  or  otherwise  irregu- 
lar. Stamens  diadelphous  or  sometimes  monadelphous.  Pods 
continuous,  rarely  with  transverse  celbdar  partitions  between  the 
seeds,  but  never  separating  into  joints,  1-celled.  several-seeded,  de- 
hiscent, or  1-2-seeded  and  indehiscent.  Radicl  incurred  or  in- 
ffexed. 

9  P80RALEA  Royen  L.  Gen.  ed.  2,  358. 

Our  species  perennial  herbs,  the  herbage  punctate  with  dark 
glandular  dots  with  digitately  or  pinnately  8-5-tbliohite  leaves 
with  entire  leaflets  and  free  stipules,  and  white  or  purple  flowers 
in  axillary  pedunculate  spikes  or  racemes,  mostly  with  mem- 
branaceous deciduous  bracts.  Calyx  campanulate,  i)ersistent,  5- 
cleft,  its  teeth  nearly  equal,  or  the  lower  one  longest,  tlie  two 
upper  ones  often  connate.  Petals  free  from  the  stamens ;  keel 
broad  and  obtuse  above,  united  with  the  wings.  Stamens  usually 
diadelphous,  the  upper  one  sometimes  united  with  the  others  at 
the  base ;  anthers  uniform,  often  only  5  perfect.  Pods  ovate, 
about  as  long  as  the  calyx,  1-seeded,  indehiscent,  thick,  often 
wrinkled. 

*    Leaves  digitately  3-5-foliolate,  rarely  7-foliolate. 

P.  lanceolata  Pursh.  Fl.  475.  Aromatic-glandular  throughout :  stems 
slender,  12-30  inches  high,  erect  or  assurgent,  branched,  glabrous  or  witli 
a  few  scattered  hairs:  stipules  linear-lanceolate  to  setaceous,  3-0  lines 
long:  petioles  1-2  inches  long;  leaves  trifoliolate;  leaflets  1-2  inches  long, 
linear- lanceolate  to  obovate,  acute  or  obtuse,  mucronate,  glabrous  or  with 
a  few  hairs:  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves;  inflorescence  capitate, 
small ;  bracts  minute ;  flowers  nearly  white ;  calyx  minutely  hairy,  the 
lobes  nearly  equal,  obtuse:  pods  globose,  3  lines  long,  light  with  conspicu- 
ous large  raised  brown  glands,  nearly  glabrous,  beak  small  and  erect : , 
seeds  globose,  brown.  On  sandy  plains,  Oregon  and  Washington  to  Iowa 
and  Arizona. 

P.  Purshii  Yail  Bull .  Torr.  Club,  xxi,  94.  Glandular  throughout; 
stems  assurgent  6-20  inches  high  or  more,  from  a  long  slender  rootstock, 
glabrous  or  somewhat  hirsute  at  base ;  scales  ovate,  scarious:  leaves  3- 
foliocte;  stipules  lanceolate,  3-4  lines  long;  leaflets  1-2  inches  long,  oIk>- 
vate  cuneate  or  elliptical,  or  the  uppermost  nearly  lanceolate  and  often 
much  narrower,  varying  greatly  in  size  and  shape,  refuse  or  mucronulate, 
glandular,  glabrous  or  with  a  few  scattered  white  hairs:  peduncles  vary- 
ing in  length,  rarely  longer  than  the  leaves:  flowers  scattered  in  slender 
spikes  or  crowded  in   nearh'  capitate  heads;  bracts  minute;  lobes  of  the 


142  LEGUMINOS.K.  psoralea. 

pktalostp:mex. 

calyx  about  equal,  sparingly  hirsute :  pods  glabrous,  4  lines  long,  with  a 
short  erect  beak,  light  Mith  scattered  brown  glands  and  more  or  less 
•densely  villous  with  white  hairs :  seeds  globose,  3  lines  long,  light  brown. 
On  sand  banks  along  the  Columbia  river,  to  Idaho  and  Nevada. 

*  *    Leaves  pinnately  3-foliolate. 

P.  physodes  Dougl.  Hook.  Fl.  i,  136.  Glabrous  or  with  a  few  weak, 
mostly  })lack  hairs:  stems  slender,  assurgent,  1-2  feet  high,  simple:  leaves 
3-foliolate;  stipules  lanceolate,  acuminate,  reflexed ;  leaflets  broadly 
rhoniV>o id-ovate,  mostly  acute,  mucronate  an  inch  long,  glandular;  pedun- 
cles equalling  or  exceeding  the  leaves;  flowers  in  capitate  racemes;  bracts 
small,  elliptical;  calyx  more  or  less  villous  with  usually  dark-colored 
hairs,  4-5  lines  long,  becoming  much  inflated,  lobes  nearly  equal,  triangu- 
lar, the  margins  ciliate  with  dark  hairs;  petals  5-6  lines  long,  white  or 
purplish,  pods  memV>ranaceous,  rounded,  somewhat  compressed,  3  lines 
long;  seeds  grayish.  In  open  woods  and  rocky  hillsides,  ^Vancouver  Is- 
lam l  to  California. 

P.  melilotoides  Michx.  Fl.  ii,  58.  Hedysamm  pedunculattnn  Mill, 
(iardn.  Diet,  No.  17.  tSiems  erect,  1-2  feet  high,  from  a  long  rootstock, 
simple  or  branching  from  the  base:  stipules  2-3  lines  long,  setaceous:  peti- 
oles shorter  than  the  leaflets;  leaves  remote,  3-foliolate,  rarely  4-5-folio- 
late;  leaflets  2  inches  long,  lanceolate,  acute,  rarely  ovate  and  obtuse,  gla- 
brous except  the  veins  and  margins  which  are  very  sparingly  hirsute ; 
X)eduncles  much  exceeding  the  leaves ;  flowers  in  loose  spikes :  bracts 
glandular,  broadly  ovate,  much  imbricated,  the  cuspidate  apex  longer  than 
the  flowers;  lobes  of  the  calyx  acute,  glandular,  the  lower  one  the  long- 
est: pods  orbicular,  compressed,  transversely  wrinkled,  beak  minute,  re- 
curved: seed  orbicular,  flat,  brown,  f^eattle,  Washington  (Piper)  and  the 
Atlantic  States. 

10  PETALOf^TEMON  Michx.  Fl.  ii,  48,  t.  37. 

Herbaceous,  mostly  perennial  glandular  dotted  plants  witli 
unequally  pinnate  leaves  with  minute  setaceous  stipules,  and 
small  flowers  in  dense  terminal  spikes  or  heads.  Calyx  often 
glandular,  o-toothed,  the  teeth  connivent,  nearly  equal.  Petals 
5,  on  filiform  claws;  4  of  them  nearly  similar,  their  claws  united 
to  the  stamen-tube  (juite  to  the  sunnnit,  alternate  witli  the  stam- 
(Mjs,  deciduous  by  an  articulation,  the  upper  one  free,  inserted  at 
the  bottom  of  the  calyx,  the  limb  cordate  or  ohlong,  condupli- 
cate.  Stamens  o,  monadelphous,  the  tuhe  cleft.  Ovary  with 
2  collateral  ovules.  Pod  membranaceous,  enclosed  in  the  calyx, 
indehi  scent,  1 -seeded. 

P.  ornatus  Dougl.  Hook.  Fl.  i,  138.  Perennial;  stems  simple,  1-2 
feet  high,  glandular-dotted  :  leaflets  5-9,  obovate  to  narrowly  oblong,  5-6 
lines  long,  flowers  in  dense,  long-i)eduncled  terminal  spikes,  sessile,  bright 
purple  ;  bracts  lanceolate,  acuminate,  about  equalling  the  flowers :  calyx 
'densely  silky-villous ;  upper  tooth  as  long  as  the  tube,  the  others  shorter : 
ovary  pubescent.     Hillsides  and  old  river  banks,  Eastern  Oregon. 

Tride  5.  Asfragalece.  Adans.  Erect  or  decumbent^  herbaceous^ 
rarely  suffrutescent,  plants  with  unegually  pinnate  leaves  and  axillary 
or  radical,  racemose  or  spicate  inflorescence.  Corolla  papilionaceous. 
Stamens  monadelphous  Pod  continuous ,  turgid  or  inflated.,  rarely 
flattened,  often  spuriously  2-celled  or  partly  2-celled  by  the  intro- 
flexion  of  one  or  both  of  the  sutures,  dehiscent^  several-seeded^  rarely 
i-2-seeded.     Radical  incurved. 


ASTRAGALIS.  LEGUMINOSiE.  143 

11     ASTRAGALUS  Toiirii.     (Rattle  weed,  Loco-WEEn). 

Eroct  or  decumbent  herbs  with  uneciually  pinnate  leaves  with- 
out tendrils,  persistent  stipules  and  axillary  spikes  or  racemes  of 
rather  small,  narrow  flowers.  Calyx  5-toothed.  Petals  with 
slender  claws-,  the  keel  obtuse.  Stamens  diadelphous.  Stigma 
terminal,  minute.  Pod  very  various,  commonly  turgid  or  in-. 
Hated,  one  or  both  sutures  often  projecting  inward  more  or  less, 
the  dorsal  one  frequently  so  mueh  as  to  divide  the  cell  into  two, 
rarely  flat.  Seeds  few  or  many,  on  slender  stalks,  generally 
small  for  the  size  of  the  pod. 

Series  I.  Astragalus  L.  gen.  n.  S92  as  genus.  Pod  com- 
pletely or  imperfectly  2-celled  by  the  intrusion  of  the  dorsal  su- 
ture, the  ventral  suture  being  not  at   all  or  less  deeply  intruded. 

§  1  DiPHYsr  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  vi,  lijo.  Pods  ovnte  or 
globose,  membranaceous  or  coriaceous,  inflated,  glaluous  oi- 
nearly  so,  sessile,  complete!}^  2-celled  and  more  or  less  didvmous 
by  the  intrusion  of  both  sutures,  several -seeded :  pultescencc 
short  or  wanting;  flowers  rather  small,  white  to  purple  or  vel- 
lowish,  spicate  or  subspicate. 

A.  araiieosus  Sheld.  Bull.  Minn.  Nat.  Hist.  Surv.  No.  9,  170.  Gla- 
brous throughout  or  slightly  pubescent  when  young  :  stems  decumbent  or 
assurgent,  6-18  inches  long,  very  linely  striate,  simple,  few  to  many  from 
a  thick  perennial  I'oot :  leaves  4-6  inches  long,  the  rachis  slightly  winged, 
not  channeled  or  but  slightly  so:  stipules  deltoid-acuminate,  semi-sheath- 
ing below,  reflexed;  leatiets  6-8  pairs,  5-6  lines  long,  somewliat  fleshy,  or- 
bicular or  obcordate,  obtuse,  retuse  or  emarginate ;  peduncles  equalling 
the  leaves,  striate,  capitately  or  sub?^picately  10-12  flowered;  calyx  short'^ 
cylindrical,  with  a  few  scattered,  blackish  hairs,  the  linear  spreading  teeth 
>3-><i  the  length  of  the  tube ;  jx'tals  whitish  tipped  with  purple :  potls 
ovate-lanceolate,  arcuate-incurved,  with  a  long  acuminate  incurved  beak, 
6-10  lines  long,  coriaceous,  glabrous,  minutely  reticulated,  sessile,  both 
sutures  intruded  so  as  to  torm  a  nearly  2  celled  cavity  which  is  lined 
throughout  with  tine  cobwebby  hairs,  8-10-seeded.  On  dry  plains  and 
hillsides.  Eastern  Oregon  and  Washington  to  Utah. 

A.  leiitigiuosus  Dougl.  Don  Syst.  Gard.  and  Bot.  ii,  257.  Slightly  pu- 
bescent: stems  tufted,  6-12  inches  long,  soon  diffusely  spreading:  stipules 
small,  ovate,  acute;  leaflets  11-19,  from  objvate  or  oblanceolate  to  oblong, 
0-6  lines  long:  pods  turgid,  ovate,  acuminate,  mare  or  less  incurved,  4-6 
lines  long,  puberulent,  often  mottled,  thick-membranaceous  sessile,  2-cel- 
led by  the  intrusion  of  both  sutures,  6-8-seeded.  Dry  plains,  Brit.  Colum- 
bia to  California  and  Nevada. 

A.  saliiius  Howell  Eryth.  i.  111.  Minutely  hirsute:  stems  numerous 
from  a  thick  perennial  root,  decumbent  or  ascending,  rather  slender  4-S 
inches  long,  much  branched:  leaflets  9-17,  obovate  to  oblong  obtuse  or 
retuse.  4-6  hues  long:  peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves:  calyx  narrow, 
its  short  subulate  teeth  half  as  long  as  the  tube;  flowers  yellowish  (5-8 
lines  long:  pods  inflated,  ovoid,  short-beaked,  chartaceous,  6-8  lines  long, 
very  glabrous,  nearly  2-celled  by  the  intrusion  of  the  dorsal  suture,  sev- 
eral-seeded.    In  saline  soil,  Harney  valley,  southeastern  Oregon. 

A.,  diaphaiius  Dougl.  Hook.  Fl.  i.  151.  Prostrate  and  diffuse,  piltse- 
scabious  ;  stipules  small,  ovate,  acuminate;  leatiets  11-19.  obovate:  pedun- 
cles shorter  than  the  leaves;  flowers  about  6  lines  long,  purple,  in  loose 
heads;  bracts  minute,  ovate,  acuminate   rather  shorter  than  the  iDcdicels: 


144  LBGUMINO.^^:.  astragalus. 

podfe  falcate,  somewhat  rt^flexed,  linear,  compressed,  somewhat  diai)lianous; 
nearly  glabrous,  2-celled,  manj-^-seeded.  ^Sandy  soil,  near  the  Great  Falls 
of  the  Oregon  (Douglas). 

A.  accidens  Watson  I.e.  Sparingly  pu])escent ;  the  numerous  stems 
6-18  inches  long,  from  a  thick  perenniafroot :  leaflets  iO-15.  pairs,  oblong, 
refuse,  cuneate  at  base,  glabrous  above,  appressed  pubescent  beneath. 
(>-8  lines  long:  peduncles  about  equalling  the  leaves:  flowers  re  flexed,  in 
a  short  raceme;  calyx  campanulate,  dark-imbescent.  3  lines  long,  the 
teeth  nearly  equalling  the  tube;  corolla  yellowish,  the  narrow  erect  ban- 
ner 0-7  lines  long.  Pod  white-pubescent,  on  a  stipe  as  long  as  the  calyx,, 
oblong-ovate,  subsulcate  on  the  back,  the  ventral  suture  somewhat  promi- 
nent, straight,  reflexed,  4-5  lines  long.  On  open  hillsides,  southwestern 
Oregon . 

A.  Faciiicus  Sheld.  Bull.  iNIinn.  Nat.  Hist.  Surv.  9,  174.  A.  llender- 
soiii  Watsun,  not  Baker.  Thinly  pubescent  throughout  with  soft  wcK)lly 
hairs,  the  numerous  stems  erect  or  ascending  from  a  stout  perennial  root- 
stock,  1-2  feet  high :  leaflets  6-10  pairs,  narrowly  oblong,  obtuse  or 
refuse,  6-9  lines  long ;  stipules  lanceolate  :  pedunculate  racemes  exceeding 
the  leaves,  few-flowered :  calyx  tubular-campanulate,  dark-villous,  3-4 
lines  long,  the  narrow  teeth  nearly  equalhng  the  tube:  pods  reflexed,  2- 
celled,  very  fleshy-coriaceous,  upon  a  stipe  twice  longer  than  the  calyx, 
turgid,  oblong  to  oblong-obovate,  with  a  stout  prominent  ventral  suture, 
the  dorsal  less  prominent,  very  abruptly  mucronate,  glabrous,  rugose, 
8-11  lines  long  by  4  thick.  Open  hillsides,  Jackson  0<».,  Oregon  and  ad- 
jacent California. 

^  2  Ch.etodontes  Gray  1.  c.  194.  Pods  ovate,  small,  sessile, 
coriaceous,  turgid  or  at  times  subcompressc'fel,  more  or  less  sulcate 
on  the  back,  2-celled  by  the  intrusion  of  the  dorsal  suture,  cells 
o-4-ovuled.     ]\[any-stemmecl  perennials. 

A.  Spaldiii^ii  Gray  1.  c.  524.  Yillous-pubescent :  stems  a  foot  in  height : 
leaflets  21-25,  lanceolate  to  oblong-linear,  3-6  lines  long :  peduncles  ex- 
ceeding the  leaves :  spikes  oblong,  dense,  or  rather  loose  at  base ;  flowers 
nearly  5  lines  long :  bracts  setaceous ;  calyx  very  villous ;  pods  2-3  lines 
long,  villous  scarcely  sulcate,  2-4-seeded.  Plains  of  eastern  AVashington 
and  Idaho. 

A.  Lyallii  Gray  I.e.  195.  White-silky:  stems  a  foot  high,  leaflets 
19-25,  3-6  lines  long,  lanceolate  to  oblong-linear :  peduncles  not  exceeding 
the  leaves;  spikes  long  and  loose ;  calyx  villous,  the  tube  equalling  the 
teeth  :  pods  hoary,  sulcate.  Valley  of  the  Yakima,  Wash.,  near  the  Brit. 
Columbia  boundary. 

§  8.  Ulkjinosi  Gray  1.  c.  19().  Pod  coriaceous,  turgid,  ob- 
long, terete,  scarcely  sulcate  and  oiily  on  the  l)ack,  nearly 
straight,  sessile,  septum  perfect.  Tall  perennials  with  a|)pressed 
gray-])ubescence  or  glabrate. 

A.  Mortoiii  Nutt.  Journ.  Acad.  Philad.  vii,  19.  Minutely  appressed- 
pubescent,  greenish  :  stems  erect  18-24  inches  high  :  stipules  broad  and 
membranaceous;  leaflets  11-17,  oblong,  obtuse,  6-12  lines  long:  x>eduncles 
as  long  as  the  leaves;  flowers  sessile  or  nearly  so,  in  dense  racemose 
spikes,  reflexed  as  they  open,  the  fruit  erect;  calyx  villous,  its  teeth  triang- 
ular-lanceolate, shorter  than  the  tulie  :  pods  6  lines  long,  minutely  pubes- 
cent, elongated-oblong,  grooved  at  the  dorsal  suture,  the  ventral  suture 
externally  prominent :  seeds  numerous.  Dry  plains,  eastern  Oregon  and 
Washington  to  Montana,  Utah  and  Nevada. 

§  4.     OxoBHYC HIDES  Gra}'  1.  c.  196.      Pods  coria'ceou-,  oblong 


ASTRAGALUS.  LEGUMINOS^.  145 

or  ovate,  straight,  usually  more  or  less  compressed  or  obcom- 
pressed-triangular,  dorsally  sulcate  2-celL'>l,  pubescent,  many- 
ovuled,  erect :  stipules  more  or  less  sheathing  :  flowers  in  dense 
spikes  or  small  heads :    perennials. 

A.  adsurgens  Pall.  Astrag.  40.  Cinereous  with  minute  appressed 
pubescence  or  glabrate :  stems  rather  stout,  :4-18  inches  high,  ascending  or 
decumbent:  leaflets  J3-19,  narrowly  to  linear -oblong,  10-12  lines  long,  ob- 
tuse, pale  green :  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves;  flowers  erect,  in  ob- 
long to  subglobose  spikes ;  tube  of  the  calyx  long-campanulate,  twice  as  long 
as  the  setaceous  teeth,  subvillous  with  partly  black  hairs ;  petals  bright 
purple,  the  upper  one  about  one-third  longer  than  the  others :  pods  coria- 
ceous, erect,  sessile,  ovate-oblong,  4-5  lines  long,  straight,  usually  tri- 
angular compressed,  dorsally  sulcate,  pubescent  with  appressed  hairs, 
many-ovuled.  Plains  of  eastern  Oregon  to  Brit.  Columbia  and  western 
Kansas. 

A.  hypoglottis  L.  Mant.  ii,  274.  Somewhat  hirsute :  stems  6-24  inches 
long,  slender,  diffusely  procumbent  or  ascending:  leaflets  15-21,  oblong  or 
obovate  to  elliptical,  obtuse  or  retuse ;  stipules  lanceolate,  more  or  less  co- 
hering: peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves;  bracts  longer  than  the  calj'x, 
lanceolate :  calyx  blackish -pilose,  its  subulate  teeth  as  long  as  the  tube 
petals  bright  purple :  pods  ovate,  triangular,  compressed,  silky- villous, 
very  shortly  stipitate,  6-8-seeded.  Alluvial  plains,  southeastern  Oregon 
and  Washington  to  Colorado  and  Hudson  Bay. 

§  5.  DiDYMOCARPi  Gray  1.  c.  188.  Pods  thin-coriaceous,  ob- 
compressed-didymous  with  a  narrow  perfect  septum,  transversely 
ridged  or  reticulated,  at  length  separating  into  two  1-2-seeded 
divisions,  mostly  deflexed  ;  ovary  short-stipitate  :  caulescent  an- 
nuals. 

A.  Catalinensis  Nutt.  PL  Gamb.  152.  A.  nigrescens  Nutt.  not  Pall.  Cin- 
ereous with  a  short  appressed  pubescence :  stem  annual,  2-6  inches  high, 
branching  from  the  base  :  stipules  scarious,  triangular-ovate,  acuminate, 
distinct,  nearly  free ;  leaflets  7-11,  cuneate-oblong,  obtuse  or  retuse,  a  line 
long,  pubescent  beneath,  sometimes  smooth  above;  peduncles  longer  than 
the  leaves ;  flowers  4-8,  in  a  subcapitate  raceme,  on  very  short  spreading 
pedicels,  soon  deflexed,  a  line  long;  calyx  campanulate,  pubescent  with 
dark  colored  hairs,  the  broadly  subulate  teeth  twice  longer  than  the  tube : 
pods  broadly  ovate,  obcompressed,  pubescent,  2-celled  by  the  intrusion  of 
the  dorsal  suture,  the  ventral  suture  obtuse,  several-ovuled.  On  dry  hill- 
sides and  banks,  both  sides  of  the  Siskiyou  Mountains  near  Ashland, 
Oregon. 

§  6.  MicRANTHi  Gray  1.  c.  Pod  coriaceous,  oblong,  lanceo- 
late, or  linear,  straight  or  curved,  sessile,  dorsally  sulcate,  the 
ventral  suture  rather  prominent,  2-cellod,  many-ovuled. 

A.  drepanolobus  Gray  1.  c.  xix,  75.  Perennial :  strigose-pubescent 
throughout;  the  numerous  stems  ascending  or  decumbent,  diffusely 
branched,  6-12  inches  long:  leaflets  9-11,  obovate,  usually  emarginate, 
4-6  lines  long :  peduncles  exceeding  the  leaves,  rather  loosely-flowered; 
calyx  short-campanulate,  its  subulate  teeth  shorter  than  the  tube :  pod 
linear-oblong,  compressed,  very  falcate,  2-celled  by  the  intrusion  of  the 
dorsal  suture,  many-ovuled.  On  gravelly  bars  of  the  John  Day  river  near 
its  junction  with  the  Columbia. 

A.  umbraticns  Sheld.  1.  c.  A.  sylvaticus  Watson,  not  Willd.  Gla- 
brous :  stems  numerous  from  a  stout  perennial  root,  ascending  or  erect, 
12-18  inches  high,  branching:  leaflets  17-21,  oblong,  retuse,  4-9  lines  long: 
peduncles  equalling  or  exceeding  the  leaves;  racemes  close,  rather  few- 


146  LEGUMINOS^.  astragalus. 

flowered ;  calyx  slightly  pubescent,  campanulate,  its  acuminate  teeth 
about  equalling  the  tube ;  petals  8-10  lines  long,  yellowish  or  whitish;  pod 
deflexed,  chartaceous,  linear,  more  or  less  curved,  compressed,  2-celled  by 
the  intrusion  of  the  dorsal  suture,  the  ventral  suture  acute,  6-10  lines  long 
by  3^  line  broad,  black  when  mature.  In  forests  at  Glendale,  south- 
western Oregon. 

A.  malacus  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  vii,  336.  Villous-hirsute  with  long 
spreading  hairs:  stems  rather  stout,  from  a  perennial  root:  leaflets  11-17, 
obovate,  retuse,  4-8  lines  long :  peduncles  exceeding  the  leaves,  bearing  a 
rather  loose  spike  of  several  to  many  flowers;  calyx  cylindrical,  pubescent, 
with  dark-colored  hairs,  the  slender  teeth  much  shorter  than  the  tube,  but 
little  shorter  than  the  corolla :  pods  pendulous  or  spreading,  lunate-lanceo- 
late, an  inch  long,  3-4  lines  broad,  densely  long-hairy,  turgid  and  sulcate 
on  the  back,  sharp-edged  ventrally,  many-seeded.  On  alkaline  plains, 
southeastern  Oregon  to  Nevada  and  Colorado. 

A.  arrectus  Gray  1.  c.  viii,  280.  Somewhat  cinereous-pubeScent  or 
nearly  glabrous :  stems  1-2  feet  high  from  a  perennial  root,  erect,  sulcate, 
simple  or  branched :  stipules  distinct,  scarious;  leaflets  19-25,  ovate  or 
narrowly  oblong,  obtuse  or  retuse,  6-8  lines  long:  racemes  on  long  pedun- 
cles, loosely  rather  few- flowered;  flowers  ochroleucous,  7  lines  long;  calyx 
tubular-campanulate,  pubescent  with  blacii  hairs,  its  teeth  short  and  slen- 
der: pods  erect  upon  spreading  or  somewhat  deflexed  pedicels,  coriaceous, 
subglabrous,  oblong,  8-12  lines  long,  nearly  straight,  cuspidate,  abruptly 
narrowed  at  base  into  a  stipe  as  long  as  the  calyx,  with  a  deep  dorsal  sul- 
cus and  somewhat  carinate  ventral  edge,  2-celled,  many-seeded.  Eastern 
Washington  to  Idaho  and  Nevada. 

A.  obscurus  Watson  Bot.  King.  69.  Somewhat  canescent,  with  a 
minute  appressed  pubescence  :  stems  6-12  inches  high,  numerous,  slender, 
ascending,  from  a  perennial  root :  stipules  small,  triangular,  somewhat  ad- 
nate  to  the  petiole ;  leaflets  5  -i5,  linear  to  oblong,  2-5  lines  long,  obtuse  or 
acute :  peduncles  exceeding  the  leaves :  racemes  5-15-flowered,  loose  or 
capitate,  calyx  pubescent  with  black  hairs,  the  campanulate  tube  twice 
longer  than  the  acute  teeth,  petals  6  lines  long,  ochroleucous  or  tinged 
with  violet,  the  upper  one  orbicular,  longer  than  the  entire  lateral  ones 
and  arched  keel ;  pods  terete,  with  a  narrow  dorsal  sulcus,  sessile,  charta- 
ceous, erect,  10-15-ovuled.     Eastern  Oregon  to  Nevada. 

§  7.  SuccuMBENTEs  Gray  1.  c.  vi,  200.  Pod.  chartaceous- 
coriaceous,  sessile,  strongly  compressed,  falcate  upward,  bicari- 
nate  and  deeply  sulcate  on  the  back,  the  ventral  suture  promi- 
nent and  acute. 

A.  snccnmbens  Dougl.  Hook.  Fl.  i,  151.  Hirsute  throughout:  stems 
numerous,  from  the  crown  of  a  perennial  root,  decumbent,  branching,  8-15 
inches  long:  stipules  small,  oblong,  acuminate,  free  and  distinct;  leaflets 
11-15,  obovate  to  oblong,  6  lines  long  or  less  ;  peduncles  stout,  shorter  than 
the  leaves;  racemes  short,  dense,  many-flowered;  calyx  cylindrical, loosely 
hirsute,  its  triangular  acuminate  teeth  shorter  than  the  tube ;  petals  8-10 
lines  long,  nearly  equal:  pods  glabrous,  linear-lanceolate,  falcate,  2  inches 
long,  erect  on  spreading  pedicels,  bicarinate  and  deeply  sulcate  on  the 
back,  the  ventral  suture  prominent,  acute,  strongly  compressed,  many- 
ovuled.  On  rocky  or  sandy  hillsides  along  the  Columbia  river  above  The 
Dalles. 

§  8.  Galegiformes  Gray  1.  c.  Pod  exsert-stipitate,  pendent, 
coriaceous  or  cartilaginous-chartaceous,  straight,  narrow,  more  or 
less  triangular,  very  deeply  sulcate  dorsally,  the  suture  intruded 
to  the  middle  or  beyond. 


ASTRAGALUS.  .     LEGUMINOS.E.  147 

A.  HowelUi  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xv,  46.  Cinereous-pubescent 
throughout:  stems  erect,  slender,  1-2  feet  high,  sparsely  leafy ;  stipules 
linear-lanceolate,  partly  adnate,  2  lines  long ;  leaflets  11-31,  oblong  to  lin- 
ear, obtuse  to  retuse,  4-8  lines  long :  peduncles  exceeding  the  leaves ; 
flowers  white,  on  short  spreading  pedicels,  soon  deflexed,  in  a  loose  raceme ; 
calyx  campanulate,  subgibbous  at  base,  its  subulate-setaceous  teeth  about 
equalling  the  tube :  pods  straight,  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  attenuate 
at  base  to  a  stipe,  twice  longer  than  the  calyx,  2-celled  by  the  intrusion  of 
the  dorsal  suture,  the  ventral  suture  prominently  keeled,  canescent, 
several-ovuled.    Dry  hillsides  and  plains.  Eastern  Oregon  near  The  Dalles. 

A.  niiselliis  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xxi,  449.  Canescent  with  a  short 
appressed  pubescence :  stems  numerous  from  a  thick  perennial  root,  de- 
cumbent or  ascending,  4-6  inches  long :  stipules  triangular  to  broad-subu- 
late, slightly  connate ;  leaflets  17-21,  oblong  to  linear,  2-3  lines  long,  pu- 
bescent beneath,  soon  glabrate  above :  peduncles  about  equalling  or  much 
exceeding  the  leaves,  few-flowered;  flowers  spreading  or  reflexed,on  very 
short  pedicels  :  calyx  campanulate,  its  teeth  nearly  equalling  the  tube  : 
pod  linear,  somewhat  curved,  attenuate  below  to  a  stipe  a  little  longer 
than  the  calyx,  compressed,  2-celled  by  the  intrusion  of  the  dorsal  suture, 
the  ventral  suture  rounded  or  acute,  reflexed,  finely  pubescent,  8-10  lines 
long.     On  sterile  hillsides  in  the  John  Day  valley  at  Mitchell  Oregon. 

A,  racemosus  Pursh  Fl.  740.  Appressed  pubescent  or  glabrate:  stems 
1-2  feet  high,  rather  stout,  somewhat  sulcate,  very  leafy:  leaflets  about  21, 
elliptical,  oblong  or  oval,  obtuse,  mucronate,  smooth  above,  6-8  lines  long : 
peduncles  about  the  length  of  the  leaves,  loosely  many-flowered;  flowers 
nodding  and  somewhat  secund,  calyx  whitish-pubescent,  strongly  gibbous 
at  base,  the  setaceous  teeth  slightly  shorter  than  the  tube,  equalling  the 
stipe :  pods  lance-oblong,  an  inch  long,  triangular,  not  2-celled,  very 
smooth.     Plains  of  Idaho  to  Kansas  and  the  Northwest  Territory. 

§  9.  Argophylli  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  vi,  209.  Pods  mostly 
thick-coriaceous  and  obcompressed,  the  intruded  dorsal  suture 
more  or  less  approaching  the  ventral,  not  2-celled,  pubescent. 

A.  iodanthus  Watson  Bot.  King  70.  Canescent  with  an  appressed  hairy 
pubescence,  or  nearly  glabrous  with  scattered  hairs  upon  the  petioles  and 
margins  of  the  leaves;  stems  decumbent,  6-10  inches  long,  from  a  peren- 
nial root :  stipules  ovate-lanceolate,  free  or  somewhat  adnate  to  the  petiole  ; 
leaflets  13-21,  2-5  lines  long,  obovate  or  orbicular,  obtuse:  peduncles 
equalling  the  leaves;  spikes  short,  dense;  flowers  on  short  pedicels,  deep 
violet-purple  or  ochroleucous  tinged  with  purple,  the  lateral  and  upper 
petals  6-8  lines  long,  exceeding  the  obtuse  keel,  the  somewhat  nigrescent 
campanulate  calyx-tube  twice  longer  than  the  subulate  teeth :  pods  18 
lines  long,  3  lines  broad,  linear-oblong,  acuminate,  strongly  arcuate  or 
hamate,  sessile,  nearly  glabrous  with  a  very  sparse  pubescence,  mottled, 
chartaceous,  irregularly  folded  but  usually  with  a  deep  dorsal  sulcus  ap- 
proximating the  suture  to  the  prominent  ventral  one,  many-seeded.  East- 
ern Oregon  to  California,  Nevada,  Colorado  and  Montana. 

A.  Becknithii  T.  &  G.  Pac.  R.  Rep.  ii,  120.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so: 
stems  1-2  feet  long,  from  perennial  roots,  diffusely  spreading:  stipules 
ovate-lanceolate,  adnate  to  the  petiole  :  leaflets  13-25,  6  lines  long,  broadly 
oval :  flowers  5-8,  in  a  short  loose  raceme,  orchroleucous,  9  lines  long ;  calyx 
nearly  glabrous,  its  subulate  teeth  scarcely  shorter  than  or  exceeding  the 
campanulate  tube  :  pods  1  inch  long,  glabrous,  transversely  rugulose,  coria- 
ceous, short  stipitate,  somewhat  obcompressed,  flattened  dorsally  with 
the  sutures  slightly  intruded,  bisulcate  ventrally  with  the  prominent  su- 
ture acutely  margined,  many-seeded.  Brit.  Columbia  to  Southern  Idaho, 
Utah,  Nevada  and  California. 

A.    glareosus  Dougl.  Hook.    Fl.vi,  152.     Silky-villous  withincum  bent 


148  LEG  U  MINOS  J^:.  astragalus. 

hairs:  stems  short,  depressed:  stipules  oblong,  acuminate,  appressed, 
membranaceous:  leaflets  13-15,  linear-oblong:  peduncles  as  long  as  the 
leaves  or  shorter,  3-4-flowered ;  bracts  linear,  as  long  as  the  cylindrical 
elongated  blackish-hairy  calyx;  teeth  of  the  calyx  one-third  as  long  as  the 
tube:  pods  oblong-ovate,  attenuate  above,  fncurved,  silky-pubescent. 
Southern  Idaho  and  Wyoming. 

Series  II.  Phaca  L.  Gen.  n.  891,  as  genus.  Pod  1 -celled, 
neither  suture  being  inflexed,  nor  the  ventral  more  intruded  than 
the  dorsal. 

§  9.  Eriocarpi  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  vi,  212.  Pod  very 
woolly,  short  turgid,  coriaceous,  more  or  less  incurved,  acumi- 
nate or  pointed,  sessile.  Stems  prostrate,  from  a  stout  perennial 
root. 

A.  inflexus  Dougl.  in  G.  Don.  Gen.  Syst.  ii,  256.  Soft-woolly 
throughout:  stems  1-2 feet  long,  prostrate,  branching:  stipules  subulate  or 
acuminate  from  a  rather  broad  base,  6-8  lines  long :  leaflets  21-25,  oblong 
or  oblanceolate,  about  6  lines  long,  densely  silky  peduncles  not  exceeding 
the  leaves ;  flowers  purple,  rather  numerous,  in  short  capitate  spikes : 
bracts  setaceous,  6-8  lines  long;  calyx  about  equalling  the  lateral  petals, 
its  subulate  teeth  about  as  long  as  the  tube ;  upper  petal  longer  than  the 
lateral  ones,  pubescent  on  the  back:  pods  ovate,  acuminate,  densely  silky- 
villous,  at  length  strongly  incurved,  1-celIed  but  at  maturity  the  dorsal 
suture  becomes  inflexed  so  as  to  nearly  meet  the  ventral,  but  not  forming 
a  partition.  On  sandy  banks  and  plains,  along  the  Columbia  river  above 
The  Dalles. 

A.  dorycnioides  Dougl.  in  G.  Don  Gen. "Syst.  ii,  258  (?).  Appressed- 
silky  with  while  hairs,  stems  short,  depressed,  several  from  the  crown  of  a 
stout  perennial  root  1-3  inches  long:  stipules  subulate,  setaceous-acumi- 
nate, 6-9  lines  long :  leaves  numerous ;  leaflets  usually  13,  6-10  lines  long 
by  2  lines  broad,  oblong  to  oblanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  densely  silky 
both  sides;  peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves;  capitately  few -flowered; 
calyx  tubular,  4-5  lines  long,  its  subulate  teeth  about  half  as  long  as  the 
tube;  corolla  8-10  lines  long,  persistent,  bright  purple  :  pods  ovate,  acumi- 
nate, at  length  strongly  incurved,  densely  villous,  10-12  lines  long,  1-celled, 
the  dorsal  suture  at  maturity  strongly  intruded,  the  ventral  rounded.  On 
rocky  hillsides,  eastern  Oregon  and  Washington. 

A.  leucoeystis  Greene  Eryth.  iii,  76.  {A,  lanocarpus  Sheld.  1.  c.  144). 
Woolly-pubescent  with  long  white  hairs :  stems  cespitose,  very  short,  from 
a  thick  perennial  root,  branching  and  forming  a  close  mat  4-8  inches  in 
diameter :  leaves  numerous,  3-6  inches  long,  the  rachis  channelled  ;  leaf- 
lets 7-11,  usually  absent  from  the  lower  half  of  the  rachis,  narrowly  obo- 
vate  to  oblong,  acute  or  obtuse,  3-6  lines  long,  stipules  triaagular- ovate, 
acuminate,  sheathing  peduncles  equalling  the  leaves,  3-5-flowered ;  calyx 
narrowly  cylindrical,  with  unequal  teeth,  one-fifth  as  long  as  the  tube ; 
corolla  ochroleucous  tipped  with  purple,  10-12  lines  long:  pods  8-10  lines 
long,  coriaceous,  white-pubescent  with  long  stiff  hairs,  sessile,  oblong, 
slightly  arcuate,  1-celled,  but  with  the  ventral  suture  somewhat  intruded, 
lined  within  with  cobwebby  hairs  which  traverse  the  cavity,  few  to  many- 
seeded.    On  dry  hillsides  and  plains,  eastern  Oregon  and  Washington. 

A.  Pnrshii  Dougl.  Hook.  Fl.  i,  152.  Very  hirsute,  stems  short,  diffuse: 
leaflets  13-17,  oblong ;  stipules  lanceolate,  acuminate:  peduncles  half  as 
long  as  the  leaves ;  flowers  in  loose  heads,  spreading ;  bracts  linear-lanceo- 
late, twice  as  long  as  the  pedicels;  calyx  elongated,  membranaceous,  its 
subulate  teeth  half  as  long  as  the  tube,  equal ;  corolla  yellow,  18  lines 
long,  upper  petal  obovate,  equalling  the  narrow  lateral  ones,  keel  purple- 
tipped;  ovary  subsessile,  linear,  very  hirsute*  Brit.  Columbia  to  Califor- 
nia and  Utah. 


ASTRAGALUS.  LEGUMINOS.E.  149 

A.  Utahensis  T.  &  G.  Pac.  R.  Rep.  ii,  120.  Canescent  with  a  long  and 
dense  soft-woolly  appressed  pubescence:  subcaulescent,  the  short  stems  2-6 
inches  long,  prostrate:  leaflets  11-17,  suborbicular,  2-4  lines  in  diameter: 
flowers  violet;  pods  oblong,  obcompressed,  densely  woolly,  moderately  in- 
curved, slightly  sulcate.     Union  Co.  Oregon  to  Salt  Lake  Utah. 

A.  allanaris  Sheld.  1.  c.  141.  Pubescent  throughout  with  white  loose 
hairs :  cespitose,  nearly  acaulesceiit  or  with  very  short  erect,  simple  hidden 
stems,  from  the  crow^n  of  a  stout  perennial  root :  leaves  2-5  inches  long, 
erect,  pubescent  with  sparse  spreading  hairs,  the  rachis  slightly  channelled, 
but  nearly  terete ;  stipules  ovate-lanceolate,  long-acuminate,  usually  closely 
imbricated ;  leaflets  7-11,  4-6  lines  long,  elliptical  to  lanceolate,  acute, 
pubescent  both  sides ;  peduncles  1-2  inches  long,  2-flowered ;  flowers  nar- 
row, each  subtended  by  a  black-bordered  bract ;  calyx  tubular-cylindrical, 
oblique  at  base,  spreading-pubescent,  striate,  the  lanceolate  teeth  nigre- 
scent-margined, much  shorter  than  the  tube:  corolla  purplish,  tinged  with 
green:  pods  6-7  lines  long,  ovate-arcuate,  acute  or  shortly  acuminate 
pointed,  incurved,  coriaceous,  sessile,  white-pubescent,  1-celled  the  dorsal 
suture  slightly  impressed,  few-seeded,     Eastern  Washington. 

§  10.  Inflati  Gray  1.  c.  213.  Pod  membranaceous,  inflated, 
globose,  egg-shaped  or  semi-ovate,  usually  large,  finely  reticulated, 
glabrous  or  glabrate,  neither  suture  inflexed  or  rarely  the  ventral 
only  and  slightly. 

*  Perennial ;  pod  not  mottled.  Caulescent,  rather  tall,  leafy:  ra- 
cemes or  spikes  usually  many-flowered. 

A.  Snksdorfli  Howell  Eryth.  i.  111.  Cinereously  pubescent  through- 
out ;  stems  many  from  a  stout  perennial  root,  slender,  ascending,  8-12 
inches  long:  stipules  foliaceous,  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  about  a  line  long: 
leaflets  9-11  cuneate-oblong,  obtuse  or  retuse,  3-4  lines  long :  peduncles 
very  slender,  shorter  than  the  leaves ;  flowers  in  compact  clusters  white 
or  yellowinh,  on  slender  pedicels;  bracts  lanceolate,  about  half  as  long  as 
the  pedicels ;  calyx  campanulate,  its  subulate  teeth  about  equalling  the 
tube ;  upper  petal  far  exceeding  the  lateral  ones  and  twice  the  length  of 
the  keel,  entire:  pods  of  firm  texture,  sessile,  obliquely  ovate,  acuminate, 
6  lines  long  or  less,  finely  appressed-pubescent.  In  loose  volcanic  soil  near 
the  base  of  Mount  Adams,  Washington.     (Suksdorf). 

A.  dinriins  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xxi,  450.  Minutely  appressed- 
pubescent  throughout :  stems  numerous  from  a  thick  perennial  root  spar- 
ingly branched  below^  or  simple,  4-10  inches  high,  slender,  ascending  or 
erect:  leaves  about  2  inches  long;  leaflets  7-11,  obovate,  obtuse  or  retuBe. 
glabrous  above,  pubescent  beneath,  1-3  lines  long  :  peduncles  shorter  than 
the  leaves,  slender,  few-flowered;  bracts  about  equalling  the  pedicels, 
subulate  :  flowers  spreading  or  reflexed,  pale  yellow  or  lined  with  purple, 
3  lines  long;  calyx  turbinate-campanulate,  the  slender  teeth  as  long  as  the 
tube :  pods  inflated,  membranaceous,  sessile,  obliquely  oblong-ovate  to  ob- 
long, the  ventral  edge  nearly  straight,  or  somewhat  incurved,  somewhat 
compressed,  finely-pubescent,  6-iO  lines  long.  On  gravelly  bars  of  the 
John  Day  river  at  Dayville,  eastern  Oregon. 

*  *  Root  perennial ;  pod  mottled,  short-stipitate,  the  stipe  equal- 
ling the  calyx :  flowers  few,  rather  small,  light-colored,  keel  with  the 
inflexed  apex  somewhat  produced. 

A.  Hookeriauns  Gray  1.  c.  215.  Canescently  pubescent:  stems 
much  branched  from  the  base,  ascending,  5-6  inches  high,  from  a  per- 
ennial root:  stipules  lanceolate,  membranaceous;  leaflets  15-19,  oblong  or 
linear-oblong,  slightly  petiolulate,  rather  rigid :  peduncles  scarcely  as  long 
as  the  leaves ;  bracts  setaceous,  about  as  long  as  the  very  short  pedicels ; 
calyx  pubescent  with   whitish  and  black  hairs  intermixed,   its  subulate 


150  LEGUMINOSiE.  astragalus. 

teeth  shorter  than  the  tube:  ovary  canescent;  pods  very  large,  inflated, 
obovoid,  obtuse,  tapering  into  a  very  short  stipe,  glabrous,  thin  and 
membranaceous,  whitish  and  beautifully  mottled  with  purple,  nearly  2 
inches  long.     Oregon  to  California  and  Nevada. 

A.  ceramicus  Sheld.  1.  c.  19.  A.  pictus  Gray,  not  Steud.  Hoary  with 
a  loose  silky  pubescence :  stems  erect,  slender,  branching,  from  filiiorm 
roots,  ascending,  10-12  inches  high :  lower  petioles  short,  pinnately  3-5- 
foliolate,  with  narrowly  linear  leaflets,  the  upper  ones  elongated  and 
filiform,  mostly  leafless;  stipules  lanceolate-subulate,  the  lowermost 
united,  the  upper  ones  distinct :  racemes  on  filiform  peduncles  shorter 
than  the  leaves,  7-10-flowered :  pods  6-18  lines  long,  ovoid,  scarcely 
pointed,  membranaceous  and  much  inflated,  stipitate,  pendent.  Idaho  to 
Nebraska  and  New  Mexico. 

A.  Cusickii  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  iii,  370.  Many-stemmed  from  a 
thick  perennial  root,  strict,  smooth  or  nearly  so :  stipules  scarious,  tri- 
angular, acuminate,  slightly  connate;  leaflets  13-17,  remote,  linear,  5-7 
lines  long:  peduncles  exceeding  the  leaves,  bearing  few  to  several  white 
or  yellowish  flowers  in  a  loose  raceme;  calyx  cylindrical,  more  or  less 
dark-pubescent,  the  short  triangular  teeth  not  ^  as  long  as  the  tube :  pods 
oblong,  with  a  short  incurved  acute  beak,  an  inch  long  or  less,  contracted 
at  base  to  a  short  stipe  about  equalling  the  calyx,  glabrous.  Powder  river 
valley  ^eastern  Oregon. 

*  *  *  Annual :  pod  sessile,  not  mottled ;  flowers  small,  ochroleucous 
or  purplish.  Low ;  leaflets  linear  or  linear-oblong,  grey  with  strigu- 
lose  hairs. 

A.  Geyeri  Gray  1.  c.  214.  Subcanescent  with  an  appressed  hairy  pu- 
bescence: stem  somewhat  simple,  3-6  inches  Ijigh ,  annual :  leaflets  linear 
or  oblong,  obtuse,  glabrous  above :  peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves,  3-5- 
flowered;  calyx  campanulate,  its  subulate  teeth  about  equalling  the  tube; 
corolla  3  lines  long,  ochroleucous ;  pods  8-9  lines  long,  membranaceous,  in- 
flated, ovate-lunate  with  an  incurved  acumination,  sessile,  not  mottled, 
finely  reticulated,  glabrous,  1-celled.  Montana  and  southern  Idaho  to 
Nevada  and  California. 

§  11.  MicROCYSTEi  (Tray  1.  c.  219.  Pod  membranaceous  or 
chartaceous;  small,  globose  or  ovate,  inflated,  sessile,  neither  su- 
ture intruded.  Diffuse  or  procumbent  perennials,  mostly  small 
and  slender ;  flowers  small  and  usually  few. 

A.  microcystis  Gray  1.  c.  220.  Cinereous-pubescent:  stems  slender, 
procumbent,  from  a  woody  root,  much  branched :  stipules  scarious,  con- 
nate or  the  uppermost  nearly  distinct;  leaflets  9-13,  oblong  or  oblong-lan- 
ceolate, obtuse :  racemes  slender,  5-12-flowered ;  calyx  hairy,  the  setaceous- 
subulate  teeth  about  as  long  as  the  short-campanulate  tuV)e ;  corolla  violet 
or  whitish,  the  deeply  emarginate  upper  petal  slightly  exceeding  the  lat- 
eral ones,  twice  as  long  as  the  incurved  keel:  pods  globose'ovate,  3  lines 
long,  thin- membranaceous,  gray-pubescent.  Brit.  Columbia  to  Washing- 
ington,  Idaho,  Wyoming  and  Montana. 

§  12.  ScYTocARPi  Gra}^  1.  c.  222.  Pod  coriaceous,  ovate  or 
oblong,  rarely  cylindrical,  turgid,  not  sulcate  and  neither  suture 
intruded. 

A.  Chamaeleuce  Gray  Ives  Rep.  10.  Perennial ;  silvery-canescent  with 
a  dense  silky  pubescence  :  stems  numerous,  1-6  inches  long,  prostrate,  or 
nearly  acaulescent:  stipules  ovate,  membranaceous,  free:  leaflets  3-7,  2-4 
Unes  long,  oblong,  obovate  or  oval :  peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves, 
slender,  3-8-flowered ;  calyx  cylindrical,  its  subulate  teeth  much  shorter 
than  the  tube :  corolla  light  violet,  9   lines  long :  pods   6-12  lines  long 


ASTRAGALUS.  LEGUMINOSit.  151 

thick-coriaceous,  sessile,  ovate-oblong,  acuminate,  somewhat  arcuate, 
terete  or  somewhat  obcompressed  and  frequently  sulcate  ventrally,  ru- 
gosely  reticulated  and  subpubescent,  1-celled,  many-seeded.  Idaho  to 
New  Mexico  and  Arizona. 

A.  reventus  Gray  1.  c.  xv,  46.  Stems  short,  numerous,  from  a  thick 
perennial  root,  much  branched  from  the  base,  glabrate :  stipules  scarious, 
connate  lanceolate,  2-3  lines  long ;  leaves  numerous,  4-6  inches  long  or 
more,  leaflets  21-23,  linear-oblong  to  oblong,  emarginate,  pubescent  be- 
neath, smooth  above,  5-6  lines  long:  peduncles  at  length  exceeding  the 
leaves ;  flowers  whitish,  in  a  dense  short-oblong  raceme,  erect  in  bud  but 
soon  reflexed;  bracts  scarious,  triangular,  a  line  long  or  more,  a  little 
longer  than  the  pedicels;  calyx  campanulate,  pubescent  with  blackish 
hairs,  its  subulate  teeth  not  more  than  half  as  long  as  the  tube :  pods  ses- 
sile or  nearly  so,  erect  on  stout  pedicels,  cartilaginous,  reticulated,  8-10 
lines  long,  glabrous,  ovate-oblong,  turgid,  acuminate,  obcompressed  but 
the  sutures  prominent,  several-seeded.  Open  plains  and  hillsides,  eastern 
Oregon  and  Washington. 

A.  conjunctns  Watson  Proc.  A.m.  Acad,  xvii,  371.  KStems  short,  nu- 
merous, from  a  stout  perennial  root,  erect  or  assurgent,  sparingly  ap- 
pressed-pubescent :  leaves  6-12  inches  long;  leaflets  11-21,  on  an  elongated 
rachis,  linear,  4-6  lines  long :  peduncles  elongated,  6-12  inches  long,  but 
little  or  not  at  all  surpassing  the  leaves,  bearing  an  open  few-flowered  ra- 
ceme ;  bracts  subulate,  about  equalling  the  very  short  pedicels ;  calyx 
narrowly  tubular,  3-4  lines  long,  pubescent  with  dark-colored  hairs,  the 
narrow  teeth  not  half  as  long  as  the  tube ;  petals  purple,  6-8  lines  long ; 
pods  erect,  sessile,  coriaceous,  rugose  narrowly  oblong,  nearly  straight, 
acuminate,  1-celled,  the  dorsal  suture  impressed,  9-12  lines  long.  On  dry 
rocky  ridges,  John  Day  valley,  Eastern  Oregon. 

A.  Hoodianns  Howell  Eryth.  i.  111.  Canescent  with  a  short  ap- 
pressed  pubescence :  stems  strictly  erect,  4-6  inches  high,  from  a  stout 
perennial  root :  leaves  6-8  inches  long ;  leaflets  21-29,  linear  to  narrowly 
lanceolate,  very  shortly  petiolulate,  6-8  lines  long;  stipules  subulate,  3-4 
lines  long;  peduncles  very  stout,  10-16  inches  long;  flowers  whitish,  in  a 
rather  short  raceme,  8-10  lines  long;  bracts  setaceous,  twice  as  long  as  the 
stout  pedicels;  calyx  cylindrical,  4-5  lines  long,  pubescent  with  white  ap- 
pressed  hairs,  its  setaceous  teeth  nearly  as  long  as  the  tube:  mature  pods 
pubescent,  oblong,  shortly  acuminate,  sessile,  8^10  lines  long,  erect.  Open 
woods  and  plains,  Oregon  and  Washington,  near  The  Dalles. 

A.  Falouseiisis  Piper  Bot.  Gaz.  xxi,  489.  Perennial,  from  a  stout 
woody  caudex:  16-24  inches  high,  simple,  or  branched  above,  striate, 
sparingly  pubescent  with  short  appressed  hairs,  these  white  below  and 
blackish  above :  leaves  4-8  inches  long ;  stipules  deltoid-acuminate ;  leaf- 
lets 25-31,  elliptical  or  lanceolate,  obtuse  or  truncate,  appressed-pubescent 
beneath,  glabrous  above,  6-10  lines  long,  nearly  sessile ;  petioles  sparsely 
hirsute;  racemes  elongated.  3-7  inches  long,  flowers  20-25,  erect  on  short 
pedicels,  8  lines  long ;  bracts  lanceolate,  shorter  than  the  calyx :  calyx 
obliquely  campanulate,  the  slender  teeth  nearly  as  long  as  the  tube,  pu- 
bescent with  short  appressed  black  hairs :  corolla  pale  yellowish,  with  or 
without  a  black  spot  on  the  lateral  petals :  pods  10  lines  long,  crustaceous, 
narowly  oblong,  tipped  with  a  slender  short  beak,  its  surface  transversely 
reticulated  and  sparsely  pubescent  with  short  white  hairs,  on  a  stipe  as 
long  as  the  calyx  tube  or  shorter.  Common  on  rich  loess  hillsides  about 
Pullman,  Washington. 

§  13.  PoDO-scLEROCARPi  Gray  1.  c.  225.  Pod  thick-cartilagi- 
nous or  coriaceous,  exsertly  stipitate,  compressed  or  turgid,  in- 
curved ;  sutures  not  intruded,  sometimes  thickened  and  separat- 
ing from  the  valves.  Perennial,  branched,  ashy-puberulent ;  sti- 
pules small,  distinct. 


152  LEGUMINOS^-.  asiragalus. 

A.  sclerocarpus  Gray  1.  c.  Cinereous  with  a  very  short  appressed 
pubescence,  much  branched :  leaflets  13-19,  linear,  4-6  lines  long :  pedun- 
cles exceeding  the  leaves,  loosely  rather  few-flowered;  calyx  cylindrical, 
pubescent  with  black  hairs,  3  lines  long,  its  short  triangular  teeth  not  half 
as  long  as  the  tube:  pods  canescent-puberulent,  lanceolate,  acuminate, 
falcate  c  nearly  hamate,  an  inch  or  more  long,  attenuate  at  base  to  a  stipe 
an  inch  or  more  long.  On  sandy  banks  and  plains,  along  the  Columbia 
river  above  The  Dalles. 

A.  speirocarpus  Gray  1.  c.  Stems  slender,  decumbent  or  ascending, 
10-12  inches  long,  cinereous :  stipules  very  small,  triangular,  obtuse ; 
leaflets  9-13,  oblong  or  cuneate,  obtuse  or  retuse,  1-4  lines  long,  pubescent 
both  sides :  peduncles  about  equalling  the  leaves,  loosely  rather  many- 
flowered ;  flowers  yellowish -white,  on  very  short  pedicels,  soon  deflexed; 
calyx  cylindrical,  3-4  lines  long,  pubescent  with  black  hairs,  its  short  tri- 
angular teeth  not  half  as  long  as  the  tube:  pods  linear,  acuminate,  pubes- 
cent, coiled  into  a  short  spiral,  attenuate  at  base  to  a  stipe  a  little  longer 
than  the  calyx.    Along  the  Columbia  river  above  The  Dalles. 

Var.  falciformis  Gray  Hot.  Cal.  i,  152.  Stipe  filiform,  6-9  lines  long, 
nearly  the  length  of  the  thinner-walled  and  less  turgid  falcate  or  merely 
hooked  pod.    Brit.  Columbia  to  Washington,  Nevada  and  California. 

A.  Gibbsii  Kell.  Proc.  Cal.  Acad,  ii,  161.  Cinereous-pubescent:  stems 
many  from  a  thi«  k  j)erenniai  root,  rather  stout,  10-12  inches  high :  leaflets 
11-15,  oblong  with  a  cuneate  base,  truncate  or  retuse,  6-8  lines  long:  pe- 
duncles exceeding  the  leaves ;  flowers  numerous,  in  a  rather  dense  raceme, 
reflexed  on  short  spreading  pedicels ;  calyx  cylindrical,  gibbous  at  base, 
5-6  lines  long,  the  triangular  teeth  not  more  than  3^  as  long  as  the  tube : 
pods  linear,  about  an  inch  long,  curved  or  annular,  veiy  acute,  finely  pu- 
bescent, attenuate  at  base  into  a  stipe  twice  as  Jong  as  the  calyx.  Plains 
and  hillsides,  eastern  Oregon  and  Idaho  to  Nevada. 

§  14.  HoMALOBi  Gray  1.  c.  Pod  flattened  or  compressed, 
straight,  margined  by  the  nerve-hke  sutures,  coriaceous  or  char- 
taceous,  sometimes  stipitate. 

A.  coUinxis  Dougl.  in  G.  Don.  Gen.  Syst.  ii,  256.  Stems  erect  or  dif- 
fuse, 6-12  inches  long,  numerous,  from  a  stout  perennial  root,  grayish- 
pubescent:  leaflets  19-23,  linear  or  oblong-linear,  obtuse,  attenuate  at 
base,  6-12  lines  long;  stipules  very  small,  oblong,  acuminate ;  peduncles 
twice  the  length  of  the  leaves ;  flowers  whitish,  in  dense  oblong  racemes 
refracted  on  suberect  pedicels ;  calyx  tubular,  densely  hirsute ;  4-6  lines  long, 
its  triangular  teeth  about  half  as  long  as  the  tube :  pods  pubescent,  linear- 
oblong,  attenuate  at  base  to  a  stipe,  somewhat  turgid,  an  inch  long  with 
the  stipe  reflexed.  In  rocky  gulches  and  hillsides  of  the  Blue  Mountains 
of  Oregon. 

A.  Californicns  Greene  Bull.  Cal.  Acad,  i,  n.  3,  157.  Stems  numerous, 
from  a  stout  perennial  root,  rather  slender,  8-12  inches  high,  usually  sim- 
ple, minutely  pubescent :  leaves  2-4  inches  long :  stipules  triangular,  2 
lines  long,  nearly  as  broad ;  leaflets  11-19,  cuneate-oblong  to  linear,  obtuse, 
pubescent  both  sides  with  white  hairs,  4-6  lines  long  by  1-3  broad,  peti- 
olulate:  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves ;  flowers  ochroleu^ous,  6-8  lines 
long,  pendent,  on  erect  pedicels  in  dense  oblong  racemes :  bracts  lanceolate 
longer  than  the  pedicels ;  calyx  tubular,  3-5  lines  long,  pubescent  with 
minute  brow^nish  hairs,  its  short  triangular  teeth  about  a  line  long:  pods 
1-2  inches  long  by  2  lines  broad,  acute,  attenuate  below  to  a  slender  stipe 
as  long  as  the  calyx,  strongly  reticulated  and  very  minutely  pubescent, 
compressed  or  somewhat  turgid.  In  rich  alluvial  soil,  valley  of  the  Klam- 
ath river  near  Yreka,  California,  no  doubt  in  adjacent  Oregon. 

A.     Tweedy!  Canby  Bot.  Gaz.  xi,  150.      Stems  erect,  12-18  inches  high. 


ASTRAGALUS.  LEGUMINOSiE.  153 

from  a  perennial  root,  branching,  sparsely  cinereous-pubescent:  stipules 
subulate,  acuminate,  2-3  lines  long;  leaflets  13-17,  linear  to  linear-spatu- 
late,6-8  lines  long:  peduncles  much  exceeding  the  leaves;  racemes  many- 
flowered,  dense ;  flowers  yellowish-white,  spreading,  on  very  short  erect 
pedicels:  calyx  cylindrical,  subgibbous  at  base,  3-4  lines  long,  white-pu- 
bescent, the  short  teeth  triangular  :  pods  oblong,  turgid,  acute  at  both  ends, 
slightly  curved,  6-8  lines  long,  erect  on  a  long  slender  stipe.  On  alluvial 
hillsides  along  the  Columbia  river  and  its  tributaries  above  The  Dalles. 

A.  fllipes  Torr.  Bot.  Wilkes  278.  Stems  slender,  erect,  1-2  feet  high  : 
stipules  triangular,  a  line  long,  acute:  leaves  3-6  inches  long,  the  slender 
rachis  channelled;  leaflets  7-15,  remote,  linear,  4-8  lines  long,  less  than  a 
line  broad,  finely  pubescent :  peduncles  much  longer  than  the  leaves ; 
flowers  numerous,  in  an  elongated  narrow  raceme,  yellowish  to  nearly 
white,  erect  or  spreading  on  slender  pedicels ;  bracts  subulate,  not  as  long 
as  the  pedicels ;  calyx  cylindrical,  2  lines  long,  pubescent  with  minute 
black  hairs,  the  narrow  teeth  about  3^  as  long  as  the  tube  :  pods  elongated- 
oblong,  9-15  lines  long  by  2  lines  or  more  broad,  abruptly  acute  at  both 
ends,  straight,  on  a  slender  stipe  6-8  lines  long,  glabrous  and  shining, 
finely  reticulated,  flat,  spreading  or  pendent.  Plains  and  hillsides,  eastern 
Oregon  and  Washington  to  Nevada. 

A.  Bourgovii  Gray  1.  c.  227.  Stems  short,  numerous,  from  a  thick 
perennial  root,  thinly  strigose-pubescent :  leaflets  11-13,  lanceolate,  pubes- 
cent beneath,  smooth  above,  1-2  lines  long:  peduncles  much  longer 
than  the  leaves,  loosely  3-7 -flowered ;  calyx  cylindrical,  2-3  lines  long,  pu- 
bescent, the  subulate  teeth  half  as  tong  as  the  tube :  pods  oblong,  some- 
what obcompressed,  curved  downward,  mottled,  pubescent,  obliquely 
rounded  at  summit,  6-8  lines  long,  on  a  stipe  shorter  than  the  calyx.  On 
rocky  hillsides,  eastern  Oregon  to  Brit.  Columbia. 

A.  mnltiflorus  Gray  1.  c.  226.  Perennial,  somewhat  glabrous :  stems 
a  foot  high,  numerous,  ascending,  slender,  branched:  stipules  dark-col- 
ored, the  lower  ones  sheathing;  leaflets  13-21,  3-6  lines  long,  linear  or 
narrowly  oblong,  acute  or  obtuse :  peduncles  not  exceeding  the  leaves, 
loosely  few-flowered;  flowers  ochroleucous,  small,  2-3  lines  long;  calyx 
campanulate,  the  teeth  shorter  than  the  tube:  pods  4-6  lines  long,  charta- 
ceous,  flat,  glabrous,  oblong  on  a  stipe  about  as  long  as  the  calyx-tube,  re- 
flexed,  6-ovuled,  2-4-seeded.  Eastern  Oregon  to  Brit.  Columbia,  Minne- 
sota, Colorado  and  California. 

A.  te^etarins  Watson  Bot.  King  76.  Canescent  with  a  silky  pubes- 
cence: stems  cespitose,  2-6  inches  long,  numerous,  branched,  from  a  much 
branched  perennial  caudex,  procumbent :  stipules  membranaceous,  mostly 
acuminate,  sheathing ;  leaflets  7-9,  2-3  lines  long,  linear,  acute :  peduncles 
slender,  about  equalling  the  leaves,  1-3-flowered :  flowers  small,  2-3  lines 
long,  ochroleucous,  the  keel  purplish ;  calyx-teeth  as  long  as  the  campan- 
ulate tube:  pods  2-3  lines  long,  chartaceous,  sessile,  compressed,  pubes- 
cent, ovate-oblong,  straight,  erect,  1-celled,  6-ovuled,  1-2-seeded.  On 
high  mountains,  Montana,  Wyoming,  Idaho  and  Nevada. 

A.  miser  Dougl.  Hook  Fl.  i,  153.  Cinereous-pubescent:  stems  diffuse, 
8-10  inches  long,  slender,  loosely  leaved :  stipules  rather  large,  the  upper 
ones  connate  to  the  middle ;  leaflets  broadly-linear  to  oblong,  mostly  ob- 
tuse: peduncles  much  exceeding  the  leaves,  loosely  5-7-flowered :  young 
pods  ovate-oblong,  canescent.     In  the  Spokane  country,  Washington. 

A.  serotinus  Gray  Pac.  R.  Rep.  xii,  51.  Cinereous  with  a  minute 
strigulose  pubescence  :  stems  branching  from  the  perennial  root,  ascend- 
ing, slender,  often flexuous,  8-15  inches  high:  stipules  triangular,  acumi- 
nate; leaflets  9-21,  linear  to  oblanceolate,  mucronate,  not  rigid,  glabrous 
or  nearly  so  above :  peduncles  exceeding  the  leaves ;  racemes  virgate ; 
calyx  campanulate,  miinutel^  pubescent,  its  teeth  very  short :  pods  sessile, 
linear,  acute,  glabrous  or  mmutely  pubescent,  8-10-seeded.  Northeastern 
Washington. 


154  LEGUMINOS^:  oxytropis. 

QLYCYRRHIZA. 

12    OXYTKOPIS  DC.  Astragal.     24  t,  2-6. 

Perennial,  very  rarely  annual,  herbaceous,  or  sometimes  suf- 
frutescent,  often  acaulescent  plants  with  unequally  pinnate 
leaves  and  axillary  or  radical  pedunculate  spikes  of  various  col- 
ored flowers.  Calyy  5-tooihed.  Keel  with  a  subulate  point. 
Pods  partly  2-celled  by  the  introflexion  of  the  upper  or  placen- 
tal suture. 

0.  viscida  Nutt,  T.  ^i:.  G.  Fl.  i,  341.  "Stemless,  cespitose,  hairy  and 
viscid;  leaflets  numerous  (16-29  pairs), oblong-lanceolate,  somewhat  acute; 
peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves,  about  14  inches  high ;  stipules  pilose, 
membranaceous,  with  a  long  acumination  :  spikes  subcylindrical ;  bracts  as 
long  as  the  calyx ;  teeth  of  the  calyx  subulate,  about  the  length  of  the 
tube;  legumes  short,  terete,  pubescent,  acuminate."  Eastern  Oregon  to • 
the  Rocky  Mountains. 

18    QLYCYRRHIZA  Tourn.  L.  Gen.  n.  882.     (Liquorice). 

Erect  perennial  herbs  with  unequally  pinnate  leaves,  decidu- 
ous stipules,  the  flowers  in  dense  axillary  pedunculate  spikes 
with  caducous  bracts.  Calyx  tubular,  gibbous  at  base,  5-cleft, 
the  two  upper  segments  partly  united.  U  pper  petal  ovate-lanceo- 
late, straight,  the  lateral  ones  acute,  united  at  the  tip,  keel  not 
pointed.  Stamens  diadelphous.  Pod  ovate  or  oblong,  com- 
pressed, often  echinate,  1-celled,  few-seeded,  scarcely  dehiscent, 
sessile.     Rootstock  rather  large,  sweet. 

G.  lepidota  Nutt.  Gen.  ii,  106.  Tall  and  sfbut,  2-5  feet  high,  some- 
what glandular-puberulent  or  the  younger  leaves  slightly  silky :  leaflets 
punctate,  6-8  pairs,  oblong-lanceolate,  mucronate,  often  acuminate,  usual- 
ly 1-2  inches  long;  stipules  linear-subulate :  peduncles  about  equalling 
the  leaves;  spikes  short;  bracts  lanceolate,  acuminate;  flowers  ochrolea- 
cous,  nearly  6  lines  long ;  calyx  half  as  long,  the  slender  teeth  much 
longer  than  the  tube :  pod  thickly  beset  with  hooked  prickles,  oblong,  6 
lines  long,  2-6-seeded.  On  sandy  plains  and  river  banks,  Brit.  Columbia 
to  California,  Missouri  and  Arkansas. 

Cr.  glutinosa  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  i,  298.  Stems  rather  stout,  from  long 
running  rootstocks,  2-4  feet  high;  glandular-pubescent  leaflets  oblong 
to  oblong-lanceolate,  strigose  with  scaly  glands :  peduncles  much 
shorter  than  the  leaves,  very  glandular:  spikes  short:  bracts  lanceolate 
with  a  long  acuminate  point;  calyx  very  glandular,  the  teeth  nearly  equal: 
pods  densely  beset  with  hooked  bristles,  2-6-seeded.  On  sandy  river 
banks,,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California. 

Tribe  7.  Hedysareas,  DC.  Prodr.  ii,  307.  Herbs  or  shrubs  with 
l—many-foliolate  or  simple  usually  stipellate  leaves  and,  racemose, 
spicate  or  umbellate  axillary  or  terminal  inflorescence.  Corolla 
papilionaceous.  Stamens  10,  monadelphous  or  diadelphous.  Pods 
usually  transversely  divided  into  1-seeded  indehiscent  joints.  Coty- 
ledons plain,  foliaceous  after  germination.     Radicle  incurved. 

14    HEDYSARUM    Jeaum  in  Desv.   Journ.  Bot.  iii,  61,  L.   gen.  n.  887. 

Herbs  with  unequally  pinnate  leaves,  scarious  stipules,  entire 
usually  pellucid-punctate  exstipellate  leaflets  and  purple,  white 
or  yellow  flowers  in  axillary  pedunculate  racemes  with  scarious 
or  feCtaceous  bracts.     Calyx  5-toothed  or -parted,  the  linear-sub-. 


HEDYSARUM.  LEGUMfNOS^.  165 

VICIA. 

ulate  lobes  subequal.  Corolla  with  the  upper  petal  ample,  free 
from  the  stamens,  keel  oblique,  truncate,  longer  than  the  wings. 
Stamens  diadelphous.  Pod  flattened,  tranversely  articulated  in- 
to several  equal -sided  roundish  1 -seeded  indehiscent  joints  that 
are  connected  in  the  middle. 

H.  Mackenzii  Richard  Frankl.  Journ.  17.  Stems  suberect,  simple  or 
branched,  1-2  feet  high,  minutely  pubescent:  stipules  broadly  subulate, 
the  lower  ones  connate  :  leaflets  5-8  pairs,  canescently  pubescent,  oblong 
or  lanceolate,  nearly  glabrous  above,  3-12  lines  long :  peduncles  longer 
than  the  leaves;  loosely  7-30-flowered ;  bracts  subulate,  longer  than  the 
pedicels;  flowers  6-9  lines  long,  light  purple;  teeth  of  the  calyx  subulate, 
about  as  long  as  the  tube ;  pods  3-4-jointed,  minutely  pubescent.  Wash- 
ington to  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  far  northward. 

H,  flavescens  Coult.  &  Fish.  Bot.  Gaz.  xviii,  300.  Stems  slender,  a 
foot  or  more  high,  puberulent:  stipules  lanceolate,  acuminate,  the  lower 
ones  connate ;  leaflets  9-15,  oblong  to  lanceolate,  8-12  lines  long :  pedun- . 
cles  longer  than  the  leaves,  loosely  many-flowered;  calyx  campanulate,  2' 
lines  long,  the  somewhat  unequal  teeth  about  as  long  as  the  tube;  flowers 
cream-color,  8  lines  long,  the  broad  keel  conspicuously  longer  than  the 
wings  and  banner,  on  slender  pedicels:  joints  of  the  pods  2-3  lines  broad, 
usually  only  2  maturing,  the  lowest  one  aborting  and  serving  as  a  stipe . 
Idaho  to  Montana  and  Wyoming. 

Tribe  8.     Vicieae,  Bronn.  Diss.  133.     Herbs  with  abruptly  pin 
nate  leaves,  the  common  petiole  not  articulated    with  the  stem,  pro- 
duced at  the  apex  into  a  tendril  or  bristle.     Corolla  papilionaceous. 
Stamens  diadelphous.      Pod  continuous,  not  articulated,  dehiscent 
Radicle  inflexed.     Cotyledons  thick,  farinaceous,  remaining  under- 
ground and  unchanged  in  germination. 

15    VICIA  Tourn.  Inst.  t.  221.     L.  Gen.  n.  873.     (Vetch,  Tares.) 

Weak  herbs  with  angled  stems,  more  or  less  climbing  by 
branched  tendrils  that  terminate  the  leaves,  pinnate  leaves,  semi- 
sagitate  usually  foliaceous  stipules,  and  numerous,  rarely  few 
or  solitary,  flou-ers  in  loose  peduncled  axillar}^  racemes.  Calyx 
5-cleft  or  toothed,  usually  unequal.  Wings  of  the  corolla  ad- 
herent to  the  middle  of  the  short  keel,  the  banner  obovate  or 
oblong,  free.  Stamens  diadelphous  or  nearly  so,  the  mouth  of 
the  sheath  oblique;  anthers  uniform.  Ovary  two  to  many- 
ovuled ;  style  filiform,  bent  at  right  angles  to  the  ovary,  the  apex 
surrounded  by  hairs  or  hairy  on  the  outside.  Pod  flat,  two- 
valved,  short-stipitate  or  sessile,  not  jointed.  Seeds  globular, 
the  stalk  expanded  above  to  cover  the  linear  hilum. 

*    Perennials :  flowers  in  pedunculate  secund  racemes. 

V.  gigantea  Hook.  Fl.  i,  157.  Stout  and  tall,  climbing  several  feet 
high,  somewhat  pubescent  or  puberulent :  leaves  6  inches  long  or  more ; 
stipules  narrow,  deeply  and  sharply  toothed  in  the  middle  :  leaflets  10-15 
pairs,  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse,  mucronate,  1-2  inches  long,  entire: 
peduncles  shorter  than  the  lerves,  5-18-flowered ;  flowers  ochroleucous,  re- 
flexed  on  short  pedicels,  6  lines  long;  upper  calyx-teeth  very  short,  tri- 
angular, the  lower  longer,  subulate :  pods  broadly  oblong,  16-18  lines  long, 
glabrous,  3-4-seeded,  black  when  mature.  Common  in  woods  and  moist 
places,  California  to  Alaska,  near  the  coast. 


156  LEGUMINOS^.  vicia. 

V.  semicincta  Greene  Eryth.  iii,  17.  Stoutish,  very  leafy,  probably 
several  feet  high,  the  stem  very  prominently  striate-angled  and  puberu- 
lent:  leaflets  20-24,  approximate,  about  1  inch  long,  oblong-linear,  mu- 
cronate,  glabrous  above,  beneath  sllky-puberulent :  peduncles  far  surpass- 
ing the  leaves,  the  flowers  probably  in  a  short  and  dense  raceme :  pods 
obliquely  oblong-linear,  less  than  9  lines  long,  glaucescent,  not  blackening 
in  maturity,  few-seeded:  seeds  globose,  1>^  lines  thick,  dull  black,  nearly 
half  encircled  by  the  hilum.  On  Crane  Creek,  southeastern  Oregon.  (Mrs. 
R.  M.  Austin,  1893.)     - 

V.  Americana  Muhl.  Willd.  Sp.  ni,  1096.  Glabrous  throughout: 
stems  1-4  feet  high,  from  creeping  jointed  rootstocks:  leaflets  4-8  pairs, 
variable,  usually  oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse  or  truncate,  mu- 
cronate,  entire,  somew^hat  coriaceous,  prominently  veined  and  reticulated, 
6-12  lines  long :  peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves,  4-8-flowered ;  flowers 
purple.  6-9  lines  long;  calyx  tubular,  the  2  upper  teeth  very  short  or  ob- 
solete, the  lateral  ones  broadly  subulate,  the.  lower  one  narrow,  not  half  as 
long  as  the  corolla ;  style  very  villous  at  the  top :  pods  oblong,  glabrous, 
an  inch  or  more  long,  8-6-seeded  :  seeds  dark  purple,  1}4  lines  in  diameter. 
Common  in  copses,  Oregon  and  Washington  to  the  Atlantic  kStates  and 
Canada . 

T,  trnncata  Nutt.T.  &  G.  Fl.  i,  270.  Somewhat  pubescent:  stems  1-2 
feet  high,  weak:  leaflets  5-6  pairs,  oblong-linear,  usually  truncate, 
serrate  or  tridentate  at  the  apex,  10-12  lines  long  by  1-4  lines  broad,  the 
lowest  ones  often  simply  acute  and  apiculate;  stipules  lunate,  iuiiisely 
serrate:  peduncles  4-7-flowered,  rather  shorter  than  the  leaves;  lower 
teeth  of  the  calyx  lanceolate,  acuminate,  the  upper  ones  very  short,  tri- 
angular ;  style  very  villous  at  the  apex :  pods  oblong,  an  inch  long,  1-8- 
seeded :  seeds  globular,  1)4  lines  in  diameter.  Common  in  copses,  Brit. 
Columbia  to  California. 

V.  Californica  Greene  Fl.  Fr.  3.  Villous-pubescent :  stems  erect  or 
decumbent,  6-12  inches  high,  scarcely  climbing,  the  tendrils  usually  short 
and  stifRsh,  not  branching:  leaflets  8-14,  delicately  feather-veined,  cune- 
ate  oblong  to  oblong  or  orbicular,  truncate,  or  retuse,  mucronate,  2-7  lines 
long,  more  or  less  dentate  toward  the  apex  :  peduncles  3-5-flowered ;  up- 
per teeth  of  the  calyx  triangular,  the  lower  ones  subulate ;  corolla  6-9 
lines  long,  deep  purple :  pods  oblong,  pubescent,  2-10-seeded.  In  copses, 
southern  Oregon  to  California. 

*  *    Few-flowered  annuals. 

V.  exigua  Nutt.  T.  <fcG.  Fl.  i,  272.  More  or  less  pubescent:  stems 
slender,  4-18  inches  high,  branching:  leaflets  6-8,  oblong  to  linear,  ob- 
tuse, often  tridentate  at  the  apex,  2-12  lines  long :  peduncles  fihform,  1-2- 
flowered,  shorter  than  the  leaves;  teeth  of  the  calyx  lanceolate,  broad  at 
the  base,  shorter  than  the  tube ;  corolla  white  or  purple,  3  lines  long : 
pods  oblong,  nearly  sessile,  8-12  lines  long,  glabrous,  2-8-seeded.  South- 
ern Oregon  to  Califorjiia. 

*  *  *  Annuals:  flowers  3-6,  on  elongated  peduncles. 

V.  HiRSUTA  Koch  Syn.  191.  Sterns  weak  and  slender,  branching:  leaf- 
lets 4-10  pairs,  linear,  truncate  or  retuse  at  the  apex,  mucronulate :  pe- 
duncles 3— 6-flowered,  about  the  length  of  the  leaves ;  flowers  white,  2  lines 
long;  calyx  hairy,  the  subulate  teeth  nearly  equalling  the  petals,  all 
nearly  alike:  pods  oblong,  4-6 lines  long,  torulose,  hirsute.  2-seeded;  seeds 
subglobose,  somewhat  compressed.  In  fields  and  roadsides,  western  Ore- 
gon and  Washington.    Introduced  from  Europe. 

*  *  *  *  Annuals ;  flowers  1~2,  sessile  in  the  axils  of  the  upper 
leaves. 

V.    SATiVA  L.  Sp.  736.      (TARES).     Rather  stout,  somewhat  pubescent: 


LATHYKCS.  LEGUMINOStE.  157 

leaflets  5-6  pairs,  obovate-oblong  to  linear,  retuse,  long-mucronate ; 
flowers  1  or  2,  10—12  lines  long,  red  purple :  pods  linear,  several-seeded, 
black  when  mature ;  seeds  black,  globose,  1--2  lines  in  diameter.  Com- 
mon in  fields  and  waste  places.     Introduced  from  Europe. 

16    LATHYRUS  L.  Sp.   872.     (pea). 

Herbs  with  angled  stems,  more  or  less  climbing  by  tendrils 
that  terminate  the  pinnate  leaves,  usually  foliaceous  stipules 
and  flowers  in  loose  axillary  racemes.  Calyx  campanulate, 
5-toothed,  the  two  upper  ones  more  or  less  shorter  than  the 
others.  Corolla  with  the  lateral  petals  but  slightly  if  at  all  co- 
herent to  t^e  keel,  the  upper  one  free.  Stamens  diadelphous  or 
nearly  so,  sheath  of  the  filaments  scarcely  oblique.  Style  usu- 
ally somewhat  flattened  and  dilated  above,  bent  nearly  at  a  right 
angle  with  the  ovary,  pubescent  or  villous  in  a  line  along  the 
inside,  next  the  free  stamen.  Pods  oblong,  compressed,  two- 
valved,  one-celled,  not  jointed,  many  ovuled.  Seeds  globular  or 
angular. 

*  Rachis  of  the  leaves  tendril-bearing :  peduncles  mostly  equalling 
or  exceeding  the  leaves :  pods  sessile :  perennials  :  racemes  several- 
flowered  . 

-♦-  Stipules  large,  ovate  or  somewhat  semihastate  with  bro?«d  lobes: 
calyx-teeth  ciliate.     Stems  not  winged . 

L.  maritimus  Bigel.  Fl.  Host.  ed.  2,  268.  Glabrous  throughout:  stems 
stout,  1-2  feet  high,  from  long  slender  rootstocks :  stipules  broadly  ovate, 
hastate,  acute,  12-18  lines  long;  leaflets  3-5  pairs,  ovate-oblong,  1-2  inches 
long,  obtuse  or  acutish,  nearly  sessile:  peduncles  a  little  shorter  than  the 
leaves,  6-10-flowered;  flowers  purple  and  white,  9  lines  long;  calyx-teeth 
sparingly  ciliate,  the  upper  ones  triangular,  half  as  long  as  the  narrowly 
subulate  lower  one :  pods  linear-oblong,  2  inches  long,  about  10-ovuled, 
glabrous  or  pubescent,  straight.  On  sandy  banks  near  the  sea,  northern 
California  to  Alaska  and  the  Atlantic  coast :  and  Europe. 

L.  polyphyllus  Nutt.  T.  &.  G.  Fl.  i,  274.  Glabrous  throughout:  stems 
stout,  2-4  feet  high,  branching :  stipules  triangular,  as  broad  or  broader 
than  long,  acuminate,  often  more  or  less  dentate;  leaflets  6-10  pairs,  thin, 
oblong,  obtuse  or  acutish,  distinctly  petiolulate,  1-2  inches  long :  pedun- 
cles slender,  shorter  than  the  leaves,  6-10-flowered;  flowers  purple,  6-8 
lines  long;  calyx  teeth  ciliate,  the  upper  pair  short,  triangular,  the  other 
three  nearly  equal,  subulate,  3-4  lines  longer:  pods  linear-oblong,  2  inches 
long,  2-10-seeded.     In  forests,  Puget  Sound  to  California,  near  the  coast. 

L.  ochroleucns  Hook,  Fl.  i,  159.  Glabrous  and  a  little  glaucous :  stems 
slender  1-3  feet  high:  leaflets  3-4  pairs,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  dis- 
tinctly petiolulate;  stipules  semicordate,  entire  or  obtusely  toothed  below: 
peduncles  7-10-flowered;  flowers  ochroleucous,  5-6  lines  long;  calyx  some- 
what truncate  above,  the  upper  teeth  broadly  triangular,  scarcely  half  the 
length  of  the  oblong  or  lanceolate  lateral  ones,  the  lower  one  lanceolate 
and  a  little  the  longest :  pods  glabrous,  linear-oblong.  In  forests,  Puget 
Sound  to  the  Arctic  Circle  and  across  the  continent. 

L.  snlphnreus  Brewer  in  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  vii,  399.  Rather 
stout,  1-4  feet  high,  glabrous :  stipules  semisagittate,  acuminate,  6-10  lines 
long,  the  lower  half  sometimes  toothed;  leaflets  3-5  pairs,  oblong  to 
elliptical,  obtuse  t9  acute,  9-18  lines  long,  very  shortly  petiolulate :  pedun- 
cles longer  than  the  leaves,  few-many-flowered;  flowers  sulphur-yellow,  6 
lines  long;  calyx  teeth  ciliate  or  glabrous,  the  upper  pair  very  short,  tri- 
angular,  the  other  three  subulate,  nearly  as  long  as  the  corolla :  pods 


158  LEGUMINOS-^.  lathyrus. 

linear-oblong,  1-2  inches  long.     Edges  of  copses,   western  Washington  to 
California. 

L.  pauciflorns  Fernald  Bot.  Gaz.  xix,  335.  Glabrous  throughout: 
stems  rather  slender,  2-3  feet  high:  stipules  semisagittate,  acuminate, 
8-12  lines  long,  coarsely  toothed  below;  leaflets  4-5  pairs,  oblong,  6-18 
lines  long,  4-6  lines  broad,  acutish,  spinulose  apiculate,  nearly  sessile : 
peduncles  about  equalling  the  leaves,  2-5-flowered;  corolla  6-8  lines  long; 
upper  teeth  of  the  calyx  triangular,  acuminate,  nearly  as  long  as  the  sub- 
ulate lateral  ones,  the  lower  one  setaceous  and  nearly  as  long  as  the  keel 
of  the  corolla;  fruit  not  seen.  In  copses,  southern  Oregon  to  Utah  and 
Idaho. 

-«-  +-  Stipules  narrow,  semisagittate,   the  lobes  usually  lanceolate, 
acuminate:  flowers  purple  or  purplish. 

**  Leaflets  4-6  pairs :   peduncles  rather  many-flowereci. 

L,  Bolanderi  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xx,  363.  Stems  usually  stout 
and  tall,  wingless;  glabrous  throughout  or  the  calyx  only  ciliate;  stipules 
semisagittate ,  of  ten  toothed;  leaflets  3-5  pairs,  oblong-lanceolate  to  broad- 
ly ovate,  obtuse  or  retuse  to  acute,  6-18  lines  long  or  more :  racemes 
about  equalling  the  leaves,  8-10-fiowered;  calyx-teeth  broad,  the  lowest 
elongated;  petals  purple,  6-9  lines  long:  pods  linear,  attenuate  to  the 
base,  2-23^  inches  long,  3-4  lines  broad.     Oregon  and  California. 

L.  laiiceolatus.  Stems  rather  slender,  1-2  feet  high,  not  winged,  pu- 
bescent with  small  soft  hairs  intermixed  with  minute  dark-colored  glands; 
leaflets  4-5  pairs,  lanceolate,  acute,  6-12  lines  long,  pubescent  beneath, 
smooth  above;  stipules  small,  semisagittate,  acuminate,  6-8  lines  long,  2-3 
lines  broad :  peduncles  about  equalling  the  leaves,  3-6-fiowered;  flowers 
blue  or  violet,  8-10  lines  long;  calyx  dark  purple,  pubescent,  the  tube  3-4 
lines  long,  the  lateral  teeth  triangular,  2  lines  long,  the  lower  one  seta- 
ceous, but  little  longer;  ovary  glabrous,  10-16  ovuled :  fruit  not  seen.  In 
forests  at  Glendale,  southern  Oregon. 

L.  Nuttallii  Watson  1.  c.  xxi,  450.  More  or  less  pubescent  throughout 
with  loose  woolly  hairs ;  stems  rather  stout,  1-2  feet  high  :  stipules  nar- 
row, semisagittate;  leaflets  3-6  pairs,  variable,  narrowly  to  broadly  ellipti- 
cal, usually  acute  or  acutish  at  both  ends,  apiculate,  1-2  inches  long :  pe- 
duncles shorter  than  or  equalling  the  leaves,  calyx  light  purple,  3-4  lines 
long,  the  4  upper  teeth  triangular,  acuminate,  the  lower  one  subulate,  but 
little  longer  than  the  lateral  ones;  petals  reddish  purple,  6-8  lines  long : 
pods  glabrous,  oblong,  attenuate  to  a  very  short  thick  stipe,  1-1)4  inches 
long  by  4  lines  broR.d;  seeds  globose,  brown.  In  copses,  Brit.  Columbia  to 
California. 

L.  vestltus  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  i,  276.  Stems  erect  and  rigid  or  a  little 
climbing,  silky-canescent,  1  foot  or  more  high :  leaflets  5-7  pairs,  small, 
elliptical  or  oval,  cuspidate,  6-7  lines  long  by  2-3  broad,  silky  pubescent 
beneath,  smooth  above;  stipules  broadly  semisagittate,  acuminate,  slight- 
ly toothed  below,  about  the  size  r»f  the  leaflets:  peduncles  about  the 
length  of  the  leaves,  4-6-flowered;  flowers  large,  purple;  calyx  attenuate 
at  base,  the  lower  segment  narrowly  lanceolate,  acuminate,  rather  longer 
than  the  tube:  pods  flat,  pubescent,  attenuate  at  each  end.  Plains  of  the 
Oregon  toward  the  sea.     Nuttall,  not  since  reported. 

-*+   -M-  Leaflets  4-8;  peduncles  2-6-flowered. 

L-  coriaceus  White  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  xxi,  452.  Glabrous  or  minutely 
papillose  throughout;  stems  erect,  6-18  inches  high,  rather  stout,  flexuous, 
quadrangular  or  terete,  wingless,  scarcely  striate :  stipules  semisagittate, 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  4-12  lines  long;  leaflets  3-6  parirs,  sub-opposite, 
thick  and  coriaceous,  strongly  venulose  on  both  sides,  elliptical  to  linear- 
lanceolate,  obtuse  or  acute,  1)^-3  inches  long  by  2-8  lines  broad:  pedun- 


LATHYRus.  LEGUMINOS^.  159 

cles  much  shorter  than  the  leaves,  3-10-flowered ;  upper  teeth  of  the  calyx 
short,  triangular,  about  half  as  long  as  the  subulate  lateral  ones,  petals 
5-7  lines  long,  dark  purple;  ovary  glabrous,  6-8-0 vuled:  pods  not  seen. 
Base  of  Stein's  Mountain,  southeastern  Oregon  to  the  Wahsatch  Moun- 
tains in  Utah. 

L.  parvifolins  Watson  1.  c.  xvii,  345.  Glabrous  throughout:  stems 
rather  stout,  not  winged:  stipules  more  or  less  broadly  semisagittate; 
leaflets  4-6  pairs,  rhombic-oblong  to  ovate,  acute,  6-12  lines  long:  pedun- 
cles exceeding  the  leaves,  loosely  6-12-flowered,  calyx-teeth  triangular, 
much  shorter  than  the  tube ;  corolla  purple,  6-8  lines  long:  pods  sessile, 
linear,  2  inches  long  by  about  3  lines  broad.  Eastern  Washington  to 
Mexico  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

L.  Cusickii  Watson  1.  c.  371.  Glabrous  or  sparingly  pubescent,  slen- 
der, from  a  slender  perennial  rootstock,  6-24  inches  high;  stipules  nar- 
rowly semisagittate,  subulate,  4-6  lines  long;  leaflets  2  or  3  pairs,  linear- 
lanceolate  to  narrowly  linear,  acute  or  acutish  and  mucronate,  2-3  inches 
long:  peduncles  equalling  or  exceeding  the  leaves,  2-4-flowered:  corolla 
white,  10-12  lines  long;  calyx  3-4  lines  long,  with  nearly  equal  teeth : 
pods  attenuate  to  a  narrow^  base,  l>^-2  inches  long  by  3  lines  broad : 
hilum  short.     On  dry  mountain  slopes,  eastern  Oregon  and  Washington. 

L.  Xevadensis  Watson  1.  c.  xi,  133.  Slender,  usually  8-10  inches  high, 
finely  pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous :  stipules  semisagittate,  the  lobes  nar- 
rowly acuminate;  leaflets  thin,  2-4  pairs,  ovate  to  ovate-oblong,  1-2  inches 
long,  obtuse  or  acute;  flowers  large,  7-12  lines  long,  purple;  calyx-teeth 
shorter  than  the  tube,  pods  linear,  1)^-2  inches  long  by  2-3  lines  broad, 
obliquely  acute,  attenuate  at  base  to  a  short  stipe.  On  dry  wooded  hill- 
sides, AVashington  to  California  and  Nevada. 

L.  rigidus  White  1.  c.  455.  L.  albas  Watson  not  Kittle.  Glabrous 
and  somewhat  glaucous :  stems  numerous,  from  a  thick  perennial  root- 
stock,  erect,  a  foot  or  less  high:  stipules  semisagittate,  lanceolate,  6-8 
lines  long  by  2-3  broad,  the  lower  lobe  small  and  subulate :  leaflets  3-5 
pairs,  linear  to  oblong,  acute  at  each  end,  cuspidate,  7-10  lines  long:  pe- 
duncles about  equalling  the  leaves,  2-3-flowered  ;  flowers  white,  8-9  lines 
long;  upper  teeth  of  the  calyx  deltoid,  the  lower  one  setaceous,  all  nearly 
equal  and  shorter  than  the  tube  :  pods  18-20  lines  long  by  4  lines  broad, 
attenuate  below  to  a  short  stipe;  seeds  olive-yellow,  2  lines  in  diameter  or 
more,  with  very  small  somewhat  sunken  hilum.  On  open  hillsides  of  the 
Blue  Mountains  of  Oregon. 

L.  decaphyllus  Pursh  Fl.  471.  L.  polymorphus  Nutt.  Mostly  glab- 
rous: stems  erect,  a  little  woody  at  the  base,  much  branched,  short; 
branches  quadrangular :  leaflets  2-5  pairs,  elliptical-lanceolate  or  linear- 
oblong,  somewhat  glaucous,  rigid  and  very  strongly  veined,  1-2)^'  inches 
long,  mostly  obtuse  at  each  end;  stipules  lanceolate,  subfalcate,  minutely 
semisagittate  at  base,  very  variable  in  size,  acute,  sometimes  almost  sub- 
ulate: peduncles  a  little  longer  than  the  leaves,  3-5-flowered;  flowers  an 
inch  long  or  more,  very  showy,  purple;  teeth  of  the  calyx  lanceolate-subu- 
late, somewhat  unequal,  nearly  as  long  as  the  tube:  pods  large,  glabrous. 
Grassy  alluvial  plains,  Idaho  to  the  Missouri  river,  Colorado,  Arizona  and 
New  Mexico. 

L.  Oregonensis  White  1.  c.  456.  Sparingly  pubescent  throughout: 
stems  erect,  8-16  inches  high,  flexuous,  terete  or  quadrangular,  wingless, 
rigid :  stipules  narrowly  semisagittate  or  semihastate,  acuminate  at  each 
end,  entire,  the  lower  lobe  often  quite  short,  3^-3^  the  length  of  the  adja- 
cent leaf;  leaflets  mostly  4-7  pairs,  opposite,  lanceolate,  obtuse,  8-20  lines 
long,  by  2-4  broad,  coriaceous,  sparingly  pubescent  on  both  sides:  pedun- 
cles shorter  than  the  leaves,  3-8-flowered;  flowers  purple,  veined,  6-8  lines 
long;  calyx-teeth  subequal,  the  upper  slightly  shorter,  all  shorter  than 
the  dilat?d  pubescent   tube  :  pods  compressed,  abruptly  terminated  at  the 


ICO  LEGUMINOS^.  lathyrus. 

AMYGDALACE^>. 

apex,  short-stipitate,  brown,  13^2~2  inches  long,  J^  as  broad,  4-6-seeded; 
seeds  brown,  orbicular.  In  the  mountains  of  eastern  Washington  and 
Oregon . 

ii,  biju^atns  White  1.  c.  457.  Stems  slender,  wingless,  round  or  quad- 
rangular, slightly  flexuous,  erect  or  slightly  decumbent,  1-2  inches  high, 
glabrous  throughout :  stipules  minute,  linear-subulate,  semisagittate;  leaf- 
lets 2  pairs,  sometimes  only  ]  pair,  elliptical  to  obovate,  obtuse,  thin, 
paler  green  beneath,  1-2  inches  long,  1-5 — l-3as  oroad  :  peduncles  about  as 
long  as  the  rachis  of  the  leaves,  2-flowered;  flowers  purplish,  about  2  lines 
long,  calyx-teeth  very  short,  triangular,  subequal,  much  shorter  than  the 
tube:  pods  brown,  compressed,  about  6-seeded.  Northern  Idaho  and  ad- 
jacent Washington. 

L.  Sandbergi,  L.  bijugaius  Sandbergi  White  1.  c.  Glabrous  through- 
out: stems  very  slender,  flexuous,  2-3  inches  high,  wingless:  stipules  se- 
taceous, 2-4  lines  long,  semisagittate,  the  lower  lobe  minute;  leaflets  1  or 
2  pairs,  linear  to  linear-lanceolate  or  -spatulate,  2-3}4  inches  long  by  )^-l 
line  broad:  peduncles  filiform,  an  inch  long,  2-3  times  longer  than  the 
rachis  of  the  subtending  leaf,  2-flowered;  calyx  attenuate  at  base,  the 
triangular  teeth  much  shorter  than  the  tube:  fruit  not  seen.  Northern 
Idaho. 

L,  Torreyi  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  337.  Minutely  villous  through- 
out: stems  very  slender,  6-18  inches  high,  from  slender  creeping  root- 
stocks,  branching :  stipules  lanceolate,  acuminate,  4-6  lines  long  by  1-2 
broad,  semisagittate,  the  lower  lobe  small;  leaflets  thin,  4-6  pairs,  ovate  to 
oblong  or  lanceolate;  3-6  lines  long  by  2-6  broad :  peduncles  filiform,  6-12 
lines  long,  much  shorter  than  the  leaves,  1-flowered,  rarely  2-flowered; 
calyx  campanulate,  the  two  upper  teeth  triangular,  acuminate,  about  as 
long  as  the  tube,  about  half  as  long  as  the  subulate  lower  ones ;  upper 
petal  purple,  the  others  yellowish -white;  pods  linear-oblong,  pubescent, 
3-5-seeded.  In  open  forests,  Washington  to  California  west  of  the  Cascade 
Mountains. 

*  *  Rachis  of  the   leaves  not  tendril-bearing:   pod  broad,  shortly 
stipitate. 

L.  littoralis  Endl.  in  Walp.  Hep.  i,  722.  Densely  silky-villous  through- 
out :  stems  numerous,  from  creeping  perennial  rootstocks,  stout  3^-2  feet 
high,  decumbent  to  assurgent,  diffusely  branched :  stipules  ovate  to  oblong 
or  lanceolate,  6-12  lines  long;  leaflets  1-5  pairs  with  a  small  linear  termi- 
nal one,  cuneate-oblong,  4-12  lines  long :  peduncles  stout,  much  longer 
than  the  leaves,  4-10-flowered ;  calyx  truncate  at  base,  the  triangular-sub- 
ulate teeth  nearly  equal,  longer  than  the  tube ;  upper  petal  bright  purple, 
6-8  lines  long,  exceeding  the  paler  wings  and  keel ;  style  flattened  for  most 
of  its  length  :  pods  10-18  lines  long  by  6-8  broad,  nearly  semicircular  in  , 
outline,  villous,  3-5-seeded;  seeds  nearly  3  lines  broad.  On  sand-hills  and 
-banks  along  the  coast.     Washington  to  California. 

Order  XXVII.     AMYGDALACEiE  Reichb.  "Consp.  177. 

Shrubs  or  trees  with  alternate  simple  leaves,  small  caducous 
stipules  and  usually  perfect,  regular  flowers.  Calyx  tubular  or 
campanulate,  free  from  the  ovary,  the  tube  lined  with  a  disk, 
deciduous,  the  limb  5-lobed,  imbricate  in  the  bud.  Petals  5, 
perigynous.  Stamens  about  20,  inserted  into  the  disk  of  the 
nalyx-tube.  Pistil  1,  rarely  5;  style  simple.  Ovary  1-celled, 
usually  with  two  collateral  ovules,  becoming  a  mostly  1-seeded 
drupe.  Seed  pendulous,  without  albumen.  Cotyledons  large, 
thick,  fleshy,  containing  hydrocyanic  acid. 


pRUNus.  AMYGt)ALACE^.  161 

CERASUS. 

1.  Prunus.     Flowers   perfect:  carpel   solitary:  leaves  convolute  in  the 
bud. 

2.  Cerasus.     Flowers   perfect :    carpel   solitary:    leaves  conduplicate  in 
the  bud. 

3.  Osmaronia.     Flowers  polygamo-dioecious:    carpels    5,     becoming  5 
drupes,  or  by  abortion  fewer  or  none. 

1     PRUNUS  Juss.  Gen.  341.     (Plum.     Pkune). 

Leaves  convolute  in  the  bud.  Flowers  in  umbellate  clusters 
from  lateral  buds,  appearing  before  or  with  the  leaves.  Drupe 
ovoid,  glabrous  and  glaucous  ;  the  thick  sarcocarp  pulpy.  Put- 
amen  (stone)  bony,  hmooth,  compressed,  acutely  edged  on  one 
margin,  grooved  on  the  other. 

P.  snbcordata  Bentb.  PI.  Hartw.  308  (?).  A  much  branched  shrub,  3- 
12  feet  high,  with  ashy-gray  bark :  young  branches  and  leaves  finely  pu- 
bescent, becoming  glabrous:  stipules  narrowly-lanceolate,  laciniate-den- 
tate,  1-2  lines  long;  leaves  elliptical  to  ovate,  cordate  to  cuneate  at  base, 
obtuse  or  acute,  sharply  and  finely  serrulate,  about  an  inch  long,  short- 
petioled:  umbel  2-4-flowered;  pedicels  3-6  lines  long;  calyx  campanulate, 
the  oblong  obtuse  minutely  dentate  lobes  about  as  long  as  the  tube;  petals 
white,  obovate,  rounded  at  the  apex,  4--5  lines  long  by  2-3  lines  broad: 
fruit  8-10  lines  long,  oblong,  subacid.  On  dry  rocky  hills  and  open  w^oods, 
Umpqua  valley,  Oregon,  to  California. 

P.  Oregaiia  Greene  Pitt,  iii,  21.  ''Evidently  allied  to  P.  snbcord- 
ata, but  leaves  little  more  than  an  inch  long,  subcoriaceous,  pubescent  on 
both  faces,  in  outline  oval  or  broadly  elliptic,  never  subcordate,  commonly 
acutish  at  both  ends,  serrulate :  flowers  unknown :  fruits  in  pairs  or 
threes,  on  pedicels  6  lines  long  or  more,  densely  tomentose  when  very 
young,  more  thinly  so,  yet  distinctly  tomentulose  when  half-grown. 
Known  only  from  specimens  collected  on  the  Yainax  Indian  reservation 
in  southeastern  Oregon,  by  Mrs.  Austin,  in  1893.     *  *  *  " 

2  CERASUS  Juss.  gen.  340.  (Cherry.) 
Trees  or  shrubs  with  alternate  simple  leaves  that  are  condupli- 
cate in  the  bud  and  corymbose  or  racemose  flowers  from  lateral 
buds,  appearing  before  or  with  the  leaves.  Calyx  campanulate, 
deciduous,  the  limb  5-parted,  regular.  Petals  5,  spreading. 
Stamens  15-30.  Ovary  solitary,  1 -celled,  with  tw^o  collateral 
pendulous  ovules.  Drupe  globose,  fleshy,  destitute  of  bloom ; 
stone  mostly  globose,  smooth,  not  prominently  margined. 

§  1.  EucERASus  T.  &  G.  Fl.  i,  409.  Flowers  from  lateral  leaf- 
less buds,  appearing  before  or  with  the  leaves ;  pedicels  umbel- 
late-fascicled, corymbose,  or  racemose. 

C.  emarginata  Dougl.  Hook.  Fl.  i,  169.  Prunus  emarginata  WaJp. 
Shrub  3-12  feet  high,  diffusely  branched  from  the  base  and  clothed  through- 
out with  a  smooth  shining  bark :  leaves  oblong- obovate  to  oblanceolate, 
mostly  obtuse,  rarely  emarginate,  crenately  serrulate,  1-3  inches  long, 
with  a  single  or  a  pair  of  glands  at  or  above  the  junction  of  the  petiole 
and  blade,  pubescent  beneath,  nearly  smooth  or  puberulent  above:  inflor- 
escence pubescent;  racemes  few-flowered:  calyx  campanulate,  the  oblong 
obtuse  lobes  soon  reflexed,  scarcely  equalling  the  tube,  about  a  line  long; 
petals  orbicular-ovate,  2  lines  long,  minutely  pubescent  outside :  drupe  3-4 
lines  in  diameter,  dark-red,  intensely  bitter  and  astringent.  Common  in 
mountainous  districts,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California,  east  of  the  Cascade 
Mountains. 


162  AMYGDALACE^.  cerasus. 

OSMARONIA. 

C.  mollis  Dougl.  1.  c.  Prunus  emarginata  var.  mollis  Brew.  A  smaH 
straight  graceful  tree  20-50  feet  high  by  2-20  inches  in  diameter,  with  red- 
dish, characteristic  cherry  bark  and  slender  ashy-gray  or  reddish  branch- 
lets:  young  branches  and  inflorescence  soft-pubescent :  stipules  lanceolate, 
pectinate,  1-2  lines  long;  leaves  obovate  to  oblong  or  oblanceolate,  mostly 
acutish,  crenately  serrulate,  1-3  inches  long,  narrowed  below  to  a  short 
petiole,  pubescent  beneath,  nearly  smooth  above:  corymbs  5-10-flowered; 
calyx  turbinate,  the  oblong,  obtuse,  entire  lobes  soon  reflexed,  not  more 
than  half  as  long  as  th6  tubs;  petals  obovate,  on  short  claws,  2  lines  long: 
fruit  bright  red,  about  3-4  lines  long,  intensely  bitter:  etone  wrinkled, 
carinate  on  one  edge,  rounded  or  barely  acute  on  the  other.  Common  in 
forests,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California. 

§  2.  Padus  T.  (fe  G.  1.  c.  410.  Flowers  in  racemes  terminat- 
ing leafy  branches,  appearing  after  the  evolution  of  the  leaves : 
leaves  deciduous. 

C.  demissa  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  i,  411.  Prunus  demissa  Walp.  An  erect 
slender  shrub  2-20  feet  high:  leaves  obovate  or  oblong- ovate,  usually 
broadest  above  the  middle,  abruptly  acuminate,  mostly  rounded  or  some- 
what cordate  at  base,  sharply  serrate  with  straight  slender  teeth,  more  or 
less  pubescent  beneath,  2-4  inches  long,  the  petiole  usually  biglandular 
just  belovv  its  summit:  racemes  3.-4  inches  long,  many-flowered,  longer  than 
the  leaves,  usually  nodding ;  calyx  hemispherical,  the  lobes  short  and  ob- 
tuse, glandularly  ciliate,  much  shorter  than  the  tube;  petals  white,  orbic- 
ular to  elliptical,  2-3  lines  long:  fruit  globose,  purplish-black  or  red^ 
sweet  and  edible  but  astringent:  stone  globose.  On  rocky  hills  and  river 
banks,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

3    OSMARONIA   Greene  Pitt,  ii,  189. 

NVTTALLIA    T.  &0.  H.  &  A.  Bot.  Beech.  Supp.  336  L82. 

Shrubs  with  simple  alternate  deciduous  leaves  without  sti- 
pules and  polygamo-dioecious  white  flowers  in  loose  nodding 
bracted  racemes  which  appear  with  the  branchlets  from  the  same 
buds.  Calyx  5-lobed,  deciduous.  Petals  5,  alternate  with  the 
lobes  of  the  calyx.  Stamens  15,  in  two  rows,  10  inserted  with 
the  petals  and  5  lower  down  upon  the  disk  that  lines  the  calyx- 
tube,  those  of  the  fertile  flowers  all  with  abortive  anthers.  Car- 
pels 5,  inserted  upon  the  persistent  base  of  the  calyx,  free ; 
styles  lateral,  jointed  at  base ;  ovules  two  in  each  carpel,  pendu- 
lous. Fruit  1-5,  1-seeded  drupes  with  thin  pulp  and  smooth 
bony  stone.     Cotyledons  convolute  in  the  bud. 

0.  cerasiformis  Greene  1.  c.  191.  Nuttallia  cerasiformis  T,  <&  Q. 
Shrubs  with  clustered  stems  2-15  feet  high,  dark  brown  bark  and  rather 
slender  glabrous  branches  :  leaves  broadly  oblanceolate,  acute  or  acutish, 
attenuate  to  a  short  slender  petiole,  entire,  smooth  above,  soft-pubescent 
beneath,  2-4  inches  long:  racemes  short-peduncled,  shorter  than  the 
leaves;  bracts  spatulate,  equalling  the  calyx-tube;  deciduous;  pedicels  6-7 
lines  long,  with  a  pair  of  linear,  acuminate  bractlets  near  the  base  of  the 
calyx;  calyx  campanulate,  the  short  triangular  lobes  about  half  as  long 
as  the  tube:  petals  spatulate,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx-lobes,  those  of  the 
fertile  flowers  smaller :  drupes  blue-black  with  a  bloom  when  fully  mature, 
5-8  lines  long,  oblong,  with  a  slight  furrow  on  the  inner  side;  stone 
smooth,  somewhat  compressed.  Common  in  wooded  districts,  Brit.  Colum- 
bia to  California.     Flowering  in  very  early  spring. 


CRAT^.(4UB.  TOMACEiE.  163 

Order  XXVIII.     POMACE^E   Loiseleur-Deslongchamps    Man. 

PL  Us.  i,  211. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  alternate,  simple  or  unequally  pinnate 
leaves,  caducous  free  or  nearly  free  stipules  and  perfect,  regu- 
lar white  or  reddish  flowers  in  racemes  or  corymbosely  clus- 
tered. Calyx-tube  urceolate  or  campanulate,  more  or  less  co- 
herent with  the  ovary,  the  usuallv  short,  free  portion  lined 
with  an  annular  or  laminar  disk,  the  limb  5-lobed,  imbricate 
in  the  bud.  Petals  5,  perigynous.  Stamens  mostly  20,  in- 
serted on  the  disk  of  the  calyx.  Ovary  compound,  composed 
of  2-5  carpels  with  two  collateral  ascending  ovules  in  each, 
becoming  a  pome;  styles  as  many  as  the  carpels.  Seeds  usu- 
ally two  in  each  cell,  without  albumen. 

*  Carpels  1-celled,  not  divided  by  a  partition  from  the  back. 

1.  Crataegus.  Fruit  drupaceous:  ovary  2-5-celled,'^  becoming  2-5  1- 
seeded  nutlets,  either  separable  or  united  into  one. 

2.  Sorbus.  Shrubs  or  small  trees  with  unequally  pinnate  leaves :  fruit 
a  proper  pome,  with  coriaceous  undivided  1-seeded  cells. 

3.  Malas.  Trees  or  shrubs  with  simple  leaves :  fruit  a  proper~pome  with 
chartaceous  2-seeded  undivided  cells. 

*  *  Carpels  more  or  less  spuriously  2-celled  by  a  partition  from  the 
back  of  each  carpel. 

4.  Amelanchier.  Shrubs  or  small  trees  with  simple^^leaves :  fruit  a 
proper  pome,  5-carpeled  or  by  abortion  3  or  4-carpeled  :  carpels  coherent, 
incompletely  2-celled  by  a  partition  from  the  back. 

5.  Peraphyllum.  Small  shrubs  with  simple  leaves :  fruit  a  '  proper 
pome;  2-  rarely  3-carpeled;  carpels  nearly  distinct,  2-celled  by  a  par- 
tition from  the  back. 

1    CRAT^GUS  Tourn.    L.  Gen.  n.  622. 

Thorny  shrubs  or  small  trees  with  simple  toothed  or  lobed 
leaves,  and  mostly  white,  heavy-scented  flowers  in  terminal 
corymbs.  Calyx-tube  urceolate,  the  limb  5-parted.  Petals  5, 
spreading.  Stamens  5-20.  Carpels  2-5,  becoming  bony  1- 
seeded  nutlets,  contiguous  or  united :  styles  distinct.  Fruit 
drupe-like,   globose   or   ovoid,  crowned  with  the  calyx-teeth. 

C.  Douglasii  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  1. 1810.  C.  rivvlaris  Nutt.  (.?).  A  stout 
shrub  or  small  tree,  20-40  feet  high :  spines  stout,  6-12  lines  long:  leaves 
elliptical  to  obovate,  usually  cuneate  at  base,  irregularly  serrate,  those  of 
the  young  shoots  often  incisely  lobed,  1-3  inche?  long,  somewhat  pubes- 
cent on  both  sides :  inflorescence  tomentose ;  lobes  of  the  calyx  entire,  a 
line  long,  about  half  as  long  as  the  tube,  pubescent  inside;  petals  orbicu- 
lar, 3-4  lines  long :  fruit  black,  4-5  lines  in  diameter,  often  only  3-carpeled; 
carpels  distinct.  Along  water  courses,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California,  west 
of  the  Cascade  Mountains. 

C.  Columbiana.  A  much  branched  shrub  or  small  tree,  6-15  feet  high  : 
spines  stout.  1-2  inches  long:  leaves  cuneate-obovate,  1-2  inches  long, 
incisely  5-9-lobed  above  the  middle,  acute,  serrate,  the  teeth  often  viand- 
tipped,  especially  below,  sparingly  pubescent  or  glabrate,  attenuate  below 
to  a  short  petiole :  corymbs  rather  many-flowered,  sparingly  pubescent  or 


164  POMACE  .E.  sorbus. 

MALUS. 

glabrate;  lobes  of  the  calyx  triangular,  acute,  often  serrate,  about  as  long 
as  the  tube,  dark  red,  petals  orbicular,  3-4  lines  long:  fruit  scarlet, 
obovoid,  4-6  lines  long;  carpels  distinct.  Common  along  the  Columbia 
river  and  its  tributaries  east  of  the  Cascade  Mountains. 

2  SORBUS  Tourn.  L.  Gen.  n.  623. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees  with  unequally  pinnate  deciduous 
leaves  and  small  flowers  in  terminal  compound  cymes.  Calyx 
urceolate,  5-lobed.  Petals  5,  alternate  with  the  lobes  of  the 
calyx.  Stamens  20.  Styles  3-5,  distinct.  Carpels  3-5,  coria- 
ceous, 1-celled,  2-ovuled,  1-seeded.  Fruit  small,  globose  or  py- 
riform. 

S.  sambncifolia  Roem.  Syn.  Monogr.  iii,  39.  Pyrus  samhucifolia 
Cham.  &  Schlecht.  A  shrub,  4-12  feet  high  with  coarse  ascending 
branches :  nearly  glabrous,  the  leaf-buds  and  inflorescence  usually  spar- 
ingly villous :  leaflets  4-8  pairs,  oblong  to  lanceolate,  acute;  sharply  ser- 
rate from  near  the  base,  1-2  inches  long :  cymes  flattish,  often  4  to  6  inches 
in  diameter  and  many-flowered ;  lobes  of  the  calyx  broadly  subulate,  1-2 
lines  long;  petals  white,  orbicular,  attenuate  below  to  a  short  claw,  2-3 
lines  long,  fruit  globose,  about  three  lines  in  diameter,  coral-red,  bitter. 
On  high  mountains,  Oregon  to  Alaska. 

S.  occidentalis  Greene  Fl.  Fr.  54.  Pyrus  occidentaUs  Watson  Proc. 
Am»  Acad,  xiiii,  263.  A  shrub  2-6  feet  high  with  rather  coarse  erect 
branches  ;  glabrous  throughout  or  the  inflorescence  partly  hairy  :  leaflets 
3-5  pairs,  oblong-elliptical,  obtuse,  sometimes  mucronate,  dentate  usu- 
all}'  only  toward  the  apex,  rarely  below  the  middle,  sometimes  entire, 
6-20  lines  long :  cymes  small,  usually  rather  Sew-flowered ;  calyx  glabrous, 
with  short  triangular  lobes ;  petals  white,  1-2  lines  long,  orbicular,  ab- 
ruptly narrowed  below  to  a  short  claw  ;  styles  villous  at  base ;  fruit  pyri- 
form,  red,  4  lines  long.  On  high  mountains  near  perpetual  snow,  Wash- 
ington to  California  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

3    MALUS  Tourn.   (apple). 

Small  deciduous  trees  with  simple  more  or  less  serrate  leaves 
and  reddish  or  white  flowers  in  simple  corymbose  cymes  at  the 
ends  of  short  lateral  branchlets.  Calyx  tube  urceolate,  the 
limb  5-lobed,  petals  5,  usually  rather  large.  Stamens  20.  Styles 
5,  more  or  less  united  at  base.  Carpels  5,  chartaceous  in  fruit, 
2-seeded,  1-celled,  wholly  covered  by  the  adnate  calyx-tube. 
Fruit  globose  to  oblong,  depressed  at  both  ends,  the  flesh  con- 
taining malic  acid  and  destitute  of  grit-cells. 

M.  rivularis  Roem.  Syn.  Monog.  ih,  215.  Pyrus  rirularis  Dongl.  A 
small  tree  15-30  feet  high :  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  sharply  serrate,  some- 
times obscurely  3-lobed,  more  or  less  woolly-pubescent,  1-3  inches  long ; 
stipules  setaceous :  cymes  shortly  racemose,  leafy  at  base;  pedicels  slen- 
der, 1-2  inches  long,  pubescent;  calyx  pubescent,  the  limb  at  length  de- 
ciduous, the  lanceolate  acuminate  lobes  as  long  as  the  tube ;  petals  orbicu- 
lar, abruptly  contracted  below  to  a  short  claw,  4-6  lines  long,  white; 
styles  2-5,  united  at  base :  fruit  oblong,  4-6  lines  in  diameter.  Common 
in  swales  and  along  streams,  northern  California  to  Alaska. 

4    AMELANCHIER  Lobelius ;  Lindl.  Linn.  Trans,  xiii,  100. 
(Service-Berry). 

Shrubs  or  small  trees  with  simple  alternate  deciduous  leaves, 
small  racemes  of  white  flowers  and  black  or  purplish  edible  fruit. 


AMELANCHIER.  POMACES.  165 

PERAPHYLLUM. 

Calyx  campanulate,  the  limb  5-parted,  persistent.  Petals  5. 
Stamens  20,  much  shorter  than  the  petals.  Styles  3-5,  coales- 
cent  at  base  or  distinct  Carpels  3-5,  becoming  membranaceous, 
incompletely  2-celled  by  a  partition  from  the  back,  1-seeded. 
Wholly  covered  by  the  adnate  calyx-tube.  Fruit  small,  berry- 
like, crowned  with  the  persistent  calyx-lobes,  the  pulp  sweet. 
Seeds  small,  with  a  thin  black  testa. 

A.  alnifolia  Nutt.  Journ.  Philad.  Acad,  vii,  22.  Stem  slender,  3-30 
feet  high,  with  slender  erect  flexuous  branches:  leaves  thin,  elliptical  to 
obovate,  obtuse  at  each  end  or  often  cordate,  serrate  toward  the  apex, 
entire  below,  1-2  inches  long,  more  or  less  densely  tomentose  beneath, 
smooth,  or  nearly  so  above :  racemes  many-flowered ;  bracts  setaceous, 
long-woolly,  longer  than  the  pedicels,  caducous  :  calyx  densely  tomentose, 
the  triangular-lanceolate  lobes  closely  reflexed.  about  as  long  as  the 
broadly  turbinate  tube ;  petals  spatulate,  6  12  lines  long  hy  2  lines  broad, 
obtuse;  stamens  very  short:  fruit  globose,  3-4  lines  in  diameter.  Com- 
mon along  streams  and  swales,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California  t^nd  the 
Rocky  Mountains. 

A.  florida  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  xix,  t.  1589.  Stems  stoutish,  erect  cespi- 
tose,  2-10  feet  high  with  erect  somewhat  cinereous  branchlets :  leaves 
thickish,  orbicular  to  elliptical  or  ovate.  12-14  lines  long,  rounded  to 
acute  at  the  apex,  coarsely  serrate  above  the  middle,  entire  and  rounded 
or  cordate  at  base,  glabrous,  or  sparingly  tomentose  on  the  midrib  and 
veins  beneath  :  stipules  subulate,  setaceously  acuminate:  racemes  rather 
loosely  several-flowered ;  bracts  setaceous,  ciliate  with  long  straight  hairs ; 
calyx  somewhat  tomentose,  the  subulate  lobes  longer  than  the  tube,  re- 
flexed,  densely  tomentose  inside;  petals  oblong,  6-7  lines  long  by  2-4  lines 
broad,  rounded  at  the  summit;  stamens  shorter  than  the  lobes  of  the 
calyx:  fruit  globose,  3-4  lines  in  diameter.  In  wooded  districts,  Wash- 
ington and  Oregon  east  of  the  Cascade  Mountains. 

A.  pallida  Greene  Fl.  Fr.  53.  Stems  clustered  and  bushy,  3-6  feet 
high,  with  an  ashy  bark,  rigid  and  somewhat  intricately  branched  :  leaves 
rather  thick,  oblong-lanceolate  to  oblong  or  elliptical  obtuse  or  retuse, 
sparingly  dentate  towards  the  apex,  entire  and  usually  rounded  below, 
often  entire  and  cuspidate,  6-10  lines  long,  somewhat  tomentose :  racemes 
short  and  somewhat  corymbose,  the  lower  pedicels  elongated ;  calyx  more 
or  less  tomentose,  the  lobes  triangular,  acute,  erect;  petals  obovate  or  obo- 
vate-oblong,  slightly  concave,  3-6  lines  long:  stamens  shorter  than  the 
calyx.  Common  on  dry  hillsides,  southern  Oregon  and  northern  Cali- 
fornia. 

5    PERAPHYLLUM    Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  i,  474. 

Low  much  branched  shrubs  with  decivluous  leaves  crowded  at 
the  ends  of  the  branchlets,  and  2-4-flowered  corymbs  of  white 
flowers.  Calyx-tube  urceolate,  the  limb  5-lobed.  Petals  5,  obo- 
vate, unguiculate.  Stamens  about  20,  exserted.  Styles  2,  rarely 
3,  coherent  below.  Fruit  a  small  pome  containing  2,  rarely  3  al- 
most distinct  carpels,  each  2-celled  by  a  spurious  partition,  the 
cells  1-seeded.  Seeds  angular,  compressed,  with  a  cartilaginous 
testa,  erect,  with  the  radicle  at  the  base. 

P.  ramoslssimum  Nutt.  1.  c.  A  shrub  4-6  feet  high  with  hard  white 
wood  and  grayish  bark:  branches  slender,  recurved  and  more  or  less  tor- 
tuous, spreadmg  widely :  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  1-2  inches  long, 
entire  or  obsoletely  serrulate,  smooth  and  shining  above,  very  minutely 
pubescent  beneath  :  calyx  urceolate,   the  tube  wholly  adnate  to* the  ovary, 


m  ROSACEiE. 

the  triangular  lobes  shorter  than  the  tube,  reflexed,  pubescent  within; 
petals  broadly  obovate,  rounded  at  the  apex,  4-6  lines  long,  white;  stam- 
ens about  equalling  the  calyx- lobes,  persistent;  styles  filiform,  thickened 
toward  the  summit,  longer  than  the  stamens,  united  and  pubescent  be- 
low ;  fruit  globose,  4-5  lines  in  diameter,  crowned  with  the  persistent 
calyx-lobes.     On  dry  hillsides,  eastern  Oregon  to  California. 

Order  XXIX.    ROSACEiE  Juss.  Hort.  Trian.,  Endl.  Gen.  1240. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  with  alternate  simple  or  compound  leaves, 
mostly  foliaceous  commonly  adnate  stipules  and  perfect  or  uni- 
sexual flowers  in  cymes,  corymbs,  panicles  or  solitarj^  Calyx 
free  from  the  ovary,  4-5-clefii,  the  segments  mostly  valvaie  in 
the  bud,  cominonly  persistent.  Petals  perigynous,  as  many  as 
the  lobes  of  the  calyx  and  alternate  with  them,  or  none.  Sta- 
mens five  to  many,  perigynous,  rarely  hypogynous.  Pistils  onti 
to  many;  ovary  usually  one-celled  and  one-valved,  sometimes 
jnany-ovuled ;  ovules  pendulous  or  ascending.  Styles  as  many 
as  the  ovaries,  inserted  terminally  or  laterally,  persistent  or 
deciduous.  Fruit  achenes  drupelets  or  follicular.  Seeds 
mostly  anatropoils,  with  little  or  no  albumen. 

Tribe  t.  Kose^e.  Carpels  many,  l)ecoming  bony  achenes,  en- 
closed and  concealed  in  ihe  globose  or  urn-yhaped  fleshy  calyx- 
tube  which  resembles  a  pome. 

1.  Rosa.  Erect,  usually  prickly  shrubs  with  pinnate  leaves  and  large 
flowers. 

Tribe  n.  SANouisoRBEiE.  Carpels  1-3,  becoming  achenes, 
completely  enclosed  in  the  dry  and  firm  calyx-tube,  the  throat 
of  which  is  constricted  or  sometimes  nearly  closed :  ovule  sus- 
pended, solitary.     Ours  are  herbs  with  compound  or  lobed  leaves. 

^.  Sanguisorba.  Calyx-lobes  petaloid,  deciduous ;  the  tube  4-angled, 
naked;  petals  wanting:  carpels  1-2:  herbs  with  compound  leaves  and 
red  or  white  flowers  in  dense  spikes. 

3.  Agrimoiiia.  Calyx  turbinate,  surrounded  by  a  margin  of  hooked 
prickles:  stamens  5-15:  carpels  2:  perennial  herbs  with  pinnate 
leaves  and  yellow  flowers  in  spicate  racemes. 

4.  Alchemilla.  Calyx  urceolate,  naked,  minutely  bracteolate:  petals 
wanting:  stamens  1-4:  small  annuals  with  minute  flowers  in  axillary 
clusters. 

Tribe  hi.  Dryade^.  Carpels  numerous,  several  or  solitary, 
1-ovuled,  becoming  dry  achenes :  calyx  not  enclosing  or  at 
least  not  constricted  over  the  fruit :  seeds  erect  or  ascending. 

*  Shrubs:   carpel  solitary :  style    not    elongated  in  fruit;  stigma 
decnrrent:  calyx  imbricated,  without  bractlets:   radicle  inferior. 

5.  Knnzia.  Diffusely  branched  shrubs  with  mostly  fascicled  leaves  and 
solitary  yellow  flowers,  terminal  on  the  short  branchlets. 

*  *    Trees  or  shrubs :  carpels  solitary  :  style  elongated  and  plumose 
in  fruit :  calyx  imbricated,  without  bractlets  :  seeds  erect. 

€.    Ce r coca  r pus.     Small  trees  or  shrubs  with  simple  leaves  and  axillary 


ROSACE.E.  167 

solitary  cr  somewhat  fascicled  flowers :    calyx-tube  long-cylindrical, 
the  limb  deciduous ;  petals  wanting :  carpel  usually  solitary. 

*  *  *  Herbs :  carpels  few-many :  calyx  valvate  in  the  bud,  with  a  set 
of  bractlets  alternating  with  the  lobes. 

-4-     Seeds  erect  from  the  base  of  the  cell :  style  termi.ial,  often  geni 
culate  in  the  middle. 

7.  Geum.  Carpels  numerous,  on  a  dry  receptacle:  the  elongated  style 
in  fruit  mostly  geniculate  and  articulated  near  the  middle  or  plumose. 

■*-   -4-  geed  suspended  or  ascending:  radicle  superior:  style  small, 
naked,  not  geniculate. 

8.  Fragaria.  Petals  broad  and  conspicuous,  sessile :  carpels  numerous, 
scattered  on  a  largfe  fleshy,  becoming  pulpy,  receptacle;  style  lateral: 
leaves  trifoliolate. 

9.  Comarnm.  Carpels  very  numerous,  on  a  large  fleshy  or  spongy 
convex  receptacle :  style  inserted  below  the  apex  of  the  ovary  :  leaves 
pinnate:  coarse  marsh  perennials. 

10.  Slbbaldia.  Petals  narrow  and  minute,  sessile:  stamens  5;  filaments 
very  short,  filiform:  carpels  5-10,  on  a  dry  receptacle:  leaves  trifolio- 
late. 

11.  Potentilla.  Petals  usually  conspicuous,  sessile :  stamens  usually  20 
or  more ;  filaments  narrow  or  filiform  :  carpels  mostly  numerous,  on  a 
dry  receptacle  :  leaves  pinnate  or  digitate;  leafiets  not  confluent. 

12.  Horkelia.  Petals  conspicuous,  with  claws :  stamens  10  or  more ;  fil- 
aments more  or  less  dilated  or  subulate:  carpels  usually  many,  on  a 
dry  nearly  naked  receptacle :  leaves  pinnate;  leafiets  many,  the  upper 
ones  often  confiuent. 

13.  Ivesia.  Petals  with  claws:  stamens  5-20;  filaments  filiform:  car- 
pels 1-15,  on  a  dry  villous  receptacle  :  leaves  pinnate ;  leaflets  cleft  or 
parted,  often  small  and  very  numerous,  closely  imbricated. 

Tribe  iv.  Rube^.  Calyx  open,  without  bractlets  :  stamens 
numerous:  carpels  several  or  numerous,  on  a  spongy  receptacle, 
becoming  pulpy-coated  achenes  in  fruit :  ovules  2,  pendulous, 
but  one  maturing. 

14.  Bnbns.  Carpels  2-many,  crowded  on  an  elevated  receptacle,  ripen- 
ing into  a  coherent  body  of  small  drupes. 

Tribe  v.     Spir^e^.     Calyx   campanulate,  imbricate   or  some- 
times valvate  in  the  bud :  carpels    few,  mostly  5,  rarely  solitary, 
becoming  follicles   or  dehiscent   2-valved  pods  :  styles  terminal : 
seeds  1-10  in  each  carpel,  pendulous  or  ascending. 
§  1    Carpels  becoming  1 -seeded  achenes. 

15.  Holodiscus.  Carpels  membranaceous,  woolly,  1-seeded:  shrubs 
with  simple  lobed  leaves  without  stipules. 

§  2  Carpels  becoming  follicles  or  2-valved  capsules,  usually  several- 
seeded. 

*  vSeeds  in  ours  not  known  :  carpels  distinct :  ovules  2,  one  above 
the  other,  pendulous  •  herbs  with  pinnately  divided  stipulate  leaves. 

16.  Filipendula.  Carpels  membranaceous,  1-celled,  distinct:  leaves 
pinnate,  the  terminal  leaflet  large  and  lobed. 


168  ROSACE^E.  rosa. 

*  *    Seeds  with  shining  stony  testa :  albumen  very  distinct :  stipules 
membranaceous,  caducous. 

17.  Opulaster.     Carpels    membranaceous,   inflated,   2-valved,   distinct, 
often  stipitate :  flowers  perfect,  corymbose :  leaves  lobed. 

*  *  *    Seeds   with  membranous    testa   and   no  albumen  :  stipules 
none. 

-«-    Calyx  persistent :   stamens  perigynous :  carpels  several-seeded. 

18.  Spiraea.    Carpels  cartilaginous,   follicular,  distinct :  flowers  perfect, 
rarely  polygamous :  shrubs  with  simnle  serrate  or  incised  leaves. 

19.  Luetkea.      Carpels  membranaceous,  2-valved,  distinct :    low  herbs 
with  biternately  parted  leaves  and  perfect  flowers. 

-1-   -t-    Calyx  marcescent :  stamens  hypogynous.:  carpels  few-seeded. 

20.  Arnncns.     Carpels  cartilaginous,  1-valved,   distinct :  tall  herbs  with 
ternately  compound  leaves  and  dioecious  flowers. 

Tribe  1.  Roseas  Jiiss.  Carpels  many,  with  two  suspended 
ovules,  one  above  the  other,  becoming  cnistaceous,  indehiscent,  one- 
seeded  achenes,  inserted  on  the  whole  inner  surface  of  the  thickened 
torus  or  disk  which  lines  the  tube  of  the  calyx. 

1     ROSA  Tourn.  L.  Gen.  n.  631.     (Rose). 

Prickly  shrubs  with  unequally  pinnate  leaves,  adnate  stipules 
and  large  flowers  in  corymbs  or  solitary.  Calyx  urceolate,  the 
tube  contracted  at  the  mouth,  at  length  fleshy  or  baccate,  en- 
closing the  numerous  distinct  ovaries.  Ovaries  one-celled,  with 
two  suspended  ovules,  one  above  the  other,  becoming  one-seeded 
indehiscent  crustaceous  or  bony  achenes,  inserted  on  the  whole 
inner  surface  of  the  thickened  disk  that  lines  the  tube  of  the 
calyx,  style  terminal  or  nearly  so,  somewhat  exserted,  distinct  or 
connate  above. 

*    Sepals  connivent  after  flowering  and  persistent. 

R.  Xutkaiia  Presl.  Epimel.  Bot.  203.  Stems  stout,  1-10  feet  high, 
armed  with  stout  straight  or  recurved  spines,  the  branches  sometimes  un- 
armed and  the  young  shoots  usually  prickly :  stipules  rather  broad,  gland- 
ular-ciliate ;  leaflets  5-9,  broadly  elliptical  to  ovate  or  oblong  or  lanceolate, 
usually  rounded  at  base,  serrate  above  the  middle,  }4-2  inches  long,  finely 
pubescent  and  more  or  less  resinous  beneath  :  flowers  solitary  or  2-3  to- 
gether; calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  acuminate  and  tipped  with  a  lanceolate 
entire  foliaceous  appendage,  the  whole  12-18  lines  long,  densely  tomentose 
inside,  smooth  or  more  or  less  glandular  outside :  petals  broadly  obovate 
or  obcordate,  12-16  lines  long,  nearly  as  broad :  fruit  globose,  6  lines  long 
or  more,  not  contracted  above  into  a  neck.  Common  from  Brit.  Columbia 
to  California,  Montana  and  Utah. 

R.  blanda  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  ii,  202.  Stems  1-2  feet  high,  wholly  un- 
armed, or  usually  with  a  few  slender  straight  scattered  prickles,  sometimes 
more  densely  prickly  :  stipules  dilated,  naked  and  entire,  or  slightly  gland- 
ular toothed  above;  leaflets  5-7,  usually  oblong-oblanceolate,  mostly  cune- 
ate  at  base  and  shortly  petiolulate,  coarsely  and  simply  toothed,  glabrous 
above,  paler  and  glabrous  or  more  or  less  pubescent  beneath,  not  resinous 
or  very  rarely  slightly  so,  usually  large,  the  terminal  one  %-2,%  inches 
long;  rachis  pubescent,  sometimes  sparingly  prickly  :  flowers  large,  corym- 
bose or  often  solitary  :  sepals  entire,  shortly  hispid  or  sometimes  naked  : 
fruit  globose  or  with  more  or  less  of  a  necJi  below  the  calyx,  sometimes 


EOSA.  ROSACEA.  16d 

oblong-obovate  by  a  more  gradual  attenuation  of  the  base,  4-6  lines  long. 
On  rocky  ridges  and  canyons,  Idaho  to  the  Eastern  Htates  and  Canada. 

R.  spithaiiiSBa  Watson  Bot.  Cal.  ii,  444.  Stems  slender,  2-12  inches 
high,  sparingly  branched:  stipules  narrow,  acuminate,  glandular-ciliate: 
rachis  of  the  leaves  glandular  and  more  or  less  prickly;  leaflets  5-9,  ellip- 
tical or  oblong,  smooth,  rather  coarsely  and  doubly  serrate,  6-18  lines  long : 
flowers  12-18  lines  broad,  in  few-flowered  corymbs,  pedicels  receptacle  and 
calyx  usually  densely  glandular-hispid  ;  sepals  lanceolate,  with  or  without 
a  foliaceous  serrate  appendage,  6-10  lines  long ;  j)etals  broadly  obovate, 
8-12  lines  long;  fruit  not  seen.  Common  on  wooded  hillsides,  southwest- 
ern Oregon  and  northern  California. 

R.  pisocarpa  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  viii,  382.  Stems  slender,  armed 
with  straight,  stout  or  slender,  ascending  or  spreading  spines,  sometimes 
naked,  not  prickly:  leaflets  5-9,  oblong  to  oblong-ovate,  shortly  acuminate 
to  obtuse,  rounded  or  subcuneate  at  base,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  smooth 
above,  paler  and  pubescent  beneath,  simply  toothed,  4-12  lines  long: 
flowers  small,  corymbose  or  often  solitary,  on  short  branches;  pedicels 
slender,  smooth  or  rarely  sparingly  hispid :  sepals  more  or  less  glandular- 
hispid,  triangular  acuminate,  with  entire  lanceolate  appendages ;  p  tals 
obcordate,  6-»  lines  long:  fruit  globose,  3-5  lines  in  diameter,  contiacted 
above  to  a  very  short  neck.  Common  in  low  places,  Brit.  Columbia  to 
Oregon. 

R.  Californica  Cham.  &  Schlecht.  Linnsea  ii,  35.  Stems  often  tall, 
with  usually  stout  more  or  less  recurved  or  sometimes  straight  spines, 
frequently  scattered  or  wanting,  often  prickly :  stipules  mostly  narrow, 
usually  naked,  sometimes  glandular-ciliate :  rachis  of  the  leaves  pubescent 
or  prickly;  leaflets  3-7,  round  or  broadly  elliptical  to  oblong-ovate,  usually 
sessile,  slightly  pubescent  or  glabrous  above,  villous  or  tomentose  be- 
neath, simply  toothed,  6-18  lines  long :  flowers  corymbose  or  sometimes 
solitary,  on  slender  usually  short  and  naked  pedicels;  sepals  and  recepta- 
cle glabrous  or  villous  or  rarely  hispid;  petals  5-6  lines  loTig:  fruit  ovate- 
globose,  with  a  usually  prominent  neck,  about  6  lines  long  by  4  broad. 
Brit.  Columbia  to  California. 

R.  Fendleri  Crepin  Bull.  Soc.  Bot.  Belg.  xv,  452.  Stems  often  tall, 
with  mostly  rather  slender  straight  or  recurved  spines,  often  scattered  or 
wanting:  stipules  mostly  narrow,  usually  naked;  rachis  pubescent  or 
prickly ;  leafl^s  5-9,  oblong  or  oblong-obovate,  more  or  less  cuneate  at 
base  often  petiolulate,  usually  glaucous,  very  finely  pubescent  beneath  or 
glabrous  or  somewhat  resinous,  serrate  with  usualy  simple  teeth,  6-18 
lines  long:  flowers  small,  often  solitary:  the  short  pedicels  receptacle 
and  sepals  glabrous ;  sepals  lanceolate,  with  linear-lanceolate  entire  ap- 
pendages: fruit  globose  or  broadly  ovate,  with  little  or  no  neck.  From 
the  Columbia  river  to  New  Mexico  and  Texas,  and  north  to  beyond  the 
British  boundary. 

*  *    Styles  few,  distinct,  deciduous   with  the  entire  calyx  from  the 

very  contracted  top  of  the  neck  of  the  receptacle :   sepals  short  and 

entire. 

R.  gymiiocarpa  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  i,  461.  Stems  slender  and  rather 
weak,  2-10  feet  high,  with  straight  slender  infrastipular  and  scattered 
spines  and  more  or  less  prickly :  stipules  usually  narrow,  glandular  cili- 
ate:  rachis  prickly  and  more  or  less  glandular;  leaflets  5-9,  usually  7, 
from  round  elliptical  and  obtuse  to  narrowly  oblong  and  acute,  glab  ous, 
rarely  somewhat  tomentose  or  resinous,  doubly  glandular-serrate,  sessile 
or  nearly  so,  usually  small,  4-12  lines  long:  flowers  in  1-few-flowered 
corymbs,  on  hispid  or  sometimes  glabrous  pedicels ;  sepals  usually  3-4 
lines  long,  lanceolate,  the  outer  ones  often  glandular-ciliate  all  aristate 
and  usually  smooth;  petals  broadly  obcordate,  6-8  lines  long:  fruit 
smouth ;  oblong-obovate  to  globose,  few-seeded.  Common  in  forests  and 
wooded  districts,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California  and  Montana. 


170  ROSACEA  ROSA. 

SAXGL'ISOKBA. 

*  *  *    Naturalized  species. 

K,  RDBJ81NOFA  L.  Mant.  564.  (sweet  bkier).  Stems  stout,  armed 
with  stout,  recurved  spines,  without  prickles,  4-6  feet  high:  stipules  ofteii 
dilated:  leaflets  5-7,  elliptical  or  oblong-ovate,  densely  resinous  beneath 
and  aromatic,  doubly  serrate:  flowers  small,  on  short  hispid  pedicels ;  se- 
pals pinnatifid,  hispid:  fruit  large,  subglobose  to  oblong  ovate,  6-8  lines 
long.    Becoming  common  throughout  western  Washington  and  Oregon. 

Tribe  II.  Sanguisorhese  Juss.  Calyx-tube  mostly  indurated 
and  contracted  at  the  mouth;  the  segments  valvate  or  rarely  imbri- 
cate in  the  bud.  Petals  often  wanting.  Stamens  1-15,  rarely 
more.  Carpels  1-2,  rarely  3-4,  dry:  style  terminal  or  lateral: 
stigma  often  plumose.  Seed  suspended  very  rarely  ascending. 
Radicle  superior. 

2    {SANGUISORBA  L.  Gen.  n.  146. 

Herbs  v»'itb  pinnate  leaves  petiolulate  leaflets  adnate  stipules 
and  polygamous  or  perfect  flowers  in  dense  long-ped uncled 
spikes.  Calyx-tube  turbinate,  contracted  at  the  throat,  persist- 
ent, 2-3-bracleolate,  the  limb  4-partcd,  petaloid,  deciduous. 
Petals  none.  Stamens  4-12  or  none.  Carpels  1-r,  free  from  tbe 
calyx  ;  styles  terminal ;  stigma  tufted,  ovule  solitary,  suspended. 
Achenes  dry  included  in  the  indurated  4-winged  calyx-tube. 

S.  officinalis  L.  Sp.  169.  Stem  simple,  usually  glabrous,  1-2  feet  high, 
much  longer  than  the  leaves,  from  a  stout  perennial  root :  leaflets  about  4 
pairs,  ovate  or  oblong,  cordate  at  base,  coarsely' serrate,  %-2  inches  long, 
on  petioles  2-6  lines  long:  flowers  deep  purple  or  red,  polygamous,  in  ob- 
long spikes  6-12  lines  long  or  more ;  bracts  often  pubescent;  calyx-lobes 
ovate-lanceolate,  often  acute,  1  line  long;  stamens  but  little  if  any  longer 
than  the  sepals :  filaments  filiform :  fruit  a  line  long.  Common  in  cold 
mountain  marshes,  Alaska  to  California  and  the  Rocky  Mountains.  Also 
Europe. 

S.  media  L.  Sp.  ed.  2,  169.  Stems  slender,  simple,  but  little  longer 
than  the  leaves,  glabrous,  1-3  feet  high,  from  a  stout  perennial  root:  leaf- 
lets elliptical  to  ovate  or  oblong,  cordate  with  a  deep  narrow  sinus,  coarsely 
serrate  with  rounded  gland ular-apiculate  teeth,  1-3  inches  long,  on  stout 
petioles  1-2  inches  long,  the  lowest  ones  smallest:  flowers  dark  purple, 
in  a  dense  oblong  head  ;  stamens  longer  than  the  sepals ;  filaments  flat. 
In  marshes,  Alaska  and  Brit.  Columbia,  perhaps  northern  Washington. 

S.  Sitchensis  C.  A.  Meyer  Trautv.  &  Meyer  Fl.  Ochot.  34.  Stem 
stout,  2-4  feet  high,  from  a  stout  perennial  root,  pan iculately  branched 
above:  leaves  ample,  1-3  feet  long;  leaflets  13-21,  oblong  to  ovate,  1-3 
inches  long,  coarsely  and  often  doubly  serrate  with  acute  gland-tipped 
teeth,  on  pedicels  6-12  lines  long:  flowers  white  or  slightly  tinged  with 
purple,  in  a  dense  cylindrical  spike  2-6  inches  long;  stamens  3-4  times 
longer  than  the  sepals,  filaments  flat.  In  salt-marshes  along  the  coast 
and  islands  of  Alaska,  to  be  looked  for  in  northern  Washington. 

S.  annua  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  i  429.  Poterium  annuum  Nutt.  Glabrous; 
stems  blender,  branching,  6-15  inches  high  from  an  annual  root :  leaflets 
8-6  pairs,  ovate  to  oblong,  deeply  pectinate-pinnatifid,  4-8  lines  long,  ses- 
sile or  nearly  so :  flowers  perfect,  greenish-white,  in  dense  ovoid  or  oblong 
heads  3-12  lines  long:  bracts  scarious,  ovate,  a  line  long,  persistent;  sta- 
mens 2-4,  much  shorter  than  the  calyx,  fruit  shorter  than  the  bracts.  In 
dry  open  places,  Washington  to  California,  Indian  Ter.  and  the  upper 
Missouri  valley. 


AGRIMONIA.  ROSACEA.  171 

ALCHEMILLA. 

8  AGRIMONIA  Tourn.  Inst.  t.  155.  (Agrimony.) 
Tall  perennial  herbs  with  oddpinnate  leaves  and  long  slender 
terminal  racemes  of  small  yellow  flowers.  Calyx-tube  turbin- 
ate, persistent,  somewhat  contracted  at  the  throat  and  surround- 
ed by  a  dense  border  of  hooked  prickles,  or  rarely  o-bracteolate 
the  limb  5-lobed,  at  length  connivent.  Petals  5,  yellow.  Stam- 
ens 5-15  in  one  row.  Carpels  2,  free  and  distinct;  styles  termi- 
nal, stigma  dilated,  2-lobed  ;  ovule  pendulous.  Achenes  1  or  2, 
enclosed  in  the  indurated  calyx-tube. 

A.  Eapatoria  L.  Sp.  i,  448.  Hirsute:  stems  2-4  feet  high,  sparingly 
branched  above :  leaflets  5-7,  usually  2-4  inches  long  with  smaller  one's 
intermixed,  oblong-obovate,  coarsely  toothed,  acute  at  each  end;  stipules 
large,  semicordate,  incised:  calyx  2  lines  long,  becoming  3-4  lines  long, 
the  tube  at  length  10-sulcate  above:  petals  longer  than  the  lobes  of  the 
calyx:  achenes  solitary,  subglobose,  1  line  in  diameter.  Washington  to 
Caiitornia  and  across  the  continent.     Europe. 

4     ALCHEMILLA  Tourn.    L.  Gen.  n.  165. 

Low  herbs  with  palmately  lobed  or  compound  leaves,  adnate 
stipules  and  small  flowers  in  axillary  corymbs.  Calyx-tube  ob- 
conic,  contracted  at  the  throat  by  an  annular  disk,  the  limb  4-5- 
parted,  with  as  many  bractlets.  Petals  in  ours  none.  Stamens 
1-4 ;  filaments  short.  Carpels  1-4,  stipitate  or  sessile  in  the  bot- 
tom of  the  calyx-tube  ;  style  attached  near  the  base  of  the  ovary, 
filiform ;  stigma  mostly  capitate.  Seed  fixed  near  the  base  of  the 
carpel,  ascending,  almost  orthotropous.     Radicle  superior. 

A.  arvensis  Scop.  Fl.  Cam.  ed.  2,  i,  115.  Annual;  somewhat  strigose- 
pubescent:  stems  weak,  3-8  inches  long,  diffusely  branched  from  the  base  : 
leaves  rounded,  cuneate  at  base,  on  short  petioles,  2-6  lines  long  by  2-4 
broad,  deeply  3-lobed,  segments  2-4  cleft;  stipules  large,  2-5  cleft;  flowers 
fascicled  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  %  of  a  line  long,  on  slender  pedicels 
or  nearly  sessile :  bractlets  very  small :  stamens  1-2 :  achene  solitary,  com- 
j)ressed.  Common  in  meadows  and  open  places,  Vancouver  Island  to 
California:  Europe. 

Tribe  3.  Dryadex  Vent.  Tahl.  Hi,  3^9.  Calyx  campanulate  or 
turbinate,  or  rather  Hat,  valvate  in  the  bud;  stamens  numerous: 
carpels  numerous^  rarely  Jew  and  definite,  dry;  ovule  erect:  radicle 
inferior. 

5    KUNZIA  Spreng.    Anleit.  ed.  2,  ii,  869. 
PUESHIA   DC,  not  Rif.  nor  Spreng, 

Diffusely  branched  shrubs  with  mostly  fascicled  leaves,  small 
triangular  stipules  and  subsessile  yellow  flowers  at  the  ends  of 
short  lateral  leafy  branchlets.  Calyx  persistent,  funnel-form,  5- 
lobed,  without  bractlets.  Petals  5,  unguiculate.  Stamens  about 
25,  in  one  row,  inserted  with  the  petals  into  the  throat  of  the 
calyx.  Carpels  1  or  2,  free,  slightly  stipitate  attenuate  into  the 
subulate  style,  1-ovuled ;  stigma  lateral,  extending  nearly  the 
whole  length  of  the  style.  Seed  obovate,  with  membranaceous 
testa,  separated  from  the  inner  coat  by  a  layer  of  purple  resin- 
like intensely  bitter  granulated  matter;  albumen  none.  Cotyle- 
dons broadly  oval,  flat. 


172  ROSACEA.  cuNziA. 

CERCOCARPDS. 

K»  tridentata  Spreng.  1.  c.  Purshia  tridentata  DC.  A  shrub  or  small 
tree  2-10  feet  high,  vith  brown  or  grayish  bark,  the  young  branches  and 
branchlets  pubescent:  stipules  connate  at  base,  setaceous;  leaves  cuneate- 
obovate,  3-12  lines  long,  3-lobed  at  the  apex,  attenuate  at  base  to  a  thick 
petiole,  white-tomentose  beneath,  green  above:  flowers  nearly  sessile; 
calyx  2-4  lines  long,  densely  canescent-tomentose,  with  or  without  some 
glandular  hairs  below,  the  oblong  obtuse  lobes  shorter  than  the  tube ; 
petals  spatulate-obovate,  unguiculate,  8-5  lines  long,  exceeding  the  calyx- 
lobes  :  carpels  oblong,  densely  pubescent,  striate,  attenuate  at  each  end, 
4-6  lines  long,  exserted.  Common  on  rocky  hillsides  and  gravelly  or  sandy 
plains,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

6    CERCOCARPUS     H.  B.  K.  Nov.  Gen.  vi,  223  t.  556. 

Small  trees  or  shrubs  with  alternate  leaves,  small  wholly  ad- 
nate  stipules  and  axillary  or  terminal  inflorescence.  Tube  of 
the  calyx  cylindrical,  long  and  pedicel-like,  more  or  less  persis- 
tent, the  limb  short,  campanulate,  5-lobed,  without  bractlets, 
deciduous.  Petals  none.  Stamens  15-25,  inserted  in  2-3  rows 
on  the  limb  of  the  calyx ;  filaments  short ;  anthers  oval  or 
rounded  deeply  emarginate  or  cleft  at  each  end.  Ovary  solitary, 
free,  with  a  single  erect  ovule  :  style  terminal,  villous  :  stigma 
capitate.  Carpel  linear-oblong,  caudate  with  the  long  persistent 
plumose  style  which  is  more  or  less  enclosed  in  the  slender  per- 
sistent tube  of  the  calyx.  Seed  with  a  membranous  testa  and  no 
albumen.     Cotyledons  long  and  linear. 

*  Leaves    persistent,    small,   entire,    thick-coriaceous   with   revolute 
margins,  1-nerved. 

C.  ledifolius  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  i,  427.  A  small  tree  or  shrub  6-15  feet 
high  with  moderately  straight  rigid  branches :  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong, 
acute,  glandular  apiculate,  dark  green  and  usually  glabrous  above,  tomen- 
tose  beneath,  attenuate  below  to  a  thick  petiole,  6-18  lines  long,  mid- 
nerve  prominent:  flowers  sessile,  3  lines  in  diameter,  tomentose;  limb  of 
the  calyx  2  lines  long,  the  oblong-obtuse  lobes  longer  than  the  throat, 
tube  becoming  3-5  lines  long:  tails  of  the  achenes  at  length  2-3  inches 
long.  In  mountainous  districts,  eastern  Oregon  to  California  and  the 
Rocky  Mountains. 

C.  iiitrieatus  AVatson  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  x,  346.  A  rigidly  and  intri- 
cately much  branched  shrub,  1-6  feet  high  with  ashy-gray  bark :  leaves 
lanceolate  or  apparently  linear  by  the  involution  of  the  margins,  silky- 
pubescent  both  sides  or  glabrate  above,  acute,  apiculate,  sessile,  5-10  lines 
long:  flowers  sessile;  tomentose;  limb  of  the  calyx  2  lines  in  diameter,  1-2 
lines  long,  the  short  triangular  lobes  not  half  as  long  as  the  throat,  the 
persistent  tube  becoming  2  lines  long:  tails  of  the  achenes  1-2  inches 
long.  On  dry  hillsides  along  streams,  John  Day  valley  eastern  Oregon  to 
Nevada  and  California. 

*  *  Leaves  deciduous,  rather  large,  the  margins  not  involute,   pin- 
nately  veined. 

C.  betulaefolius  Hook.  1.  c.  t.  322.  C.parvifolius  of  recent  authors  not 
Nutt.  A  shrub  or  small  tree  2-15  feet  high  with  gray  thin  flaky  bark  and 
long  slender  spreading  or  recurved  branches :  leaves  obovate  or  oblong, 
with  cuneate  base,  obtuse,  coarsely  serrate  above  the  middle,  green  but 
finely  pubescent  above,  densely  white  tomentose  beneath,  1-2  inches  long 
on  short  petioles,  conspicuously  veined  :  flowers  on  rather  slender  pedicels, 
tomentose,  limb  of  the  calyx  3-4  lines  in  diameter,  the  triangular  obtuse 
lobes  about  equal Hng  the  throat;  the  tube  becoming  4-6  lines  long,  ob- 


GEUM.  ROSACEA.  173 

liquely  open  on  one  side.     On  dry  hillsides,  southwestern  Oregon  to  Cali- 
fornia. 

7    GEUM    L.  Gen.  n.  636. 

Perennial  herbs  with  mostly  radical  lyrate  or  pinnate  leaves, 
adnate  stipules  and  solitary  or  corymbose  flowers.  Calyx  ob- 
conic  at  base,  deeply  5-cleft,  usuall}^  with  5  bracteoles  alternat- 
ing with  the  lobes.  Petals  5,  obtuse  or  emarginate.  Stamens 
numerous,  inserted  into  the  disk  that  lines  the  base  of  the  calyx; 
filanunts  somewhat  persistent.  Carpels  numerous,  1-ovuled,  on 
a  dry,  conical  or  clavate  receptacle,  becoming  achenes  ;  styles 
terminal,  at  least  the  base  persistent,  straight,  or  geniculate  near 
the  middle  :  stigma  simple.     Seed  erect ;    radicle  inferior. 

§  1  EuGEUM  T.  &  G.  Fl.  i,  420.  Flowers  erect:  segments  of 
the  calyx  reflexed :  head  of  carpels  sessile  :  styles  articulated 
and  geniculate  above  the  middle,  the  lower  portion  glabrous, 
hooked  at  the  apex,  persistent  after  the  deflexed  and  mostly 
hairy  terminal  portion  falls  away. 

(x.  macrophyllum  Willd.  Enum.  i,  537.  Hirsute  throughout  with 
spreading  yellowish  hairs :  stems  mostly  solitary,  1-3  feet  high,  usually 
simple :  stipules  foliaceous,  ovate,  lacerate  serrate,  adnate  to  the  petiole 
below  the  middle,  acuminate  above;  radical  leaves  lyrate  and  interruptedly 
pinnate,  6-12  inches  long  or  more  the  terminal  leaflet  very  large, 
round-cordate,  irregularly  lobed  and  toothed,  the  others  very  unequal,  often 
very  small ;  cauline  leaves  similar  but  with  a  short  rachis  or  reduced  to 
the  terminal  leaflet  only :  flowers  yellow,  6-9  lines  broad,  in  an  open 
panicle ;  bractlets  small,  often  wanting;  lobes  of  the  calyx  ovate,  long 
acuminate,  puberulent  or  nearly  smooth  reflexed,  about  equalling  the 
obovate  or  oblong  patals :  style  three  lines  long,  at  length  reflexed;  achenes 
hispid,  upon  a  nearly  naked  oblong  receptacle.  In  moist  meadows  and 
along  streams.    Alaska  to  California  and  across  the  continent. 

€r.  strictuin  Ait.  Hort.  Kew  ii,  218.  Stems  and  petioles  hirsute  or 
hispid,  with  spreading  hairs:  stems  stout,  2-3  feet  high,  simple,  dichoto- 
mous  at  the  summit :  radical  leaves  interrupted  and  somewhat  lyrately 
pinnate;  leaflets  cuneiform-obovate,  incisely  lobed  and  serrate;  cauline 
leaves  3-5-foliolate;  the  leaflets  rhombic-ovate  or  oblong,  acute,  sharply 
toothed  and  incised;  appressed-pubescent;  stipules  large,  incised:  flowers 
rather  large,  numerous;  bractlets  shorter  than  the  calyx-lobes;  petals 
yellow,  roundish-oval,  longer  than  the  calyx:  carpels  hispid  at  the  apex; 
style  glabrous,  the  upper  joint  hairy :  receptacle  densely  pubescent.  In 
ficjlds  and  moist  places,  Idaho  to  the  New  England  States  and  Canada. 

^  2.  SiEVERSiA  Willd.  Berl.  Ma^.  v,  398  as  genus.  Flowers 
rather  large,  erect ;  segments  of  the  calyx  erect  or  spreading : 
head  of  carpels  sessile  :  style  wholly  persistent. 

Cr.  triflornni  Pursh  Fl.  736.  Villous  a;id  hirsute:  stems  clustered, 
from  stout  branching  rootstocks,  6-15  inches  high,  simple,  nearly  naked: 
radical  leaves  pinnate,  with  numerous  cuneate-oblong  irregularly  incised 
leaflets :  the  cauline  reduced  to  a  few  small  linear-lobed  leaves  or  bracts  : 
flowers  few,  usually  3,  on  long  peduncles ;  calyx  often  purplish,  the  linear 
bractlets  4-9  lines  long  usually  exceeding  the  calyx-lobes  and  equalling 
the  oblong  purplish  erect  petals:  tails  of  the  small  achenes  plumose,  at 
length  2-3  inches  long:  receptacle  small,  hemispherical.  On  bleak  hill- 
tops, from  Arctic  America  to  California  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 


174  KOISACE^.  FRAG  ARIA. 

COM  ARUM. 

8    FRAGARIA  Tourn.     L.  Gen.  n  633.  (strawbepky). 

Acaulescent  stoloniferous  perennials  with  trifoliolate,  coarsely 
toothed  leaves  and  white  flowers  in  few-flowered  cymes  upon 
erect  scapes  in  early  spring.  Calyx  conca.ve,  persistent,  the 
limb  5-lobed  with  5  alternate  bractlets,  valvate  m  the  bud.  Petals 
5,  Stamens  many,  in  one  row.  Carpels  numerous,  smooth; 
style  lateral,  very  short;  ovule  solitary,  ascending.  Receptacle 
large,  fleshy,  becolning  conical  and  pulpy,  bearing  the  small 
turgid  crustaceous  achenes  upon  its  surface,  at  length  separat- 
ing from  the  conical  central  portion  of  the  torus. 

F.  cuneifolia  Xutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  i,  448.  Usually  low;  petioles  and 
scapes  villous  with  spreading  hairs:  leaves  1-6  inches  high;  leaflets  cune- 
ate-oblong,  very  obtuse  and  coarsely  toothed  at  the  summit,  smooth  above, 
appressed  silky  beneath :  scapes  shorter  than  the  petioles,  1-few-flowered, 
decumbent  or  ascending ;  bractlets  oblanceolate,  entire,  shorter  than  the 
lanceolate'  acuminate  calyx-lobes :  receptacle  sparingly  villous,  in  fruit 
semi-hemispherical  to  oblong 3-9  lines  in  diameter:  achenes  deeply  im- 
bedded in  the  receptacle.  Very  common  in  prairies  and  open  places,  Alaska 
to  California. 

F.  Califoriiica  Cham  &Schlecht.  Linn,  ii,  20.  Comparatively  tall,  2- 
12  inches  high :  pubescence  of  the  petioles  and  scapes  usually  appressed, 
sometimes  spreading  and  appressed  on  the  same  plant :  leaflets  obovate  to 
oblong,  more  or  less  cuneate  at  base,  coarsely  toothed  above  the  middle, 
appressed -silky  beneath,  sparingly  villous  above,  6-18  lines  long :  scapes 
equalling  or  surpassing  the  leaves,  erect;  bractlets  linear-oblanceolate,  en- 
tire or  sparingly  toothed,  about  equalling  the  trfangular  acuminate  calyx- 
lobes  :  receptacle  very  sparingly  if  at  all  hairy;  fruit  oblong  to  obovoid,  3-6 
lines  in  diameter :  achenes  slightly  imbedded  in  the  receptacle.  Common 
throughout  the  Pacific  States,  always  in  wooded  districts. 

9    COMARUM  L.  Gen.  n.  638. 

Perennial  herbs  with  pinnate  leaves,  mostly  scarious  wholly 
adnate  stipules  and  purple  flowers.  Calyx  flat,  deeply  5-cleft, 
rarely  6-7  <deft,  with  as  many  smaller  alternate  deflexed  bract- 
lets. Petals  5,  somewhat  persistent.  Stamens  numerous,  in- 
serted into  the  thickened  and  hairy  slightly  lobed  disk  w^hich 
lines  the  bottom  of  the  calyx;  filaments  subulate,  persistent. 
Achenes  aggregated  on  the  convex,  at  length  very  large  and 
fleshy  or  spongy  persistent  receptacle  :  styles  filiform,  at  length 
deciduous,  inserted  below  the  apex  of  the  ovary;  stigma  simple. 
Seed  inserted  next  the  insertion  of  the  style,  pendulous.  Radicle 
superior. 

C.  palnstre  L.  Sp.  502.  Stems  stout,  ascending  from  a  decumbent 
rooting  perennial  base  3^-2  feet  long,  glabrous  below,  minutely  silky  or 
glandular-pubescent  above :  lower  stipules  scarious,  amplexicaul,  long- ad- 
nate to  the  petiole :  the  upper^broadly  ovate,  entire  :  leaves  pinnate  :  leaflets 
5-7,  oblong  1-2  inches  long,  more  or  less  pubescent  beneath,  dark  green 
above,  coarsely  serrate:  flowers  dark  purple,  in  an  open  few-flowered  cyme ; 
bractlets  linear,  acuminate,  much  shorter  than  the  calyx;  calyx-lobes 
purple  within,  ovate,  acuminate,  becoming  6-10  lines  long;  petals  spatu- 
late,  acute,  2-3  linefe  long;  stamens  20,  with  stout  fleshy  filaments,  in  one 
row  :  carpels  very  numerous,  sessile  upon  the  large  fleshy  receptacle.  In 
marshes  and  bogs,  Alaska  to  California  and  across  the  continent. 


SIBBALDIA.  ROSACEA.  176 

POTENTILLA. 

10     SIBBALDIA  L.  Gen.  n.  393. 

Procumbent  or  depressed  sufFruticose  plants  with  trifoliolate 
leaves  and  rather  small  flowers  on  scape-like  peduncles.  Calyx 
rather  flat,  5-cleft  and  5-bracteolate.  Stamens  5,  alternate  with 
the  5  petals,  inserted  into  the  margin  of  the  villous  disk  which 
lines  the  base  of  the  calyx;  filaments  short.  Carpels  5-10,  raised 
on  short  hairy  stipes;  styles  lateral,  attached  near  the  base  of 
the  ovary;  stigma  capitate,  depressed.  Seed  ascending,  amphi- 
tropous.     Radicle  superior. 

S.  procumbens  L.  Sp.  284.  Somewhat  villous  :  stems  creeping,  leafy  at 
the  extremities :  leaves  trifoliolate;  leaflets  cuneiform,  3-12  lines  long,  3-5 
toothed  at  the  apex :  calyx-lobes  1-2  lines  long ;  bractlets  linear  and  shorter : 
petals  much  shorter,  acute.  Alpine  and  subalpine,  from  the  Arctic 
regions  to  California  and  the  Rocky  Mountains :  Greenland,  Labrador 
and  the  White  Mountains  of  N.  H.,  Northern  Europe. 

11    POTENTILLA    L.  Gen.  n.  634. 

Herbaceous  or  sufFruticose  plants  with  pinnately  or  palmately 
compound  leaves,  adnate  stipules  and  axillary  or  cymous  inflor- 
escence. Calyx  concave  at  the  bottom,  deeply  4-5-cleft,  with 
4-5  alternate  bractlets.  Petals  4-5,  obtuse  or  retuse  or  obcord- 
ate,  deciduous.  Stamens  numerous,  inserted  into  the  margin  of 
the  disk  which  lines  the  base  of  the  calyx :  filaments  filiform  or 
subulate.  Carpels  numerous  1-ovuled,  collected  into  a  head  on 
the  flattish  persistent  dry  villous  receptacle:  styles  lateral  or 
nearly  terminal,  deciduous :  stigmas  obtuse  or  somewhat  capi- 
tate :  ovule  always  inserted  next  the  insertion  of  the  style  and 
accordingly  either  suspended  or  ascending.  Radicle  always  su- 
perior. 

§  1  Styles  thickened  and  glandular  toward  the  base :  carpels 
glabrous,  numerous,  sessile  :  inflorescence  cymose. 

*  Style  attached  below  the  middle  of  the  ovary :  disk  thickened 
and  pentagonal ;  stamens  20  -30,  in  one  row  on  the  margin  of  the 
disk ;  herbaceous  perennials  with  pinnate  leaves  and  glandular-vil- 
lous  pubescence. 

P.  glutinosa  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  i,  446,  under  P.  fissa  var.  Stems  stout, 
erect,  simple,  striate,  1-4  feet  high :  radical  leaves  7-11-foliolate  4-12 
inches  long,  usually  lonor-petioled;  stipules  ovate,  entire  or  incised ;  leaf- 
lets rounded  or  subrhomboidal,  incised  or  densely  serrate,  the  terminal 
one  1-3  inches  long:  inflorescence  loosely  and  regularly  dichotomous, 
forming  an  almost  flat-topped  cyme  6-8  inches  broad  in  fruit;  calyx 
densely  pubescent,  the  acute  sepals  3-4  lines  long;  bractlets  much  smaller; 
petals  rounded  obtuse,  3-5  lines  long,  clear  yellow  :  achenes  very  broadly 
oblique-ovoid,  obtuse,  distinctly  carinate  on  the  back  above  the  middle, 
the  sides  marked  with  numerous  rather  coarse  simple  or  forked  veins. 
On  stony  hills,  Vancouver  Island  to  Oregon  and  Idaho. 

P.  ciliata.  Loosely  pilose  throughout:  stems  cespitose,  slender, 
10-12  inches  high,  from  short  creeping  rootstocks:  radical  leaves  4-6 
inches  long :  stipales  linear  to  obovate,  4-6  lines  long,  more  or  less  lacer- 
ate: leaflets  5-9,  with  2-6  small  ones  interspersed,  mostly  obovate  with 
cuneate  base,  4-12  lines  long,  coarsely  lacerate  toothed:  flowers  large,  in 
a  rather  close  corymbose  cyme ;  sepals  ovate,  acuminate,  4-6  lines  long, 


176  ROSACEA. 


POTENTILLA. 


conspicuously  ciliate ;  bractlets  linear-lanceolate,  3-4  lines  long;  petals 
broadly  obovate  or  nearly  orbicular,  6  lines  lone:  or  more,  bright  yellow : 
achenes  not  known.  In  wet  meadows  on  the  Siskiyou  Mountains  near 
Ashland  Butte,  Oregon. 

P.  flssa  Nutt.  1.  c  Viscidly  pubescent:  stems  erect,  branching,  leafy, 
8-10  inches  high:  leaves  9-11-foliolate  on  short  petioles;  leaflets  unequal, 
roundish  or  oval,  deeply  incised  or  incisely  toothed  ;  cymes  narrow,  few- 
flowered  ;  sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  long-acuminate ;  bractlets  much  smaller, 
often  toothed;  petals  bright  yellow,  large,  very  concave,  much  exceeding 
the  sepals.    Idaho  to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

P.  ^landulosa  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  xix,  t.  1583,  Stems  erect,  slender, 
branched  above,  villous-pubescent,  viscid  toward  the  summit:  radical 
leaves  pinnately  5-9-foliolate  :  leaflets  ovate  or  roundish,  those  of  the  nearly 
sessile  caulme  leaves  obovate  or  oblong,  all  deeply  and  usually  doubly  ser- 
rate-toothed and  often  incised :  branches  of  the  cyme  elongated  and  rather 
loosely-flowered;  sepals  ovate,  acute,  as  long  as  the  broadly  oval  yellow 
petals.  Eastern  Washington  and  Brit.  Columbia  to  South  Dakota  and 
New  Mexico. 

P.  Wran^elliana  Fish.  &  All.  Anim.  Bot.  Ind,  Sem.  Stems  erect,  1-2 
feet  high,  glandular-pubescent:  leaves  pinnately  5-9-foliolate;  leaflets  ovate 
or  rhombic-ovate,  coarsely  and  doubly  serrate:  cyme  dichotomously 
branched,  with  a  short-pedicelled  flower  in  the  forks,  lax,  leafy- bracted ; 
sepals  oval,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  small  almost  mucronate  point; 
petals  pale  yellow,  obovoid,  scarcely  equalling  the  calyx ;  stamens  25,  in 
one  row  on  the  margin  of  the  thickened  disk.  Valleys  of  the  coast  range, 
Washington  to  California. 

P.  reflexa  Greene  Pitt,  iii,  19.  Stems  erffct  or  spreading,  1-2  feet 
high,  rather  slender;  minutely  villous-hirsute  throughout  and  somewhat 
glandular :  radical  leaves  §-6  inches  long,  5-9-foliolate;  stipules  entire; 
leaflets  orbicular  to  oblong,  coarsely  and  doubly  serrate,  an  inch  long  or 
less:  cymes  open -paniculate;  pedicels  slender,  often  elongated:  sepals 
narrowy  triangular,  acute,  3-4  lines  long;  the  linear-lanceolate  bractlets 
about  half  as  long ;  petals  obovate,  3-4  lines  long,  about  equalling  the 
sepals,  yellow.  Common  on  dry  open  hills  and  plains,  Washington  to 
California. 

P.  rhomboidea  Rydberg  Bull.  Torr.  Club  xxiii,  248.  P.  glandulosa 
var.  Nevadcnsis  Watson.  Sparingly  villous  to  nearly  glabrous ;  slightly 
if  at  all  glandular :  stems  slender,  4-8  inches  high,  often  solitary:  radical 
leaves,  5-7-foliolate,  short  petioled:  stipules  ovate,  subentire;  leaflets 
rhombic-ovate,  mostly  acute,  serrate  with  acute  teeth,  4-8  lines  long: 
cymes  open,  few-flowered  pedicels  stout  and  rather  rigid ;  calyx  sparingly 
hairy,  the  oblong  acute  lobes  2-4  lines  long;  bractlets  linear-lanceolate, 
1-2  lines  long,  petals  yellow,  12  lines  long  obovate,  tardily  deciduous: 
stamens  15-25;  styles  nearly  basal,  filiform.  On  cliffs  in  the  high 
mountains,  Washington  to  California  and  Nevada. 

*  *  Style  terminal:    disk  not    thickened;    flowers    small  yellow, 
leaves  pinnate  or  ternate. 

+-  Annuals  or  biennials ;  leaflets  incisely  serrate,  not  white  tomen 
tose. 

P.  Monspeliensis  L.  Sp.  499.  P.  Norvegica  L.  Hirsute:  stems  stout, 
erect,  1-3  feet  high,  leafy,  at  length  dichotomously  branched  above: 
leaves  trifoliolate,  mostly  short  petioled;  stipules  large,  ovate,  coarsely 
incised  or  entire;  leaflets  obovate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  1-3  inches  long : 
cyme  leafy  and  rather  loose;  calyx  large,  becoming  3-5  lines  long,  the 
bractlets  nearly  equalling  or  exceeding  the  sepals;  petals  obovate,  often 
emarginate,  not  longer  than  the  sepals ;  stamens   15-20,  in  2  rows ;  recep- 


POTENTILLA.  ROSACEA.  177 

tacle  large,  oblong.     In  damp  places,   Paget  Sound  to  Alaska,   Labrador 
and  the  Atlantic  States. 

P.  rivalis  Nutt.  1.  c.  437.  Soft-villous  with  spreading  hairs :  diffusely 
branched  from  the  base,  or  erect  and  branched  above,  4-18  inches  high: 
radical  leaves  5-foliolate,  or  3-foliolate  and  the  terminal  leaflet  8-parted; 
the  upper  ones  3-foliolate;  stipules  lanceolate  to  ovate,  entire  or  toothed; 
leaflets  ovate  to  oblong-cuneate,  6-18  lines  long,  more  or  less  incised-ser- 
rate :  cymes  loose,  leafy ;  pedicels  slender;  bractlets  and  sepals  nearly 
equal,  acute,  2-3  lines  long;  petals  small;  stamens  10-20;  achenes  usually 
smooth.  In  moist  places  along  streams,  Oregon  and  Washington  to  the 
Missouri  river. 

P.  mille^rana  Engelm.  Lehm.  Ind.  Sem.  Hort.  Bot.  Hamb.  1849.  P, 
rivalis  var  millegrana  Watson.  Pubescent  throughout  with  minute  soft 
appressed  hairs :  stems  6-18  inches  long,  spreading,  profusely  branched 
with  divergent  branches:  leaves  all  3-foliolate;  stipules  large,  often  nearly 
free,  lanceolate  to  obovate,  acutely  3-lobed,  the  lower  ones  often  coarsely 
serrate ;  leaflets  cuneate-obovate  to  oblanceolate,  coarsely  serrate  with 
blunt  teeth,  1-2  inches  long:  cymes  very  leafy,  repeatedly  dichotomous 
with  a  slender  pedicelled  flower  in  the  forks ;  lobes  of  the  calyx  triangular, 
acute  2  lines  long ;  the  lanceolate  bractlets  nearly  as  loug ;  petals  obovate 
about  1  line  long :  achenes  smooth,  nearly  white.  On  sandy  bars  along 
streams,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California  and  111. 

P.  lateriflora  Kydberg  1.  c.  261.  Soft  pubescent  with  spreading  hairs: 
stems  often  several  from  the  root  4-20  inches  high,  terete,  finely  and 
rather  densely  glandular-pubescent,  often  tinged  wdth  red  or  purple, 
simple  or  sparingly  branched  with  erect  branches :  leaves  all  3-foliolate, 
the  lower  on  petioles  1-4  inches  long;  stipules  small,  ovate  or  oblong,  entire 
or  toothed ;  leaflets  broadly  obovate,  coarsely  crenate,  1-2  inches  long  by 
6-18  lines  broad  ;  flowers  small,  about  3  lines  in  diametar,  on  pedicels  2-7 
lines  long,  from  the  axils  of  upper  leaves,  making  the  branches  resemble 
leafy  racemes  :  calyx  glandular -pubescent  in  fruit,  about  3  lines  in  diameter; 
bractlets  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong,  acute,  a  little  shorter  than  the  ovate; 
acute  sepals:  petals  yellow,  obovate-cuneate,  sometimes  slightly  emargin- 
ate,  shorter  than  the  sepals;  stamens  about  10;  carpels  very  numerous; 
style  terminal,  thickened  and  glandular  at  base:  achenes  smooth,  whitish. 
In  moist  places  and  along  streams,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California,  Montana 
and  Arizona. 

§  2.  Styles  filiform,  not  glandular  at  base :  inflorescence 
cymose. 

*  Style  terminal ;   carpels  glabrous :  disk  not  thickened :   stamens 
20-25:  herbaceous  perennials. 

+-  Leaves  pinnate;  carpels  usually   10-30:   bractlets  shorter  than  the 
sepals. 

P.  Drnmmondii  Lehm.  Nov.  Stirp.  Pug.  ii,  9.  Stems  cespitose,  1-2 
feet  high,  finely  appressed-pubescent,  simple;  leaves  pinnate  with  2-5 
pairs  of  leaflets,  the  lower  long-peiioled ;  stipules  lanceolate,  entire;  leaf- 
lets obovate  to  oblong,  cuneate  at  base,  6-18  lines  long,  incisely  8-10  lobed; 
flowers  somewhat  panicled  at  the  summit  of  the  stem,  on  long  slender 
pedicles;  bractlets  narrowly  lanceolate,  2  lines  long,  nearly  equalling  the 
acuminate-ovate,  acute  calyx-lobes ;  calyx  hirsute ;  petals  oblong-obovate 
with  broad  rounded,  or  almost  truncate  apex,  6  lines  long :  aohenes  smooth, 
brown.  In  mountain  meadows  at  high  elevations,  Brit.  Columbia  to  Cali- 
fornia and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

P.  Newberryi  Gray  Proc.  j^m.  Acad,  vi,  532.  Ivesia  gracilis  T.<kG, 
Pac.  R.  Rep.  vi,  12.  'Canescently  villous  with  spreading  hairs:  stems 
slender,  from  an    apparently    annual    or    biennial    root,  6-8  inches  long; 


178  ROSACE  .5^:.  POTENTILLA. 

leaflets  5-10  pairs,  scattered  on  the  slender  rachis,   3-5-parted  with  oblong 
segments,  2-4  lines  long:   flowers   on   slender  pedicels   in   a  very  diffuse 

f)anicle;  calyx  nearly  2  lines  long,  broadly  campanulate  ;  bractlets  lanceo- 
ate,  nearly  equalling  the  lanceolate  acuminate  calyx-lobes;  petals  white, 
vjry  broadly  obovate,  2  lines  long,  nearly  as  broad,  exceeding  the  calyx; 
stamens  15-20;  carpels  numerous;  achenes  rugose.  On  sandy  plainSj 
Washington,  at  Wallula,  to  California. 

-«-  -•-  Leaves  digitately  5-7-foliolate. 

P.  gracilis  Dougl.  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2984.  Villous  and  more  or  less 
tonientose:  stems  erect,  2-3  feet  high  :  stipules  ovate  or  lanceolate,  often 
long  acuminate,  entire  or  sub  incised:  leaflets  mostly  5-7,  rarely  3,  cune- 
ate-oblong,  obtuse,  incisely  serrate  orpinnatifid,  white-tomentose  beneath, 
green  and  subvillous  or  appressed-silky  above,  1-3  inches  long :  flowers  in 
a  loose  subfastigiate  cyme,  the  pedicles  at  length  elongated  and  slender; 
bractlets  narrow,  lanceolate,  shorter  than  the  broad  acute  or  lanceolate 
sepals;  petals  broadlv  obcordate,  3-4  lines  long,  exceeding  the  calyx : 
achenes  very  numerous,  oblong,  dark  brown.  Common  on  dry  praries 
and  plains,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

P.  fliabelliformisLehm.  1.  c.  12.  Appre^sed-silky  and  more  or  less 
white  tomentose:  stems  rather  stout,  2-4  feet  high,  erect,  branched  above; 
leaves  5-9-foliolate,  the  lower  long-petiolate;  the  upper  sessile  or  nearly  so"; 
stipules  linear-lanceolate,  long-acuminate,  mostly  3-toothed,  1-2  inches 
long ;  leaflets  linear-oblong  in  outline,  2-4  inches  long,  deeply  pinnatifid 
with  linear-lanceolate  segments,  white-tomentose  beneath,  green  and  more 
or  less  silky  above :  flowers  in  ample  flat-topped  cymes ;  bractlets  lanceot 
late,  2-3  lines  Ion/,  about  half  as  long  as  the  broad  triangular-ovate  acute 
sepals;  petals  bright  yellow,  orbicular  or  br<iadly  obovate,  but  little  ex- 
ceeding the  sepals.  Plains  of  Eastern  Oregon  and  Washington  to  the 
Saskatchawan.  , 

-+--«--•-  Low^  arctic  or  alpine  species :  densely  villous  or  subglabrous :   ' 
leaves  ternate:  flowers  few,  in  a  loose  cyme,  or  solitary:  the  obcordate 
petals  exceeding  the  calyx :  carpels  10-40.  ^ 

P.  villosa  Pall.  Pursh  Fl.  353.  Densely  white-tomentose :  stems  6-1^ 
inches  high  :  stipules  large,  oblong,  acuminate ;  leaflets  cuneate -obovate, 
6-15  lines  long,  sessile,  coarsely  incised-serrate :  flowers  few  or  solitary, 
very  large :  bractlets  ovate,  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  ovate,  acute  sepals; 
petals  obcordate,  3-6  lines  long,  exceeding  the  sepals.  On  Mount  Rainier 
Washington  to  Alaska.  v: 

P.  flabellifolia  Hook.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  i,  442.  P.  gelida  American  authors 
not  Meyer.  Nearly  glabrous  or  with  scanty  minute  villous  pubescence : 
stems  slender,  erect  or  spreading,  6-10  inches  long,  1-3-flowered  :  stipules 
oval  or  oblong,  mostly  entire  :  leaflets  flabelliform,  6-9  lines  long,  rounded 
at  the  apex  and  incisely  7-9-toothed,  entire  at  base,  the  middle  leaflet 
shortly  pstiolulate:  bractlets  oblong,  obtuse,  3  lines  long,  equalling  the 
triangular,  acute,  sepals;  petals  broadly  obovate,  4-6  lines  long,  bright 
yellow  carpels  numerous.  Wet  banks  and  meadows  of  the  highest 
mountains,  Oregon  to  Alaska. 

P.  brevifolia  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  i,  442.  Minutely  gland ular-pubesceht, 
the  calyx  very  sparingly  villous  :  stems  decumbent  or  ascending,  2-3  inches 
long:  stipules  ovate,  entire;  leaflets  suborbicular,  2-3  lines  long,  2--3-lobed' 
arid  crenately  toothed,  the  middle  one  petioiulate  :  bractlets  acute  shorter 
than  the  acute  sepals :  petals  obovate,  scarcely  exceeding  the  calyx;  style 
attached  below  the  apex  of  the  ovary.     Alpine  peaks  of  Oregon. 

*  *  Style  attached  below  the  middle  of  the  ovary :  carpels  on  short  , , 
stipes:  receptacle  densely  villous:  disk  riot  thickened :  more  or  less  , 
woody  perennials.   .  '■ 


POTEJ^TILLA.  ROSACEA.  179 

HURKELIA. 

P.  fruticosa  L.  vSp.  495.  Shrubby,  much  branched,  1-4  feet  high- 
leaves  pinnately  5-7-foliolate ;  stipules  scarious  ;  leaflets  crowded,  oblong- 
lanceolate,  2-12  lines  long,  entire,  usually  whiter  beneath  and  the  margin: 
revolute :  flowers  on  slender  pedicels  in  loose  cymes  or  solitary :  bractlets 
equalling  the  acute  sepals;  petals  yellow,  orbicular,  2-6  lines  long,  ex- 
ceeding the  calyx ;  stamens  30;  carpels  20.  On  high  mountains,  Wash- 
ington to  California  and  the  Eastern  States. 

§  3.  Style  filiform,  attached  to  the  middle  of.  the  ovary  or 
beloiV  the  apex:  peduncles  axillary,  1-flowered :  carpels  glab- 
rous, short  stipitate,  the  stipe  and  receptacle  villous  :  herbaceous 
perennials  with  mostly  creeping  or  decumbent  stems  and  yellow 
flowers. 

P,  anserina  L.  Sp.  495.  Creeping;  ascending  stem  none;  stolons 
slender,  rooting  and  proliferous:  leaves  pinnate;  stipules  multifid ;  leaflets 
9-19,  with  several  minute  pairs  interposed,  oblong  sharply  pinnatifid-seri- 
rate,  nearly  glabrous  above,  silvery-canescent  beneath :  pedicels  scape- 
like, solitary,  as  long  as  the  leaves.  Borders  of  lakes  and  streams,  Idaho 
to  the  Eastern  States  and  far  northward. 

P.  Paciflca.  P.  anserina  v  ir.  grandis  Lehm.  Spreading  by  slender 
jointed  runners :  ascending  stems  none:  leaves  pinnate,  10-30  inches  long; 
stipules  scarious;  leaflets  11-35,  with  small  ones  interposed,  oblong, 
coarsely  and  sharply  serrate,  densely  white-tomentose  and  silky  beneath, 
smooth  above,  3^-2  inches  long ;  peduncles  scape-like,  as  long  or  longer 
than  the  leaves ;  bractlets  lanceolate,  acute,  glabrate,  about  3  lines  long,i 
equalling  the  oblong  acute  silky  sepals;  petals  broadly  ovate,  6  lines  long, 
nearly  as  broad ;  style  attached  in  the  middle  of  the  ovary :  achenes 
ovoid, ^1  line  long.     In  salt  marshes  along  the  coast,  Alaska  to  California. 

12    HORKELIA    Cham.    &  Schlecht.   Linnsea  ii  26. 

Perennial  herbs  with  pinnate  or  pinnately  parted  leaves,  ad- 
nate  stipules  and  white  or  rose-color  flowers  in  crowded  or  sub- 
capitatp  cymes.  Calyx -tube  campanulate,  with  5  erect  lobes 
and  5  alternate  bractlets.  Petals  5,  linear  or  spatulate,  more  or 
less  unguiculate.  Stamens  5  in  one  series  or  10  in  two  series; 
filaments  shorter  than  the  calyx-lobes,  triangular  and  petaloid  or 
subulate,  those  alternate  with  the  petals  broadest  and  persistent. 
Carpels  few  to  many,  attached  by  their  middle  to  the  dry  coni-, 
cal  villous  receptacle :  style  filiform  or  thickened  at  base,  nearly 
terminal :  stigma  obtuse.  Achenes  reniform-ovate.  Seed  sus- 
pended, with  a  thick  and  firm  brownish  testa.  Leaflets  not 
crowded ;  3  to  many-lobed  or  -toothed. 

*    Stj'le  short,  thickened  at  base. 

H.  fusca  Lindl,  Bot.  Reg.  xxiii,  t.  1997.  Viscous-pubescent;  stem 
rather  slender,  2-3  feet  high  :  radical  leaves  12-19-foliolate,  leaflets  cune-; 
ate-oblong,  pinnatifid  and  incised;  stipules  deeply  laciniate:  flowers, 
crowded  on  the  branches  of  the  compound  many-flowered  cyme:  bracts,, 
palmatifid,  much  shorter  than  the  golmerules .  bractlets  shorter  and, 
much  smaller  than  the  triangular-lanceolate  calyx -lobes;  petals  cuneiform-,' 
obcordate,  much  longer  than  the  calyx.  In  the  mountains  of  eastern  .' 
Oregon  to  California.  /„ 

H.  tenella  Rydberg  Rev.  Pot.  H.  fvsca  var.  tenella  Watson  Bot.  Cal.' 
i^  181.  Glandular-pubescent:  stems  slender,  simple,  6-18  inches  high": -^ 
radical  leaves  pinnately  1 1-19-foliolate ;  stipules  linear,  the  free  portion' 


,180  KOSACEAE.  horkelia. 

setaceous ;  leaflets  oblong-cuneiform,  6-8  lines  long,  deeply  cut  into  5-9' 
linear-oblong  or  filiform  segments;  cauline  leaves  similar,  with  nearly  free 
pinnatifid  stipules  and  more  simple  leaflets  with  linear  segments :  flowers 
crowded  on  the  branches  of  the  almost  capitate  or  at  length  open-panicu- 
late cyme;  bractlets  linear,  shorter  and  much  smaller  than  the  triangular 
acuminate  calyx  lobes;  petals  white  or  pinkish,  cuneate-obovate,  attenu- 
ate to  a  slender  claw,  3  lines  long,  longer  than  the  sepals;  filaments 
broadly  oblong :  achenes  oblique-ovoid.  In  high  mountain  valleys, 
■Washington  to  California. 

H.  pseudocapitata  Kydberg  I.e.  Sparingly  pilose  and  more  or  less 
glandular:  stems  rather  slender,  6-14  inches  high  :  leaves  2-6  inches  long, 
9-15-foliolate;  stipules  linear  or  the  upper  ones  broadly  subulate ;  leaflets 
broadly  obovate  with  cuneate  base  to  narrowly  cuneate.  3-8  Imes  long, 
more  or  less  deeply  incised  and  toothed  with  obtuse  to  acute  teeth  :  flowers 
in  small  subcapitate  cymes;  bractlets  linear,  a  line  long,  about  half  as 
long  as  the  broadly  subulate  calyx-lobes ;  petals  oblong,  attenuate  below 
to  a  short  claw,  retuse  at  the  apex,  about  3  lines  long,  but  little  exceeding 
the  calyx,  filaments  triangular,  obtuse.  In  moist  meadows  and  along 
streams,  southern  base  of  the  Blue  Mountains  in  Oregon. 

H.  capitata  Lindl.  Bot.  ileg.  under  t.  1997.  Somewhat  glabrous: 
stems  viscous-pubescent  toward  the  summit :  radical  leaves  about  13-folio- 
late;  stipules  entire  or  3-parted;  leaflets  laciniate-incised,  the  lower  ones 
roundish-cuneiform,  the  upper  oblong  and  attenuate  at  base:  heads  of 
flowers  dense,  shorter  than  the  laciniate  bracts ;  bractlets  lanceolate-subu- 
late, about  as  long  as  the  calyx-lobes :  petals  broadly  cuneiform,  longer 
than  the  calyx.     Cascade  Mountains  of  Oregon. 

H.  Hendersoni  Howeli  P.  C.  PI.  Col.  1887.  Densely  silky-pubescent; 
not  glandular :  stems  densely  tufted,  4-6  inch^  high :  simple :  stipules  se- 
taceous, or  those  of  the  cauline  leaves  lanceolate :  leaves  very  numerous 
at  the  ends  of  the  much  branched  caudex :  leaflets  11-17,  mostly  crowded, 
broadly  cuneate  and  palmately  3-5-lobed,  or  the  lowest  ones  often  obovate 
and  entire,  1-3  lines  long,  flowers  rather  few,  in  compact  terminal  cymes, 
bractlets  linear,  nearly  equalling  the  subulate  calyx-lobes;  petals  nar- 
rowly lanceolate,  about  equalling  the  calyx;  filaments  broad-subulate, 
half  as  long  as  the  sepals :  achenes  not  seen.  On  top  of  Ashland  Butte, 
Siskiyou  Mountains,  Oregon.  First  collected  by  L.  F.  Henderson,  July 
1886. 

H,  parviflora  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  i,  4.35.  Tomentose ;  upper  part  of  the 
stem  viscidly  villous  :  radical  leaves  9-13-foliolate ;  stipules  ovate-lanceo- 
late, small,  entire  or  toothed:  leaflets  short,  roundish,  the  upper  ones 
cuneiform,  incised:  flowers  small,  much  crowded  on  the  branches  of  the 
fastigiate  cyme ;  bractlets  linear  subulate,  shorter  than  the  narrowly  tri- 
angular calyx-lobes;  petals  narrow^  spatulate  longer  than  the  calyx. 
Plains  of  eastern  Oregon  and  Washington. 

*    *    Style  filiform,  about  equalling  the  stamens  :  stipules  much  di- 
vided into  linear  iobes. 

H.  congesta  Dougl.  Hooker  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2880.  Hirsute  with  long 
spreading  hairs  below,  nearly  smooth  above:  stems  slender,  erect,  6-20' 
inches  high  or  more :  radical  leaves  7-15-foliolate,  the  rachis  hirsute  be- 
low with  long  white  spreading  hairs:  leaflets  narrowly  spatulate,  or  the 
earliest  ones  oblong,  6-10  lines  long,  2-3-toothed  at  the  apex,  sparingly  to 
densely  silky  both  sides  :  flowers  rather  small,  in  open  paniculate  cymes; 
bractlets  linear,  more  than  half  as  long  as  the  triangular-acuminate  calyx- 
lobes  :  petals  obovate,  attenuate  below  to  a  narrow  claw,  rounded  at  the 
apex,  2-3  lines  long,  exceeding  the  calyx:  filaments  very  short,  triangu- 
lar: achenes  ovoid,  a  line  long,  whitish.  On  low  hills  and  dry  prairies^, 
sputhwestern  Oregon  and  adjacent  California. 


HORKEMA.  ROSACE  vF.  181 

IVESIA. 

H.  carnifolia  Rydberg  1.  c.  Hirsute  with  long  white  hairs  and  more 
•or  less  glandular :  stems  ascending,  6-20  inches  long:  stipules  cut  into 
many  filiform  segments :  radical  leaves  4-H  inches  long,  13-21-foliolate; 
leaflets  broadly  cuneiform,  3-6  lines  long,  deeply  cut  into  5-9  linear  lobes : 
flowers  rather  large,  in  close  paniculate  cymes :  bractlet?*  linear -lanceolate, 
a  little  shorter  than  the  acuminate-triangular  calyx-lobes:  petals  suborbic- 
ular  or  broadly  obovate  attenuate  below  to  a  claw :  filaments  deltoid,  a 
line  broad  at  base :  achenes  very  smooth  ovoid,  fully  a  line  long.  In 
clayey  soil  southwestern  Oregon. 

H,  sericata  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xx,  364.  White-silky  through- 
out, not  at  all  glandular:  stems  slender,  flexuous,  6-12  inches  high: 
leaves  densely  white-silky,  the  numerous  leaflets  crowded,  2-3  lines  long, 
oblong  or  obovate,  unequally  bifid :  cymes  open  and  few-flowered ;  bract- 
lets  linear,  nearly  equalling  the  narrowly  lanceolate  acuminate  calyx-lobes; 
petals  narrowly  obcordate,  white  or  tinged  with  pink  :  filaments  short-subn- 
late  :  carpels  5.  On  barren  slopes  of  the  Coast  Mountains  near  the  Oregon 
and  California  boundar5^ 

H.  Howellii  Rydberg  1.  c.  PotentiUa  Howellii  Greene  PitU  i,  104 .  Pu- 
bescent with  white  spreading  hairs:  stems  slender,  ascending,  10-20 
inches  long :  paniculately  branched  above :  leaves  narrow,  on  short  almost 
filiform  petioles  ;  leafiets  21-3 1,2-3  lines  long,  broadly  cuneiform  and  deeply 
2-3-lobed,  or  narrow  and  entire :  flowers  in  crowded  few-flowered  cymes ; 
bractlets  lanceolate,  nearly  as  long  as  the  lanceolate-acuminate  calyx-lobes ; 
petals  spatulate,  obtuse,  2  lines  long :  filaments  oblong,  abruptly  acumi- 
nate.    On  barren  plains,  southwestern  Oregon. 

H.  tridentata  Torr.  Pac.  R.  Rep.  iv,  84,  t.  6.  More  or  less  villous 
with  mostly  appressed  hairs :  stems  erect  from  a  decumbent  base,  10-20 
inches  high  :  radical  leaves  5-9-foliolate ;  leaflets  cuneate-obovate  to  nar- 
rowly oblong,  usually  3-toothed  at  the  apex,  3-6  lines  long :  flowers  on 
-slender  pedicles,  in  an  open  paniculate  cyme;  bractlets  linear,  shorter  than 
the  lanceolate  acuminate  lobes  of  the  more  or  less  scarious  calyx;  petals 
linear  to  broadly  spatulate,  but  little  longer  than  the  calyx :  filaments 
subulate.  On  dry  hillsides,  Southwestern  Oregon  to  California. 
13  IVESIA  T.  &  G.  Bot.  Wilkes  288. 
Low  herbs  with  pinnate  leaves,  numerous  small  palmately  or 
pedately  lobed,  often  crowded  and  closely  imbricate  leaflets  and 
white  purple  or  yellow  flowers  in  cymes.  Calyx  campanulate  or 
•cyathiform  at  base,  5-lobed  with  5  alternate  bractlets.  Stamens 
definite,  5,  10,  15,  or  20;  filaments  slender,  narrowly  subulate  or 
filiform.  Carpels  few  or  solitary,  upon  a  small  villous  recepta- 
cle; style  filiform,  subterminal. 

I.  Baileyi  Watson  Bot.  King  90.  Yiscidly  glandular  and  villous  :  stems 
several,  3-6  inches  long,  from  a  thick  perennial  branching  caudex,  slender, 
branching  above,  exceeding  the  leaves;  leaflets  7-21,  broadly  ovate  or 
flabelliform,  2-3  lines  long,  3-7-toothed  :  or  parted;  stipules  ovate,  entire 
or  2-3  toothed :  flowers  on  slender  pedicels,  in  a  loose  open  cyme;  calyx 
concave  or  broadly  turbinate,  the  ovate-triangular  acute  lobes  but  little 
longer  than  the  oblong  obtuse  bractlets ;  petals  yellow  or  white,  spatulate- 
oblong,  not  longer  than  the  calyx;  stamens  5;  carpels  1-5.  On  cliffs  in 
the  mountains  of  Southeastern  Oregon  to  Nevada  and  California. 

I.  Pickeringii  Torr.  Bot.  Wilkes  288  t.  4.  Densely  villous  with  white 
silky  hairs:  stems  8-10  inches  high :  leaflets  very  numerous,  at  first  closely 
imbricated,  2-5-lobed  or  parted  or  often  entire,  1-4  lines  long;  stems 
panicled  above;  cymes  densely  many- flowered ;  calyx  2  lines  long  or  less; 
bractlets  linear;  petals  yellowish,  spatulate,  equalling  the  calyx;  stamens 
20 ;  carpels  4-6.     On  the  Klamath  river  and  southward. 


132  ROSACEA.  KUBUS. 

I.  alpicola  Rydberg  1.  c.  Yiscid-pubescent :  throughout:  stems  3-8 
inches  high,  several  from  a  thick  resinous  caudex,  exceeding  the  leaves; 
leaflets  21-41,  2-3-lines  long,  3-5-parted  into  cuneate-oblong  or  linear-ob- 
long, obtuse,  entire  lobes  the  single  cauline  leaf  similar,  with  ovate-lance- 
olate, entire  stipules :  cyme  capitate,  many-flowered ;  calyx  somewhat 
scarious,  campanulate,  2  lines  long;  bractlets  linear,  obtuse,  %  as  long  as 
the  lanceolate  acute  calyx-lobes ;  petals  oblong  to  spatulate,  shorter  than 
the  calyx;  stamens  5;  .carpels  1-3;  receptacle  densely  long-wooly.  On 
Mount  Adams  Washington  at  5000-6000  feet  elevation. 

Tribe  4-  Ruhese  B.  &  H.  Gen.  i,  616.  Calyx  flattish,  5- 
'parted^  mostly  imbricate  in  the  bud:  stamens  numerous;  carpels 
numerous,  or  rarely  few,  drupaceous,  crowded  on  the  conical  recep- 
tacle: ovules  2  colateral:  style  terminal  or  nearly  so:  seed  sus- 
pended:  radical  superior. 

14    RUBUS    Tourn.  L.  Gen.  n.  632. 

Shrubs  or  somewhat  woody,  erect  or  trailing  often  prickly- 
plants  or  herbs  with  simple  or  pinnately  3-7-foliolate  leaves,  ad- 
nate  stipules  and  white  or  purple  flowers  in  panicles  or  corymbs 
or  solitary.  Calyx  5-lobed,  persistent,  without  bractlets,  tube 
short  and  open.  Petals  t^,  conspicuous,  deciduous.  Stamens 
numerous,  inserted  into  the  border  of  the  disk  which  lines  the 
bottom  of  the  calyx-tube.  Ovaries  numerous,  rarely  few,  with 
colateral  suspended  ovules,  becoming  globose  1-seeded  drupelets  : 
style  nearly  terminal,  deciduous 

§  1.  Carpels  forming  a  somewhat  hemispherical  fruit,  con- 
cave beneath  and  falling  away  from  the  dry  receptacle  together 
when  ripe  sometimes  few  in  number  and  falling  away  separately. 

*    Leaves  simple,  palmately  lobed  :  shrubs  without  prickles. 

R.  parylflorus  Nutt.  Gen.  i,  308.  R.  Nvtkanus  Moc.  Stems  shrubby, 
erect,  3-8 feet  high;  bark  green  and  smooth  or  more  or  less  glandular- 
pubescent,  becoming  brown  and  shreddy  :  leaves  round-cordate  in  outline, 
palmately  3-5-lobed,  the  lobes  acuminate,  unequally  serrate,  4-12  inches 
long,  tomentose  on  one  or  both  sides,  the  veins  beneath  and  the  petioles  and 
peduncles  usually  hispid  with  gland-tipped  hairs;  petioles  stout,  often 
with  a  small  leaflet  near  the  summit;  stipules  linear,  acuminate,  the  upper 
half  free,  ciliate :  peduncles  terminal,  few-flowered  calyx-lobes  oblong- 
ovate,  4-6  lines  long  with  linear  appendages  nearly  as  long,  more  or  less 
tomentose ;  petals  broadly  ovate  to  elliptical,  6-10  lines  long :  carpels  very 
numerous,  tomentose;  fruit  red,  large,  hemispherical,  sweet  and  pleasant- 
flavored.  Common  in  forests  and  wooded  districts,  Alaska  to  California 
and  East  to  Lake  Superior. 

*  *  Leaves  trifoliolate,  sometimes  simple  on  the  flowering  branches, 

rarely  5-foliolate :  stems  more  or  less  prickly. 

R.  spectabilis  Pursh.  Fl.  348  t,  16.  Stems  perennial,  shrubby  and 
branching,  6 -12  feet  high,  with  yellowish  shreddy  bark,  copiously  armed 
when  young  with  straight  stout  prickles  :  leaves  usually  trifoliolate ;  leaf- 
lets ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  doubly  incised-serrate.  often  2-3-lobed^ 
the  veins  beneath  and  the  petioles  sparingly  villous-pubescent  and  prickly ; 
flowers  mostly  solitary,  large  and  showy ;  calyx-lobes  pubescent,  broadly 
ovate,  acuminate,  4-5  lines  long;  petals  red,, ovate  to  elliptical,  acute,  6-8 
lines  long:  fruit  large,  ovoid,  red  or  yellow,  the  drupelets  smooth  and 
tipped  with  the  slender  subpersistent  style :  achenes  deeply  pitted.  Com- 
mon along  streams  and  moist  places,  Aljiska  to  California. 


RUBU8.  ROSACEA.  183 

Var.  Menziftsii  Watson  Bot.  Cal.  i,  172.  More  or  less  densely  tomentos 
and  silky.     Southern  Oregon  and  southward. 

B.  lencodermis  Dougl.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  i,  454.  Stems  soft-woody,  biennial, 
erect,  3-8  feet  high,  glaucous,  armed  with  stout  straight  or  recurved 
prickles :  leaves  trifoliolate,  rarely  5-foliolate  ;  leaflets  ovate  to  lanceolate, 
acute  or  acuminate,  doubly  serrate,  1-2  inches  long,  white-tomentose  be- 
neath, smooth  above,  the  petioles  and  veins  beneath  prickly ;  flowers  in 
small  terminal  corymbose  cymes ;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  long-acumirate, 
closely  reflexed,  3-4  lines  long,  longer  than  the  spatulate  petals  :  carpels 
tomentose ;  fruit  dark  purple  when  ripe,  rather  large,  with  a  white 
bloom  and  agreeable  flavor :  achenes  minutely  pitted.  Common  in  rich 
moist  woods,  Alaska  to  Calif ornia- 

R.  strig'osns  Michx.  Fl.  i,  297.  Stems  erect,  siiffruticose,  biennial, 
armed  as  well  as  the  petioles,  peduncles  and  calyx,  with  straight  spreading 
rigid  bristles  which  are  glandular  when  young,  slightly  glaucous  :  leaves 
pinnately  3-5-foliolate ;  leafletF  oblong-ovate,  acuminate,  often  narrow,  but 
sometimes  broadly  ovate,  occasionally  confluent,  incisely  serrate,  canes- 
cently  tomentose  beneath,  the  terminal  one  often  cordate  at  base,  the 
lateral  ones  sessile  ;  stipules  setaceous,  deciduous  :  peduncles  axillary  and 
terminal;  often  aggregated  at  the  summit  of  the  branches  so  as  to  form  a 
leafy  panicle  4-6-flowered;  petals  white,  erect,  about  as  long  as  the  spread- 
ing sepals:  carpels  pruinose;  fruit  light  red,  very  juicy.  Hillsides  and 
rocky  places.  Eastern  Oregon  and  Idaho  to  the  Atlantic  States  and  Canada. 

*  *  *  Stems  herbaceous,   more  or  less  trailing,   unarmed :   leaves 
trifoliolate  or  3-lobed :  carpels  few. 

R.  arcticus  L.  Sd.  i,  494.  Stems  low,  somewhat  pubescent,  mostly 
erect,  1-2-flowered :  leaves  trifoliolate;  leaflets  rhombic-ovate,  or  obovate, 
coarsely  and  often  doubly  serrate,  petiolulate;  stipules  ovate :  sepals  lance- 
olate, acute,  often  shorter  than  the  obovate  entire  or  emarginate  petals : 
fruit  amber-color,  very  delicious.  Marshes  and  river  banks,  Idaho  to  the 
Rocky  Mountains  and  far  north. 

R.  pedatns  Smith  Inc.  Ined.  t.  63.  Stems  trailing,  filiform,  1-3  feet 
long  or  more,  rooting  at  the  nodes,  pubescent :  leaves  trifoliolate ;  leaflets 
cuneate-obovate,  8-12  lines  long,  incised  and  serrate,  the  lateral  ones  often 
parted  to  the  base,  smooth  or  sparingly  villous;  stipu'es  ovate-oblong: 
flowers  usually  solitary,  on  long  slender  pedicels,  white,  6-9  lines  broad; 
sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  nearly  glabrous,  entire  or  incised,  exceeding  the 
petals,  at  length  reflexed:  carpels  glabrous;  styles  filiform,  not  thickened 
upward :  fruit  1-6  large  red  juicy  drupelets.  Common  in  the  Coast  and 
Cascade  Mountains,  Alaska  to  California. 

K.  lasiococcns  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xvii,  201.  Stems  slender,  creep- 
ing, 2-12  inches  long,  cinereous-pubescent :  leaves  3-5-lobed,  rarely  3-f olio- 
late,  the  obtuse  lobes  irregularly  and  doubly  serrate ;  stipules  ovate  to 
lanceolate,  entire  or  lacerate :  peduncles  slender,  equalling  or  exceeding 
the  leaves,  1-3-flowered :  flowers  w^hite,  6-10  lines  broad ;  calyx-lobes  ovate, 
acuminate,  entire,  exceeding  the  obovate  petals ;  carpels  densely  tomen- 
tose ;  styles  thickened  upward :  fruit  1-3  large  red  tomentose  juicy  drupe- 
lets. In  shaded  places,  base  of  Mount  Hood  and  other  peaks  of  the  Cas- 
cade Mountains . 

§  2.  Fruit  persistent  upon  the  somewhat  juicy  receptacle 
which  is  at  length  deciduous  from  the  calyx :  stems  biennial, 
trailing,  prickly. 

R.  nivalis  Dougl.  Hook.  Fl.  i,  181.  Stems  slender,  trailing,  1-4  feet 
long,  armed  with  small  recurved  prickles  :  leaves  round-cordate,  obscurely 
to  prominently  3-lobed,   or  rarely   3-foliolate,   unequally   serrate,  usually 


184  ROSACEA.  RUBus. 

HOLODISCUS. 

acute,  smooth  and  shining  above,  sparingly  pubescent  beneath,  1-2  inches 
long  or  more,  persistent,  the  veins  beneath  and  the  petioles  armed  with 
recurved  prickles;  stipules  a  pair  of  ovate  acuminate  lacerate-serrate  leaf- 
lets, contracted  at  base,  situated  On  the  petiole  a  line  or  more  from  the 
base:  peduncles  short,  one  to  few-fiowered ;  flowers  perfect;  sepals  nearly 
distinct,  broadly  lanceolate,  acuminate,  3-4  lines  long,  ciliate  and  more  or 
less  pubescent :  petals  narrowly  lanceolate,  acuminate,  longer  than  the 
sepals  ;  carpels  few,  pubescent,  those  that  mature  becoming  large  red  juicy 
drupelets;  uchenes  flattish,  a  line  long,  conspicuously  pitted.  In  forests, 
Washington  to  Northern  Crlifornia  and  Idaho. 

B.  ursinns  Cham.  &  Schlecht.  Linnaea  ii,  11.  Stems  slender,  trail- 
ing, 5-20  feet  long,  armed  with  straight  rather  slender  prickles,  somewhat 
glaucous:  leaves  deciduous,  3-foliolate,  rarely  5-foliolate,  often  simple  and 
3-lobed  on  the  flowering  branches ;  leaflets  ovate  to  oblong  coarsely  and 
doubly  serrate,  more  or  less  pubescent  or  tomentose,  veins,  petioles,  pe- 
duncles and  calyx  more  or  less  armed  with  prickles ;  stipules  oblanceolate 
to  linear,  often  long  and  toothed  :  flowers  dioecious,  in  small  cymes  termi- 
nating the  numerous  lateral  branchlets  or  leafy  peduncles ;  calyx-lobes 
ovate -lanceolate,  acuminate  or  often  foliaceously  tipped,  densely  tomen- 
tose inside,  glandular  outside;  petals  of  the  staminate  flowers  lanceolate 
to  obovate,  unguiculate,  6-8  lines  long,  much  exceeding  the  calyx;  of  the 
pistilate  smaller,  but  little  if  at  all  exceeding  the  calyx ;  carpels  numerous, 
eclabrous :  fruit  oblong  to  ovoid,  black,  pleasa.it  flavored :  ach^nea 
small,  flatfish,  reticulated.  Common  in  wooded  districts,  Alaska  to  Cali- 
fornia. 

Tribe  5.  Spiraese  Juss.  Calyx  campanulafe,  imhricafe,  or 
sometimes  vallate  in  the  bud:  carpels  1-8,  mostly  5,  verticillate, 
follicular  or  2- valved  i7i  fruit:  style  terminat:  seeds  1—8  or  10  in 
each  carpel,  pendulous  or  ascending. 

15    HOLODISCUS    Maxim.  Act.  Hort.  Petrop.  vi. 

Shrubs  with  alternate  simple  leaves  without,  stipules  and  nu- 
merous flowers  in  loose  panicles  that  terminate  the  short  branch- 
lets.  Flowers  perfect,  disk  wholly  coherent.  Calyx  deeply  5- 
cleft,  persistent.  Stamens  numerous,  perigynous.  Carpels  5,  op- 
posite the  calyx-lobes,  distinct,  shortly  stipitate,  with  two  pendu- 
lous ovules,  becoming  woolly  achenes.     Stigma  capitate,  2-lobed. 

H.  discolor  Maxim  Adn.  Spir.  150.  Spiraea  discolor  P"rsh.  A  diffuse 
shrub  2-6  feet  high  with  grayish-brown  bark  and  short  rigid  pubescent 
branches  :  leaves  ovate,  obtuse  or  acutish,  cuneately  narrowed  at  base  to 
a  winged  petiole,  pinnately  lobed  or  toothed  above  the  middle,  6-18  lines 
long,  more  or  less  silky-pubescent  beneath,  nearly  smooth  above :  panicle 
small,  1-4  inches  long;  more  or  less  tomentose;  calyx-lobes  oblong,  acute 
or  acutish  ;  petals  obovate,  obtuse,  barely  a  line  long,  exceeding  the  calyx, 
white,  changing  to  tawny-white  in  age  :  achenes  densely  tomentose  with 
long  white  hairs.  Common  on  bluffs  and  rocky  banks,  Brit.  Columbia  to 
California  and  the  Rocky  Mountains,  east  of  the  Cascade  range. 

H.  ariaefolia.  Spvrxa  arixfoUa  Smith.  A  rather  large  shrub  4-16  feet 
high,  with  slender  spreading  or  recurved  striate  branches :  leaves  ovate, 
often  abraptly  contracted  below  to  a  short  more  or  less  margined  petiole, 
1-4  inches  long,  pinnately  lobed,  the  mostly  obtuse  lobes  often  sharply 
toothed,  finely  tomentose  beneath,  smooth  above  :  panicles  large  and  dif- 
fuse, 4-8  inches  long,  tomentose,  white,  changing  to  tawny;  petals  oblong, 
a  line  long,  exceeding  the  ovate  acute  calyx-lobes;  carpels  pubescent  with 
long  white  hairs.  Common  in  forests,  Puget  Sound  to  California,  west  of 
the  Cascade  Mountains. 


I 


FILIPENDUL  A .  ROS  A  OE  iE.  185^ 

NIKILLIA. 

16    PILIPENDULA  Erndt.  Virid.  Warsaw,  43. 

Perennial  herbs  with  palmately  lobed  or  pinnate,  alternate 
leaves,  foliaceoas  persistent  stipules  and  numerous  small  flowers 
in  terminal  compound  panicles  or  cymes.  Flowers  perfect,  ca- 
lyx 5-cleft,  sometimes  only  3-  or  4-cleft,  persistent.  Disk  obso- 
lete. Petals  5,  rarely  fewer.  Stamens  in  2-3  rows  on  the  calyx- 
tube.  Carpels  6-10,  distinct,  often  stipitate,  with  two  pendulous 
ovules,  becoming  one-seeded  aclienes.  Stigma  capitate,  usually 
large.     Seed  small  with  thin  membranous  testa. 

F.  occidentalis.  Spiraea  occidenialis  Watson.  Stems  simple,  2-6  feet 
high,  glabrous  or  nearly  so:  stipules  broadly  ovate,  acute,  laciniately 
toothed,  4-6  lines  long  or  more ;  leaves  ample,  5-7-lobed,  the  lobes  acute  or 
acuminate,  doubly  lacerate-toothed,  appressed-silky  on  the  veins  beneath, 
3-6  inches  long;  petioles  stout,  with  1-5  pairs  of  small  ovate  to  linear-lance- 
olate toothed  leaflets  below  the  large  terminal  one :  inflorescence  a  com- 
pound cymose  panicle,  pubescent  with  short  somewhat  appressed  hairs, 
calyx- lobes  subulate,  twice  as  long  as  the  tube,  smooth  or  nearly  so,  soon 
reflexed :  petals  white,  elliptical,  sessile,  2-3  lines  long,  carpels  about  9, 
erect,  narrowly  lanceolate,  long-stipitate,  beaked  by  the  elongated  style, 
villous  on  the  margins  from  the  summit  of  the  style  to  the  base.  Rocky 
banks  of  the  Trask  river,  Tillamook  county,  Oregon. 

17    NEILLIA    Don.  Prodr.  Fl.  Nep.  228. 

Shrubs  with  simple  toothed  or  lobed  alternate  leavejt,  mem- 
branaceous deciduous  stipules  and  rather  large  white  flowers  in 
simple  terminal  corymbs.  Flowers  perfect.  Disk  wholly  co- 
herent to  the  tube  of  the  calyx.  Calyx  5-cleft,  persistent.  Pet- 
als 5,  rounded,  sessile.  Stamens  numerous,  perigynous.  Carpels 
1-5,  distinct,  often  stipitate,  becoming  membranaceous,  inflated 
pods.  Ovules  few  to  several,  some  ascending,  some  pendulous. 
Seeds  with  shining  stony  testa  and  distinct  albumen. 

IS",  capitata  Greene  Pitt,  ii,  28.  N.  opnlifolia  var.  moUis  Brewer  and 
Watson.  A  shrub  3-20  feet  high  with  slender  spreading  or  recurved 
branches  and  ash-colored  shreddy  bark :  stipules  linear,  5-6  lines  long,  re- 
motely toothed,  caducous;  leaves  roundish,  often  subcordate,  3-lol)ed, 
doubly  serrate,  1-3  inches  long  on  slender  petioles,  stellately 
soft-pubescent  beneath,  smooth  or  nearly  so  above:  flowers  on  long 
slender  pedicels  in  simple  hemispherical  tomentose  corymbs;  bracts  all 
scarious;  calyx-lobes  triangular,  apiculate,  as  long  as  the  tube,  shorter 
than  the  orbicular  petals  pubescent  on  both  sides  :  carpels  2-5,  at  length 
4-6  lines long,glabrous,  2-4-seeded;  seeds  slenderly  and  obliquely  pyriform, 
a,  line  long.  Common  along  streams  and  moist  places.  Brit.  Columbia  to 
California  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

N.  Torreyi  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xi,  136.  A  small  shrub,  barely 
2  feet  high,  erect,  scarcely  surculose,  freely  branching :  leaves  of  rather 
deltoid-ovate  outline,  incisely  3-lobed  to  the  middle,  the  lobes  nearly 
equal,  the  whole  with  slight  secondary  lobes,  these  crenately  or  incisely 
toothed,  about  1  inch  long:  flowers  few.  in  usually  compound  corymbs; 
petals  comparatively  large,  often  rose-tinted;  carpels  mostlv  2,  coherent  to 
above  the  middle,  but  little  longer  than  the  calyx,  divergent  at  apex,  only 
slightly  inflated,  minutely  tomentose,  1-seeded :  seeds  obovoid.  In  dry 
soils  on  rocky  slopes  at  8000-9000  feet  elevation,  Idaho  to  Nevada  and  the 
Rocky  Mountains. 

N.  malyacea  Greene  Pitt,  ii,  30.  "Shrubs  3-5  feet  high,  stout,  the 
shoots  erect:  leaves  digitate ly  5-veined,   with  or  without  3  broad  and 


186  RO.SA.CEit.  sPiR^Av 

shallow  lobes  above  the  middle,  the  general  outline  orbicular  or  oval,  with 
many  slight-rounded  and  crenately  toothed  secondary  lobes:  corymbs 
nlostly  simple,  short-stalked:  calyx  tomentose,  very  laVge,  broadly  cam- 
panulate,  its  lobes  in  maturity  connivent  over  the  fruit:  carpels  2  (some- 
times 3)  not  infllated,  connate  above  the  middle,  compressed,  erect  and 
straight  at  apex,  indehiscent,  1-  or  2-seeded :  seeds  large,  oblong-obovate. 
Dry  rocky  banks,  above  the  northern  shore  of  Lake  Pend  d'  Oreille  in 
Northern' Idaho. 

18    SPIRJEA  Tourn.    L.   Gen.   n.  630. 

Shrubs  with  simple  alternate  leaves  without  stipules  and 
white  or  rose-color  perfect  flowers  in  compound  corymbs  or 
elongated  panicles  or  spikes.  Calyx  5-cleft,  persistent,  the  disk 
more  or  less  free  at  the  margin.  Petals  5,  rounded,  nearly  ses- 
sile, stamens  numerous,  perigynous,  inserted  with  the  petals  in- 
to the  disk.  Carpels  5,  alternate  with  the  calyx -lobes,  distinct, 
sessile,  becoming  dry  cartilaginous  several-seeded  follicles,  not 
inflated.  Seeds  small,  pendulous,  linear,  with  a  thin  membrana- 
ceous testa  and  no  albumjn. 

S.  lucida  Dougl.  (see  Greene  Pitt,  ii,  221).  S.  hetulpefolia  of  Ameri- 
can authors  in  part,  not  Pall.  Stems  erect,  mostly  simple,  1-2  feet  high, 
from  horizontal  running  and  woody  not  deep-seated  rootstocks  or  roots : 
lowest  leaves  small,  obovate  to  oblanceolate,  the  upper  oval  to  oblong, 
1-2  inches  long,  acutish.  often  obscurely  lobed,  sharply  and  doubly  serrate 
above  the  middle,  narrowed  below  to  a  short  petiole,  glabrous  throughout, 
pale  and  glaucescent  beneath  :  flowers  white,  in  a  terminal  glabrous  com- 
pound fastigiate  corymb :  calyx-lobes  triangular,  shorter  than  the  tabe, 
reflexed ;  petals  elliptical,  shortly  unguiculate ;  stamens  15-20,  filaments 
three  times  as  long  as  the  petals ;  carpels  5,  glabrous  a  line  or  more  long, 
tipped  with  a  style  half  as  long,  5-8-ovuled.  Common  on  dry  wooded  hill- 
sides, Brit  Columbia  to  Oregon  and  Montana. 

S.  pyramidata  Greene  Pitt,  ii,  221.  S.  betulsefolia  of  American  au- 
thors in  part,  not  Pall.  Stems  erect,  sometimes  cespitose,  often  branched, 
1-3  feet  high :  leaves  elliptical  to  oblong,  mostly  obtuse,  narrowed  at  base 
to  a  short  petiole,  coarsely  serrate  above  the  middle,  1-2  inches  long: 
flowers  white  to  rose-color,  in  a  dense  pyramidal  compound  panicle;  calyx 
more  or  less  pubescent,  its  broadly  ovate  lobes  about  equalling  the  short 
campanulate  tube ;  petals  orbicular,  less  than  a  line  long;  filaments  very 
slender,  not  twice  the  length  of  the  petals;  follicles  glabrous,  scarcely  a 
line  long,  tipped  with  a  style  of  equal  length.  On  rocky  ridges,  Oregon 
and  Washington. 

S.  arbnscula  Greene  Erythea  iii,  63.  S.  hetulxfoUa  var.  rosea  Gray. 
Stems  erect,  2-4  feet  high  or  more,  red,  shedding  annually  a  thin  bark : 
leaves  ovate  to  elliptical,  serrulate  at  the  apex,  entire  below,  narrowed  at 
base  to  a  very  short  petiole  or  the  lowest  sessile,  dark  green  both  sides,  6-8 
lines  long :  flowers  deep  rose-color,  in  small  roundish  leafy-bracted  cor- 
ymbs, terminating  the  numerous  branches;  calyx-lobes  deltoid-ovate,  not 
reflexed,  about  as  long  as  the  broad  tube ;  petals  oblong,  narrowed  at 
base  to  a  very  short  claw;  filaments  twice  as  long  as  the  petals :  free  edge 
of  the  disk  obsolete  or  reduced  to  a  mere  ring :  carpels  glabrous ;  styles 
shorter  than  the  petals.  Along  brooks  at  subalpine  elevations  in  the 
Cascade  and  Sierra  Kevada  Mountains. 

S.  Douglasii  Hook.  Fl.  i,  172.  Stems  erect,  3-8  feet  high,  with  red- 
dish-brown bark,  cespitose  and  forming  dense  patches  several  yards  in  ex- 
tent, branching,  young  branches  and  inflorescence  more  or  less  densely 
tomentose;  leaves  elongated-oblong,  1-4  inches  long  by  6-12  lines  broad. 


BPIR^iA.  ROSACEA.  i^l 

LUETKEA. 

unequally  serrate  toward  the  rounded  or  acutish  apex,  often  cuneate  at 
base,  very  shortly  petioled,  densely  white-tomentose  beneath,  smooth 
above:  flowers  deep  rose-color,  densely  crowded  in  a  narrow  usually 
elongated  sessile  leafy  panicle ;  calyx  campanulate,  the  ovate  acute  lobes 
as  long  as  the  tube,  reliexed ;  petals  obovate,  narrowed  at  base  to  a  short 
claw ;  stamens  twice  as  long  as  the  petals ;  free  edge  of  the  disk  obsolete  or 
reduced  to  a  mere  ring :  carpels  glabrous,  9-11-ovuled.  Common  in  low 
grounds  and  swales,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California. 

S.  Menziesii  Hook  1.  c.  173.  Stems  erect,  3-4 feet  high,  with  light 
brown  bark :  leaves  obovate  to  elliptical.  1-3  inches  long  by  8-16  lines 
broad,  coarsely  and  unequally  serrate  above  the  middle,  glabrous  and  of 
nearly  the  same  color  both  sides  or  paler  beneath,  narrowed  below  to  a 
very  short  petiole :  flowers  rose-color,  in  a  rather  small  somewhat  pyra- 
midal obtuse  panicle ;  calyx  pubescent,  the  broadly  ovate  acute  lobes  as 
long  as  the  broad  shallow  tube;  petals  ovate,  a  line  long,  exceeding  the 
sepals ;  stamens  more  than  twice  as  long  as  the  petals;  carpels  glabrous. 
In  cold  marshes,  Alaska  to  Oregon. 

S.  caespitosa  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  i,  418.  Cespitose,  with  simple  or  branch- 
ing scape -like  stems:  leaves  rosulate  on  the  short  tufted  branches  of  the 
prostrate  and  root-like  stems,  oblanceolate  or  linear-spatulate,  acute  silky 
on  both  sides,  2-12  lines  long,  those  of  the  scape  scattered  and  narrower  : 
scapes  2-t)  inches  high ;  flowers  white,  in  small  oblong  spiks  6-20  lines 
long;  calyx-lobes  silky,  exceeding  the  tube  and  nearly  equalling  the  spatu- 
late  petals,  not  reflexed;  filaments  twice  as  long  as  the  petals;  disk  of  the 
calyx-tube  conspicuous,  entire;  carpels  3-5,  villous  or  glabrate,  2-3- 
ovuled.  On  high  shelving  rocks,  in  the  Cascade  Mountains  of  Southern 
Oregon  to  Arizona  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

19    LUETKEA  Bong.  Veg.  Sit.  230,  t.  2. 

ERIOGYNIA  Hook.  FL  i,  255,  U  88. 

Low,  nearly  herbaceous  perennial  plants  with  palmately  cleft 
or  entire  leaves  without  stipules  and  scape-like  stems  terminated 
by  a  short  spike  or  panicle  of  small  white  flowers.  Flowers  per- 
fect. Disk  wholly  coherent  with  the  tube  of  the  5-cleft  persistent 
calyx.  Petals  5,  rounded.  Stamens  numerous,  perigynous. 
Catpels  4-6,  membranaceous,  becoming  2-valved.  4-seeded  pods.: 
Seeds  small,  attenuate  at  each  end,  with  thin  membranaceous 
testa  and  no  albumen.  • 

L.  sibbaldioides  Bong.  1.  c.  Eriogynia  pectinata  Hook.  Glabroua 
stems  cespitose,  creeping,  very  leafy,  1-2 inches  long;  flowering  stems  erect, 
2-6  inches  high ;  leaves  trifoliolate  persistent ;  leaflets  deeply  2-4-lobed, 
usually  3-lobed,  the  lateral  ones  decurrent  and  forming  a  broad  flat  petiole  : 
flowers  rather  large,  white,  in  short  terminal  racemes;  inflorescence  more 
or  less  pubescent;  pedicels  stout,  1-2  lines  long;  calyx-lobes  ovate,  acute, 
equalling  the  tube ;  petals  obovate,  1-2  lines  long,  exceeding  the  calyx ; 
filaments  united  at  base,  shorter  than  the  petals;  carpels  3-5,  villous  along 
the  inner  suture.  On  the  highest  mountains  near  perpetual  snow,  Alaska 
to  California  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

L.  Hendersonii  Canby,  Greene  Pitt,  ii,  119.  Stems  cespitose,  1-2  inches 
long,  very  leafy:  leaves  spatulate,  entire,  the  margin  Blightly  involute, 
acutish,  attenuate  below  to  a  broad  petiole,  6-8  lines  long,  silky,  pubescent, 
both  sides  coriaceous,  persistent:  flowers  white,  in  oblong  racemes  that 
terminate  the  slender  scapes ;  calyx  almost  rotate,  the  oblong  obtuse  lobes 
longer  than  the  tube ;  petals  oblong,  Ij^  lines  long,  rounded  at  the  apex ; 
filaments  distinct ;  carpels  3-5,  villous  along  the  sutures,  "In  rock  crevices 
7000  feet  altitude  Mount  Steele,  Olympic  Mountains  Washington."    Piper. 


188  SAXIFRAaAOfi^.  aruncus/ 

20    ARUNCUS  L. 

Herbaceous  perennials  with  repeatedly  ternately  divided  leaves 
without  stipules  and  loose  panicles  of  small  white  flowers  termi- 
nating the  branches.  Flowers  dictcious.  Calyx  5-cleft,  marces- 
cent  in  fruit ;  disk  entire,  coherent  to  the  tube.  Petals  5. 
Stamens  numerous,  hypogynous.  Carpels  3-5,  distinct,  sessile, 
becoming  cartilaginous  several-seeded  follicles.  Seeds  with  a 
loose  membranaceous  testa  and  no   albumen.   . 

A.  Tulgaris  Baf.  Pylv.  Tell.  152.  Spir^a  Aruncus  L.  Glabrous: 
stems  stout,  2-6  feet  high  or  more,  branching :  leaves  large,  ternately 
decompound;  leaflets  thin,  sparingly  villous  beneath,  ovate  to  lanceolate, 
acuminate,  2-5  inches  long  j^harply  and  laciniately  doubly  toothed,  the 
terminal  ones  broadest :  panicles  large,  compound,  pubescent;  flowers  a 
line  broad,  nearly  sessile ;  petals  spatulate ;  filaments  twice  as  long  as  the 
petals;  styles  short;  carpels  3-5,  several  seeded,  globose,  the  pedicels 
reflexed  in  frul*-.  Along  streams  in  mountainous  districts,  Alaska  to  Cali- 
fornia and  across  the  Continent. 

Order  XXX  SAXIFRAGACE^  Dumort.  Anal.  Fam.  36. 

Herbs  with  bland  watery  often  astringent  juice,  alternate  or 
opposite  leaves  without  true  stipules  and  mostly  perfect 
flowers.  Sepals  4-5,  united  or  nearly  distinct,  imbricate  in  the 
bud.  Petals  as  many  as  sepals  and  alternate  with  them,  rarely 
wanting.  Stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as,  petals,  rarely 
few^er,  inserted  into  the  throat  of  the  calyx;  anthers  introrse. 
Ovary  either  free  from  the  calyx  or  coherent  with  its  tube^  1-3- 
celled  with  parietal  placentae :  ovules  mostly  numerous :  styles 
distinct  or  more  or  less  united.  Fruit  capsular,  usually  beaked 
wath  the  distinct  summits  of  the  carpels,  opening  along  the  inner 
suture  of  each,  septicidal.  Seeds  anatropous,  usually  small  and 
numerous.  Embryo  straight,  in  the  axis  of  fleshy  albumen : 
radical  cylindrical :  cotyledons  short. 

*Ovary  with  2  or  rarely  more  cells  and  placentae  in  the  axis,  or  of  as 
nJany  distinct  carpels  :  fruit  capsular  or  follicular. 

1.  Leptarrhena.  Petals  5;  stamens  5:  carpels  2,  distinct,  free  and  ex- 
serted  from  the  small  calyx. 

2.  Feltiphyllum.  Petals  deciduous :  stamens  10,  inserted  at  the  union 
of  the  ovary  and  calyx- tube:  carpels  distinct,  adnate  to  the  tube  of 
the  calyx :  leaves  peltate,  radiately  veined. 

3.  Saxifra^a.  Petals  deciduous:  stamens  10,  rarely  more,  inserted 
under  the  ovary:  carpels  2,  rarely  3,  more  or  less  united  at  base,  free 
from  or  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  calyx. 

4.  Saxifra^opsis.  Petals  persistent,  soon  deflexed :  stamens  10,  insert- 
ed at  the  base  of  the  calyx :  carpels  united  at  base,  adnate  to  the  lower 
part  of  the  calyx-tube :  leaves  palmately  veined,  the  blade  obscurely 
articulated  to  the  petiole. 

5.  SuUivantia.  Petals  persistent:  stamens  5.  inserted  on  the  throat 
of  the  calyx:  carpels  united  at  base,  adnate  to  the  tube  of  the  calyx. 

6.  Boykinia.  Petals  deciduous,  stamens  5  or  10,  inserted  on  the  calyx- 
tube  at  its  union  with  the  ovary :  carpels  united  at  base  and  adnate 
to  the  calyx-tube. 


LEPTARBHB»A.  SAXIFRAGACE:^^.  189 

:.7.  •  Bolandra.  Petals  5,  linear,  pers-istent:  stamens  5,  inserted  in  the 
throat  of  the  calyx  :  carpels  2,  united  at  base  free  from  but  included 
in  the  inflated  calyx. 

8.  Hemieva.  Petals  persistent :  stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  throat  of 
the  calyx :  carpels  united  and  wholly  adnate  to  the  tube  of  the  calyx : 
leaves  not  peltarte 

*  *  Ovary  1-celled,  with  2-3  parietal  or  basal  placentae  alternate 
with  the  styles  or  stigmas ;    filaments  all  antheriferous. 

0.  Leptaxis.  Petals  4,  filiform,  entire,  persistent:  stamens  2-3,  in- 
serted in  the  throat  of  the  calyx:  capsule  2-valved,  attenuate  below 
to  a  stipe,  free  from  the  calyx. 

10.  Tellima.  Petals  5,  deciduous,  pectinately  lobed  or  parted:  stamens 
9 or  10,  short,  inserted  in  the  throat  of  the  calyx:  capsule  2-valved, 
sessile,  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  inflated  calyx. 

11.  Lithophragina.  Petals  5,  deciduous,  unguiculate,  palmately 'obed 
or  entire  :  stamens  5  or  10,  inserted  in  t^e  throat  of  the  calyx:  cap- 
sule mostly  3-vaIved,  free  or  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  calyx. 

12.  Mitella.  Petals  5,  deciduous,  pinnately  lobed  or  parted :  stamens  5 
or  10,  very  short,  inserted  in  the  throat  of  the  calyx :  capsule  2- 
valved,  depressed,  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  calyx:  inflorescence 
racemose. 

13.  Mitellastra.  Stamens  5,  included  conni vent:  petals  5,  deciduous, 
styles  2,  recurved :  inflorescence  cymose. 

14.  Tiarella.  Petals  5,  entire :  stamens  10,  inserted  at  the  base  of  the 
calyx  :  capsule  very  unequally  2-valved,  free  from  the  calyx. 

15.  Heuchera.  Petals  5,  entire,  deciduous:  stamens  5,  inserted  in  the 
throat  of  the  calyx  :  capsule  equally  2-valved,  the  lower  half  adnate  to 
the  calyx. 

16.  Chrysosplenium.  Petals  always  wanting:  stamens  8-10,  short, 
inserted  in  the  throat  of  the  calyx :  capsule  short,  equally  2-valved, 
the  lower  half  adnate  to  the  calyx. 

*  *  *  Ovary  1-celled,  with  3-4  parietal  placentae  directly  under 
as  many  obtuse  sessile  stigmas:  stamens  5,  alternating  with  as  many 
clusters  of  united  sterile  filaments. 

17.  Parnassla.  Petals  5,  large :  calyx  5-parted,  free  from  the  ovary: 
flowers  solitary. 

1  LEPTARRHENA.  R.  Brown,  Parry's  Istvoy.  Suppl.  273. 
Herbs  with  coriaceous  persistent  leaves  crowded  at  the  base  of 
the  nearly  naked  stems  and  rather  numerous  flowers  in  bracted 
paniculate  racemes.  Calyx  campanulate,  5-parted,  the  base  . 
adherent  to  the  ovary.  Petals  5,  entire.  Stamens  10,  inserted 
into  the  tube  of  the  calyx  :  filaments  subulate  :  anthers  1-celled, 
2-valved.  Ovary  of  two  nearly  distinct  carpels,  tapering  into 
very  s^hort  styles.  Seeds  numerous,  ascending,  scobiform  ;  the 
testa  loose,  elongated  and  subulate  at  both  ends,  including  the 
oval  nucleus. 

L.  pyrolifolia  Ser.  DC.  Prodr.  iv,  48.  Scape-like  stems  8-16  inches 
high,  rigid,  a  little  pubescent  or  glandular  toward  the  summit,  and  1-2 
^SBQall  leaves  with  sheathing  petioles  near  the  base;  radical  leaves  obovate 
tQ. oblong  or  spatulate,  l-ti  inches  Ions,  coriaceous,  glabrous  both  sides, 
coarsely    serrate   above    the  middle,  attenuate    below    to  a  short  winged. 


IfiO  ■  MXIFRAGACEiE.  peltiphyllum. 

8AXIFRAGA. 

petiole  which  is  dilated  and  sheathing  at  base ;  cauline  similar :  petals 
linear,  1-2  lines  long,  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx,  white:  carpels 
becoming  4-6  lines  long^  purplish,  but  slightly  divergent.  In  high  moun- 
tain marshes,  Alaska  to  Washington  and  the  Kocky  Mountains. 

2    PELTIPHYLLUM  Engler  Nat.  Pfl.  iii,  ^bt.  2,  61. 

Coarse  perennial  herbs  with  peltate  leaves  and  rather  large 
flowers  in  paniculate  cymes  on  scapes  that  appear  before  the 
leaves.  Calyx  flat,  deeply  5-cleft,  the  very  short  tube  adherent 
to  the  base  of  the  ovary.  Petals  5,  entire,  deciduous.  Stamens 
10,  persistent,  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  calyx  ;  anthers  2-celled. 
Carpels  2,  distinct,  becoming  many-seeded  follicles  with  pla- 
centae on  the  margin.  Stigma  capitate.  Seeds  angular,  obconic 
with  a  loose  testa. 

P,  peltatnm  Engler  1.  c.  Saxifraga  peltata  Torr.  Rootstock  large 
and  creeping,  1-3  inches  in  diameter,  branching ;  scapes  and  leaves  from 
the  ends  of  scaly  branchlets:  leaves  centrally  peltate,  at  length  6-18 
inches  in  fiiameter,  orbicular,  9-14-lobed  and  sharply  serrate,  on  stout 
petioles,  2-4  feet  high:  scapes  rather  stout,  at  length  equalling  the  leaves, 
striate,  more  or  less  hispid  with  brownish  hairs;  flowers  numerous,  in 
rather  large  paniculate  cymes ;  calyx-lobes  oblong,  obtuse,  2  lines  long, 
much  longer  than  the  shallow  tube;  petals  round-oval  to  obovate,  3-4 
lines  long,  white  or  pinkish,  tardily  deciduous;  filaments  subulate  with  a 
broad  flat  base :  mature  follicles  turgid,  3-4  lines  long,  dehiscent  to  the 
base.    In  mountoin  streams,  central  Oregon  to  California. 

3    SA'XIFRAGA  L.  Gen.  n.  559. 

Herbs  with  alternate  simple  leaves,  their  petioles  commonly 
sheathing  at  base,  and  usually  rather  small  flowers  in  one  to 
many-flowered  cymose  thyrsoid  or  panicled  clusters.  Sepals  5, 
united  at  base  or  nearly  distinct,  valvate  in  the  bud.  Petals  5, 
inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  calyx,  entire.  Stamens  10,  inserted 
with  or  below  the  petals  on  the  base  of  the  calyx,  or  between  it 
and  a  fleshy  disk:  anthers  2-celled,  opening  longitudinally. 
Carpels  2-beaked,  rarely  3-6-beaked,  as  many-celled  below, 
many-seeded,  opening  by  a  roundish  hole  between  the  diverging 
beaks.  Seeds  numerous,  smooth  or  rugose,  not  winged,  the 
testa  mostly  thin  and  conformed  to  the  nucleus. 

§  1  HiRcuLUS  Tausch  Hort.  Canal,  i.  Caudex  perennial, 
leafy:  leaves  flat,  mostly  persistent,  often  bristly  ciliate,  the 
margins  not  punctate  nor  cartilaginous:  flowering  stems  annual, 
leafy:  sepals  united  at  the  base,  slightly  coherent  with  the  base 
of  the  ovary  :  cilia  of  the  leaves  not  articulated.    . 

S.  bronchialis  L.  Sp.  572  Stems  ascending,  slender,  producing 
short  branchlets:  leaves  somewhat  coriaceous,  narrowly  lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate-cuspidate, sessile  with  a  broad  base,  finely  ciliate,  2-3  lines  long, 
crowded  on  the  short  branches:  flowering  stems  1-4  inches  high  ;  flowers 
solitary  or  few  in  an  open  corymb,  on  slender  pedicels;  sepals  lanceolate, 
sub-mucronate,  spreading;  petals  obovate-oblong,  white  marked  with 
orange  spots ;  capsule  opening  only  halfway  down,  there  diverging  at 
riffht  angles.  Alaska  to  Mt.  Adams,  Washington,  and  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains. ' 


SAXIFEAGA. 


SAXIFRAGACE^.  191 


Sj  cherlerioides  D.  Don  Monogr.  Saxifr.  382.  S.  hronchialis  var. 
cherlerioides  Engler.  Cespitose,  with  many  creeping  branches  and  short 
branchlets  forming  dense  masses  6-18  inches  in  diameter:  leaves  spatu- 
late,  rounded  or  obtuse  and  cuspidate  at  the  apex,  finely  ciliate,  1-:^  lines 
long,  crowded  oh  the  short  branchlets:  flowering  stems  2-4  inches  long; 
flowers  white,  in  a  loose  open  cyme  on  slender  pedicels;  sepals  nearly  dis- 
tinct, ovate,  obtuse,  glabrous,  a  line  long;  petals  oblong-obovate,  3- 
nerved,  thrice  longer  than  the  sepals;  styles  connivent  in  flower.  On 
rocky  slopes  along  the  Columbia  river  near  the  Cascade  falls. 

S.  tricnspidata  Ritz.  Prodr.  Fl.  Scand.  ed.  2,  104.  Stems  erect,  thick, 
2-3  inches  high:  leaves  densely  imbricated  below,  thick-coriaceous,  3- 
cuspidate,  with  cartilaginous  points,  the  margins  very  slightly  ciliate: 
flowers  somewhat  corymbose,  on  short  stout  pedicels;  sepals  ovate,  some- 
what coriaceous ;  p3tals  obovate-oblong,  longer  than  the  sepals :  capsule 
ovoid,  apiculate  with  the  conical  divergent  styles.  Arctic  America:  said 
to  have  been  found  on  Mount  Hood. 

§  2  Dactyloides  Tausch  1.  c.  Caudex  perennial,  leafy: 
leaves  persistent,  the  margins  not  punctate  nor  cartilaginous: 
flowering  stems  annual,  somewhat  leafy :  sepals  united  at  base 
and  coherent  with  the  base  of  the  ovary:  ciliae  of  the  leaves 
articulated. 

S.  caespitosa  L.  Sp.  494  (?).  Cespitose,  the  slender  running  stems 
and  short  branchlets  forming  dense  tufts  6-16  inches  in  diameter:  leaves 
pile  or  yellowish,  thin,  pubescent,  spatulate,  2— 5-cleft  or  entire,  the  seg- 
ments usually  obtuse,  closely  imbricate  on  the  short  branchlets,  persist- 
eat,  flowering  stems  slender,  2-6  inches  high,  glandular,  1-5-flowered: 
calyx  cleft  to  the  middle,  with  oblong  acute  lobes;  petals  white.  3-5  lines 
long,  oblong,  3-nerved,  rounded  above,  twice  as  iong  as  the  calyx:  cap- 
sule open  only  at  the  top  the  slender  beaks  but  slightly  diverging.  On 
cliffs  and  rocky  slopes,  along  the  Columbia  river  near  the  Cascade  falls. 

S.  Tolmael  T.  c€:  G.  Fl.  i,  567.  Cespitose  with  leafy  running  diffusely 
branching  stems,  forming  dense  tufts  4-20  inches  in  diameter:  leaves  suc- 
culent, nearly  terete  when  young,  glabrous,  sometimes  sparingly  ciliate 
near  the  base,  4-6  lines  long,  clavate,  obtuse,  closely  imbricated  on  the 
slender  branches,  persistent:  flowering  stems  scape-like,  2-4  inche*  high, 
1-4-flowered;  sepals  ovate,  3-nerved,  about  2  lines  iong;  petals  white,  nar- 
rowly lanceolate,  unguiculate,  3-nerved,  longer  than  the  sepals ;  capsule 
large,  4-5  lines  long,  ovoid,  united  only  at  the  base,  the  acute  beaks  di- 
verging, sometimes  abnormally  3-4-celled.  In  sand  along  rivulets  on  the 
higaest  mountains  near  perpetual  snow.     Brit.  Columbia  to  California. 

§  3  Hydatica  Tausch.  1.  c.  Caudex  perennial,  commonly 
subterranean ;  stems  or  scapes  annual ;  calyx  nearly  free  from 
the  ovary;  sepals  almost  distinct,  reflexed;  filaments  more  or 
less  dilated  upward. 

*  reaves  all  clustered  at  the  crown  of    a  ligneous  more    or  less 

creeping  caudex. 

S  Lyalli  Engler  Index  Grit.  Saxifr.  3).  Glabrous  :  caudex  creeping  and 
sparingly  branched:  leaves  obovate, attenuate  below  to  a  margined  petiole, 
coarsely  toothed  at  the  summit.  6-12  lines  long:  stems  erect,  slender,  6-12 
inches  high,  6-lO-flowered;  calyx  parted  nearly  or  quite  to  the  base,  the 
ovate  acute  segments  soon  reflexed,  2  lines  long;  petals  round-obovate, 
subunguiculate,  1-nerved,  but  Uttle  if  any  longer  than  the  sepals ;  fila- 
ments flat,  broadest  in  the  middle :  capsule  united  only  at  the  base,  rarely 
3-4-celled,  the  beaks  erect.  Along  streams,  northern  Idaho  to  Brit. 
Columbia  and  the  Arctic  Coast. 


1»2  SAXIFRAGAOE^.  saxiekaga. 

Var.  laxa  Engler  1,  c.  Leaves  ovate,  the  whole  margin  dentate:  panicle 
10-12-flowered;  pedicels  long  and  slender.     With  the  type. 

S.  aestivalis  Fisch.  Ind.  Sem.  Petr  ii,  37.  S.  punctata  of  American 
authors  not  L.  Glabrous  or  somewhat  pubescent :  caudex  short,  slightly 
creeping:  leaves  reniform  to  round-cordate,  on  long  slender  petioles, 
coarsely  and  almost  equally  many-toothed  or  somewhat  incised,  1-2  inches 
in  diameter :  stems  erect,  6-18  inches  high,  bearing  many  flower-*  in  a 
loose  open  panicle ;  pedicels  long  and  slender;  calyx  cleft  to  near  the 
base;  sepals  narrowly  oblong,  acute,  soon  reflexed:  petals  oblong,  obtuse, 
rather  abruptly  narrowed  below  to  a  short  claw ;  filaments  dilated  toward 
the  top  :  capsule  oblong,  cleft  to  near  the  middle,  the  short  beaks  abruptly 
diverging.  Along  high  mountain  streams,  Alaska  to  California  and  the 
Rocky  Mountains. 

*  *    Leaves   and  stems  from   the   summit  of  a  fleshy  or  bulb-like 
caudex. 

S.  Mertensiana  Bong.  Veg  ^lich.lAX.  S.heterantha  Hook.  Sparingly 
pubescent :  caudex  bulb-like  propagating  by  bulblets  in  the  axils  of  the 
leaves;  leaves  round-cordate,  10-12-lobed,  the  lobes  2-5-toothed,  1-3  inches 
in  diameter,  on  petioles  severel  times  longer  than  the  bl  de:  stems  erect, 
6-12  inches  high,  often  bearing  bulblets  in  the  axils  of  the  much  branched, 
many-flowered,  open  panicle;  flowers  white,  on  slender  pedicels;  petals 
ovate,  attenuate  below  to  a  short  claw,  spreading,  white  with  two  yellow 
spots  near  the  base,  2  lines  long,  longer  than  the  lanceolate  reflexed. calyx- 
lobes:  filaments  dilated  upward;  ovary  free  from  the  calyx:  capsule 
inflated-ovate,  united  only  at  base,  the  beaks  widely  divergent  in  .fruit. 
<'n  wet  rocks  and  cliffs,  Alaska  to  California,  west  of  the  Cascade 
Mountains. 

S.  Marshalii  Greene  Pitt,  i,  159  i^curffy-pubescent :  caudex  fleshy, 
propagating  by  oblong  tubers  at  the  ends  of  long  filiform  runnners :  leaves 
oval  or  oblong  to  ovate,  abruptly  contracted  at  base  to  a  broad  petiole ,^ 
obtuse,  rather  coarsely  dentate,  6-20  lines  long :  stems  6-12  inches  high  : 
panicle  loose,  many-flowered,  not  bulblet-bearing;  flowers  on  slender 
pedicels;  calyx  free  from  the  ovary,  cleft  to  the  base,  the  lanceolate  ob- 
tusish  segments  soon  reflexed:  petals  oblong-oval,  white  with  two  yellow 
spots  near  the  base;  filaments  dilated  about  the  middle,  becoming  lanceo- 
late on  long  claws;  capsule  short,  united  only  at  base,  the  beaks  diverg- 
ing at  right  angles  in  fruit.  On  wet  banks,  southern  Oregon,  on  the 
Rogue  river,  to  Humbolit  Co.,  California. 

S.  Californica  Greene  1.  c.  286.  White-pubescent  or  glandular-tomen - 
tose:  caudex  fleshy,  propagating  by  small  oblong  tubers  at  the  ends  of  fili- 
form underground  runners:  leaves  ovate  to  oblong  or  elliptical,  1-2  inches 
long,  narrowed  below  to  a  broad  petiole,  the  margin  from  coarsely  crenate  to 
repandly  denticulate  or  almost  entire,  more  or  less  cihate:  stems  6-18 
inches  high,  few-many-flowered;  flowers  white,  on  slender  pedicels;  calyx 
nearly  free  from  the  ovary,  divided  almost  to  the  base,  with  oblong  rather 
acute  soon  reflexed  segments ;  petals  white  not  spotted,  elliptical  to  spatu- 
late,  obtuse;  filaments  flattened  but  not  dilated  upward;  carpels  united  only 
at  the  base,  strongly  diverging  in  fruit.  On  open  hillsides,  southern  Ore- 
gon to  California. 

S.  fragosa  Suksdorf,  Small  Bull.  Torr.  Club  xxiii,  363..  Perennial  by 
an  ascending  or  horizontal  rootstock  that  increases  by  branching  at  the 
crown,  glandular-pilose  with  rigid  hairs:  stems  erect  or  assurgent,  12-18 
inches  high :  leaves  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  entire  or  repand  1-2  inches 
long,  abruptly  narrowed  or  truncate  at  base,  decurrent  on  the  winged 
petiole  which  is  slightly  dilated  at  base,  somewhat  coriaceous,  glabrate: 
stems  12-18  inches  high,  erect  or  assurgent,  paniculately  bianched  at  the 
top:  flowers  white,  on  slender  pedicels,  in  many-flowered  cymules,  calyx 


SAXiFRAGA.  SAXIFR  AGACEiE.  193 

broadly  campanulate,  the  tube  adnate  to  the  ovary,  the  lobes  triangular 
or  triangular-ovate,  obtuse,  3-nerved,  about  a  line  long,  at  length  re- 
flexed  ;  petals  obovate,  obtuse  or  notched  at  the  apex,  nearly  2  lines  long, 
strongly  3-nerved,  the  lateral  nerves  arising  below  the  middle  and  con- 
verging' toward  the  apex ;  filaments  subulate,  shorter  than  the  petals ; 
carpels  flat,  surrounded  by  a  disk,  becoming  globose-ovoid,  nearly  dis- 
tinct follicles  2-3  lines  long,  the  short  beaks  strongly  diverging :  seeds 
obovoid.  more  or  less  pointed  at  both  ends.  On  wet  cliffs  along  the 
Columbia  and  Willamette  rivers. 

S.  clay touiae folia  Canby,  Small  1.  c.  365.  Perennial  by  a  short  hori- 
zontal rootstock,  slender,  glandular-pilose  above,  glabrate  below :  leaves 
fleshy,  orbicular-elliptic,  more  or  less  oblique,  3-4  inches  long,  glabrate, 
obtuse,  entire,  undulate,  palmately  6-8-rierved,  narrowed  into  a  winged 
ribbed  petiole  which  is  as  long  as  the  blade  or  longer :  stems  erect  or 
assergent  8-12  inches  high,  glabrate  near  the  base ;  inflorescence  thyr- 
soid-cory mbose ,  its  branches  subtended  by  small  linear  or  linear-oblong 
bracts:  calyx  flattish,  1  line  high,  its  lobes  spreading  and  recurved,  thin, 
oblong,  acute,  3-nerved,  longer  than  the  tube;  petals  white,  spatulate  or 
obovate-spatulate,  about  1  line  long,  slightly  emarginate  or  minutely 
apiculate,  gradually  narrowed  into  a  claw,  marked  with  a  stout  mid-nerve 
which  gives  off  two  lateral  nerves  about  the  middle ;  filaments  subulate, 
shorter  than  the  petals,  incurved  at  the  summit;  carpels  each  ovoid,  1}4 
lines  long,  the  short  stout  beaks  strongly  diverging;  seeds  irregularly  ob- 
long, reddish,  smooth  or  very  faintly  striate.  Damp  crevices  of  rocks, 
The  Dalles,  Oregon. 

S.  nidiflca  Greene  Eryth.  i,  222.  "Near  S.  integrifolia,  but  crown  and 
roots  imbedded  in  a  dense  subglobose  mass  of  small  bulblets:  leaves 
ovate  or  obovate,  entire  or  merely  denticulate,  an  inch  long,  on  dilated 
petioles  rather  shorter :  scapes  8-12  inches  high,  stoutifih,  glandular-hir- 
sute: cymes  several-flowered  and  pedicillate,  forming  a  thrysoid  panicle 
toward  the  summit:  calyx-segments  ascending,  oblong-ovoid,  acutish  and 
mucronulate :  petals  round-obovate,  not  unguiculate.  white :  filaments 
very  short ;  anthers  dull  red  :  ovary  very  broad  at  summit,  depressed  and 
even  slightly'  concave:  carpels  not  known."  In  wet  springy  places,  east- 
ern Washington  to  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains  in  California. 

S.  planta^iuea  Small  1.  c.  "Perennial  by  a  thick  rootstock,  stout, 
scapose,  glandular-pilose:  leaves  elliptic  or  elliptic-spatulate,  2-4  inches 
long,  obtuse,  undulate  or  distinctly  and  shallowly  toothed,  leathery,  cili- 
ate,  5-7-ribl:)ed,  narrowed  into  a  winged  petiole,  which  is  usually  much 
shorter  than  the  blade :  scape  erect,  8-10  inches  tall,  sparingly  branched 
near  the  top,  the  branches  subtended  by  elliptic  bracts ;  flowers  greenish ; 
in  dense  cymules ;  calyx  flat,  its  segnients  ovate,  2  lines  long,  obtuse,  3- 
nerved,  longer  than  the  tube;  petals  suborbicular-oblong  or  some  ia- 
clined  to  be  broadly  spatulate,  1-2  lines  long,  greenish,  shorter  than  the 
calyx-segnients,  obtuse,  marked  with  a  midnerve  and  several  branches 
narrowed  into  a  broad  claw  ;  filaments  converging,  subulate,  shorter  than  . 
petals ;  ovuries  immersed  in  a  loh»ed  disk,  fruit  not  seen."  Spokane,  Wash- 
ington. 

S.  intergrifolia  Hook  Fl.  i,249,  t.  86.  Glandular-pubescent  through- 
out ;  leaves  and  stems  from  a  somewhat  woody  caudex :  leaves  ovate  to 
oblong  or  lanceolate,  usually  obtuse,  entire  or"  slightly  sinuate-crenate, 
somewhat  membranaceous;  stems  6-20  inches  high,  rather  stout:  flowers 
many,  in  an  elongated  panicle,  on  short  pedicels,  clustered  at  the  ends  of 
the  branchlets  of  the  narrow  panicle;  petals  white,  obovate,  twice  the 
length  of  the  glabrous  spreading  sepals;  filaments  short,  subulate;  ovary 
free:  styles  divergent :  carpels  united  on Iv  at  the  base.  In  moist  prairies 
and  wet  places,  Washington  to  California.' 


194  SAXIFRAGACE^.  saxfraga. 

S.  parvifolia  Greene  Pitt,  iii,  116.  IStems  stoutish,  6-16  inches  high, 
from  a  small  somewhat  woody  caudex,  pubescent  with  coarse  glandular 
hairs :  leaves  ovate,  obtuse,  entire  or  slightly  toothed,  6-10  lines  long,  on 
winged  petioles  as  long  or  longer,  somewhat  fleshy,  glabrous  :  branches  of 
the  panicle  each  cymosely  3-5-flowered;  calyx  cleft  to  the  middle  into 
deltoid  erect  segments;  petals  white,  spatulate-oblong,  obtuse;  nearly  2 
lines  long,  more  than  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx;  filaments  filifurm  ;  an- 
thers orbicular ;  mature  carpels  red,  united  to  near  the  middle,  adnate  to 
the  tube  of  the  calyx,  only  the  beaks  divergent.  On  damp  open  hillsides 
about  Grants  Pass,  Oregon. 

S.  Ore^ana  Howell  Eryth.  iii,  34.  Canescently  pubescent:  leaves 
and  stem  from  a  thickened  tieshy  caudex :  leaves  spatulate  to  lanceolate, 
1-8  inches  long,  obtuse,  obscurely  repand-dentate,  sessile  or  attenuate  be- 
low to  a  broad  petiole:  stem  stout,  1-4  feet  high,  leafless,  branched  near 
the  top,  the  branches  subtended  by  linear-lanceolate  mostly  cuminate 
bracts;  flowers  in  dense  cymules,  sessile  or  nearly  so;  calyx  adnate  to  the 
base  of  the  ovary,  cleft  to  the  middle,  with  short  triangular  obtuse  or 
acute  at  length  reflexed  segments;  petals  yellowish-white,  2  lines  long, 
oblong,  attenuate  below  to  a  short  claw;  filaments  subulate,  half  as  long 
as  the  petals:  carpels  distinct  or  nearly  so,  diverging,  the  short  beak  at 
length  bent  at  a  right  angle;  seeds  oblong.  In  marshes  and  about  springs, 
Washington  and  Oregon. 

§  5.  Arabidta  Tausch.  1.  c.  Caudex  above  the  ground 
scarcely  any  :  stems  annual,  mostly  leafless  :  calyx  free  from  the 
ovary;  the  sepals  nearly  distinct:  petals  with  slender  claws, 
often  unequal :  filaments  filiform  :  seeds    longitudinally    striate. 

S.  Nutkama  Moc.  Engler  Monog.  Sax.  13o.  Pubescent:  stems  and 
leaves  from  the  crown  of  a  small  fleshy  caudex  :  leaves  cuneate-spatulate, 
sessile  or  some  of  the  outer  ones  attenuate  below  to  a  broad  petiole,  10-18 
lines  long,  unequally  ciliate,  rather  coarsely  dentate  above  the  middle : 
stems  3-12  inches  high,  paniculately  branched  above,  bearing  numerous 
propagula  in  the  axils  of  the  floral  bracts;  flowers  numerous,  in  a  loose 
usually  secund  panicle;  calyx  free  from  the  ovary,  cleft  to  the  base;  sepals 
broadly  lanceolate,  acute,  very  early  reflexed,  barely  a  line  long;  petals 
white,  with  a  yellow  or  red  spot  at  the  base  of  the  blade,  somewhat  un- 
equal, lanceolate,  long-clawed;  fllaments  clavate,  as  long  as  the  petals; 
carpels  lance-ovate,  united  to  above  the  middle,  the  short  slender  beaks 
erect.     In  moist  places  on  the  highest  mountains,  Alaska  to  Oregon. 

S.  reflexa  Hook.  Fl.  i,  249,  t.  85  Canescently  pubescent:  leaves 
ovate,  rather  coriaceous,  opaque,  incisely  serrate,  attenuate  into  a  peti- 
ole:  stem  naked;  panicle  glabrous,  compact,  corvmbose;  petals  obovate, 
marked  with  two  orange  spots,  scarcely  twice  the  length  of  the  obtuse  re- 
flexed calyx-segments ;  filaments  dilated  upward  <r  petaloid,  often  abort- 
ive; ovary  free  from  the  calyx  Northeastern  Washington  and  Idaho  to 
the  Arctic  Sea  shore. 

S.  occideiitalis  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xxiii.  264.  Leaves  some- 
what fleshy,  6-18  lines  long,  roundish  to  oblong  or  ovate,  coarsely  dentate, 
contracted  below  to  a  short  petiole,  tomentose  beneath  with  red  or  reddish 
hairs,  smooth  above:  stems  2-10  inches  high,  more  or  less  pubescent  and 
glandular;  flowers  numerous,  in  a  somewhat  corymbose  cyme:  calyx  free 
from  the  ovary,  cleft  nearly  or  quite  to  the  base,  the  oblong  or  ovate  ob- 
tuse segment  not  reflexed;  petals  white,  oblong  obovate,  obtuse,  twice  as 
long  as  the  sepals  ;  filaments  slender-subulate  about  equalling  the  sepals; 
carpels  lanceolate,  united  below,  the  stout  beaks  divergent:  seeds  oblong, 
apiculate  at  one  or  both  ends,  with  a  loose  smooth  testa.  Common  on 
wet  rocks,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California. 


SAXiFRAGA  SAXIFR  AGACE.E.  195 

SAXIFRAGOPSIS. 

S.  Howellii  Greene  Pitt,  ii,  163.  Leaves  thin,  less  than  an  inch  long, 
oblong  to  obovate,  tapering  to  a  rather  long  plender  petiole,  coarsely  den- 
tate, smooth  both  sides:  sterna  3-6  inches  high:  flowers  rather  few,  in  a 
loose  corymbose  cyme:  calyx  free  from  the  ovary,  cleft  nearly  to  the  base, 
the  narrow  oblong  segments  obtuse  or  acutish,  spreading  in  flower;  petals 
oblong,  obtuse,  but  little  longer  than  the  sepals,  the  claw  very  short 
or  obsolete;  filaments  filiform,  as  long  as  the  petals:  seeds  obscurelv 
tubercnlate,  the  testa  loose  at  the  ends.  On  wet  banks  along  the  Coquefl 
river,  Oregon. 

§  6.  Nephrophyllum  Gaud.  Fl.  Helvet.  iii,  103.  Caudex 
above  the  ground  none :  stems  annual,  leafy;  bracts  at  the  bas^e 
of  the  pedicels  often  geminate :  calyx  free  or  adnate  to  the  base 
of  the  ovary;  the  sepals  erect   or  spreading:  filaments  subulate. 

S.  Nuttallii  Small  Bull.  Torr.  Club  xxiii,  368.  S.  elegans  Nutt.  not 
Sternb.  Annual,  smooth  or  nearly  so:  stems  slender,  leafy,  simple  or 
branched,  2-12  inches  high:  leaves  rotund  to  ovate  or  lanceolate,  con- 
tracted below  to  a  short  petiole,  2-6  lines  long,  entire  or  ^  ith  one  or  two 
coarse  tetjth  toward  the  apex;  flowers  white  in  open  few-flowered  ra- 
cemes on  long  slender  pedicels;  calyx  campanulate,  with  short  erect  tri- 
angular acute  lobes,  the  tube  coherent  to  the  lower  half  of  the  ovary 
in  fruit;  petals  oblong,  obtuse,  2-3  lines  long,  more  than  twice  the 
length  of  the  calyx;  carpels  united  to  the  middle,  the  slender  beaks  di- 
verging :  seeds  striate  with  scabrous  ridges.  On  wet  banks  and  cliffs  at 
Oregon  City  and  other  places  in  western  Oregon. 

4  SAXIFRAGOPSIS  Small  Bull.  Torr  Club  xxiii,  19. 
"tow  caulescent  caespitose,  sparingly  glandular-pilose  plants 
perennial  by  woody  rootstocks.  Stems  straw-like,  rather  slender, 
not  fleshy,  sparingly  leafy.  Leaves  alternate,  membranaceous, 
the  blade  articulated  to  the  petiole  and  not  decurrent :  petiole 
wiry,  dilated  into  a  scarious  ribbed  base.  Inflorescence  consist- 
ing of  a  terminal  thyrsoid-panicle,  its  cymules  peduncled,  sub- 
tended by  small  bracts  :  pedicels  usually  bearing  several  opposite 
or  nearly  opposite  bractlets  below  the  flower.  Calyx  hemis- 
pheric, its  tube  ribbed,  united  to  the  ovary,  its  segments  5, 
unequal  in  size  and  shape,  reflexed.  Petals  5,  inserted  ju^t  be- 
low the  sinuses  of  the  calyx-tube,  long-clawed,  at  length  deflexed. 
Stamens  10,  converging ;  filaments  inserted  at  the  base  of  the 
calyx-segments,  dilated  below  into  two  thin  wings  ;  anthers  sagit- 
tate, 4-angled.  Ovary  very  short  when  young,  soon  elongating,  im- 
mersed in  a  glandular  disk ;  pla^.^entae  central.  Follicles  slender, 
the  bodies  united,  the  tips  erect.  Seeds  minute,  smooth,  some- 
what curved." 

S.  fragarioides  Small  1.  c.  20.  Saxifraga  fragarioides  Greene.  Ces- 
pitose,  the  short,  much  branched  woody  caudex  leafy  at  the  ends:  leaves 
thin,  broadly  cuneate  to  oblong,  coarsely  dentate  above  the  middle,  spar- 
ingly pubescent  both  sides,  8-14  lines  long,  on  slender  petioles  as  long  or 
longer  than  the  blade :  flowering  stems  3-10  inches  high,  slender,  glandu- 
lar-pubescent, leafy ;  flowers  numerous,  in  an  elongated  panicle;  calyx 
hemispheric;  its  segments  longer  than  the  tube  or  at  length  shorter,  ovate, 
ciliate,  obtuse,  reflexed.  a  line  long;  petals  oblong-spatulate  or  spatulate, 
persistent,  white,  %  longer  than  the  calyx-lobes,  at  length  reflexed :  cap- 
sule cleft  to  the  middle,  the  slender  beaks  slightly  diverging.  On  dry 
cliffs  in  the  Siskiyou  Mountains,  Oregon  and  adjacent  California. 


19G  SAXIFRAGACE.E.  sullivantia. 

BOYKIXIA. 

5  SULLIVANTIA  T.  &  G. 

Slender  herbs  with  running  roots,  palmately  veined  leaves 
and  small  flowers  in  paniculate  cymules.  ,Calyx  campanulate, 
coherent  with  the  base  of  the  ovary,  5-cleft.  Petals  5,  broad, 
entire,  alternate  with  the  calyx-lobes,  withering-persistent.  Sta- 
mens 5,  shorter  than  the  petals.  Ovary  2-celled,  with  the 
placentae  in  the  axis,  many-ovuled  :  carpels  united  to  the  middle, 
the  beaks  flat  and  early  open  down  the  inner  side.  Seeds  numer- 
ous, wing-margined. 

S«  Oregana  Watson  Proc  Am.  Acad.  xiv.  292.  Smooth  below,  pubes- 
cent and  glandular  above :  stems  slender,  3-10  inches  high,  sparingly  leafy, 
from  slender  running  rootstalks :  propagating  by  long  filiform  runners : 
leaves  round-cordate,  1-2  inches  in  diameter,  laciniately  cut  and  toothed, 
on  long  petioles  with  dilated  scarious  base :  flowers  numerous,  in  an  elong- 
ated panicle;  calyx  campanulate;  with  acute  triangular  lobes  ;  petals  white, 
oblong-ovate,  obtuse,  a  half  longer  than  the  calyx-lobes,  somewhat  cuneate 
at  base  :  carpels  membranaceous,  the  beaks  exserted  and  slightly  diverging 
in  fruit :  seeds  oblong,  dark  brown  and  shining,  narrowly  winged.  On 
wet  cliffs  along  the  Columbia  river  near  the  Cascades,  and  at  hlk  Rock  on 
the  Willamette. 

6     BOYKINIA  Nutt.  Jour.  Acad.  Philad.  vii,  113. 

Perennial  herbs  with  creeping  caudex,  alternate  leaves  with 
dilated  stipule-like  base  and  corymbose  cymes  of  white  flowers. 
Calyx  campanulate,  adnate  to  the  lower  part  of  the  ovary,  the  tube 
at  length  urceolate,  the  limb  spreading,  valvate  in  the  bud.  Petals 
5,  entire,  deciduous.  Stamens  5,  inserted  in  the  throat  of  the 
calyx,  shorter  than  its  segments  :  anthers  2-celled.  Styles  2-3, 
short :  stigmas  simple.  Capsule  2-3-celled,  with  a  central  many- 
geeded  placentae,  2-3  beaked,  dehiscent  between  the  beaks.  Seeds 
small,  ovoid,  with  a  close  somewhat  crustaceous  testa,  very 
minutely  and  evenly  papillose. 

B.  major  Gray  Bot.  Cal.  i,  196.  Sparingly  pubescent;  glandular 
above:  stems  stout,  1-3  feet  high,  from  a  creeping  lignious  caudex:  leaves 
round-reniform,  deeply  5-7-lobed,  the  lobes  irregularly  toothed  and  cut, 
2-^  inches  in  diameter,  the  lower  on- long  slender  petioles  with  merely  en- 
larged base,  the  upper  similar  but  smaller, oh  shorter  petioles  with  foliaceous 
stipular  base:  flowers  many,  in  a  corymbose  at  length  elongated  cyme; 
calyx  campanulate,  the  lower  half  of  the  tube  coherent  with  the  ovary, 
enlarging  and  becoming  urceolate  in  fruit;  petals  white,  rounded  above,  a 
little  longer  than  the  triangular  acute  erect  calyx-lobes:  carpels  united  to 
above  the  middle,  erect,  the  tips  of  the  beaks  divergent  in  fruit.  In 
mountain  streams,  Oregon  and  California. 

B.  occidentalis  T.  &  G  Fl  i,  577.  Sparingly  pubescent  with  fuscous 
hairs:  stems  rather  slender,  erect  or  declined,  1-2  leet  high,  from  a  creep- 
ing somewhat  woody  caudex  :  leaves  round-cordate,  incisely  3-9-lobed,  the 
lobes  3-5-toothed,  1-2  inches  in  diameter,  all  on  slender  petioles  with  dilated 
ciliate  base:  flowers  numerous,  in  elongated  paniculate  cymes;  calyx  cam- 
panulate, adherent  to  the  lower  half  of  the  ovarv,  enlarging  and  becoming 
urceolate  in  fruit;  petals  white,  early  deciduous,  spatulate,  narrowed 
below  to  a  long  claw,  2-3  lines  long,  much  longer  than  the  acuminate 
calyx-lobes:  carpels  united  to  the  middle,  the  long  slender  beaks  slightly 
diverging.  Common  along  mountain  streams,  western  Washington  to 
California. 


BOLANDRA.  SAXI  FRAG  ACE  .E,  197 

HEMIEVA. 

7    BOLINDRA  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  vii,  341. 

Perennial  herbs  with  palmately  veined,  thin  leaves  and  loose 
panicles  of  purple  flowers.  Calyx  broadly  campanulate,  5-lobed, 
valvate  in  the  bud,  the  tube  free  from  the  ovary.  Petals  5, 
linear,  entire,  inserted  in  the  throat  of  the  calyx  and  alternate 
with  its  lobes,  persistent.  Stamens  5,  alternate  with  the  petals: 
filaments  filiiorm  :  anthers  cordate,  2-celled.  Ovary  included  in 
but  wholly  free  from  the  inflated  calyx,  many-ovuled  with  the 
placentae  in  the  axis  :  stigma  truncate.  Capsule  membranaceous, 
ovate,  with  a  broad  2-celled  base.  Seeds  numerous,  with  a 
rather  loose  testa. 

B.  Californica  Gray  1  c.  Stems  6-18  inches  high,  weak  and  ascend- 
ing apparently  from  a  filiform  rootstock,  granulate-bulblet-bearing  at  the 
base  of  the  stem,  glabrous  or  nearly  so:  leaves  alternate,  membranaceous; 
the  lower  round-reniform,  1-2  inches  in  diameter,  about  5-lobed,  on  long- 
filiform  petioles;  the  upper  sessile  or  clasping,  merely  incised  or  few- 
toothed,  gradually  reduced  upward  to  small  ovate  or  lanceolate  bracts, 
borne  on  or  subtending  the  slender  1-flowered  somewhat  paniculate  pedun- 
cles: petals  dull  purple,  attenuated,  2  Imes  long.  On  wet  rocks  near  the 
Yosemite  falls,  California,  said  by  Mr.  VVheelock  to  have  been  found  in 
Oregon. 

B.  Ore^ana  Watson  Proc  Am  Acad,  xiv,  292.  Minutely-pUbesCeni 
and  glandular,  at  least  above,  stems  slender,  6-20  inches  high,  from  a 
small  bulbiliferous  caudex :  lower  leaves  round-reniform,  incisely  lobed 
and  toothed,  1-3  inches  in  diameter,  on  long  slender  petioles  with  dilated 
8tipule-like  base ;  the  upper  similar  but  smaller,  gradually  passing  intd 
sessile  bracts:  flowers  rather  numerous,  in  loose  panicles,  on  slender 
pedicels ;  calyx  inflated,  campanulate,  becoming  urceolate,  the  tube  3-4 
lines  long,  the  subulate  acuminate  lobes,  as  long  as  the  tube;  petals  dark 
purple,  filiform,  6  lines  long  or  more;  filaments  a  line  or  more  long:  cap- 
sule ovate,  the  long  acuminate  beaks  but  slightly  diverging,  included  in 
the  calyx ;  carpels  united  to  the  middle.  On  wet  cliffs  along  the  Colum- 
bia river  near  the  Cascades. 

8  HEMIEVA  Raf.  Fl.  Tell,  ii,  70. 
,S  UKSDORFIA  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acfd.  xv,  42. 

Low  herbs  with  small  bulb-like  caudex,  round  lobed  leaves 
and  few  flowers  in  loose  paniculate  cymes.  Calyx  campanulate, 
the  tube  coherent  with  the  ovary,  the  5  erect  lobes  imbricate  in 
the  bud.  Petals  5,  alternate  with  the  calyx-lobes,  persistent. 
Stamens  5,  alternate  with  the  petals.  Ovary  2-celled,  many- 
ovuled,  with  the  placentae  in  the  axis.     Stigma  truncate. 

H.  ranuncnlifolia  Raf.  1.  c.  Saxifraga  ranunculifolia  Hook.  Pubes- 
cent and  glandular:  stems  erect,  6-12  inches  high,  from  a  small  bulb-like 
caudex,  propagating  by  bulblets  in  the  axils  of  the  lowest  leaves :  lower 
leaves  round-cordate,  6-12  lines  in  diameter,  3-lobed,  the  lobes  3-9-toothed, 
on  long  petioles  with  dilated  base,  upper  ones  similar,  on  short  petioles,  or 
reduced  to  oblong  or  lanceolate  bracts :  flowers  white,  in  a  loose  open  or 
short  capitate  cymouse  panicle;  calyx  campanulate,  cleft  to  about  the 
middle,  with  oblong  acute  erect  lobes;  petals  oblong,  acute,  attenuate 
below  to  a  short  claw,  3-4  lines  long;  stamens  5,  filaments  less  than  a  line 
long:  carpels  united  only  near  the  base,  the  iQeaks  diverging.  On  wet 
cliffs  on  the  highest  mountains,  Brit.  Columbia  to  Oregon. 


198  ►SAXIFRAGACEiE.  lkptaxis. 

TEi.LIMA. 

H.  Tiolacea  Wheelock  Bull.  Torr.  Club  xxiii,  71.  Suksdorfm  violacea 
Gray.  Viscid-pubescent  throughout:  stems  slender,  6-10  inches  high, 
from  a  small  bulb-like  caudex  which  is  covered  with  bulblets  that  are 
borne  in  the  axils  of  the  radical  leaves:  lower  leaves  round-cordate,  cren- 
ately  lobed  and  toothed,  on  slender  petioles  with  scarious  dilated  base, 
upper  ones  obovate,  3-5-lobed,  on  short  petioles  with  foliaceous  stipular 
base :  petals  violet,  entire  or  sometimes  2-3-lobed,  spatulate,  attenuate 
below  to  a  long  claw,  5-U  lines  long,  much  longer  than  the  acuminate  at 
length  connivent  lobes  of  the  calyx:  capsule  oblong;  carpels  united  to 
near  the  top,  the  short  beaks  diverging :  seeds  oblong,  with  a  close  light- 
colored  testa.  On  moss-covered'  rocks,  along  the  Columbia  river  near 
Viento  Oregon  and  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river  near  the  mouth  of  the 
White  Salmon  river. 

9    LEPTAXIS  Raf.  Fl.  Tel.  ii.  75. 

TOLMIEA    T.  &   G.   FL  i,  E82;   not  Hook. 

Perennial  herbs  with  cordate  leaves  on  long  petioles  bearing  a 
bud  at  the  base  of  the  blade,  and  simple  stems  with  long  ebrac- 
teate  racemes  of  purple  flowers  on- short  pedicels.  Calyx  cylin- 
drical, free  from  the  ovary,  unequally  4-cleft,  the  tube  split  down 
the  lower  side'  and  gibbous  at  base,  imbricate  in  the  bud.  Petals 
4,  filiform,  entire,  inserte-l  between  the  lobes  of  the  calyx,  per- 
sistent. Stamens  ;i,  scarcely  exserted,  inserted  into  the  throat  of 
the  calyx  opposite  the  three  larger  lobes :  filaments  subulate, 
unequal:  anthers  reniform,  2-celled,  the  cells  confluent  at  the 
apex.  Ovary  stipitate  at  base,  1-celled.  with  two  parietal  placen- 
tae; stigma  obtuse.  Capsule  1-celled,  many-seeded,  2-valved  at 
the  apex,  the  valves  equal.  Seeds  small,  globose,  muricate-hispid. 

•  L.  Menziesii  Raf.  1.  c.  76.  Tolmiea  Menziemi  T.  &  G.  Hispid-pubescent 
throughout:  stems  clustered,  1-3  feet  high,  from  a  creeping  branched 
caudex :  leaves  cordate,  acute,  obscurely  lobed  and  repandly  cuspidate- 
toothed,  ciliate,  1-4  inches  long,  the  lower  on  long  petioles,  the  upper  ones 
with  petioles  successively  shorter  until  they  become  sessile  bracts :  racemes 
many-tlowered,  elongated ;  calyx  cylindraceous,  purple-veined,  the  upper 
lobes  oblong,  obtuse,  the  lower  one  narrow,  acuminate,  shorter;  petals 
brown,  filiform,  somewhat  dilated  in  the  middle,  recurved;  filaments  sub- 
ulate, the  upper  one  inserted  lower  down  on  the  tube  of  the  calyx  than 
the  other  2:  capsule  oblong,  2-valved,  the  valves  beaked  with  the  indur- 
ated styles,  the  valves  spreading  in  age.  Common  along  mountain  streams 
from  Brit.  Columbia  to  California. 

10  TELLIMA  R.  Br.  App.     Frankl.  Journ.  765. 

Perennial  herbs  with  roundish-cordate  leaves  on  petioles  with 
dilated  and  somewhat  stipuliform  base  and  rather  large  flowers 
in  elongated  simple  somewhat  spicate  racemes.  Calyx  campanu- 
late,  obconic  and  coherent  with  the  ovary  at  base,  free  and  in- 
flated above,  5-toothed,  valvate  in  the  bud.  Petals  5,  inserted  in 
the  throat  of  the  calyx,  laciniate-pinnatifid,  deciduous.  Stam- 
ens 5  or  10,  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  calyx;  anthers  2-celled, 
ovate.  Styles  2,  short  and  distinct:  stigmas  capitate,  obscurely 
8-lobed.  Capsule  1-celled  wdth  2  parietal  many-seeded  placentae, 
2>beaked,  opening  between  the  beaks.     Seeds  horizontal. 


TELLiMA.  SAXIFRAGACE^.  199 

LITHOPHRAGMA. 

*    Stamens  10. 

T.  Grrandiflora  R.  Br,  1  c.  759.  Hispid-pubescent  throughout,  glan- 
dular above:  stems  chistered,  1-2  feet  high,  from  stout  short  tufted  root- 
stocks  :  leaves  round-cordate,  2-4  inches  in  diameter,  3-9-lobed,  the  lobes 
coarsely  toothed,  prominently  reticulate-veined,  on  long  petioles  with 
scarcely  dilated  base,  the  few  cauline  ones  smaller  and  nearly  sessile : 
flowers  not  fragrant,  on  short reflexed  pedicels:  calyx  4  lines  long,  thick- 
cylindraceous,  with  turbinate  tube  and  short  triangular  erect  lobes,  in- 
flated, coherent  with  the  ovary  only  at  the  base;  petals  lanceolate  in  out- 
line, laciniately  cut  into  long  filiform  segments,  abruptly  narrowed  below 
to  a  short  claw,  soon  bent  at  the  lower  third,  the  upper  part  closely  re- 
flexed,  bright  red;  styles  short,  persistent,  with  broad  flat  stigmas',  ap- 
proximate :  capsule  ovate,  open  at  the  top,  the  indurated  styles  divergent 
in  fruit:  seeds  oblong,  tuberculate.  Common  in  moist  woods,  Brit.  Col- 
umbia to  California. 

T.  odorata.  Coarsely  pilose  below,  glandular-pubescent  above:  stems 
rather  slender,  clustered,  1-2  feet  high,  from  a  multicepital  caudex  :  leaves 
broadly  cordate,  acute,  obscurely  lobed  and  crenately  toothed,  1-3  inches 
long,  on  long  petioles  with  dilated  scarious  base,  the  few  cauline  ones 
smaller  and  nearly  sessile:  flowers  fragrant,  numerous,  on  short  pedicels 
in  a  long  terminal  raceme ;  calyx  campanulate,  the  inflated  tube  3-4  lines 
long,  coherent  with  the  lower  half  of  the  ovary,  the  oblong  erect  lobes 
about  half  as  long  as  the  tube:  petals  red,  lanceolate  in  outline,  lacini- 
ately cut  into  long  filiform  segments,  narrowed  below  to  a  long  claw,  bent 
at  the  middle,  the  upper  half  spreading  or  at  length  loosely  reflexed; 
styles  short,  with  broad  capitate  stigmas :  capsule  elliptical,  the  A^ery  short 
styles  divergent  in  fruit :  seeds  oblong,  rough  tuberculate.  In  wet  places 
and  springs,  along  the  Columbia  river  near  the  Casca  les  to  ^outhe^n 
Oregon. 

*    Stamens  5. 

T.  raceiiiosa  Greene  Eryth.  iii,  55.  Heuchera  racemosa  Watson. 
"Glandular-hispid,  leaves  reniform-cordate,  crenately  lobed  and  t«)othed, 
1  or  2  inches  broad  :  flowering  stems  4-10  inches  high,  bearing  2  or  3  peti- 
olate  leaves  and  a  loose  few  (6-15)  flowered  raceme;  pedicels  short  (a  line 
long  or  less) :  calyx  very  broadly  campanulate,  2  (becoming  3)  lines  long, 
acutely  lobed ;  petals  glandular,  linear,  entire  and  acuminate  or  more  or 
less  laciniately  toothed  toward  the  top,  a  little  exceeding  the  calyx-lobes: 
stamens  5,  very  short,  opposite  to  the  calyx-lobes :  styles  very  short;  cap- 
sule sub-globose,  very  shortly  beaked :  seeds  very  numerous,  brownish, 
with  wrinkled  testa,  not  muricate."  On  cliffs  of  Mount  Adams  Wasiiing- 
ton  at  7-SOOO  feet  altitude.     Suksdorf. 

11    LITHOPHRAGMA  Nutt.  Journ.  Acad.  Phila  vii,  26. 

Small  and  slender  herbs  with  fibrous  at  length  grumous  roots, 
3-5-parted  or  lobed  leaves  on  petioles  with  stipuliform  base  and 
rather  large  flowers  in  simple  few-flowered  racemes.  Calyx 
cyathiform  or  campaiiulate,  coherent  with  or  free  from  the  lower 
part  of  the  ovary:  the  limb  short,  5-cleft,  valvate  in  the  bud. 
Petals  5,  inserted  in  the  sinuses  of  the  calyx  just  below  the 
margin,  cuneiform,  unguiculate,  much  exserted,  3-cleft,  or  rarely 
entire,  deciduous.  Stamens  10,  inserted  in  the  throat  of  the 
calyx:  anthers  cordate,  2-celled.  Styles  2-3,  short;  stigmas 
obtuse  or  somewhat  dilated.  Capsule  1 -celled  with  2-8  parietal 
many-seeded  placentae,  2-3  valved  at  the  apex.  Seeds  horizon- 
tal, ovate,  with  a  distinct  raphe;  the  testa  smooth  and  membran- 
aceous. 


200  SAXIFRAGACE.E.  lithophragma. 

MITELLA. 

L.  cainpaiiulata.  Minutely  pubescent  below,  glanular  above:  stem 
slender,  12-2J  inches  high:  radical  leaves  round-cordate,  3-lobed,  the  lobes 
coarsely  3-5-toothed,  8-12  lines  in  diameter,  on  long,  slender  petioles  with 
a  bulblet  in  the  axil  of  each ;  cauline  usually  only  one,  similar  or  more 
deeply  lobed  :  flowers  few,  very  remote,  on  short  pedicels  :  calyx  campanu- 
late,  3-4  lines  long,  wiih  rounded  base  and  short,  triangular,  acute  teeth; 
petals  incisely  3-5-lobed,  white  to  pink,  broadly  ovate,  6  lines  long,  nar- 
rowed below  to  a  filiform  claw:  capsule  conical,  divided  nearly  to  the 
middle.  On  high  open  ridges  of  the  tiiskiyou  mountains  near  the  Oregon 
boundary. 

L.  parviflora  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  i,  584.  Tellima  parviflora  Hook, 
Roughish  hirsute  or  scabrous-pubescent:  stems  slender,  8-20  inches  high: 
radical  leaves  roun<l-cordate,  deeply  3-5-lobed,  the  lobes  coarsely  toothed , 
6-10  lines  in  diameter,  on  slender  petioles  1-4  inches  long;  cauline  leaves 
usually  2,  trifoliolate,  leaflets  deeply  3-lobed,  the  lobes  2-3-toothed; 
flowers  few,  in  a  subcapitate  at  length  elongated  raceme;  calyx  obconical, 
with  triangular  acute  lobes ;  petals  white  or  pinkish,  deeply  3-cleft  into 
linear  or  oblong  lobes,  attenuate  below  to  a  slender  claw,  4-6  lines  long, 
capsule  oblong,  often  3-va  ved,  open  only  at  the  top.  Common  in  moist 
or  shady  places,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California  and  Colorado. 

L.  tenella  Nutt.  T.  &  G  Fl.  i,  5S4  TeUimB,  tenella  Walp.  Roughish 
with  a  minute  glandular  pubescence:  stems  slender,  branching  from  the 
base,  4-12  inches  high:  leaves  trifoliolate;  leaflets  2-3-parted,  with  cunei- 
form 2-3-lobed  segments:  flowers  few,  in  a  capitate  at  length  elongated 
often  bulblet  bearing  usually  simple  raceme;  calyx  campanulate,  2  lines 
long,  with  very  short  triangular  teeth ;  petals  pink,  6  lines  long,  irregu- 
larly 3-7-parted  into  mostly  linear-lanceolate,  acute  divisions:  capsule 
almost  free  from  the  calyx,  elliptical,  usually  3-valved  opening  ^  its 
length  from  the  top:  seeds  short-oblong,  rough'tuberculate.  Common  on 
prairies,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California  and  Colorado. 

L.  rupicola  Greene  Eryth.  iii,  102.  "Stems  often  2  or  3  from  the  small 
grumous  root,  not  very  slender,  a  foot  high  or  more,  rather  strongly  hispi- 
dulous-scabrous  throughout :  lowest  leaves  from  round-reniform  to  round- 
ovate  in  outline,  deeply  3-5-lobed,  the  lobes  again  3-lobed;  petioles  long, 
each  with  a  large  bulblet  in  its  axil;  cauline  leaves  of  more  angular  outline, 
doubly  cleft  into  narrow  segments:  racemes  elongated,  12-20-flowered; 
fruiting  pedicels  nearly  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx:  hemispherical  base 
of  the  calyx  adherent  to  the  ovary,  the  body  in  maturity  obviously  10-stri- 
ate,  the  lobes  short  and  obtuse:  petals  white,  all  deeply  palmatifid,  the  2 
upper  much  smaller  than  the  others :  capsule  3-valved  at  the  apex  and  the 
valves  well  exserted:  seeds  striate  lengthwise  but  neither  muriate  nor 
obviously  granular.  Lava  beds  of  Modoc  Co.,  California,  growing  in  the 
shade  of  Junipers."    Perhaps  in  adjacent  Oregon. 

12    MITELLl  L.  Gen.  n.  561. 

Perennial  herbs  with  mostly  radical  leaves,. slender  stems  and 
small  flowers  in  simple  spicate  racemes'.  Calyx  5-cleft,  short- 
campanulate,  more  or  less  coherent  with  the  ovary.  Petals  5, 
lobed  or  pinnatifid,  inserted  into  the  throat  of  the  calyx,  decidu- 
ous. Stamens  5  or  10,  not  exserted  ;  anthers  cordate  or  reni- 
form,  2-celled.  Styles  2,  short  and  distinct.  Capsule  1 -celled, 
with  2  parietal  or  somewhat  basal  many-seeded  placentae,  2- 
valved  at  the  summit.  Seeds  obovoid,  horizontal  or  ascending, 
smooth  and  shining. 

*     Stamens  5,  alternate  with  the  petals. 


MiTELLA.  SAXIFRAGACE.^.  201 

MITEL. ASTRA. 

M.  Breweri  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  vi,  538.  Sparingly  pubescent 
with  long  crisp  brownish  hairs :  scapes  slender,  4-8  inches  high :  leaves 
round-cordate  to  reniform,  obscurely  3-5-lobed,  irregularly  crenately 
toothed,  with  callous-apiculate  teeth,  1-3  inches  in  diameter,  on  petioles 
3-4  inches  long  that  are  subtended  by  scarious  ciliate  brownish  bracts : 
racemes  4-20-flowered :  flowers  on  short  spreading  pedicels  subtended  by 
minute  scarious  bracts ;  calyx  short-campanulate,  with  short  and  rounded 
somewhat  scarious  lobes,  petals  greenish-yellow,  pectinately  pinnate  with 
3-5  filiform  pinnsea ;  stigma  distinctly  2-lobed.  On  the  highest  mountains, 
Brit  Columbia  to  California. 

M.  ovalis  Greene  Pitt,  i,  32.  Pubescent  with  long  whitish  hairs: 
scapes  6-18  inches  high :  leaves  oblong-cordate,  obscurely  5-7-lobed,  re- 
pandly  toothed,  6-18  lines  long,  on  rather  stout  petioles  1-4  inches  long : 
flowers  numerous,  on  short  erect  pedicels  that  are  subtended  by  minute 
scarious  bracts,  often  two  or  three  together  on  a  short  peduncle  and  thus 
somewhat  paniculate;  calyx  saucer-shaped,  its  short  rounded  lobes  green- 
ish-yellow ;  petals  pectinately  pinnate,  with  3-5  rather  short  and  distant 
pinnsea ;  filaments  subulate,  inflexed;  stigma  slightly  2-lobed.  Along 
mountain  streams  in  wet  places,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California. 

M.  triflda  Graham  Edinb.  New  Phil.  Journ.  185.  Sparingly  pubes- 
cent with  coarse  whitish  hairs :  scapes  slender,  6-18  inches  high,  from  a 
stout  rootstock :  leaves  broadly  cordate  to  reniform,  12-18  lines  long,  cre- 
nately toothed,  ciliate:  flowers  several,  in  a  short  secund  somewhat  cir- 
cinate  raceme,  on  very  short  pedicels  subtended  by  scarious  white  bracts : 
calyx  campanulate,  its  oblong  or  triangular  acute  lobes  white  and  petal- 
like, glabrous ;  petals  ovate,  on  long  slender  claws,  3-tbothed  or  3-parted 
at  the  apex;  stigma  2-lobed.  On  the  high  mountains  of  Washington  and 
Oregon  to  the  Rocky  mountains. 

*  *    Stamens  5,  opposite  the  petals. 

M.  pentandra  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  293  <.  Sparingly  pubescent  with  short 
white  hairs:  scapes  slender,  6-12  inches  high:  leaves  cordate  to  round-ren- 
iform,  obscurely  3-5-lobed,  unequally  serrate,  an  inch  or  more  in  diame- 
ter: flowers  numerous,  in  a  subpaniculate  raceme,  calyx  short-campanu- 
late, its  very  short  obtuse  lobes  green ;  petals  pinnate  with  7-9  approximate 
filiform  pinnsea:  filaments  very  short,  inflexed.  In  w^et  places,  on  the 
highest  mountains.    Alaska  to  Oregon  and  the  Rocky  mountains. 

13  MITELL  ASTRA. 

MITELLA   §  MITELLASTRA    T.    &  G.  FL  i,  586. 

Low  herbs  with  alternate  leaves  without  stipules  and  small 
flowers  in  spicate  cymes.  Calyx  short-campanulate,  5cleft,  co- 
herent with  the  base  of  the  ovary.  Petals  5,  pinnatifid,  inserted 
into  the  throat  of  the  calyx.  Deciduous,  Stamens  5,  not  ex- 
serted,  alternate  with  the  petals.  Styles  2,  short  and  distinct. 
Stigmas  simple.  Capsule  1-celled  with  2  parietal  many-seeded 
placentae,  2-valved.     Seeds  black  and  shining. 

M.  caulescens.  Mitella  caulescens  Nntt.  Retrorsely  hispid  and  min- 
utely scabrous,  especially  on  the  petioles  and  stems:  stems  simple,  soli- 
tary, slender,  bearing  1-3  leaves  with  1-2  scarious  bracts  below  them, 
6-12  inches  high,  from  a  scaly  slender  caudex,  propagating  by  long  filiform 
runners:  leaves  broadly  cordate,  :^5-lobed,  the  lobes  crenately  apicu late- 
toothed,  1-2  inches  in  diameter :  flowers  numerous,  in  a  long  slender  sim- 
ple cyme,  on  long  slender  pedicels,  reflexed  in  bud,  soon  spreading  or 
erect ;  calyx  saucer-shape,  its  lobes  ovate,  colored  and  petal-like ;  petals 
pectinately  pinnatifid  with  7-9  filiform  pinnsea;  filaments  subulate,  nearly 


202  SAXIFRAGACE.^  tiarella. 

HEUCHEPA. 

a  line  long,  connivent  over  the  recurved  styles :  capsule  globose  nearly 
free  from  the  calyx  Common  along  mountain  streams  at  low  elevations. 
Brit.  Columbia  to  Oregon. 

14    TIARELLA  L.  Gen.  n.  560'. 

Perennial  herbs  with  simple  or  trifoliolate  leaves  and  small 
white  flowers  in  simple  or  paniculate  racemes.  Calyx  campanu- 
late,  nearly  free  from  the  ovary,  5-parted,  white  and  petal-like, 
valvate  in  the  bud.  Petals  5,  entire,  small,  with  short  claws,  in 
ours  persistent.  Stamens  10,  inserted  with  the  petals  into  the 
base  of  the  calyx:  filaments  filiform,  exserted,  the  5  opposite 
the  sepals  longest:  anthers  ovate,  2-celled:  styles  2 ;  stigmas  sim- 
ple. Capsule  1-celled,  with  2  parietal  placentae,  2-valved,  the 
valves  very  unequal.  Seeds  rather  large,  subglobose,  smooth  and 
shining. 

T.  trifoliata  L.  Sp  406.  Softly  hirsute:  stems  slender,  ascending, 
6-12  inches  high,  from  slender  creeping  rootstocks:  leaves  trifoliolate,  the 
middle  leaflet  ovate  with  cuneate  base,  slightly  3-lobed;  the  lateral  ones 
oblique,  2-lobed,  all  coarsely  and  repandly  apiculate-dentate,  on  slender 
petioles:  flowers  numerous,  in  an  elongated  narrow  panicle:  calyx  cleft 
nearly  to  the  base,  the  lanceolate  lobes  about  a  line  long,  acute;  petals 
tiliform,  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx;  filaments  filiform,  as  long  as  the 
petals ;  valves  of  the  capsule  membranaceous,  tipped  with  the  slender  per- 
sistent styles,  the  larger  one  6  lines  long,  more  than  twdce  as  long  as  the 
other.     Common  in  forests,  Alaska  to  California. 

T.  laciniata  Hook.  Fl.  i,  239,  t.  77.  Sca:t)rous-hirsute :  stems  about 
3-leaved  :  leaves  trifoliolate,  the  terminal  leaflet  deeply  3-cleft,  the  lateral 
ones  2-cleft,  the  segments  broadly  lanceolate,  laciniate-pinnatifid:  panicle 
loose :  petals  filiiorm  and  resembling  the  filaments.  Vancouver  Island  to 
Washington. 

T.  nuifoliata  Hook.  I.  c.  238  t.  81.  Sparingly  pubescent  or  nearly 
glabrous:  stems  slender,  erect  or  ascending,  6-16  inches  high  from  slender 
running  rootstocks :  leaves  simple,  cordate,  acute,  obscurely  5-7-lobed, 
coarsely  apiculate-dentate,  1-3  inches  in  diameter,  on  long  slender  petioles : 
flowers  numerous,  in  a  narrow  panicle;  calyx  cleft  to  near  the  base  ;  petals 
filiform,  twice  the  length  of  the  rather  obtuse  oblong-ovate  calyx-lobes: 
valves  of  the  capsule  merely  convex,  the  largest  one  oblong,  acute.  5  lines 
long,  twice  as  long  as  the  other.  Common  in  the  forests  of  the  high 
mountains,  Alaska  to  California. 

15    HEUCHERA  L.  Gen.  n.  320. 

Perennial  herbs  with  mostly  radical  palmately  veined  leaves 
with  partly  free  stipules  and  rather  small  flowers  in  terminal 
panicals  or  spikes.  Calyx  campanulatc,  coherent  with  the  ovary 
below,  5-cleft,  the  segments  imbricate  in  the'  bud.  Petals  5, 
sometimes  wanting,  small,  entire.  Stamens  5,  inserted  alter- 
nately with  the  petals  into  the  throat  of  the  calyx;  anthers  2- 
celled ;  styles  2  ;  capsule  1-celled  with  2  parietal  placentae,  many- 
seeded,  2-beaked,  dehiscent  between  the  beaks;  seeds  horizontal, 
oval,  minutel}^  muriate  or  hispidulous. 

*  Filaments  and  styles  filiform,  much  exserted :  calyx  short  obconic 
or  campanulate,  the  lobes  spreading,  equal:  petals  mostly  persistent, 
at  length  often  revolute  or  twisted:  panicle  effuse. 


HEUCHEKA.  SAXIFRAGAOE^.  203 

H.  g'labra  Willd.  Roem.  &  Sohult.  Syst.  vi,  216  Glabrous:  stems 
1-o-leaved,  12-20  inches  high,  clustered  at  the  ends  of  a  much  branched 
caudex:  leaves  roundish-cordate,  acurately  and  irregularly  lobed  and 
doubly  serrate,  sparingly  ciliate,  2-4  inches  broad;  on  slender  petioles  6-10 
inches  long;  flowers  numerous  in  an  open  cymulose  panicle ;  calyx  glandu- 
lar-pubescent, 2  lines  long,  cleft  to  the  middle,  the  oblong  obtuse  lobes 
about  as  long  as  the  tube ;  petals  white,  little  more  than  a  line  long,  about 
equalling  the  stamens  with  ovate-lanceolate  blade  and  long  slender  claw, 
recurved ;  styles  at  length- much  exserted:  seeds  oblong  or  oval,  minutely 
hispid  in  lines.  On  cliffs  and  rocks  along  streams,  Alaska  to  the  highest 
peaks  of  the  Cascade  and  Kockv  mountains. 

H.  micrautha  Dougl.  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  xv,  t.  1302.  Pilose  with  long 
crinkly  hairs  below:  stems  nearly  naked,  1-2  feet  high,  from  the  ends  of 
slender  creeping  rootstocks :  leaves  round-cordate  to  reniform,  1-3  inches 
broad,  slightly  and  obtusely  lobed,  mucronulately  crenate,  ciliaie,  on 
slender  pedicels  2-8  inches  long ;  panicle  diffuse,  many-flowered  ;  flowers 
small,  on  slender  pedicels,  in  small  dichotomous  cymules;  calyx  turbi- 
nate, the  rounded  lobes  about  equalling  the  tube ;  limb  of  the  petals 
linear-lanceolate  as  long  as  the  claw,  soon  curled  or  twisted :  styles  slen- 
der, long  exserted  :  capsule  ovate-lanceolate,  at  length  exserted,  the  slender 
beaks  erect.  Common  on  rocky  banks  and  cliffs,  Brit.  Columbia  to 
California. 

*  *  Filaments  and  styles  subulate,  short:  calyx  campanulate,  the 
lobes  equal:  flowers  sn^all,  in  narrow  panicles. 

H.  cuneata.  Smooth  or  the  leaves  and  inflorescence  minutely  pubes- 
cent :  stems  slender,  6-18  inches  long,  leafless  but  with  a  few  ovate  ciliate 
sessile  bracts  below:  leaves  elliptical  to  ov  te  or  oblong,  more  or  less 
cuneate  at  base,  6-12  lines  long,  obscurely  3-5-lobed,  coarsely  serrate  and 
ciliate:  flowers  rather  numerous,  on  short  pedicels;  calyx  purplish,  pubes- 
cent, 2  lines  long,  cleft  to  the  middle,  with  oblong  acutish  lobes ;  petals 
minute,  scarcely  equalling  the  calyx-lobes;  stamens  and  styles  not  exceed- 
ing the  calyx:  capsule  ovoid  scarcely  exserted.  On  dry  cliffs,  Harney 
Valley  eastern  Oregon. 

H.  pilosissima  F.  &  M.  Ind.  Sem  Hort.  Petrop.  v,  56.  Villous  or 
hirsute  with  spreading  viscid  hairs  :  stems  6-18  inches  high,  rather  stout, 
leafless  or  with  a  few  small  leaves:  leaves  round-cordate,  obtusely  lobed 
and  crenate,  1-3  inches  in  diameter:  flowers  in  a  close  and  clustered  or 
sometimes  loose  panicle,  usually  as  long  as  their  pedicels  :  calyx  somewhat 
globular;  rounded  or  obtuse  at  base  and  the  broad  short  lobes  more  or  less 
incurving,  densely  hairy;  stamens  about  equalling  the  calyx;  short  styles 
and  narrow  spatulate  petals  but  little  exserted.  On  dry  cliffs  in  the  Coast 
Mountains,  from  the  border  of  Oregon  southward. 

H.  parvifolia  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  FL  i,  581.  Scabrous-pubescent:  stems 
leafless,  10-20  inches  high  :  leaves  forming  a  small  radical  cluster,  round- 
cordate,  crenately  5-7- lobed  with  short  and  rounded  lobes,  rather  coarsejy 
dentate,  ciliate:  panicle  racemose;  flowers  very  small;  calyx  campanu- 
late, the  limb  spreading,  dilated ;  petals  minute ;  stems  shorter  than  the 
lobes  of  the  calyx ;  styles  very  short,  conical :  capsule  ovate,  the  beaks 
exserted:  seeds 'minutely  hispid.  From  the  Blue  Mountains  of  Oregon  to 
the  Rocky  Mountains. 

*  *  *  Filaments  and  styles  very  short;  subulate ;  calyx  campanu- 
late, the  lobes  erect  and  somewhat  unequal :  petals  minute  or  want- 
ing: flowers  often  large,  glomerate  or  spicate. 

H.  cylindrica  Dougl.  Hook.  Fl.  i,  236.  Stems  1-3  feet  high,  leafless 
the  lower  portion  with  the  petioles  and  veins  beneath  very  villous  or  hir- 
sute with  spreading  fulvous  hairs:  leaves  ovate-cordate,  glabrous  above, 


204  SAXIFRAGACE^.  heuchera. 

PA    NASSIA. 

5-7-lobed,the  lobes  obtuse, crenate  with  mucronate  teeth :  panicle  spike-like, 
cylindrical,  2-4  inches  long,  the  subsessile  branches  subtended  by  lanceolate 
ciliate  bracts  6  lines  long;  calyx  campanulate,  4  lines  long,  the  somewhat 
unequal  narrowly  oblong  lobes  longer  than  the  tube;  petals  filiform  rudi- 
ments or  none;  stamens  shorter  than  the  calyx-lobes;  filaments  a  line 
long;  styles  very  short:  capsule  ovate,  the  acuminate  beaJiS  slightly 
exserted  at  maturity:  seeds  hispid.  On  gravelly  plains  at  low  elevations, 
Brit.  Columbia  to  California. 

H.  glabella  T.  &  G.  Fl.  i,  581.  (?)  Glabrous  or  the  upper  part  of  the 
stem  and  inflorescence  pulverulent-pubescent:  stems  wholly  naked,  rather 
slender,  1-2  feet  high :  leaves  round-cordate,  1-3  inches  in  diameter  pri- 
marily 5-lobed,  the  lobes  often  again  2-3-lobed,  crenately  toothed,  the  broad 
teeth  bristly  apiculate  and  ciliate,  somewhat  coriaceous,  very  glabrous 
both  sides,  persistent,  on  slender  petioles  o-6  inches  long;  stipules  con- 
spicuous, the  free  portion  broadly  subulate,  long  acuminate,  ciliate :  flow- 
ers rather  small,  numerous,  in  a  rather  loose  spike-like  panicle,  3-4  inches 
long,  the  subsessile  branches  subtended  by  setaceous  pectinately  ciliate 
bristly  acuminate  bracts ;  calyx  campanulate,  2-  i  lines  long,  cleft  to  the 
middle,  wdth  somewhat  unequal  oblong  obtuse  lobes;  petals  white,  shorter 
than  the  calyx-lobes,  the  lanceolate  blade  but  little  longer  than  the  slender 
claw;  anthers  subsessile:  styles  short,  stout:  mature  capsule  not  seen.  On 
rocks  along  the  Columbia  river  between  the  Cascades  and  The  Dalles. 

H.  ovalifolia  T.  &  G.  1.  c.  Minutely  and  somewhat  glandularly 
pubescent  throughout :  somewhat  cespitose  stems  leafless,  4-12  inches  high: 
leaves  ovate,  subcordate  to  somewhat  cuneate  at  base,  incisely  5-lobed,  the 
lobes  coarsely  toothed  with  obtuse  to  acute  bristly  apiculate  ciliate  teeth, 
6-12  lines  long,  on  petioles  1-2  inches  long,  persistent;  stipules  narrow, 
acute,  ciliate :  flowers  rather  few,  in  an  almost  or  quite  simple  spike;  bracts 
lanceolate;  long  acuminate,  laciniate  and  ciHate  above  the  middle  ;  calyx 
tubular,  becoming  urceolate,  3  lines  long  cleft  to  the  middle,  the  lanceolate 
mostly  acutish  lobes  white  and  petal-like;  petals  usually  if  not  always 
wanting;  filaments  subulate,  a  line  long:  capsule  obovoid,  cleft  nearly  to  the 
base,  the  acuminate  beaks  scarcely  equalling  the  calyx:  seeds  somewhat 
reniform,  hispid.  On  cliffs  and  dry  rocky  ridges,  throughout  eastern  Ore- 
gon and  Washington. 

16    CHRYSOSPLENIUM  Tourn.  L.  Gen.  n.  320. 

Small  depressed  herbs  growing  in  swamps  and  brooks  with 
fleshy  simple  leaves  and  small  yellowish  green  flowers  solitary 
in  the  forks  of  dichotomous  branches  or  terminal.  Calyx  rotate, 
its  short  tube  coherent  with  the  ovary,  the  4-5  obtuse  lobes  col- 
ored within.  Petals  none.  Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  calyx- 
lobes,  inserted  on  the  margin  of  the  evident  epigynous  disk: 
anthers  reniform,  2-celled.  Styles  2,  distinct :  stigmas  simple. 
Capsule  obcordate,  compressed,  1-celled  with  2  parietal  placentae 
at  the  base,  2-valved  at  the  summit,  seeds  numerous,  with  a  crus- 
taceous  testa. 

C.  glechomsefolia  Nutt  T.  &  G.  Fl.  i,  589.  Glabrous:  stems  ascending, 
2-6  inches  high:  leaves  opposite,  roundish ,  abruptly  cuneiform  at  base,  ti-e- 
nate  above, 2-6  lines  broad:  flowers  usually  solitary,  in  the  forks  of  the  upper 
branchlets  :  calyx  2  lines  broad  with  rounded  entire  lobes ;  stamens  about 
equalling  the  calyx:  capsule  at  length  exserted.  About  springs  and  in 
marshes,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California  west  of  the  Cascade  mountains. 
17    PARNASSIA  Tourn.  L.  Gen.  n.  384. 

Smooth  perennial  herbs  with   entire   petioled  leaves  in  a  clus- 


PARNASsrA.  HYDRANGEAC^.  205 

PHILADELPHUS 

ter  on  the  short  caudex,  and  simple  scape-like  stems  not  rarely 
bearing  a  small  sessile  leaf  or  two  near  the  middle  and  a  large 
terminal  solitary  flower.  Calyx  rotate,  deeply  5-cleft,  the  base 
free  from  or  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  ovary,  the  lobes  herba 
ceous,  somewhat  imbricate  in  the  bud.  Petals  5,  imbricate  in 
the  bud>  with  a  cluster  of  more  or  less  united  gland-tipped  fila- 
ments at  the  base  of  each.  Stamens  5,  alternate  with  the  petals : 
anthers  2-celled.  Ovary  entire,  1-celled  with  3-4  parietal  pla- 
centa: stigmas  as  many,  closely  sessile,  very  obtuse.  Capsule 
3-4-valved  from  the  apex,  the  valves  bearing  the  many-seeded 
placentae  on  their  middle.  Seeds  with  a  loose  thickish  some- 
what winged  testa. 

P.  Californica  Greene  Pitt,  ii,  102.  Leaves  ovate  to  broadly  oval, 
6-18  lines  long,  narrowed  below  to  a  slender  petiole :  stems  slender,  flex- 
uous,  1-2  feet  high,  with  a  small  sessile  bract  borne  above  the  middle; 
calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  obtuse,  4  lines  long;  petals  white,  broadly  ovate  to 
elliptical,  8-10  lines  long  by  6  lines  broad,  bristles  of  the  appendages  20- 
24,  almost  capillary,  united  below  into  a  broad  cuneiform  base ;  filaments 
subulate,  about  half  as  long  as  the  petals.  In  marshes  at  the  eastern  base 
of  the  Coast  Mountains  southern  Oregon  and  adjacent  California. 

P.  flmbriata  Banks  Sims  7  Keen.  Ann.  Bot.  i,  ;-)91.  Leaves  cordate  to 
reni form,  6-12  lines  long,  on  long  slender  petioles :  stem?j  slender,  6-18 
inches  high,  with  a  comparatively  large  leaf-like  bract  above  the  middle: 
sepals  oblong,  acutish ;  petals  spatulate,  4-6  lines  long,  conspicuously  fim- 
briolate  ciliate  at  base ;  bristles  of  the  appendages  5-9,  often  short  or  re- 
duced to  mere  teeth  on  the  cuneiform  base;  filaments  filiform,  about  half  as 
long  as  the  petals.  In  high  mountain  marshes,  Alaska  to  California  and 
the  Rocky  Mountains. 

Order  XXXI.    HYDRANGEAC^    Dumort  Anal.  Fam.  36,  38. 

Shrubs  with  opposite  leaves  without  stipules,  the  flowers  in 
terminal  or  axillary  panicles  or  cymes.  Calyx  4-  S-cleft,  valvate 
in  the  bud.  Petals  as  many  as  the  sepals  and  alternate  with 
them ,  convolute  in  the  bud.  Stamens  few  or  numerous  in- 
serted wdth  the  petals  into  the  throat  of  the  clyx:  anthers  in- 
trorse.  Ovary  either  free  from  oi-  coherent  with  the  tube  of 
the  calyx,  of  3-5  or  more  carpels  with  as  many  cells  as  carpels 
and  the  placentae  in  the  axis.  FiTiit  capsular,  with  septicidal 
or  loculicidal  dehiscence.  Seeds  anatropous,  small  and  nu- 
merous or  solitary.  Embryo  straight,  in  the  axis  of  fleshy 
albumen. 

1.  Philadelphns.    Calyx-tube    coherent    with    the    4— 5-celled    ovary: 
stamens  20  or  more :  seeds  numerous. 

2.  Whipplea.     Calyx  nearly  free  from  the   3-5-celled  ovary:  stamens 
8-12;  ovules  and  seeds  solitary  in  the  cells. 

1     PHILADELPHUS  L.  Gen.  n.  614. 

Rather  large  shrubs  with  opposite  simple  leaves  without  sti- 
pules, and  large  showy  flowers  in  paniculate  cvmes  or  sometimes 
solitary  in  the  axils.     Calyx  with  turbinate   tube    coherent  wdth 


206  RIBESACE^.  philladelphus. 

WHIPPLKA. 

the  ovary  nearly  or  quite  to  the  summit,  the  limb  4-5-parted, 
valvate  in  the  bud,  persistent.  Petals  4-5,  large,  convolute  in 
the  bud.  Stamens  20-40,  shorter  than  ths  petals.  Styles  3-5, 
usually  4,  united  sometimes  nearly  to  the  summit :  stigmas  ob- 
long or  linear.  Capsule  mostly  4-celled.  free  at  the  summit ;  4- 
valved,  loculicidal,  the  placentae  projecting  into  the  cells,  many- 
seeded.  Seeds  pendulous  and  densely  imbricated  downward  on 
the  thickened  placentae,  with  a  loose  coat,  usually  prolonged  at 
both  ends  or  fimbriate  at  the  hilum. 

P.  Lewisii  Pursh  Fl.  329.  Shrub  3-12  feet  high  :  leaves  broadly  lance- 
olate, entire  or  serrate,  acute,  more  or  less  pubescent  both  sides:  flowers 
in  small  cymes  at  the  ends  of  the  branchlets;  lobes  of  the  calyx  acute, 
twice  the  length  of  the  tube:  petals  white,  oblong-ovate,  6-10  lines  long; 
filaments  unequal  the  longer  ones  about  half  as  long  as  the  petals ;  styles 
about  equalling  the  shorter  stamens,  deeply  2-4-cleft.  Common  in  open 
woods  and  rocky  hillsides,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California. 

2    WHIPPLE  1  Torr.  Pac.  P.  Rep.  iv,  90,  t.  7. 

Small  diffuse  shrubs  with  opposite  simple  leaves  and  small 
white  flowers  in  cymous  clusters  on  terminal  naked  peduncle?. 
Calyx  5-cleft,  the  tube  coherent  with  the  lower  part  of  the  ovary, 
the  lobes  thin  and  petal-like.  Petals  5.  Stamens  10,  rarely  more 
or  less  ;  anthers  short,  2 -celled.  Ovary  3-5-celled  with  a  single 
suspended  ovule  in  each  cell;  styles  distinct ;  stigmas  introrse. 
Capsule  septicidally  dehiscent  into  S-S-  cartilaginous  1 -seeded 
closed  valves  which  open  down  the  ventral  suture  only.  Seeds 
oblong  with  a  closed  coat, 

W.  iiiodesta  Torr.  1.  c.  Stems  slender,  spreading  or  trailing,  rooting 
at  the  nodes,  1-2  feet  long  or  more :  leaves  ovate  or  oval,  obtusely  few- 
toothed  or  entire,  somewhat  3-ribbed,  8-12  lines  long,  tapering  below  to  a 
short  petiole,  acute  or  acutish,  pubescent  both  sides:  flowers  white,  few',  in 
in  a  close  cyme  at  the  end  of  a  rather  long  slender  peduncle  hardly  2  lines 
broad;  calyx  campanulate,  the  white  oblong  lobes  longer  than  the  tube; 
petals  white,  with  a  lanceolate  blade  and  broad  claw,  longer  than  the 
calyx-lobes :  capsule  globose  :  styles  at  length  deciduous:  seeds  oblong.  In 
open  woods,  from  near  the  Columbia  river  to  California. 

Order  XXXII.     REBESACE^. 

Spiny  or  smooth  shrubs  with  alternate  often  fascicled  pal- 
mately  vt^ined  leaves  without  stipules,  and  few  to  numerous, 
mosfly  perfect,  flowers  in  racemes,  either  produced  from  the 
bud  with  the  leaves  and  terminating  the  very  short  axillary 
branchlets,  or  sometimes  leafless  buds.  Calyx  campanulate  or 
tubular,  colored,  the  tube  adherent  to  the  ovary,  the  limb  4-5- 
cleft,  with  mostly  equal  segments,  marcescent,  imbricate  in 
the  bud.  Petals  distinct,  equal  in  number  to  the  segments  of 
the  calyx  and  alternate  with  them,  inserte  I  in  the  throat  of  the 
calyx.  Stamens  as  many  as  jietals  and  inserted  alternately 
with  them:  anthers  introrse.  Ovary  1-celled  with  two  parietal 
placentae:  ovules  nume)Ous,  or  sometimes  few;  styles  2,  lorely 


EiBES.       -  RIBESACE.E.  207 

3-4.  Fruit  a  berry,  crowned  with  the  remains  of  the  flower, 
1-celled,  usually  many-seeded.  Seeds  anatropous,  the  raphe  at 
length  distinct  from  the  gelatinous  testa :  the  inner  integument 
somewhat  crustaceous,  adhering  firmly  to  the  fleshy  albumen. 
Embryo  minute  excentric. 

1     RIBES  Juss.  Gen.  28 L.     L.  Gen.  n.  281. 

Shrubs  with  alternate  palmately  veined  and  lobed  leaves,  the 
flowers  in  few  to  many-flowered  racemes.  Calyx  campanulate, 
4-5-cleft  with  mostly  equal  marcesceiit  lobes.  Petals  distinct  as 
many  as  the  lobes  of  the  calyx  and  alternate  with  them.  Stamens 
as  many  as  petals,  inserted  alternately  with  them  into  the  throat 
of  the  calyx.  Ovary  1-celled,  closely  adnate  to  the  tube  of  the 
calyx, with  2  parietal  mostly  many-ovuled  placentae.  Fruit  a  berry. 

§  1  SiPHOCALYX  Berlandier  Mem.  Soc.  Gnev.  iii,  t.  2  as 
genus.  Stems  neither  prickly  nor  thorny:  leaves  convolute  in 
the  bud:  racemes  many-tiowered:  bracts  foliaceous  :  flowers  yellow; 
calyx  long  and  tubular :  berries  smooth. 

R.  anrenui  Parsh  Fl.  16-t.  A  smooth  shrub  4-8  feet  high :  leaves 
o-lobed,  often  broader  than  long,  the  lobes  usually  divaricate,  few-toothed 
at  the  apex,  ciliate  when  young,  otherwise  very  glabrous:  racemes  H»-30- 
flowered,  leafy  at  base;  bracts  lanceolate,  more  or  less  acuminate,  2-6  lines 
long  or  more,  about  equalling  the  pedicels:  calyx  yellow,  tubular,  the  nar- 
row tube  6-8  lines  long,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  oblong  merely  spreading 
lobes ;  petals  cuneiform,  truncate  and  erose-dentate  at  the  apex,  little  more 
than  a  line  long:  herries  yellow  or  black,  2-3  lines  in  diameter.  On  rocky 
banks  along  streams,  eastern  Oregon  and  Washington  to  Missouri  and 
Arkansas. 

R.  teuaiflornm  Lindl.  Hort  Trans,  vii,  242.  A  slender  shrub  6-12 
feet  high,  glabrous  or  the  young  branches  and  leaves  pubescent  with 
spreading  hairs:  leaves  round-cordate,  3-iobed,  the  lobes  often  again  2-3- 
lobed,  crenate  at  the  apex,  1-3  inches  in  diameter:  racemes  usually  about 
9-flowered,  leafy  at  base :  bracts  foliaceous,  broadly  lanceolate,  6-9  lines 
long,  usually  longer  than  the  pedicels;  calyx-tube  7-8  lines  long,  by  a  line 
in  diameter,  the  unequal  lobes  about  3  lines  long  by  less  than  a  line  broad; 
petals  about  a  line  long,  narrowly  o  long,  narrowed  below  to  a  broad 
claw :  berries  2-3  lines  in  diameter."^  Along  streams,  southern  Oregon  and 
adjacent  California. 

§  2  EiBEsiA  Berlandier  (Currant).  Stems  neither  prickly  nor 
spiny :  leaves  plicate  in  the  bud:  racemes  several-flowered :  calyx 
campanulate  or  cylindrical:  ovules  numerous,  in  2  or  more  rows. 

*  Calyx  produced  into  a  campanulate  or  cylindrical  tube :  fruit 
and  foliage  more  or  less  glandular :  bracts  conspicuous :  stamens  not 
produced  beyond  the  petals. 

-*-  Flowers  dull  white  or  light-colored;  racemes  corymb-like  and  few- 
flowered. 

R.  viscosissimnm  Pursh  Fl.  163.  A  shrub  3-5  feet  high  with  reddish 
shredy  bark  and  stiffish  branches :  young  branches,  leaves  and  inflores- 
cence viscid-pubescent:  leaves  round-cordate,  shallowly  3-lobed,  incisely 
crenate,  1-2  inches  in  diameter:  racemes  short;  bracts  spatulate,  6-8  lines 
ong,  about  equalling  the  glandular  pedicels;  calyx-tube  cylindrical,  5-6 


208  RIBESACE^.  ribks. 

lines  long,  abruptly  inflated  adove  its  union  with  the  ovary,  twice  as  long 
as  the  oblong  lobes :  petals  oblong,  rounded  at  the  summit,  about  half  as 
long  as  the  lobes  of  the  calyx ;  styles  smooth.  2-cleft  at  the  apex  about 
equalling  the  short  included  stamens  :  fruit  ovoid,  black,  viscid-pubescent. 
On  mountains,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

K,  cereuin  Dougl.  Hort.  Trans*  vii,  312.  A  low  shrub  2-3  feet  high 
with  rather  stiff  branches  and  whitish  bark :  leaves  roundish-cordate,  usu- 
ally broader  than  long,  incisely  3-5-lobed  and  doubly  crenate-toothed  6-9 
lines  in  diameter,  more  or  less  viscid-pubescent  and  dotted  with  white 
waxy  glands  on  one  or  both  sides  :  racemes  nodding,  1-5-flowered ;  bracts 
ovate  to  lanceolate,  often  toothed,  appressed  to  the  ovary,  3-4  lines  long, 
longer  than  the  very  short  pedicels ;  calyx  tubular,  6  lines  long,  viscid- 
glandular,  the  ovate  spreading  lobes  less  than  a  line  long;  petals  minute, 
broadly  cuneiform ;  stamens  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  calyx  and  included 
in  it;  style  minutely  pubescent  above,  2-lobed:  fruit  bright  red,  minutely 
glandular.  On-  dry  Tocky  'ridges,  -Brit.  Columbia  to  California  and  the 
Rocky  Mountains. 

•+-  +-  Flowers  bright  red  varying  to  white ;  racemes  drooping,  many- 
flowered. 

R.  san^ninenm  Pursh  1  c.  164.  A  stout  shrub  3-12  feet  high  with 
erect  branches:  young  branches  and  petioles  glandular-pubescent:  leaves 
cordate,  3-5  lobed,  deeply  serrate,  glabrous  above,  canescent-pubescent 
beneath,  1-3  inches  in  diameter:  racemes  1-4  inches  long,  pubescent  and 
glandular,  rather  loosely  many-flowered;  bracts  spatulate  to  obovate,  en- 
tire or  erose  dentate,  6'lines  long,  about  equalling  the  slender  pedicels; 
calyx-tube  cylindrical,  4  lines  long,  about  equalled  by  the  ample  obovate  or 
broadly  lanceolate  red  lobes ;  petals  oblong,  obtuse,  narrowed  below  to  a 
broad  claw,  2  lines  long;  style  smooth,  minutely  2-c1eft:  fruit  subglobose, 
sparingly  glandular-hirsute,'  black  with  a  dense  white  bloom.  Very  com- 
mon in  wooded  districts,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California. 

*  *  Calyx  with  very  short  or  no  tube  and  rotate  or  saucer-shaped 

limb. 

R.  ciliosum.  Stems  prostrate,2-4  feet  long:  leaves  broadly  cordate,  1-2 
inches  in  diameter,  acutely  3-5-lobed  acutely  f^errate  and  ciliolate, 
minutely  pubescent  on  the  veins  beneath  smooth  above,  on  petioles  about 
as  long  as  the  blade  with  dilated  cilia te  base:  racemes  6-10-flowered ;  bracts 
small,  ovate,  about  half  as  long  as  the  smooth  pedicels;  calyx  dark  red, 
saucer-shaped,  with  broad  rounded  lobes  and  very  short  tube ;  petals 
broadly  obovate^ K  line  long;  anthers  broader  than  long,  sessile  or  nearly 
so;  style  very  short,  entire:  fruit  red,  about  the  size  of  the  common  red 
currant  and  much  like  it  in  flavor.  Jn  marshy  ground  about  the  base 
of  Mount  Hood  on  the  south  side. 

R.  laxiflorum  Pursh  Fl.  731.  R.  acerifoUum  ffowell:  R.  Howellii 
Greene.  Stems  cespitose,  erect  to  ascending,  3-9  feet  long:  leaves  triangu- 
lar, 2-3  inches  in  diameter,  truncate  or  more  or  less  cordate  at  base,  deeply 
5-lobed,  the  acute  lobes  laciniately  doubly  serrate,  smooth  above,  often 
resinous-dotted  beneath ;  petiole  as  long  or  longer  than  the  blade,  rather 
abruptly  dilated  and  ciliate  at  base :  racemes  finely  pubescent,  5-12-flow- 
ered;  bracts  usually  linear-lanceolate,  1-2  lines  long,  about  equalling  the 
slender  pedicels;  calyx  rotate,  with  broad  spatulate  lobes;  petals  red, 
narrowly  spatulate,  a  line  long;  anthers  broader  than  long,  on  flat  pedi- 
cels a  line  or  more  long;  style  deeply  2-lob'ed:  fruit  purple  or  black,  with 
a  whitish  bloom,  2-3  lines  in  diameter.  A hout  springs  and  '  wet  places 
along  the  coast  and  in  the  highest  mountains,  Alaska  to  Oregon. 

R.  erythrocarpum  Covill  &  T^iberg  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  of  Wash,  x,  132. 
Stems  trailing,  rooting  and  giving  rise  to  ascending  branches  4-8  inches 
high :  leaves  round-cordate,   6-18  lines  in  diameter  deeply  3-lobed,  the 


RiBEs.  KIBESACE^.  209 

lobes  coarsely  crenate  and  the  crenature  uneven;  apiculate-dentate,  gland- 
ular-ciliate,  m(jre  or  less  glandular:  racemes  erect,  usually  10-20-flowered : 
bracts  herbaceous,  lanceolate  to  obovate,  1-3  lines  long,  equalling  or 
shorter  t  an  the  slend3r  pedicels;  calyx  saucer-shaped,  the  oblong 
lobes  spreading,  yellow  dotted  with  red,  1%  lines  long;  petals  broadly 
spatulate,  glabrous;  }4-}4  ^s  long  as  the  calyx-lobes;  filaments  glabrous, 
equalling  the  petals,  style  glabrous,  2-parted:  fruit  scarlet,  4-5  lines  long, 
subpyritorm  to  spherical,  glandular.  Common  on  Mount  Mazama  around 
Crater  Lake,  Oregon. 

R.  bracteosnm  Dougl.  Hook.  Fl  i,  233.  Stems  a=?cending,  2-8  feet 
long:  leaves  iong-petioled,  cordate,  7-S  inches  in  diameter,  deeply  5-7- 
lobed,  the  lobes  acuminate,  coarsely  and  doubly  serrate  or  incised,  resinous 
dotted  beneath :  pedicels  6-12  inches  long,  loosely  many  flowered;  bracts 
foliaceous,  lanceolate  to  linear,  the  lower  ones  broad  and  petioled  the  upper 
reduced  and  sessile,  all  as  long  or  longer  than  the  pedicels;  calyx  rotate, 
the  purplish  oblong  lobes  nearly  2  lines  long:  petals  broadlv  cuneiform, 
rounded  at  the  apex,  less  than  a  line  long;  style  shorter  than  the  petals, 
deeply  cleft;  fruit  black,  resinous  dotted.  Common  along  mountain 
streams  in  deep  shade,  Alaska  to  California. 

B.  Hudsonianum  Richard.  Franklin  Journ  2  ed.  6.  Stems  erect,  4- 
6  feet  high  ;  leaves  round-cordate  in  outline,  2-4  inches  in  diameter, smooth 
above,  resinous  dotted  beneath,  3-5-lobed,  the  k'bes  acute,  coarsely  and 
doubly  serrate :  racemes  erect,  with  or  without  a  few  small  leaves  at  base, 
2-4  inches  long,  many-flowered ;  bracts  setaceous,  much  shorter  than  the 
pedicels;  calyx  campanulate  deeply  5-parted,  the  oblong  obtuse  lobes  more 
than  a  line  long;  petals  oblong,  minute;  style  glabrous,  deeply  cleft:  fruit 
globose,  resinous  dotted.  Along  mountain  streams,  Brit.  Columbia  to 
Eastern  Washington. 

§  8.  Grossularia  Tourn.  as  genus.  (Gooseberry).  Stems 
usually  armed  with  subaxillary  spines  and  often  prickly :  leaves 
plicate  in  the  bud:  peduncles  (except  in  the  first)  1-4-flowered  : 
calyx  more  or  less  campanulate  :  ovules  very  numerous,  in  sev- 
eral rows:  bei-ries  often  prickly. 

*  Calyx-tube  saucer  shaped,  spreading  immediately  above  the 
ovary :  peduncles  racemously  several-flowered :  anthers  very  short, 
pointless  berries  small  and  currant-like,  sparingly  bristly-glandular. 

R.  lacnstre  Poir.  f^uppl  ii,  856.  Stems  prostrate  or  ascending,  3-4 
feet  long,  very  prickly  when  young;  subaxillary  spines  several,  weak  and 
scarcely  differing  from  the  prickles :  leaves  cordate,  3-5-parted,  the  lobes 
deeply  incised  and  toothed,  the  teeth  bristly  apiculate,  6-18  lines  long; 
petioles  slender,  12  inches  long  ciliate  with  long  brownish  bristles:  racemes 
5-9-flo\vered;  calyx  rotate;  stamens  about  the  length  of  the  petals;  styles 
short  glabrous,  2-cleft;  ovary  glandular-hispid;  fruit  small,  black.  In 
cold  mountain  marshes  and  along  streams,  Alaska  to  California  and  the 
Atlantic  States  and  Canada. 

R.  molle  R.  lacustre  var  moVe  Gray  Bot.  Cal.  i,  206.  Stems  1-4  feet 
high,  intricately  much  branched :  young  shoots  often  prickly :  subaxillary 
spines  triple  or  multiple,  rigid:  leaves  round-cordate  in  outline,  6-12  line's 
in  diameter,  3-5-parted,  the  divisions  3-lobed  and  incisely  toothed,  soft- 
pubescent  and  sparingly  glandular  both  sides :  racemes  1-9  flowered  short- 
peduncled;  bracts  ovate,  acute,  as  long  as  the  pedicels;  flowers  greenish- 
white,  the  open  calyx  three  lines  in  diameter,  its  short  lobes  rounded; 
petals  small;  stamens  ve»y  short:  berries  light  red,  not  larger  than  peas.. 
On  rocky  ridges  in  the  mountains  of  Southeastern  Oregon  to  California. 


210  RIBESACE^.  ribes. 

*  *    Calyx-tube  campanulate  to  cylindrical:  peduncles  1-4-flowered. 

■*-     Anthers  oval  or  didymous,  very  obtuse  and  pointless. 

*+     Tube  of  the  calyx  above  the  ovary  very  short. 

R.  Yelntinnm  Greene  Bull.  Cal.  Acad,  i,  85.  Stout  and  rigid,  2-6  feet 
high,  with  strongly  recurved  branches,  these  not  prickly ;  subaxillary  spines 
solitary:  leaves  orbicular,  palmately  3-5-cleft,  the  lobes  crenately  3-toothed, 
6-8  lines  in  diameter,  densely  velvety-tomentose  to  nearly  glabrous:  racemes 
short,  2-3-flowered,  tbe  orbicular  bracts  not  half  as  long  as  the  pedicels; 
calyx  cylindrical,  its  lanceolate  lobes  twice  longer  than  the  tube;  petals 
oblong,  shorter  than  the  calyx-lobes :  stamens  shorter  than  the  petals ; 
styles  glabrous,  equalling  the  stamens ;  ovary  and  fruit  velvety-pubescent. 
On  dry  hillsides  at  the  southern  base  of  the  Siskiyou  Mountains. 

R.  montaunm.  Stems  slender,  creeping,  3-4  feet  long:  subaxillary 
spines  3,  unequal :  leaves  round  to  oblong,  less  than  an  inch  in  diameter, 
slightly  cordate  or  truncate,  deeplv  3-lobed,  the  lobes  doubly  toothed,  pu- 
bescent but  not  glandular :  peduncles  usually  one-flowered,  bracts  con- 
spicuous, longer  than  the  pedicels :  calyx  pubescent,  its  linear-oblong 
lobes  2  lines  long,  longer  than  the  cylindraceous  tube;  petals  narrowly 
oblong,  a  line  long:  stamens  longer  than  the  petals,  anthers  broadly  ob- 
long ;  style  glabrous,  entire  or  nearly  so ;  ovary  and  fruit  spinose.  In  the 
forests  of  the  Siskiyou  Mountains  near  the  summit. 

R.  ambiguum  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xviii,  193.  Stems  erect  or 
ascending,  4-6  feet  high  :  leaves  roundish,  1-2  inches  in  diameter,  villous 
and  glandular,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  crenately  toothed,  peduncle  1-3-flowered, 
calyx  6  lines  long,  more  or  less  villous,  the  ligulate  lobes  several  times 
longer  than  the  tube,  ciliate  equalling  the  linear  petals;  anthers  small 
elliptical,  ovary  and  fruit  densely  spinose.  Mt.  Adams,  Washington,  to 
Northern  California  at  high  altitudes. 

•*+   ■**     Calyx-tube  longer  than  the  limb. 

K.  cognatum  Greene  Pitt,  iii,  115.  Slender  shrub  3-10  feet  high: 
younger  branches  stiffly  and  densely  setose-hispid,  the  1-3  subaxillary 
spines  short,  not  very  stout:  leaves  and  the  long  and  slender  petioles  vil- 
lous pubescent :  flowers  3-5,  at  the  ends  of  long  and  slender  pendulous 
peduncles:  calyx  salver-form,  the  long  cylindric  tube  villous-pubescent, 
twice  the  length  of  the  oblong  segments,  the  whole  white  or  pale  flesh- 
color  :  petals  spatulate-obovate,  truncate  or  retuse,  not  equalling  the  calyx- 
lobes:  ovaries  glabrous,  fruit  not ,  seen.  Along  the  Umatilla  river,  near 
Pendleton,  Oregon. 

•♦4-   +>  +^.     Flowers  small,  dull-colored,  fruit  smooth. 

R.  gracile  Michx.  Fl.  i.  111.  Branches  slender:  subaxillary  spines  1-3, 
leaves  roundish,  obtusely  3-lobed,  crenately  incised,  entire  at  base,  glab- 
rous :  peduncles  elongated,  1-3-flowered ;  lobes  of  the  calyx  ligulate, 
twice  or  thrice  longer  than  the  short  tube ;  stamens  long  exserted  hairy, 
longer  than  the  hairy  style  :  fruit  black  smooth.  Brit  Columbia  to  Ore- 
gon and  the  S.  E.  States. 

R.  oxyacanthoides  L.  Sp.  201.  Stems  sometimes  clothed  with 
bristly  prickles :  subaxillary  spines  1-3,  often  united  at  the  base :  leaves 
roundish,  subcordate  5-lobed,  pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous,  the  lobes 
deeply  toothed  or  crenate:  peduncles  very  short  2-3-flowered;  calyx  tube 
cylindraceous,  pubescent  at  the  base  within,  the  segments  spreading, 
rather  longer  than  the  stamens,  about  twice  the  length  of  the  obovate 
petals ;  style  cleft  to  the  middle,  hairy  at  base  a  little  exceeding  the  sta- 
mens.   Along  streams,  eastern  Oregon  to  California  and  N.  E.  States. 

R.  divaricatnm  Dougl.  Trans.   Hort.   Soc.  vii,   515.     Stems  £-12  feet 


RiBES.  CRASSULACE^.  211 

high,  variously  branched:  subaxillary  spines  1-3,  usually  stout  and  de- 
flexed,  leaves  roundish,  more  or  less  cordate, 3-5-lobed,  the  lobes  crenately 
incised ;  peduncles  slender,  usually  .S-flowered :  bracts  broad,  scarious : 
lobes  of  the  calyx  ligulate  about  twice  the  length  of  the  campanulate  tube : 
stamens  exserted ;  anthers  small,  oval ;  style  about  equalling  the  stamens 
and  calyx,  2-parted,  hairy  below;  fruit  small  black.  Brit.  Columbia  to 
California. 

^^  ^  ^  +i.    Flowers  large  and  showy. 

E.  Lobl)ii  Gray  Am.  Nat.  x,  274.  Stems  2-6  feet  high,  much  branched, 
subaxillary  spines  3,  usually  unequal:  leaves  roundish,  truncate  or  slightly 
cordate  at  base,  more  or  less  pubescent  and  glandular :  peduncle  almost 
filiform,  1-3-flowered;  bracts  broad  about  equalling  the  short  pedicels : 
calyx  campanulate,  pubescent,  the  dark  red  ligulate  lobes  about  equalling 
the  tube,  twice  as  long  as  the  white  truncate  cuneate  petals,  strongly  re- 
flexed;  stamens  long  exserted,. slightly  unequal;  anthers  nearly  orbicular: 
style  about  equalling  the  longest  stamens :  fruit  6-8  lines  in  diameter 
densely  glandular  hispid.  Washington  to  California,  west  of  the  Cascade 
Range. 

R.  Marshallii  Greene  Pitt,  i,  31  (?).  Stems  2-4  feet  high;  subaxillary 
spines  3;  roundish,  3-5-lobed,  crenately  toothed,  an  inch  or  less  in  diam- 
eter, smooth  not  glandular;  peduncles  short,  uiually  1-flowered :  bracts 
broadly  lanceolate:  calyx  dark  red,  campanulate,  8-12  lines  long,  the 
lanceolate  acute  lobes  much  longer  than  the  tube  :  petals  oblong,  rounded 
at  the  summit,  2-3  lines  long,  yellow :  stamens  and  style  exserted  but 
shorter  than  the  calyx-lobes;  anthers  oblong,  obtuse  at  both  ends,  fruit 
large  an  inch  long  or  more,  covered  with  fleshy  spines  but  not  glandular. 
In  forests  in  the  Siskiyou  Mountains. 

+-   -^     Anthers  sagittate,  mucron ate- tipped. 
++     Bracts  presistent. 

R.  Menziesii  Pursh.  Fl.  732.  Stems  5-10  feet  high,  branches  strongly 
hispid  or  varying  to  glabrous  :  leaves  deeply  3-cleft,  the  lobes  coarsely  in- 
cised, usually  soft-pubescent  beneath:  pedicels  slender,  1-2-flowered; 
bracts  broadly  ovate,  acute;  calyx  6-10  lines  long,  the  lanceolate  obtuse 
lobes  twice  as  long  as  the  campanulate  tube :  petals  broadly  cuneate, 
rounded  at  the  summit;  stamens  equalling  the  calyx,  anthers  lanceolate, 
a  line  long,  style  longer  than  the  stamens;  ovary  densely  glandular  hispid. 
In  the  coast  ranges,  Southern  Oregon  to  California. 

■»*  -H-     Bracts  deciduous. 

R.  amictnm  Greene  1.  c.  69.  Stems  2-4  feet  high,  intricately  branched : 
subaxillary  spines  1-3,  slender:  leaves  orbicular  to  oblong,  less  than  an 
inch  long,  3-5-lobed,  the  lobes  crenately  toothed:  peduncle  short,  usually 
one-flowered;  bract  broadly  ovate,  longer  than  the  very  short  pedicel, 
clasping  the  ovary  when  young :  calyx  6-10  lines  long,  the  lanceolate  acute 
lobes  but  little  longer  than  the  narrow  tube :  fruit  densely  spinose.  On 
dry  rocky  ridges,  southwestern  Oregon  and  adjacent  California. 

Order  XXXIII.     CRASSULACE^  D.  C.  Fl.   France,   iv,  382. 

Succulent  or  fleshy  herbs  with  simple  leavt^s  without  stipules 
and  usually  cymose  inflorescence.  Sepals  4-5,  rai  ely  3-20, 
imbricate  in  the  bud,  more  or  less  united  at  base,  persistent. 
Petals  as  many  as  sepals  and  alternate  with  them,  not  unguicu- 
late,  imbr  icate  in  the  bud,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  calyx, 
sometimes   united  at  base.      Stamens  as  many  as  petals  and 


212  CRASSULACE^.  till.ea. 

SEDUM. 

alternate  with  tliem  or  twicers  many,  inserted  with  the  petals 
or  adnate  to  their  base:  filaments  subulate  or  linear  filiform: 
anthers  introrse.  Ovaries  always  equal  in  number  to  the  petals 
and  opposite  to  them  with  numerous,  or  rarely  few,  ovules  in 
two  rows:  carpels  follicular  in  fruit,  subulate  with  the  persist- 
ent style,  usually  many-seeded,  opening  by  the  inner  suture. 
Seeds  anatropous,  with  a  membranaceous  often  loose  testa. 
Embiyo  straight  in  the  axil  of  thin  flesh}^  albumen. 

1.  Tillaea.     Parts  of  the  flowers  3-5.     Small  annuals  with  opposite  leaves 
and  minute  axillary  flowers. 

2.  Sedum.     Parts  of  the  flowers  4-7:  stamens  twice  as  many:  petals  dis- 
tinct. : 

3.  Cotyledon.    Parts  of  the  flower  in  five,  stamens  ten.    Petals  somewhat 
united. 

1    TILLiEA  Micheli  Gen.  t,  20. 

Small  and  slender  somewhat  succulent  glabrous  annual  with 
opposite  entire  leaves  and  minute  axillary  flowers.  Sepals  and 
petals  3-4,  distinct  or  united  at  base.  Stamens  as  many  ;  carpels 
distinct :  style  short-subulate  :  ovules  one  to  many.  Seeds  longi- 
tudinally striate. 

*  TilltEA  propkr.      Flow^ers  clustered:    petals   acuminate,  hypog- 
ynous;  scale  minute  or  none  :  carpels  1-2-seeded. 

T.  minima  Miers  Trav.  Chil.  ii,  530.  Diffusely  branched,  1-3  inches 
high,  erect  or  ascending:  leaves  ovate  to  oblong,  connate  at  base,  acute, 
about  a  line  long:  flowers  in  short  leafy  axillary  panicles,  nearly  sessile  or 
on  pedicels  a  line  or  two  long:  sepals  4  scarcely  half  a  line  long,  oblong- 
ovate,  acute,  a  little  exceeding  the  linear-lanceolate  acuminate  petals: 
carpels  not  longer,  acute:  seed  usually  solitary.  On  wet  rocks  etc.,  South- 
ern Oregon  to  California  and  Chile. 

*  *    Baltardia  DC.     Flowers  solitary ;  petals  oval  or  oblong,  hy- 
pogynous:  scale  linear:  cafpels,  several-seeded. 

T.  angustifolia  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  i,  558.  Branching  from  the  base, 
1-2  inches  high,  rooting;  leaves  linear,  acute  connate:  flowers  axillaris 
usually  solitary,  on  very  short  pedicels;  segments  of  the  calyx  4,  ovate 
about  half  the  length  of  the  ovate  obtuse-petals,  carpels  broad  o'>tuse 
many-seeded,  styles  none,  seeds  linear-oblong.  On  muddy  flats,  Washing- 
ton to  California. 

2    SEDUM  L.  Gen.  n.  579. 

Herbs  or  rarely  sufFrutescent  plants  with  alternate  or  scat- 
tered (rarely  opposite  or  verticillate)  leaves  and  flowers  in 
cymes.  Sepals  usually  5,  rarely  4  or  6-7,  more  or  less  united  at 
base,  usually  turgid.  Petals  distinct,  mostly  spreading.  Sta- 
mens twice  the  number  of  the  petals.  Carpels  as  many  as  the 
sepals,   many-seeded,  with   an  entire   scale    at   the  base  of  each. 

*  Flowers  mostly  dioecious  in  a  regular  compact  compound  cyme, 
deep  piirple  or  becoming  so,  leaves  flat,  serrate. 

S.  Rhodiola  DC.  Fl.  Franc,  ed.  3,  iv,  386.  Stems  simple,  nearly  erect, 
rem  a  thick  perennial  root  1-10  inches  high,  leafy:  leaves  alternate,  oblong- 


SEDUM.  CRASSULACE^.  213 

oblanceolate,  acute  rarely  entire  :  6-18  lines  long :  cyme  sessile  often  an  inch 
or  two  in  diameter :  flowers  on  short  naked  pedicels,  usually  4-merous 
sepals  short,  oblong :  petals  1-2  lines  long  linear-oblong :  carpels  becoming 
3  lines  long  shortly  beaked.     In  the  high  mountains  Alaska  to  California. 

*  *    Flowers  perfect,  decandrous;   secund  upon  the  branches  of  a 
forked  cyme,  mostly  yellow :  style  filiform :  leaves  entire,  very  fleshy.- 

■*-  Leaves  broad  and  obtuse,  narrowed  toward  the  base:  perennials. 

S.  spathulifolium  Hook  Fl.  i,  227.  Glabrous  and  sometimes  mealy; 
stems  ascending  from  a  branched  rooting  caudex,  4-8  inches  high,  simple : 
leaves  obovate  or  spatulate,  6-10  lines  long:  branches  of  the  cyme  approxi- 
mate :  flowers  on  short  pedicels  or  sessile,  6  lines  long:  petals  yellow,  lance- 
olate, acute,  twice  longer  than  the  ovate  acute  sepals  and  scarcely  exceed- 
ing the  stamens  and  style.  On  rocks,  etc.,  Brit  Columbia  to  California. 
Flowering  in  May. 

S.  Oreganum  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  i,  559.  Glabrous,  not  glaucous,  leaves 
all  scattered,  cuneate,  rounded  at  the  summit:  stems  erect  simple ;  from 
a  creeping  branched  caudex :  cymes  compound ;  the  flowers  on  very  short 
pedicels,  petals  yellow  linear- lanceolate,  acuminate  3-4  times  the  length  of 
the  ovate-lanceolate  acuminate  sepals  and  about  twice  the  length  of  the 
stamens.     On  rocky  banks  along  the  Columbia  river  near  the  Cascades. 

S.  divergeiis  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xvii,  372.  Stems  rather  stout, 
2-t  inches  high  from  a  creeping-branched  caudex:  leaves  broadly  ovate  or 
obovate,  sessile,  3-4  lines  long :  inflorescence  close  with  short  branches, flow- 
ers yellow,  the  lanceolate  petals  thrice  longer  than  the  triangular-ovate 
sepals  and  equalling  the  stamens :  carpels  united  at  base,  widely  divergent 
a'  (A'e.     Eastern  slopes  of  the  Cascade  Mts. 

S.  debile  Watson  Bot.  King  v,  102.  Stems  weak,  2-4  inches  high, 
from  very  slender  running  root  stocks :  leaves  rounded  or  obovate,  1-3  lines 
long:  flowers  on  rather  long  pedicels  in  small  cymes,  3  lines  long,  yellow: 
petals  lanceolate,  acuminate,  twice  the  length  of  the  acute  sepals  and  little 
exceeding  the  stamens  and  styles.  Southeastern  Oregon  to  Nevada  and 
Utah 

S.  divaricatum  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xvii,  372  Cespitose  with 
slender  branching  rootstock:  the  lower  rosulate  leaves  oblanceolate  or 
acutish,  roughish  on  the  margin,  6  lines  long  or  less,  flowering  stems  2-8 
inches  high,  l>ranches  of  the  cymes  once  forked:  flowers  nearly  sessile, 
bright  yellow,  with  short  lanceolate  sepals  and  narrowly  lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate petals:  carpels  united  at  base  strongly  divergent  above.  Eastern 
Lregon  and  Washington. 

-*-  ■*-  Leaves  lanceolate  to  subulate,  mostly  acute. 

*>  Perennials. 

S.  Douglasii  Hook.  Fl.  i,  228.  "ranching  at  base  from  a  stout  prolif- 
erous root-stock  :  the  rather  stout  stems  6-10  inches  high  :  leaves  lanceolate 
or  the  lowest  linear-subulate  6-12  lines  long,  smooth  on  the  margins,  flat 
above,  carinate  beneath:  flowers  yellow,  sessile,  in  an  open  cyme :  petals 
2-3  lines  long,  acuminate-lanceolate,  twice  the  length  of  the  ovate  acumi- 
nate sepals  and  exceeding  the  stamens :  carpels  united  at  base,  strongly 
divergent.     Brit   Columbia  to  Oregon  west  of  the  Cascade  Range. 

S.  nniflorum  Stems  rather  slender,  branching  at  the  base,  from  a  short 
proliferous  caudex,  4-S  inches  higjh,  leaves  lanceolatf^;  acuminate, flat  above, 
carinate  beneath,  4-8  lines  long:  stems  earing  numerous  propagula  and 
terminated  by  a  single  flower;  petals  lanceolate;  sepals  a  little  longer  than 
the  stamens.  On  rocks  along  the  Willamette  and  Columbia  rivers  near 
Portland. 


214  CRASSULACE^.  cotyledon. 

S.  ciliosam.  Stems  branching  from  a  short  proliferous  root-stock,  2r4 
inches  high :  leaves  lanceolate  from  a  broad  base,  long  acuminate,  6-10  lines 
long,  ciliate  on  the  margin  or  the  cauline  smooth  :  flowers  yellow  in  small 
compact  cymes,  sessile :  petals  lanceolate,  acuminate,  a  little  longer  than 
the  stamens,  twice  as  long  as  the  ovate  long-acuminate  sepals:  carpels 
divergent  a  ove.     On  rocks  in  the  Coast  mountains  near  Roseburg,  Oregon. 

S.  stenopetalnm  Pursh.  Fl.  324.  Cespitose:  stems  erect  from  a 
decumbent  base,  2-4  inches  high :  leaves  lanceolate,  closely  sessile,  2-4 
lines  long,  granular-puberulent:  flowers  yellow,  crowded  in  close  compound 
cymes,  on  short  pedicels :  petals  lanceolate  •  acute  equalling  or  a  little  ex- 
ceeding the  stamens,  twice  as  long  as  the  ovate  sepals :  carpels  erect,  tipped 
by  the  long  divergent  styles.  On  the  higher  ridges  of  Eastern  Washington 
and  Oregon  to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

•*-  •*-  Annuals. 

S.  pnmilnm  Benth.  PL  Hartw.  310.  Slender,  branching  or  single,  1-3 
inches  high:  leaves  ovate-oblong,  a  line  or  two  long:  flowers  sessile,  in 
sparingly  branched  cymes,  yellow:  calyx-lobes  very  small,  triangular, 
acute ;  petals  linear,  acute,  1-2  lines  long,  exceeding  the  stamens  and 
style :  follicles  short,  1-seeded,  the  seed  erect,  filling  the  cavity.  On  grav- 
elly soil  Or^on  Nutlall  to  California. 

COTYLEDON  L.  Gen.  n.  578. 

Herbs  or  soft-wood  plants  with  thick  fleshy  entire  leaves  and 
often  showy,  mostly  scarlet  and  yellow  flowers  in  scorpioid  cymes 
or  long  racemes.  Calyx  5-parted,  petals  united  into  a  5-lobed 
pitcher-shaped  or  cylindrical  corolla.  Stamens  10  inserted  on 
the  corolla-tube :  carpels  distinct  or  rarely  united  at  base,  many- 
seeded  beaked  by  th3  subulate  style. 

C.  Ore^onensis  Watson  Proc  Am.  Acad,  xvii,  373.  Stems  ascending 
from  a  stout  branched  rooting  caudex  6-8  inches  high,  the  rosulate  basal 
leaves  spatulate,  obtuse,  8-15  lines  long,  the  cauline  oblong-spatulate,  6 
lines  long  or  less :  peduncles  axillary  along  the  upper  part  of  the  stem  6-12 
lines  long,  bearing  short  simple  or  compound  few-flowered  racemes,  pedi- 
cels 1-2  lines  long,  with  small  bractlets;  sepals  deltoid,  a  line  long:  petals 
pale  yellow,  united  below  the  middle.  4  lines  long ;  stamens  slightly  shorter, 
carpels  oblong,  rounded  at  the  top,  apiculate  with  the  slender  style.  East- 
ern base  of  the  Cascade  Mts.  near  Mt.  Hood. 

C  farinosa  Baker  Refug.  Bot  i,  t.  71.  Caulescent:  more  or  less 
mealy-pulverulent:  rosulate  leaves  rather  flaccid,  ascending,  lanceolate, 
acuminate,  the  larger  ones  2-4  inches  long,  very  acute :  flowering  branches 
a  span  high  or  less  with  scattered  broadly  ovate  to  lanceolate  clasping 
leaves  :  flowers  in  a  rather  close  short  compound  cyme  ;  bracts  ovate-lanceo- 
late, rather  large  ;  pedicels  stout,  1-3  lines  long :  sepals  broadly  lanceolate, 
about  3  lines  long;  petals  yellow,  oblong-lanceolate,  mostly  acuminate,  4-6 
lines  long;  carpels  ovate-oblong  about  three  lines  long.  At  the  mouth  of 
the  Chetco  River,  Oregon  and  Southward  along  the  Coast. 

Order  XXXIV.    DROSERACEiE  S.  F.  Gray  Arr.  Brit.  PL  ii,  664. 

Herbs  or  larely  suifrutescent  plants  with  alternate  or  crowded 
entire,  usually  viscid-glandular  leaves  w^ithout  stipules  and 
perfect  flowers.  Se-  als  5,  persistent,  equal,  sometimes  united 
at  base;  imbricate  in  the  bud.  Petals  5,  alternate  with  the 
sepals,  marcescent,  stamens  distinct,  usually  as  many  as  petals 


DROSEKA.  CERATOPHYLLACE^.  215 

CERATOPHVLLUM. 

and  alternate  with  them,  rarely  2  or  3  times  as  many,  marces- 
cent;  anthers  extrorse  or  innate,  the  cells  distinct  or  somewhat 
connivent  above,  opening  down  the  sides  or  rarely  by  a  termi- 
nal pore.  OvSLYj  composed  of  2-5  united  carpels:  placenta 
parietal  or  filling  the  base  of  the  cell.  Styles  2-5,  distinct  or 
nnited  at  base,  each  2-parted,  or  multifid  and  pencil-shaped, 
sometimes  all  united  into  one.  Capsule  loculicidally  2-5-valYed 
or  indehiscent  mostly  many-seeded.  Seeds  anatropous;  the 
testa  sometimes  arilliform.  Embryo  short,  at  the  base  of  car- 
tilaginous or  fleshy  albumen.        ♦ 

1     DROSERA  L.  Gen.  n.  391  (^uldew). 

Small  herbs  growing  in  sphagnous  or  sandy  marshes,  with  the 
leaves  all  radical  and  furnished  with  numerous  long  glandular 
hairs,  and  small  flowers  on  simple  scapes.  Stamens  5,  styles 
3-5,  2-parted  with  the  divisions  somewhat  thickened  toward  the 
apex,  or  multifid.  Capsule  subglobose  or  ovoid,  usually  3-valved 
at  the  top;  the  valves  placentiferous  to  the  top.  Seeds  numer- 
ous, in  2-5  rows  on  each  placenta. 

D.  rotnndifolia  L.  Sp.  i,  281.  Leaves  spreading,  orbicular,  ab- 
ruptly attenuate  to  a  long  hairy  petiole:  scapes  2-6  inches  high,  5-10-flo\v- 
ered :  petals  oblong,  2  lines  Ion- ,  .i  little  exceeding  the  oblong  sepals :  styles 
short,  2-parted :  capsule  included  in  the  calyx :  seeds  linear  with  a  loose 
coat,  in  cold  marshes  Alaska  to  California,  the  Atlantic  States  and 
Europe. 

D.  Ao^lica  Hudson  Fl.  Angl.  135.  Leaves  ascending, oblong,  attenuate 
into  the  slender  naked  petioles :  scapes  3-10  inches  high,  sometimes  forked 
at  the  top,  few-flowered :  petals  linear-oblanceolate  3-4  lines  long  nearly 
twice  longer  than  the  oblong  sepals :  capsule  exceeding  the  calyx :  seeds 
linear  with  a  loose  coat.  In  cold  marshes  Alaska  to  California,  iSiberia  and 
northern  Europe. 

Order  XXXV.     CERATOPHYLLACE^.     Gray,  Ann.  Lye. 
N.  Y.  iv.  41. 

Perennial  submerged  aquatic  herbs  with  cylindrical  jointed 
stems  and  branches,  verticillate,  sessile,  filliformly  2-3-choto- 
mous  leaves  without  stipules,  and  sessile  axillary-flowers. 
Flowers  monoecious  without  perianth  but  surrounded  by  a 
persistent  8- 12-cleft  involucre;  anthers  numerous  sessile ,  fleshy, 
2-3-cuspidate  at  top,  oxary  solitary,  1-celled,  with  a  pendulous 
orthotropous  ovule;  achene  beaked  by  the  slender  persistent 
style,seecls  with  membranous  transparent  testa  and  no  albumen; 
radicle  inferior  very  short;  the  cotyledons  thick  and  oval,  the 
highly    developed  plumule   consisting   of  several   nodes   and 

1     CERATOPHYLLUM  L.  Gsertn  Fr.  t.  44. 
Characters  as  of  the  order. 
€.    demersum   L.  Sp.   1409.      Stems  very  slender,  a  foot  or  two  long, 


2H>  LYIHKACK^E.  ammannia. 

smooth  or  nearly  so:  leaves  in  numerous  whorls  of  6-8,  the  filiform  or 
linear  segments  acute,  more  or  less  aculeate-dentate.  34  to  one  inch  long: 
achene  2  lines  long  or  more,  elliptical,  somewhat  compressed,  shortly  stipi- 
tate,  with  a  short  spine  or  tubercle  on  each  side  near  the  base,  not  mar- 
gined :  style  as  long  as  the  achenes.  Washington  to  California,  the  East- 
ern States  and  Europe. 

Order  XXXVI.    LYTHRACEiE    Lindl.  Nat.  Syst.  ed.   2,  184. 

Herbs,  rarely  shrubs  or  trees,  with  usually  4-sided  branches- 
opposite,  rarely  a  ternate,  entire  leaves  without  stipules  and 
flowers  in  the  axils  or  in  terminal  racemes.  Sepals  combined 
into  a  4  -7-toothed  or  lobed  caiyx ;  the  lobes  valvate  or  distant 
in  the  bud ;  the  sinuses  sometimes  produced  into  accessory 
lobes  or  processes.  Petals  alternate  with  the  proper  lobes  of 
the  calyx  and  inserted  on  its  throat,  deciduous,  sometimes 
wanting.  Stamens  inserted  into  the  tube  of  the  calyx  below 
the  petals,  equal  to  them  in  number,  or  2-4  times  as  many, 
rarely  fewer:  anthers  short,  introrse.  Ovary  enclosed  in  but 
free  from  the  calyx,  2-4-celled,  with  numerous  ovules  in 
each  cell ;  the  placentae  in  the  axis :  style  filiform,  sometimes 
short  or  almost  none  :  stigma  usually  capitate  Capsule  mem- 
branaceous, surrounded  by  the  calyx,  often  one-celled  by  the 
obliteration  of  the  partitions,  dehiscent  either  longitudinally  or 
irregularly.  Seeds  numerous  and  small,  rarely  few  and  large, 
anatropous,  without  albumen.     Cotelydon^  flat  and  foliaceous. 

1.  Ammannia.     Calyx  barely  4-angled,  short :   stamens  4  or  8  :  capsule 
globular. 

2.  Lythrum.      Calyx   striate,   cylindrical:    petals  usually  6:     stamens 
as  many  or  twice  as  many:  capsule  oblong  or  cylindrical. 

AMMANNIA  Houst.  L.  Gen.  n.  155. 

Herbs  with  square  stems,  opposite  entire  leaves  and  axillary 
bracteolate  flowers.  Calyx  more  or  less  campanulate,  4-5-toothed 
or  lobed,  the  sinuses  usually  expanding  into  spreading  accessor}^ 
teeth  or  horns.  Petals  as  many  as  lobes  of  the  calyx  or  want- 
ing. Stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  lobes  of  the  calyx: 
Ovary  2-4-celled:  style  short  or  rather  long:  stigma  capitate,  cap- 
sule globose  or  ovoid,  included  in  the  calyx,  either  bursting  trans- 
versely or  opening  by  valves.  Seeds  numerous,  attached  to  thick 
central  placentae. 

A.  latifolia  L.  Sp.  115.  Stems  erect,  branching,  6-24  inches  high: 
leaves  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  dilated  and  obtusely  cordate-auriculate  at 
base,  closely  sessile,  2-:^  inches  long:  flowers  1-5  in  each  axil,  somewhat 
pedunculate,  at  least  when  solitary :  calyx  4-angled  or  pleate<l,  with  4  short 
lobes.and  as  many  small  spreading  horn-like  processes :  petals  4.  caducous ; 
stamens  4 ;  style  more  than  half  as  long  as  the  capsule :  capsule  4-celled. 
Wet  places  along  the  Columbia  River  and  the  Eastern  States. 

A.  humilis  Michx.  Fl.  i,  99.  Stems  ascending,  2-10  inches  high, 
branching  from  the  base:  leaves  linear-oblong  or  lanceolate,  obtuse,  taper- 
ing below  to  a  short  petiole  or  sessile :  flowers  sessile  or  2-3  in  the  lower 
axils;  calyx  4-angled  with  4  short  lobes  and  as  many  small  spreading  pro- 


LYTHRUM.  HALORAGE/E.  217 

HIPPUHIS. 

cesses ;  petals  4,  caducous ;  stamens  4 ;  style  very  short  or  none ;  capsule 
4-celled.     On  wet  banks,  along  the  Columbia  River  and  the  Eastern  States. 

2    LYTHRUM  Juss.  Gen.  132. 

Herbs,  rarely  suffrutescent  plants,  with  opposite  or  scat- 
tered entire  leaves  and  purplish  or  white  flowers.  Calyx  cylin- 
drical, striate,  with  4-6  short  lobes  and  usually  as  many  inter- 
mediate teeth  or  processes.  Petals  4-6.  Stamens  as  many  or 
twice  as  many  as  petals,  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  calyx. 
Style  filiform:  stigma  capitate.  Capsule  oblong,  2-celled,  many- 
seeded,  enclosed  in  the  calyx-tube. 

L.  adsurgeiis  Greene  Pitt,  ii,  12.  Stems  I-  ^  feet  long,  from  a  stoloni- 
ferous  perennial  base,  stoutish  but  tough  and  flexible,  5-angled,  decumbent 
or  nearly  prostrate,  herbage  pallid  and  glabrous :  leaves  scattered,  linear, 
sessile :  calyx  2-3  lines  long  the  small  lobes  subulate,  the  intermediate 
processes  broad  and  mucronulate :  petals  pale  purple,  but  little  exceeding 
the  calyx-lobes.     In  wet  or  springy  places,  Puget  Sound  to  California. 

Order  XXXVII.     HALORAGE^  Endl.  Gen.  1155. 

Herbs  or  suffruticose  plants  growing  in  water  or  wet  places 
with  various  leaves  and  small  nxillary  sessile  perfect,  rarely 
monoecious  or  dioi^cious  flowers.  Limb  of  the  calj^x  3-4-lobed  or 
entire,  sometimes  wanting.  Petals  3-4  small  or  wanting.  Sta- 
mens as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  calyx,  some- 
times fewer,  inserted  with  the  petals  into  the  summit  of  the 
calyx.  Ovary  coherent  with  the  calyx,  1-4-celled,  witha  solitary 
pendulous  ovule  in  each  cell.  Styles  1-4  or  none :  stigmas  as 
many  as  cells  of  the  ovary,  distinct.  Fruit  dry  and  indehiscent. 
Seeds  anatropous  with  a  straight  embryo  and  thin  fleshy  albu- 
men. 

*  Stamens  one. 

1.  Hippnris.     Ovary  2-celled:  leaves  verticillate,  linear  or  oblong,  entire. 

2.  Callitriche.  Ovary  4-celled:  leaves  opposite,  linear  or  spatulate, 
entile. 

*  *     Stamens  5-8. 

3.  Myriophyllnm.  Ovary  4-celled :  leaves  verticillate  subverfcillate  or 
scattered,  the  emersed  entire  toothed  or  pectinate,  the  submerged  pin- 
natifid. 

1  HIPPURIS.    L.  Gen.  n.  11. 

Aquatic  perennial  herbs  with  simple  stems,  verticillate  entire 
leaves  and  minute  axillary  flowers.  Flowers  perfect,  or  by 
abortion  sometimes  neutral  or  pistillate.  Calyx-tube  adherent 
to  the  ovary,  the  limb  minute,  entire.  Petals  none.  Stamen 
one,  inserted  on  the  margin  of  the  calyx.  Style  filiform,  stig- 
matic  its  whole  length  and  lying  in  a  groove  of  the  stamen. 
Fruit  1 -celled,  4-seeded. 

H.  vulgaris  L.  Sp.  i,  4.  Stems  erect,  10-20  inches  high,  rather  stout: 
leaves  in -whorls  of  6-12,  linear,   8-12  lines  long  or  more,  one-nerved: 


218  HALORAGE^.  callitriche. 

stamen  with  large  thick  filament  and  rather  large  2-celled  anther :  fruit 
oval  or  somewhat  4-sided,  2-3  lines  long ;  stigma  persistent.  In  ponds  and 
marshes,  Alaska  to  California,  the  Eastern  States  and  Europe. 

Var.  fluviatilis  Hart.  Larger;  leaves  2-3  inches  long,  grass-like,  in 
closely  crowded  whorls      Oregon  to  Canada  and  Sweden. 

H.  tetraphyllum  L.  f  Suppl.  81.  Stems  10-12  inches  high,  leaves  in 
whorls  of  4  or  6,  oval  to  obovate,  often  feather- veined ;  fruit  less  than  2 
lines  long.     Alaska,  perhaps  northern  Washington. 

H.  montaiia  Ledeb.  Reichenb.  Incon.  Bot.  i,  71.  Stems  2-4  inches  high; 
leaves  1-nerved,  linear  mucronate,  in  whorls  of  5-6,  4-6  lines  long :  flowers 
often  monoecious  :  fruit  almost  oval,  a  line  or  more  long,  minutely  granu- 
late.    In  wet  turfy  places,  Alaska  to  Washington. 

2    CALLITRICHE    L.  Gen.  n.  13. 

Small,  mostly  aquatic,  herbs  with  opposite  entire  leaves  with- 
out stipules  and  small  axillary  monoecious  flowers  without  pet- 
als. Calyx  adherent  to  the  ovary  the  limb  very  short  or  obso- 
lete. Petals  none.  Stamen  one  with  slender  filament  and  cor- 
date 4-celled  anther.  Ovary  4-celled,  with  2  filiform  styles. 
Fruit  4-celled,  flattened  and  emarginate,  4-seeded,  indehiscent, 
the  cells  separating  at  maturity  into  1 -seeded  nutlets. 

*    Emersed  leaves    obovate-spatulate,    3-nerved,     the     submersed 
linear,  (all  uniform  and  narrow  in  terrestrial  forms) :  carpels  connate. 

-«-  Fruit  pedicillate,  wing-margined;  bract3  none 

C.  mar^inata  Torr  Pacif  R.  Rep.  iv,  135.  Stems  slender,  branch- 
ing, rooting  in  the  mud  growing  in  water :  submersed  leaves  linear,  1- 
nerved,  running  gradually  into  the  emersed  oblanceolate  or  spatulate  3- 
nerved  ones,  or  the  terrestrial  form  with  linear  spatulate  3-nerved  leaves 
4-5  lines  long :  peduncles  about  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  leaves,  spread- 
ing or  reflexed  :  styles  as  long  or  shorter  than  the  fruit  reflexed  deciduous  : 
fruit  broader  than  long  with  conspicuous  membranaceous  wings  and  di- 
vergent lobes.     From  Arizona  and  California  to  The  Dalles,  Oregon. 

C.  sepnlta  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xiv,  298.  Terrestrial,  prostrate 
and  rooting  in  the  mud :  the  numerous  narrowly  linear  leaves  2-3  lines 
long:  fruit  broader  than  long  emarginate  at  both  ends,  the  thick  carpels 
with  acute  divergent  margins,  on  stout  pedicels  1-3  lines  long  soon  de- 
flexed  and  buried  in  the  soil :  stigmas  elongated,  reflexed,  soon  deciduous. 
Oregon.     (Hall  1871.) 

C.  verna  L.  Sp.  i,  2.  Perennial,  with  elongated  stems  and  floating 
rosulate  obovate  often  emarginate  leaves  which  are  more  .or  less  narrowly 
petioled  the  submerged  ones  from  spatulate  to  linear :  sometimes  terres- 
trial and  rooting  with  short  linear  leaves :  bracts  often  longer  than  the 
fruit  rarely  wanting:  stigmas  erect  or  spreading,  usually  shorter  than  the 
fruit,  deciduous :  fruit  oblong  flat  on  the  face  mostly  with  a  small  apical 
notch  and  narrow  apical  wings  the  grooves  between  the  lobes  deep.  Com- 
mon from  Alaska  to  California,  the  Eastern  States  and  Europe,  Asia  and 
S.  America. 

C.  heterophylla  Pursh.  Perennial  with  elongated  stems  and  obovate 
floating  leaves,  the  submerged  ones  linear -lanceolate,  long  acuminate, 
4-8  lines  long,  sometimes  terrestrial  and  rooting,  with  short  linear  leaves : 
stigmas  longer  than  the  fruit  persistent :  fruit  obovate,  broader  than  long, 
with  a  deep  broad  notch  at  the  apex,  thick,  almost  ventricose  near  the 
base,  the  lobes  obtusely  angled,  with  a  sm.all  groove  between  them,  wing- 


MYRIOPHYLLUM.  HALORAGE^.  219 

less  or  with  a  narrow  wing  or  raised  border  on  the  upper  margin.    Oregon 
to  Colorado  and  the  Eastern  States. 

C.  Bolunderi  Hegelm.  Verhandl.  Bot.  Verein  Brandenb.  x,  116.  Stems 
stout,  elongated,  floating:  leaves  rhombic-obovate,  the  submerged  ones 
linear:  stigmas  twice  as  long  as  the  fruit  persistent  or  sub-persistent : 
fruit  orbicular  or  slightly  obcordate,  with  obtuse  closely  approximate  mar- 
gins, the  lobes  scarcely  winged.    Brit.  Columbia  to  California. 

*  *  Submersed  perennials  with  numerous  uniform  1-nerved  leaves : 
flowers  without  bracts:  carpels  separated  nearly  to  the  axis. 

C.  antuniualis  L.  1.  c.  Stems  very  slender,  2-10  inches  long:  leaves 
linear  truncate  or  retuse  at  the  apex :  fruit  sessile,  round,  deeply  notched, 
nearly  a  line  in  diameter,  the  margins  thin  or  at  length  winged :  stigma 
long,  reflexed,  caducous.  Eastern  Oregon  to  California,  the  Eastern 
States,  Europe  and  Asia. 

3    MYRIOPHYLLUM  L.  Gen.  n.  10,  66. 

Aquatic  usually  submersed  perennial  plants,  the  upper  part 
emersed  while  flowering,  with  verticillate,  sometimes  opposite  or 
alternate  leaves,  the  submersed  ones  pinnately  parted  with  cap- 
illary or  filiform  segments,  and  sessile  flowers  in  the  axils  of  the 
upper  leaves  (which  are  frequently  reduced  to  bracts)  bibracteo- 
late  the  uppermost  usually  staminate,  the  lower  fertile  the  in- 
termediate often  perfect.  Flowers  monoecious  or  frequently 
perfect.  Calyx  4-parted  in  the  sterile  flowers,  4-toothed 
in  the  pistillate  and  perfect  ones.  Petals  4,  frequently  incon- 
spicuous or  wanting.  Stamens  4  or  8.  Ovary  4-celled  :  stigmas 
oblong  or  linear,  often  compressed,  penicillate,  or  papillose  along 
the  inner  surface,  recurved.  Fruit  of  4  indehiscent  nut-like 
carpels  cohering  by  their  inner  angles  and  enclosed  in  the  ad- 
herent tube  of  the  calyx,  apiculate  with  the  base  of  the  stigma. 

*  btamens  8,   petals  caducous  carpels  not  ridged  on  the  back: 
leaves  verticillate 

M.  spicatum  L.  Sp.  992.  Stems  very  long  and  slender,  branching: 
leaves  ternateiy  verticillate,  submerged  all  pinnately  parted  with  capillary 
segments,  emersed  leaves  bract-like,  shorter  than  the  flowers,  ovate,  entire, 
the  lowermost  larger  and  serrate:  bracteoles  triangular-ovate,  about  half 
the  length  of  the  bracts:  lobes  of  the  calyx  somewhat  obtuse:  petals 
broadly  ovate  :  anthers  oblong :  stigma  short,  pubescent  along  the  inner 
side :  carpels  smooth  and  even.  Deep  ponds,  Washington  to  California 
and  the  Eastern  States. 

M.  yerticillatnm  L.  Sp.  992.  Stem  stout:  leaves  ternateiy  verticil- 
late, the  lower  ones  pinnately  parted  with  capillary  or  setaceous  seg- 
ments, floral  leaves  pectinate-pinnatifid,  commonly  much  longer  than  the 
flowers:  bracteoles  minute:  lobes  of  the  calyx  nearly  lanceolate,  acute, 
minutely  serrulate :  petals  oblong-obovate :  anthers  oblong,  stigmas 
linear-oblong,  at  length  woolly :  carpels  smooth  and  even.  Oregon, 
Nuttall  (not  since  reported)  and  the  Eastern  States. 

*  *     Stamens  3:  petals  somewhat  persistent:  carpels  1-2  ridged  on 
the  back. 

M.  hippuroides  Nntt.  T.  &  G  Fl.  i,  530.  Leaves  quaternately  verticil- 
late, the  lower  ones  pinnately  parted,  with  capillary  segments ;  floral  leaves 
linear,  remotely  denticulate  or  serrate ;  petals  obovate,  carpels  nearly  2- 
ridged  on  the  back.     In  ponds,  Washington  to  northern  California. 


220  ONAGRACEJE. 

M.  pinnatum  Walt.  Leaves  in  whorls  of  3's  and  5's,  sometimes 
pcattered,  the  floral  linear,  pectinate  toothed,  or  cut  serrate,  the  teeth 
comparatively  few,  5-12  lines  long,  gradually  changing  into  the  sub- 
merged which  are  in  crowded  verticels,  the  capillary  pinnae  sparse; 
spikes  3-6  inches  long:  petals  purplish,  somewhat  persistent,  stamens  4, 
very  rarely  6:  mature  fruit  about  I  line  long:  carpels  strongly  2-keeled. 

Order  XXXVIII.  ONAGRACE^.  Dumort.  Anal.  Fam.xxxvi.  35. 

Herbaceous  or  sometimes  shrubby  plants  with  entire  or 
toothed  leaves,  with  flowers  in  the  axils  or  in  terminal  spikes 
or  racemes.  Sepals  united  into  a  tubular  calyx,  the  limb  4- 
parted  rarely  more  or  less  ;  valvate  in  the  bud.  Petals  usually 
as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  calyx,  and  attenuate  with  them, 
inserted  on  the  summit  of  the  tube  twisted  in  the  bud,  some- 
times wanting.  Stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  lobes 
of  the  calyx,  rarely  half  as  many,  inserted  with  the  petals,  fila- 
ments distinct;  ovary  coherent  with  the  tube  of  the  calyx,  2-4- 
(^or  by  abortion)  1-2-celled  placenta  in  the  axis,  style  elon- 
gated or  filiform;  stigma  capitate  or  4-lobed,  fruit  capsular 
with  mostly  loculicidal  dehiscence,  or  dry  and  indehiscent, 
rarely  baccate.  Seeds  indefinite  or  solitary  in  each  cell,  ana- 
tropous  without  albumen ;  embryo  straight. 

Tribe  I.  Jussie^.  Limb  of  the  calyx  divided  quite  down 
to  the  ovary  and  persistent  on  a  many-seSded  capsule.  Seeds 
naked. 

!•    Lndwigia.     Petals  4  or  none.     Stamens  4.     Capsules  short. 

Tribe  II.  Onagre^.  Limb  of  the  free  tube  of  the  calyx, 
when  there  is  any,  deciduous  from  the  ovary  or  capsule.  Cap- 
sule loculicidal,  few  to  many  seeded.  Parts  of  the  flowers  in 
fours. 

*  Seeds  comose  at  the  apex;  stamens  8,  lower  leaves  often  opposite. 

2.  Epilobium.     Calyx  4-parted  nearly  down   to  the  ovary   or  with   a 
short  and  campanulate  tube  beyond  it. 

*  *    Seeds  not  comose  :  leaves  all  alternate. 

+-  Anthers  attached  near  the  middle   and   versatile.     Petals  gen- 
erally yellow  or  white. 

3.  Gayophytum.     Calyx-tube  not  produced  beyond  the  ovary ;    this   and 
the  membranous  capsule  only  2-celled. 

-^*   Stamens  all  of  equal  length. 

=  Stigma  deeply  4-cleft,  its  segments  linear. 

4r.     Ouagra.     Ovules  and  seeds  horizontal,   inserted  in  2  or  rarely  in  sev- 
eral rows,  prismatic-angled. 

5.  (Enothera.     Ovules  and  seeds  ascending  in   one   row ;    not  angled : 
flower-buds  erect:  flowers  yellow. 

6.  Anogra.     Ovules    and  seeds  ascending,   not  angled,   in  two    rows: 
flower-buds  drooping,  flowers  pink  or  white. 


LUDwiGiA.  ONAGRAOE^.  221 

=  =  Stigma  entire  or  rarely  4-toothed :  ovaries  and  capsule  sessile 
or  nearly  so. 

7.  Taraxia.  Stigma  capitate:  calyx-tube  longer  than  the  ovary,  usually 
adherent  to  the  style. 

8.  Sphserosti^ma.  Stigma  capitate:  calyx-tube  campanulate,  shorter 
than  the  ovary. 

=  =  =  Stigma  capitate,  ovules  and  capsule  long-stalked. 

9.  Chylisiuia.  Calyx-tube  somewhat  funnel-form,  many  times  shorter 
than  the  ovary. 

-M-   ■**  Flowers  irregular :  the  alternate  stamens  longer. 

10.  Pachylophns.  Plants  normally  acaulescent:  ovules  and  seeds  few, 
sessile :  seeds  with  a  deep  furrow  along  the  raphe. 

■*-  ■*-  Anthers  attached  at  or  near  the  base,  remaining  erect;  those 
opposite  the  petals  much  shorter  or  sterile,  rarely  wanting ;  petals 
never  yellow. 

11.  Oodetia.  Calyx-tube  above  the  ovary  obconical,  its  lobes  reflexed. 
Petals  sessile,  entire,  rarely  2-lobed.  Capsule  coriaceous.  Seeds  nu- 
merous angled  or  margined. 

12.  Boisdnvalia.  Calyx-tube  above  the  ovary  obconical,  its  lobes  erect. 
Petals  sessile,  2-lobed-  Capsule  membranaceous,  the  cells  few-seeded, 
seeds  smooth. 

13.  Clarkia.  Calyx-tube  above  the  ovary  obconical;  its  lobes  reflexed. 
Petals  w^ith  claws  either  lobed  or  entire :  the  stamens  opposite  them 
often  sterile.     Capsule  coriaceous. 

Tribe  III.  Gaurine.^^.  Limb  or  produced  tube  of  the  calyx 
deciduous  irom  the  dry  and  indehiscent  1-4-seeded  fruit.  Parts 
of  the  flowers  in  4's  or  rarely  ;"»'s.     Leaves  alternate. 

14.  Gaura.  Stamens  8,  air  perfect.  Anthers  attached  by  the  middle, 
versatile. 

15.  Heteroganra.  Fertile  stamens  4  with  anthers  attached  at  the  base, 
sterile  stamens  4  opposite  the  petals. 

Tribe  IV.  Circle.*:.  Limb  of  the  calyx  deciduous  from  the 
indehiscent  burr-like  1-2-seeded  fruit.  Parts  of  the  flowers  in 
2's  throughout.     Leaves  opposite. 

16.  Circaea.     Small  perennial  herbs  with  opposite  petioled  leaves. 

LUDWIGIA.    L.  Gen.  n.  153. 

Calyx-tube  not  produced  beyond  the  short  ovary,  the  4  lobes 
usually  persistent.  Petals  4  often  small  or  wanting.  Stamens 
4 ;  filaments  bhort.  Capsule  short  or  cylindrical,  many-seeded, 
4-valved,  dehiscent  septicidally  or  by  openings  at  the  summit. 
Seeds  minute.  Aquatic  or  marsh  perennials;  leaves  entire  (op- 
posite in  one  species) ;  flowers  axillary,  mostly  solitary  and 
sessile. 

L.  palnstris  Ell.  i,  211.  Stems  creeping  and  rooting  in  the  mud  or 
floating,  4-12  inches  long  or  more:  leaves  all  opposite,  ovate  or  oval,  6-12 
lines  long  tapering  to  a  short  petiole  acute :  flowers  solitary,  sessile :  petals 
none  or  short  anu  reddish :  capsule  short-oblong  2  lines  long  or  less  some- 


222  ONAGRACE.E.  epilobium. 

what  angled.      Western   Washington  and   Oregon  to  California,   in  the 
Eastern  States  and  Europe. 

2    EPILOBIUM  L.     Gen.  n.  471. 

Perennial  or  annual  herbs,  with  nearly  sessile,  denticulate  or  en- 
tire, often  fascicled  leaves,  and  rose-colored,  purple  or  white,  very 
rarely  yellow,  flowers  in  panicles  or  racemes.  Tube  of  the  «.'.alyx 
not  conspicuously  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary ;  the  limb  deeply 
4-cleft ;  campanulate  or  funnel-form  or  4-parted  to  the  base,  the 
lobes  spreading  deciduous.  Petals  4,  spreading  or  somewhat 
erect.  Stamens  8  the  4  alternate  ones  shorter ;  anthers  ellipti- 
cal or  roundish,  fixed  near  the  middle.  Stigma  oblong,  clavate 
or  with  four  spreading  or  re  vol  ate  lobes ;  capsule  linear,  4-sided, 
4-celled,  4-valved.  Seeds  numerous,  ascending,  the  summit  fur- 
nished with  a  coma  or  tuft  of  long  hairs. 

§  1.  Cham^nerion.  Calyx  cleft  almost  to  the  ovary.  Cor- 
olla slightly  irregular.  Petals  widely  expanded.  Stamens  in- 
serted in  a  single  series ;  the  filaments  dilated  below.  Style  at 
first  recurved.  Stigma  with  four  ultimately  divergent  lobes. 
Capsule  mostly  linear-fusiform,  many-seeded.  Seeds  fusiform, 
beakless,  not  papillate  in  one  species.  Cespitose  perennials 
from  a  stout  caudex,  bearing  sessile  scaly  winter  buds  with  terete 
stems  and  ample  leaves. 

E.  spicatnm  Lam.  Fl.  France  1077.  Stems  erect,  2-6  feet  high,  sub- 
simple,  glabrate  below:  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  nearly  entire,  4-8  inches 
long, on  very  short  petioles,  thin  pinnately  veined,  with  the  evident  lateral 
veins  confluent  in  submarginal  loops:  infloresence  elongated;  racemes 
with  small  bracts ;  young  flower  buds  soon  reflexed,  but  again  spreading 
or  ascending  before  expansion :  petals  5-7  lines  long,  style  exceeding  the 
stamens,  hairy  at  base;  capsule  2-3  inches  long;  seeds  less  than  a  line 
long, with  very  long  dingy  coma.  Alaska  to  California,  the  Eastern  States,. 
Europe  and  Asia. 

E.  latifolinm.  L.  sp.  347.  A  span  to  afoot  or  more  high,  frequently 
branched,  mostly  glabrate  below ;  leaves  1-2  inches  long ;  usually  oppo- 
site and  connected  below  on  the  branches  and  rarely  on  the  main  stem ; 
lanceolate  to  ovate,  acute  at  both  ends,  entire  or  sparingly  and  minutely 
denticulate,  scarcely  petioled,  rather  coriaceous,  the  mostly  free  lateral 
veins  inconspicuous :  inflorescence  usually  short  and  few-flowered,  leafy 
throughout,  the  buds  not  reflexed ;  petals  8-15  lines  long,  rather  narrow^ 
styles  shorter  than  the  stamens,  glabrous;  seeds  a  line  long  or  more. 
Damp  places  Arctic  America  to  N.  E.  Oregon  and  N.  E.  states,  Asia  and 
the  Himalayas. 

§  2.  Lysimachion.  Calyx  with  an  evident  though  usually 
short  tube  mostly  somewhat  hairy  within.  Corolla  regular,  the 
petals  deeply  notched  or  obcordate ;  usually  not  expanding  be- 
yond funnelform.  Stamens  inserted  in  two  more  or  less  dis- 
tinct whorls ;  those  opposite  the  sepals  longer  and  more  deeply 
inserted.     St3de  not  declined  mostly  glabrous. 

*  Stigma  4-cleft:    seeds  beakless.     Perennials  with  rather  slender 
caudex  and  usually  terete  stems. 


EPiLOBiuM.  ONAGRACE^.  223 

-*-  Capsule  linear-fusiform;  many  seeded;  seeds  beakless.  Rather 
tall  plants  with  ample  conspicuously-veined  chiefly  opposite  leaves 
and  large  flowers  with  short  and  open  calyx  tube. 

E.  luteum  Pursh259.  Stems  slender  a  foot  or  two  high,  nearly  simple; 
glabrate  below  except  along  the  elevated  lines  decurrent  from  some  of  the 
nodes :  leaves  one  to  three  inches  long,  ovate  or  elliptical  to  broadly  lanceo- 
late, acute  or  acuminate,  sinuate-toothed,  sessile  or  when  large  obliquely 
tapering  to  a  winged  petiole,  slightly  fleshy :  inflorescence  more  or  less 
glandular-pubescent;  the  flowers  at  first  nodding,  not  very  numerous,  in 
the  axils  of  the  somewhat  crowded  and  frequently  reduced  upper  leaves ; 
petals  bright  yellow  8-9  lines  long,  style  frequently  exserted,  its  obconical 
apex  mostly  deeply  4-parted  :  capsule  long  stalked  more  or  less  puberulent ; 
seeds  obovoid  very  acute  at  base,  smooth  or  slightly  areolated,  less  than  a 
line  long;  coma  at  length  reddish.     Oregon  to  Alaska. 

■*-  ■*-  Capsules  rather  short ;  subclavate-fusiform  ;  few-seeded :  rather 
low  and  slender  stemmed,  more  or  less  cespitose  plants,  usually  some-' 
what  shreddy  at  base 

+>  Leaves  rather  broad;  flowers  large,  rose-purple;  style  shorter  than 
the  petals. 

E.  rigidnm  Hausskn.  Bot.  Zeitschr.  xxix,  51.  Stems  decumbent,  4-8 
inches  long,  glabrous  and  rather  glossy  at  base,  glandular-pubescent 
above :  leaves  8-16  lines  long,  the  apper  more  or  less  attenuate,  lanceolate  to 
nearly  obovate,  acute,  entire,  cuneately  narrowed  into  short  winged  petioles, 
glabrous  and  very  glaucous,  firm  with  mostly  inconspicuous  lateral  veins: 
flowers  rather  few  in  the  axils  of  the  reduced  upper  leaves  which  are  often 
adnate  to  the  base  of  the  peduncles;  ovary  more  or  less  densely  white 
pubescent;  calyx  cleft  nearly  to  the  base;  petals  7-10  lines  long;  stigma  very 
large,  its  surface  pilose-papillate;  seed  smooth.  Eastern  base  of  the 
Coast  range,  Josephine  Co.,   Oregon. 

Var.  canescens.  Trel.  Sp.  Epilob.83.  Densely  velvety-canescent through- 
out.   With  the  type. 

-M-  ++  Leaves  relatively  narrow,  flowers  rather  small;  cream-colored, 
style  exserted;  seeds  nearly  obconical,  closely  low- papillate. 

E.  snflfruticosum  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  i,  488.  Stems  woody  and  intricately 
much  branched  at  base,  a  span  high,  minutely  canescent  throughout  or  at 
length  glabrate  below :  leaves  numerous,  less  than  10  lines  long,  mainly 
opposite,  broadly  lanceolate,  acutish,  entire,  narrowed  below  but  hardly 
petioled,  thick,  with  inconspicuous  veins  :  flowers  rather  few,  in  the  axils  of 
the  scarcely  reduced  upper  leaves ;  calyx-tube  broadly  funnel-form ;  petals 
3-4  lines  long ;  capsule  an  inch  long,  short-stalked :  seeds  a  line  or  more 
long;  coma  long  and  very  dingy.  Oregon  to  northwest  Montana  and  the 
Yellowstone  Park. 

*  *  Stigma  more  or  less  4-cleft  in  the  larger  flowers,  usually  sub- 
entire  in  the  smaller;  capsule  prominently  ribbed,  rather  short  and 
few-seeded ;  seeds  beakless,  very  broad  and  blunt,  usually  abruptly 
contracted  above  the  base,  areolate  or  low-papillate ;  coma  pale,  fall- 
ing easily :  mostly  slender  annuals  with  terete  stems,  more  or  less 
glandular-pubescent  above,  and  rather  firm  veinless  leaves. 

E.  paniculatnin  Nutt.  1.  c.  490.  Stems  rather  slender,  1-4  feet  high, 
loosely  dichotomously  branched,  mostly  white  glabrate  below :  leaves 
1-2  inches  long,  chiefiy  alternate  and  fascicled  in  the  axils,  lanceolate  or 
linear-lanceolate,  often  folded  along  the  midrib,  acute,  rather  sparingly 
denticulate,  tapering  to  a  slender  winged  petiole,  gradually  passing  into 
the  smaller  bracts  above:  flowers  rather  remote  towards  the  ends  of  the 
ascending  branches,  erect:  the  bracts  often  carried  up  on  the  peduncle ; 


224  ONAGRACEtE.  epilobium. 

calyx-tube  very  narrowly  funnel-form,  1-2  lines  long;  petals  about  4  lines 
long,  violet;  capsule  fusiform,  falcate,  ascending  about  LO  lines  long;  seeds 
a  line  long,  low-papillate.  Brit.  'Columbia  to  California,  and  the 
Rocky  Mts. 

E.  jucnudani  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xii,  57.  Stems  erect,  2-4  feet 
high,  diffusely  paniculately  branched:  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  acute  or 
acuminate,  sparingly  denticulate:  1-2  inches  long,  narrowed  below  to  a 
distinct  petiole:  flowers  somewhat  fasciculate  at  the  end  of  the  branches; 
tube  of  the  calyx  linear,  dilated  at  the  top,  6  lines  long;  petals  obcordate 
6  lines  long  or  more;  capsule  somewhat  clavate.  Dry  prairies,  eastern 
Washington  to  northern  California. 

E.  Hamiiiondi.  Stems  slender  and  flexuous,l-3  feet  high,  paniculately 
branched  above,  glabraie  and  whitish  below :  leaves  linear,  i-2  inches  long : 
flowers  larger,  borne  towards  the  ends  of  the  branches,  erect:  calyx  tube 
6-8  lines  long,  almost  filiform  below ;  petals  obcordate, 6  lines  long  or  more, 
bright  purple  :  capsule  lanceolate  to  somewhat  clavate  about  an  inch  long, 
ascending.  On  dry  rocky  slopes,  Southwestern  Oregon,  blooming  in 
August  and  September. 

E.  minntnm  Lindl.  Hook.  Fl.  I.  207.  Stems  slender,  a  span  or  two 
high,  simple  or  mostly  with  ascending  branches  throughout,  crisp-pubes- 
cent below:  leaves  6-10  lines  long,  usually  alternate,  narrowly  to  broadly 
lanceolate  or  the  lowest  spatulate,  acutish,  undulate,  cuneately  narrowed  to 
a  slender  winged  petiole;  flowers  rather  numerous,  erect;  calyx  tube 
broadly  funnel-form,  short;  petals  1-2  lines  long;  capsules  about  one  inch 
long,  narrowed  to  the  base,  on  short  pedicles;  seeds  less  than  a  line  long, 
reticulated  or  low  papillate.     Brit   Columbia  to  California. 

*  «■  *  Stigma  clavate,  entire  or  slightly' notched:  coma  of  seeds 
mostly  persistent.  Plants  of  various  habit;  perennial  by  rhizomes, 
stolons,  turions,  etc.  (Exceptions  are  E.  exaltatum  and  E.  Oreganum, 
both  of  which  have  conspicuously  4-lobed  stigmas.) 

-*-  Spreading  by  filiform  remotely  scaly  subterranean  shoots  which 
end  in  ovoid  winter  bulblets  with  fleshy  scales:  capsule  many-seeded: 
seeds  more  or  less  papillate  mostly  fusiform  with  conspicuous  trans- 
lucent beak  at  insertion  of  coma. 

E.  palustre  L  Sp.  348,  Quite  canescent  above,  with  incurved  hairs; 
loaves  1-2  inches  long,  narrowly  oblong  or  rarely  lanceolate,  obtuse  or 
almost  truncate,  gradually  narrowed  to  a  sessile  base :  fruiting  peduncle 
often  long  and  slender;  flowers  few,  mostly  nodding  at  first;  seed  fusiform 
with  prominent  scarcely  narrowed  translucent  point.  Swamps  and  wet 
places,  Alaska  to  Oregon  and  the  N.  E.  states. 

-t-   -I-  Producing  at  base  of  stem   in   late   summer   and   autumn  ro- 
-    settes  of    foliage;    leaves  not  revolute,  more   or  less  toothed:  seeds 
papillate. 

-^+  Habit  of  E.  palustre  :  stems  terete  or  with  occasional  low  decur- 
rent  lines :  seeds  fusiform,  prominently  beaked. 

E.  Davnricnm  Fischer.  A  span  or  two  high,  mostly  simple,  the  very 
slender  stems  sparingly  incurved-pubescent,  otherwise  glabrous ;  roots 
densely  fascicled :  leaves  less  than  8  lines  long,  somewhat  crowded  at  base, 
alternate  and  remote  above,  linear  or  oblong,  obtuse,  remotely  denticu- 
late, sessile,  1-nerved :  flowers  pale,  not  very  numerous,  nodding:  capsule 
erect,  20  lines  long,  on  long  slender  peduncles  ;  seeds  less  than  a  line  long  ; 
coma  white.     Bogs  Alaska  to  VVashington  and  east  to  the   Selkirk  range. 

I-*-  -ff  Coarser  branched  plants  of  the  habit  of  E.  coloratum:  stems 
with  rather   prominent  ridges  decurrent  from   some  of  the  leaves : 


i 


EPiLOBiuM.  •  ONAGRACEiE.  225 

leaves  usually  ample,  commonly  toothed,  with  evident  lateral  veins; 
capsule  20-25  lines  long ;  seeds  mostly  broadly  obovoid,  short-beaked, 
sharply  papillate  in  rather  distinct  longitudinal  lines. 

=  Lai-ge  flowered  for  the  group,  with  rather  deep  violet  petals  3-5 
lines  long,  hairs  within  calyx-tube  well  developed:  leaves  mainly  op- 
posite ;  1-2  inches  long.  '  . 

E.  Franciscanam  Barbsy.  Bot.  Cal.  i,  220  A  span  to  mostly  a  foot 
or  two  high,  the  larger  forms  much  branched;  subcanescent  or  more  or 
less  pilose  above;  leaves  elliptical-lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate;  obtuse, 
with  rather  numerous  and  prominent  serrations;  rounded  to  the  very 
short  and  broad  petioles :  flowers  at  first  crowded  scarcely  exceeding  the 
somewhat  reduced  leaves,  clustered  at  the  end  of  branches ;  seeds  broad, 
very  hyaline-papillate.    Oregon  to  California  and  Nevada. 

=  =  Petals  2-3  lines  long,  pale  to  mostly  rather  deep  rose-colored ; 
leaves  for  the  most  part  attenuate,  rather  broad  often  purple  in 
autumn. 

E.  coloratum  Muhl.  Glabrate  below,  the  rather  numerous  panicled 
branches  canescent  with  incurved  hairs,  at  least  along  the  decurrent  lines 
and  more  or  less  glandular  towards  the  end:  leaves  2-<}  inches  long,  lanceo- 
late to  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  deeply  and  irregularly  serrulate,  mostly 
gradually  narrowed  to  conspicuous  slender  petioles,  glabrous  except  the 
uppermost,  rugose  veiny:  flowers  very  numerous  more  or  less  nodding; 
petals  1-2  lines  long,  rosy :  fruiting  peduncles  slender  mostly  short : 
seeds  beakless,  strongly  papillate ;  coma  at  length  cinnamon-colored,  at 
least  at  base.     Oregon  and  Eastern  States. 

E.  adenocaulon  Hausskn.l.c.  119.  Habit  of  the  preceding ;  inflorescence 
and  capsule  very  glandular- pubescent,  with  few  if  any  incurved  hairs ;  leaves 
2  inches  long  or  more ;  frequently  erect,  elliptical  to  mostly  ovate-lanceo- 
late, obtuse,  only  slightly  serrulate  or  denticulate,  abruptly  rounded  to 
short  winged  petioles,  rather  pale  green  and  glossy,  glabrous  except  the 
uppermost  which  are  gradually  reduced  and  seldom  as  rugose  as  in  E. 
coloratum ;  flowers  very  numerous,  more  or  less  nodding,  two  lines  long, 
rosy ;  seeds  obovoid,  abruptly  short-beaked ;  coma  white.  Oregon  to  New 
Brunswick,  Pennsylvania,  Utah  and  California. 

Var.  occidentale  Trel.  I.e.  95  Remotely  leafy,  especially  the  mostly 
strict  glandular  branches;  leaves  more  triangular-lanceolate  ;  2  inches  long 
on  the  main  stem,  prominently  denticulate.  Brit.  Columbia  to  Central 
California. 

Var.(?)  perplexans  Trel.  I.e.  96.  Slender,  subsimple  or  with  few  ascend- 
ing remotely  leafy  branches ;  less  glandular,  the  inflorescence  sometimes 
canescent  with  incurved  hairs :  leaves  scarcely  2  inches  long,  divergent, 
lanceolate,  rather  obtuse,  the  upper  acutely  tapering  to  slender  sometimes 
elongated  petioles.     Yellowstone  Park  to  Oregon  and  California. 

-*-  -fr-  -«-  Producing  globose  or  ovoid  sessile  or  sub-sessile  subter- 
ranean winter  bulblets  with  fleshy  scales  :  seeds  papillate  and  more  or 
less  beaked. 

-••  Leaves  mostly  broad  and  ample  or  of  medium  size  and  with  evi- 
dent lateral  veins;  stems  with  more  or  less  prominent  lines  decurrent 
from  some  of  the  nodes. 

E.  delicatuni  Trel.  1.  c.  98.  Slender  stemmed,  glabrous  except  for  the 
crisp-hail^  lines  above  and  slightly  crisp-hairy  or  glandular  inflorescence  : 
leaves  as  much  as  38  lines  long,  mostly  very  divergent,  chiefly  ovate-lance- 
olate and  obtuse,  undulately  low-denticulate,  rounded  to  the  very  short 
narrow  base  or  cuneate  and  somewhat  petioled,  thin  and  pale :  flowera 


226  ONAGRACE^.  epilobium. 

few, nodding ;  petals  2-4  lines  long, violet;  capsules  20-30  lines  long, their  slen- 
der peduncles  about  half  as  long:  seeds  finely  papillate;  coma  dingy. 
Union  county,  Oregon  (Cusick). 

E.  glandulosum  Lehm.  Hook.  Fl.  i,  206.  Tall  and  rather  thick 
stemmed,  the  largest  specimens  branched ;  commonly  somewhat  loosely 
crisp-pubescent  above  or  with  very  flexuous  glandular  hair- :  leaves 
crowded  near  the  summit,  frequently  exceeding  the  inflorescence;  3-5 
inches  long,  broadly  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  the  upper  acute  or  sub- 
acuminate,  prominently  serrulate,  mostly  abruptly  rounded  to  the  base, 
drying  dark:  flowers  erect, near  the  end  of  the  stem:  petals  2-3  lines  long, 
more  or  less  purple ;  capsules  about  80  lines  long,  short-stalked ;  seeds 
coarsely  hyaline-papillate  or  with  the  papillae  often  entirely  collapsed, 
very  blunt  above;  coma  dingy.  Alaska  and  Brit.  Columbia,  perhaps 
Washington. 

E.  brevistylum  Barbey.  Bot.  Cal.  i,  220.  Slender  pubescent,  leaves 
scarcely  2  inches  long,  ovate  or  elliptical,  loosely  and  uniformly  distrib- 
uted along  the  stem,  the  uppermost  reduced  and  surpassed  by  the  nearly 
glabrous  capsule ;  seeds  slightly  tapering  upwards,  coarsely  hyaline-papil- 
late.    Springs  etc  ,  Washington  to  California. 

E.  nrsinnm  S.  R.  Parish.  A  span  to  a  foot  high,  slender:  both 
leaves  and  stems  below  pilose  with  rather  remote  and  spreading  long 
white  hairs;  the  infloresence  minutely  glandular-pubescent:  leaves  an 
inch  long  or  less,  rather  uniformly  and  in  larger  plants  remotely  distrib- 
uted, ovate,  broadly  lanceolate,  the  upper  subacute  and  serrate,  the  lower 
blunter  and  finely  denticulate  or  nearly  entire,  very  abruptly  rounded  to 
the  sessile  base,  flowers  few,  erect  or  somewhat  nodding;  petals  white  or 
lavender,  2-3  lines  long:  capsules  ascending  15  lines  long  on  very  slender 
peduncles  of  more  than  half  their  length,  soon  glabrous  ;  seeds  often  very 
rough,  short  beaked:  coma  rather  scant,  white.  iSan  Bernardino  county, 
California  to  Washington. 

Var.  subfalcatum  Trel.  I.e.  101.  Lower  but  often  branched  below, almost 
without  decurrent  lines,  densely  tomentose  or  pilose  to  the  glandular 
shorter  inflorescence ;  leaves  narrower  sometimes  falcate,  entire  or  remotely 
and  inconspicuously  denticulate,  mostly jobtuse,  more  cuneateat  base,  more 
tomentose  with  inconspicuous  lateral  veins;  capsule  at  first  very  short 
stalked.     California  to  Southern  Oregon. 

E.  Halleanum  Hausskn.  Monog  Epilob.  261  Tall  and  slender,  glan- 
dular-puberulent  throughout  or  soon  glabrous  below,  leaves  remote,  mostly 
ascending  10-15  lines  long  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  the  lower  obtuse, 
decidedly  undulate-serrulate,  abruptly  sessile  or  some  of  them  clasping, 
decurrent  by  the  broad  base:  flowers  and  capsules  ultimately  rather 
remote  in  the  upper  axils;  petals  2-3  lines  long,  pale  to  mostly  rather 
deep  violet;  capsule  almost  2  inches  long  on  slender  peduncles  of  nearly 
equal  length,  exceeding  the  subtending  leaves :  seeds  sometimes  smooth, 
usually  very  finely  papillate,  fusiform,  blunt  at  base,  with  gradually  nar- 
rowed pale  apex  and  hyaline  beak ;  coma  scarcely  dingy.  Vancouver  Island 
to  Oregon. 

*t  Leaves  rather  small  with  less  conspicuous  lateral  veins  evidently 
petioled;  stems  terete  but  sometimes  pubescent  in  lines.  Much- 
branched  small  plants,  with  the  rather  spreading  leaves  therefore 
mainlv  attenuate. 

E.  leptocarpum  Hausskn.  I.e.  258.  A  span  or  less  high,  glabrous  except 
ior  some  incurved  pubescence  on  the  stem :  leaves  less  than  10  lines  long 
broadly  lanceolate,  sparingly  low-toothed,  tapering  from  near  the  middle 
to  the  obtuse  or    subacute  apex  and  winged   petiole ;   flowers  abundant 


EPiLOBiuM.  ONAGRACEiE.  227 

for  the  size  of  the  plant;  calj'x-tube  narrow;  petals  about  2  lines  long,  rosy 
capsules  10  lines  long, on  very  slender  peduncles  of  nearly  equal  length; 
seeds  nearly  ellipsoidal  shortly  hyaline-beaked  ;  coma  at  length  cinnamon- 
colored.     Oregon  (Hall  No.  188.) 

Var.C?)  MacouniiTrel.l  c.  105  Less  branched, crisp-pubescent  in  lines, the 
same  pubescence  more  or  less  abundant  also  on  the  flowers  and  capsules ; 
leaves  more  ovate ;  seeds  longer;  coma  paler.      Washington  to  Athabasca. 

^_  ^_  +.  ^_  Producing  subterranean  scaly  branches  which  ulti- 
mately turn  upwards  and  usually  develop  at  once  into  leafy  shoots. 

4*  GlaVous  and  glaucous;  stems  terete  slender  rather  tall  except  in 
the  variety  usually  somewhat  cespitose^  leaves  mostly  simple  and  oppo- 
site, subsessile  with,  faint  lateral  veins;  flowers  erect  or  suberect;  seeds 
obovoid;  scarcely  beaked,  coarsely  papillate. 

E.  fflaberrimum  Barbey.  Bot.  Cal.  i,  220.  About  a  foot  high,  simple 
or  nearly  so;  leaves  erect  or  ascending,  often  remote,  an  inch  long,  all  but 
the  lowest  lanceolate,  rather  obtuse,  entire  to  slightly  repand.  narrowed 
to  the  sometimes  subpetioled  base:  petals  purple  to  nearly  white,  2-4  lines 
long:  capsule  3  inches  long,  linear,  falcate;  seeds  very  rough  with  blunt 
papillae,  abruptly  rounded  to  the  short  insertion  of  the  barely  dingy  coma. 
In  high  mountains  Washington  to  California. 

Var.  latifolium  Barbey  1.  c.  Rather  firmer  stemmed  and  more 
branched;  sometimes  dwarf;  leaves  more  divergent  scarcely  an  inch  long; 
broadly  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  mostly  subcordately  contracted  to  the 
very  short  base.     Oregon  to  California  and  the  mountains  of  Utah. 

++  ■>*  Puberr.lent  at  least  in  lines;  seeds  more  fusiform,  usually 
somewhat  beaked  above. 

=  '^eeds  papillate. 

E.  Oregannm  Greene  Pitt,  i,  225.  Two  to  four  feet  high,  stout  sim- 
ple or  sparingly  branched  with  ascending  branches,  glabrate  and  glaucous 
below,  glandular-puberulent  above:  leaves  ascending  2-3  inches  long, 
lanceolate  obtuse,  closely  denticulate,  cuneately  subsessile  or  abruptly 
rounded  to  short  winged  petioles:  flowers  rather  numerous,  erect  in  the 
axils  of  the  reduced  uppar  leaves;  calyx-tube  1-2  lines  long,  narrowly 
funnel-form,  petals  violet  4-6  lines  long,  pubescent  near  the  apex  and  on 
the  outside  of  the  four  divergent  stigmatic  lobes;  capsule  nearly  erect  20 
lines  long,  usually  subsessile;  seeds  oblong,  fusiform,  obliquely  pointed  at 
base  and  very  shortly  pellncid-baaked;  coma  white.  In  running  water 
Spring  Hill,  Grant's  Pass, Oregon. 

E.  Horiiemanni  Reichenb  Incon.  Cirt  ii,  73.  Mostly  a  span  or  two 
high  ;  ascending,  simple,  somewhat  crisp-hairy  in  the  inflorescence  and 
along  the  decurrent  lines  or  slightly  grandular  at  top,  otherwise  glabrate : 
leaves  about  an  inch  long,  elliptical  ovate,  mostly  very  obtuse,  nearly  entire 
to  remotely  serrulate,  the  lower  cuneately  narrowed,  the  upper  usually 
abruptly  rounded  to  the  short  petioles :  flowers  rather  few,  nearly  erect: 
petals  2-4  lines  long,  lilac  to  deep  violet;  capsule  an  inch  long,  slender, 
erect  on  slender  peduncles,  about  equalling  the  gradually  reduced  sub- 
tending leaves;  seeds  rather  abruptly  short  appendaged;  coma  somewhat 
dingy.  Mountains,  Brit  Columbia  to  California, .  Colorado,  Utah  and 
Europe 

=  =  Seeds  smooth  or  merely  areolate. 

E.  Bougardi  Hausskn  Oesterr  Bot  Zeitschr  xxix  89.  A  foot  or  less 
high,  erect,  simple  with  crisp  hairy  lines,  apex  at  first  nodding:  leaves  1-2 
inches  long,   crowded  above,   very  broadly  lanceolate,  the  upper  acute, 


228  ONAGRACE^.  epilobium. 

sharply  but  remotely  denticulate,  usually  crisp-ciliate,  gradually  narrowed 
to  the  conspicuous  cuneately  winged  base ;  inflorescence  sparingly  glandu- 
lar; flowers  rather  few,  somewhat  nodding:  petals  about  4-lines  long  pale 
or  rosy ;  capsule  rather  slender,  20  lines  long,  on  slender  peduncles  much 
shorter  than  the  leaves:  seeds  nearly  beakless;  coma  dingy.  Alaska  and 
the  adjacent  islands,  perhaps  Washington. 

■*--¥-■*-■*-■*-  Often  more  or  less  cespitose  by  leafy  stolons,   other- 
wise simple  or  nearly  soj  sometimes  apparently  annual. 

f*  Seeds  smooth  or  at  most  undulate-areolate  except  in  forms  re- 
ferred to  Oregonense. 

=  Leaves  rather  ample. 

E.  alpinnm  L.  Sp.  348,  in  Part.  Mostly  a  span  or  two  high,  simple, 
inflorescence  and  decurrent  lines  nearly  glabrous ;  leaves  thin  and  delicate, 
pale  green,  20  lines  long,  sub-elliptical,  rather  obtuse,  subentire  to  some- 
what sharply  serrulate,  gradually  narrowed  to  slender  petioles:  flowers 
few,  suberect.  in  the  upper  axils;  petals  a  line  or  more  long,  white  or  rosy- 
tipped  ;  capsule  very  slender,  erect  or  ascending,  about  2  incles  long,  their 
peduncles  rather  slender  and  about  equalling  the  subtending  leaves  or 
stouter  and  as  long  as  the  capsules :  seeds  smooth  gradually  attenuated  at 
apex,  with  veiny  beak.  In  the  high  mountain  swamps,  Brit  Columbia  to 
California  and  Eastern  States. 

=  =  Leaves  narrow,  subentire. 

E.  Oregonense  Hausskn  Monogr.  Epilob.  270.  A  span  high  with 
few  sterile  shoots  at  base,  erect  even  as  to  the  apex,  glabrous  except  for 
very  sparing  glandular  hairs  in  the  inflorescence;  leaves  6-b>  lines  long 
crowded  1^  elow,  remote  and  very  small  above,  narrowly  oblong-ovate  or  the 
uppermost  linear  very  obtuse,  remotely  denticulate,  somewhat  cuneately 
narrowed  at  base  but  sessile:  flowers  few,  strictly  erect;  petals  deep  violet, 
4  lines  long;  capsules  about  2  inches  long  slender  strict,  much  surpassing 
the  summit  of  the  stem,  their  very  slender  peduncles  of  nearly  equal 
length,  far  exceeding  the  subtending  leaves;  seeds  smooth,  blunt.  Bogs, 
Oregon  to  Brit.  Columbia. 

Var.  (0  gracillimum  Trel.  ?p  Epilob.  105.  A  span  to  nearly  a  foot 
high,  cespitose,  very  slender;  quickly  erect  and  hardly  bent  at  top,  glab- 
rous except  the  very  minutely  and  sparingly  glandular  inflorescence: 
leaves  shorter  than  the  internodes,  narrow,  entire  keeled,  on  the  midrib ; 
flowers  few,  nearly  erect;  petals  white  or  pale,  H  lines  long;  seeds  evi- 
dently papillate,  the  beak  scarcely  hyaline  Bogs,  Washington  to  Cali- 
fornia. 

E.  anagallidifolinm  Lam.  Diet  ii,  376.  About  a  span  high,  at  length 
rather  densely  cespitose,  otherwise  unbranched,  stems  very  slender, 
strongly  nodding  at  apex,  somewhat  crisp-hairy  at  least  in  lines;  leaves  5-10 
lines  long,  all  but  the  lowermost  very  narrowly  ovate  or  oblong,  rather 
obtuse,  entire  or  remotely  denticulate ;  flowers  few,  crowded  at  apex 
somewhat  nodding;  petals  lilac  to  violet,  2  lines  long;  capsule  one  inch 
long,  slender,  surpassing  the  end  of  the  stem,  their  rather  slender  pedun- 
cles shorter  than  the  leaves  or  when  only  one  or  two  are  present  equalling 
the  capsules;  seeds  short-beaked;  coma  somewhat  dingy.  Arctic  America 
to  California,  also  in  the  Old  World. 

^^*  *>     Feeds  often  coarsely  papillate,  nearly  one-half  longer  than 
in  the  preceding  group 

E.  clayalum  Trel.  1  c.  111.  A  span  high,  mostly  densely  cespitose,  the 
slender  stems  ascending,  glabrate  to  sparingly  glandular  throughout ;  leaves 
8-10  lines  long,  broadly  ovate,  very  obtuse,  mostly  rounded  to  evident  peti- 


GAYOPHYTCM.  ONAGRACEiE.  229 

oles  :  flowers  rather  few,  suberect,  petals  rose- colored,  2  lines  long,  capsules 
s.n  inch  long,  siibclavate,  arcuately  divergent  the  lowest  often  not  reach- 
ing the  apex  of  the  stem,  their  slender  peduncles  equalling  the  subtending 
leaves:  seeds  fusiform, tapering  into  a  pale  beak.  Oregon  to  Brit.  Colum- 
lf>ia,  Wyoming  and  Utah. 

3    GAYOPHYIUM.     A.  Juss.  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  xxv,  18,  PI.  4. 

Calyx-tube  not  produced  above  the  ovary :  the  4-parted  decid- 
uous limb  reflexed.  Petals  4,  white  or  rose-colored,  very  small, 
obovate  or  oval  with  a  very  short  claw.  Stamens  8;  anthers 
broad  or  rounded,  attached  by  the  middle,  those  opposite  to  the 
petals  on  shorter  filaments  and  usually  sterile.  Ovary  2- celled: 
style  short:  stigma  capitate  or  clavate.  Capsule  membranaceous, 
clavate,  2-celled,  4-valved.  Seeds  few  to  many,  in  one  row  in  each 
cell,  small,  smooth,  oblong,  naked,  ascending.  Very  slender 
branching  ainiuals,  of  Western  North  America  and  Chili,  with 
linear  entire  leaves  and  axillary  flowers.  The  following  are  the 
only  North  American  species  known  : 

Cr.  lasiospermnm  Greene  Pitt,  ii,  164.  Stems  10-12  inches  high, 
loosely  dichotomous  with  filiform  branches:  the  upper  leaves  and  inflor- 
escence more  or  less  canescent  with  appressed  or  spreading  short  hairs : 
leaves  ascending;  flowers  small,  the  petals  about  a  line  long:  shorter 
stamens  with  small  anthers:  stigma  globose,  about  2  lines  in  diameter : 
capsule  erect,  about  equalling  the  subtending  leaves,  narrowly  linear  or 
slightly  clavate,  scarcely  torulose,  on  slender  pedicels  about  2  lines  long : 
seeds  mostly  numerous,  erect,  not  papillate,  finely  appressed  pubescent. 
Jn  the  high  mountains,  Washington  to  Southern  California. 

G.  diffusum  T.  &  G  Fl.  i,  513.  Minutely  pubescent  above  especially 
when  young,  stems  very  slender,  6-18  inches  high  diffusely  much 
hranched  above ;  leaves  linear-spatulate  to  linear,  the  lower  obtus^e,  the 
upper  acute  or  acuminate;  flowers  2  lines  in  diameter,  petals  ovate  a  line 
or  less  long;  stamens  all  fertile;  stigma  small  clavate;  pod  linear-subu- 
late, minutely  canescent,  attenuate  below  to  a  slender  pedicel ;  the  cells 
4-8-seeded      Brit  Columbia  to  California  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

G.  erlosperinum  Coville  Bot  Death  Valley  Exp.  103.  Stems  12-20 
inches  high,  glabrous,  widely  branching:  leaves  narrowly  linear,  acute, 
Attenuate  at  base,  the  largest  2  inches  long  and  3  lines  broad:  pedicels  4-8 
lines  long,  erect:  ovary  appressed-pubescent :  calyx-lobes  2  lines  long, 
sparingly  appressed-hairy :  petals  3-4  lines  long,  obovate,  rose-colored  in 
age:  capsule  erect,  about  5  lines  long,  torulose,  commonly  8-1 0-seeded: 
.seeds  a  Une  long,  narrowly  obovate,  densely  pubescent.  In  the  mountains 
of  Southeastern  Oregon  to  u.iddle  California. 

G.  ramosissmnm  T.  &  G.  Fl.  i,  513.  Glabrous  or  the  inflorescence 
sornetimes  puberulent,  diffusely  much  branched  6-18  inches  high;  leaves 
an  inch  long  or  less:  flowers  half  a  line  long,  mostly  near  the  ends  of  the 
branches;  capsule  oblong,  two  or  three  lines  long,  on  pedicels  about  the 
same  length  or  shorter,  often  deflexed ;  3-5-seeded.  Eastern  Oregon  to 
Mariposa  county,  California. 

G.  racemosnni  T.  &  G.  1.  c.  Glabrous  or  more  or  les3  canescent  with 
short  appressed  hairs ;  6-18  inches  high";  the  elongated  branches  mostly 
simple ;  flowers  half  a  line  long,  axillary  the  whole  length  of  the  branches; 
capsules  linear,  sessile  or  very  shortly  pedicelled,  8-lU  lines  long,  usually 
many-seeded.     Brit.  Columbia  to  California. 


230  ONAGRACE^.  onagra. 

ANOGRA. 

€r.  pnmilam  AVatson  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  Filiform  stems  2-6  inches 
high,  somewhat  strict,  sparingly  branched  above:  flowers  less  than  a  line 
broad;  capsule  erect,  very  shortly  pedlcelled,  0  lines  long  by  half  aline 
broad  or  more;  the  numerous  seeds  oblique  in  the  cells.  Marshy  place* 
in  the  high  mountains,  from  Washington  to  California. 

4    ONAGRA    Adns.  Fam.  PI.  ii,  85. 

Caulescent  annual  or  biennial  herbs  with  alternate  leaves  and 
yellow  nocturnal  flowers,.that  are  erect  before  opening.  Calyx- 
tube  more  or  less  prolonged  above  the  ovary,  deciduous,  segments 
4,  reflexed.  Petals  4,  equal  obcordate  to  obovate  sessile,  yellow 
changing  to  pink  in  age.  Stamens  8,  equal  in. length.  Stigma 
deeply  4-cleft,  its  segments  linear.  Ovules  and  seeds  horizontal, 
inserted  in  two  rows,  rarely  in  several  rows,  prismatic -angled. 

0.  Hookeri.  Fmiall  Bull.  Torr.  Club  xxiii,  17i.  (JEnothera  Hookeri  T. 
(Sc  G.  Fl.  i,  49S.  (IE,  hiennis  of  authors  as  to  plants  of  our  range,  stems 
erect,  usually  stout  and  mostly  simple,  1-5  feet  high,  canescently  pubescent 
and  more  or  less  hirsute  or  strigose  :  root  often  persisting  for  three  or  more 
years:  leaves  lanceolate  to  ovate- lanceolate,  2-5  inches  long,  acute  or 
acuminate,  repandly  denticulate,  the  lowest  petioled  :  rtowers  sessile,  in  a 
leafy  spike;  calyx  villous,  the  tube  twice  the  length  of  the  ovary,  rather 
shorter  than  the  slightly  acuminate  segments :  petals  obcordate,  6-12  lines 
long,  stigma  linear;  somewhat  thickened  :  capsule  \i-l'2.  lines  long,  more  or 
less  pubescent  or  hirsute.  Common  along  rivers,  etc.  \N  ashington  to 
California  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

•       6    AXOGRA    Spach.  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  (II;  iv,  16-i. 

Annual  or  perennial  caulescent  herbs  with  alternate  leaves 
and  axillary  white,  becoming  rose-color,  diurnal  flowers  that  are 
nodding  in  the  bud.  Calyx  tube  prolonged  above  the  ovary, 
deciduous.  Stamens  8,  equal.  Style  filiform  ;  stigma  4-lobed. 
Capsule  coriaceous  or  somewhat  woody,  dehiscing  loculicidally, 
4-valved.  Ovules  and  seeds  in  2  rows  in  each  cell  ascending, 
not  angled. 

A.  trichocalyx.  Small  1.  c  (Enothera  trichocalyx  Nntt.  Stems  mostly 
stout,  6-12  inches  long,  erect  or  decumbent  at  base,  white  and  shming, 
from  a  perennial  base :  leaves  linear  to  oblong-lanceolate  or  rhomboidal, 
2-4  inches  long,  acute  or  acuminate,  attenuate  to  a  long  petiole,  repandly 
denticulate  or  sinuate-pinnatifid  with  irregular  marginal  segments  or  the 
lowest  entire :  calyx  very  villous,  the  bud  obtuse:  tube  slender,  6-18  lines 
long,  naked  :  petals  about  equalling  the  calyx:tube,  very  broad,  entire  or 
deeply  sinuous:  capsule  linear,  tapering  upward,  1-2  inches  long :  seeds 
linear  not  punctate,  subangled.  Southeastern  Oregon  to  California  and 
the  Rocky  Mountains. 

A.  pallida  Britton  Mem.  Torr  Club  v.  CEnothera  alhicaulis  of  authors 
as  to  the  plants  in  our  range.  Stems  ratiier  stout,  6-24  inches  high,  simple 
or  branched,  white  and  often  shreddy,  from  a  perennial  running  root- 
stock:  leaves  linear  to  oblong-lanceolate,  l-S  inches  long,  entire  or  repand- 
denticulate,  or  sinuate-pinnatifid  towards  the  base :  calyx  with  the  tips  of 
the  segments  free,  the  tube  rather  slender,  y-12  lines  long,  throat  naked; 
petals  equalling  or  somewhat  shorter  than  the  tube,  suborbicular,  entire 
or  emarginate;  capsule  linear,  tapering  upward,  1-2  inches  long;  seeds 
hinceo-lineaf,  smooth,  subangled.  On  sandy  plains,  Brit.  Columbia  to 
Oregon  and  Minnesota.  ' 


TARAXTA.  ONAGHaCE^.  231 

7    TARAXIl    Nutt.    Raimann  in  Engl.  &  Prantl  Nat.  Pfl.  Fam.  Ill,  216.. 

Acaulescent  plant  with  pinnatifid  or  entire  leaves 
and  yellow  or  white  axillary  flowers.  Calyx  4-parted, 
the  tube  filiform,  longer  than  the  ovary,  marcescent  or  tardily 
deciduous,  Petals  4,  deciduous.  Stamens  8,  erect ;  anthers  oval 
or  oblong  and  fixed  near  the  base  or  linear  and  fixed  near  the 
middle.  Style  usually  adherent  to  the  calyx-tube  :  stigma  capi- 
tate, entire  or  rarely  4-.toothed  Capsule  sessile.  Seeds  some- 
what ascending,  in  a  double  series  with  a  crustaceous  testa. 

T.  graciliflora  Raimann.  1.  c.  (Enothera  grncilijiora  H.  &  A.  Small 
villous  annual :  leaves  linear.  18-30  lines  long  acuminate  or  obtuse  attenu- 
ate or  more  frequently  broad  at  base,  entire  or  obscurely  repand-dentate, 
ciliate  calyx-tube  6-18  lines  long;  petals  8-5  lines  long,  yellow  changing  to 
greenish  in  age :  capsule  compressed-ovate  4-6  lines  long  coriaceous,  tet- 
ragonal below  and  4- winged  above  the  middle,  the  wings  obliquely  truncate 
and  hairy :  seeds  horizontal,  smooth.  On  barren  plains  and  gravelly  bars, 
{southern  Oregon  and  California. 

T.  heterantha  Small  1.  c.  CEnothera  heterantha  Nutt.  Glabrous  per- 
ennial :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  tapering  into  a  slender  petiole,  acute  or 
acuminate,  entire  or  repand,  2-4  inches  long:  tube  of  the  calyx  much 
shorter  than  the  leaves,  the  segments  linear-lanceolate;  about  the  length 
of  the  broadly  obovate  retuse  petals,  anthers  oblong,  fixed  near  the  base, 
capsule  9  lines  long,  obovoid-oblong,  tetragonal,  attenuate  above  into  the 
persistent  calyx-tube,  the  sides  nearlv  flat,  ribbed,  subreticulated :  seeds 
numerous,  minutely  pitted.  On  dry  plains,  Eastern  Oregon  and  Idaho  to 
Utah  and  JSevada. 

T.  ovata  Small  1  c.  (E.ovataNatt.  Subpubescent  perennial  leaves  ovate 
to  oblong-lanceolate,  ciliate.  acute,  erosely  or  repandly  denticulate,  or 
serrulate,  2-8  inches  long:  calyx-tube  1-4  inches  long:  petals  yellow,  3-10 
lines  long:  capsule  6  lines  long,  strongly  torulose:  seeds  few,  in  one  or  two 
rows,  erect,  oval  a  line  long.  Jn  moist  piaces,  Southern  Oregon  to  Cali- 
fornia. 

T.  longiflora  Nutt.  in  Herb.  (Enothera  Nuttallii  T.  &  G.  Densely 
pubescent  perennial :  leaves  lanceolate,  2-6  inches  long,  petioled,  acumi- 
nate, deeply  sinuate-pinnatifid,  the  numerous  very  unequal  segments  often 
roundish  or  obtuse :  tube  of  the  calyx  12-18  lines  long;  petals  5-7  lines 
long  usually  white :  capsule  6-10  lines  long,  terete,  attenuate  above  into 
the  persistent  calyx-tube:  seeds  numerous,  conspicuously  pitted.  Along 
streams,  eastern  Washington  to  California  and  Nevada. 

8  SPH/EROSTIGMA  F.  &  M.  Ind.  Sem.  Hort.  Petrop.  ii,  49. 

Annual  or  perennial  caulescent  herbs  with  entire  or  pinnatifid 
leaves  and  yellow  white  or  rose-color  flowers  in  bracted  or  leafy 
spikes.  Tube  of  the  calyx  obconic  or  shortly  funnel  form,  much 
shorter  than  the  ovary  ;  the  limb  4-parted.  Petals  4,  entire  or 
emarginate.  Stamens  8,  somewhat  unequal,  the  oblong  anthers 
attached  near  the  middle.  Stigma  capitate,  entire.  Capsule 
linear,  sessile,  terete  or  tetragonal,  attenuate  at  the  apex,  more 
or  less  contorted,  completely  4-celled.  Seeds  ascending,  in  a 
single  row  in  each  cell,  ovate  to  linear-oblong,  smooth  or  nearly 
so. 


232  ONAGRACE^.  bph^rostigma. 

*  Flowers  white  or  rose  color,  in  a  nodding  spike :  tube  of  the 
calyx  funnel  form :  capsule  narrowly  linear,  terete,  much  contorted : 
seeds  linear  acute  at  each  end. 

S.  alyssoides  Walp.  Rep.  ii,  78.  CEnothera  alyssoides  H.  &  A.  Can- 
escently  pubescent  annual:  stems  1-32  inches  high,  branching  from  the 
base:  leaves  oblanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  1-3  inches  long,  attenuate 
into  a  slender  petiole,  .entire  or  repand-denticulate ;  the  bracts  much 
smaller  but  similar:  spikes  many-flowered,  elongating  in  age;  tube  of  the 
calyx  2-3  lines  long,  equalling  the  orbicular  entire  white  petals:  capsule 
puberulent,  8-12  lines  long,  very  slender :  seeds  nearly  white,  very  minutely 
pitted.    On  sandy  plains  Southeastern  Oregon  to  Nevada,  Idaho  and  Utah. 

S.  Hoothii  Walp  I.e. ,.77.  Very  viscidly  pubescent  annual;  branch- 
ing from  the  base,  2-4  inches  high  ;  leaves  ovate,  6-12  lines  long,  acute  or  ac- 
cuminate;  denticulate  shortly  petioled;  tube  of  the  calyx  1-3  lines  long;  petals 
rose-color,  2-3  lines  long;  capsule  linear-fusiform,  6-9  Imes  long,  viscid- 
glandular,  much  contorted ;  seeds  brownish,  angled,  very  minutely  tuber- 
culate.  Oft  dry  hillsides,  Eastern  Oregon  and  Washington  to  California 
.and  Nevada. 

*  *  Flowers  yellow  becoming  greenish  or  bluish  in  age :  calyx- 
tube  obconic:  capsule  linear,  tetragonal,  more  or  less  contorted:  stems 
leafy  throughout. 

"S.  spirale  Walp.  Rep.  ii,  77.  (Enothera  cheiranthifolia  Hornein. 
Btems  decumbent,  spreading,  often  2  feet  long  or  more,  canescently 
pubescent:  leaves  thick,  6-.,(i  lines  long,  broadly  ovate  to  oblong  or  lanceo- 
late, the  radical  and  lower  cauline  often  spatulate  or  oblanceolate  and 
slender  petioled,  mostly  entire:  calyx  canescent,  its  tube  1-2  lines  lonw; 
petals  3-4  lines  long,  yellow  becoming  bluish :  capsule  4-S  lines  long,  sub- 
hairy,  contorted :  seed  ovate  oblong,  acute  at  base,  smooth.  Along  the 
coast,  Southern  Oregon  and  California. 

*  *  *  Flowers  small,  yellow  usually  turning  red,  calyx-tube  very 
short;  capsule  elongated,  very  narrowly  linear  slightly  curved. 

S.  coiitorta  Walp.  1.  c.  78.  (Enothera  strijalosa  T.  tC:  G.  Nearly 
glabrous;  the  ovary  and  calyx  usually  somewhat  appressed-pubescent : 
stems  slender,  ascending  or  erect,  usually  divaricately  branched,  2-12 
inches  high:  leaves  linear  or  lanceolate,  3-9  lines  long,  attenuate  at  base, 
entire  or  sparingly  denticulate,  flowers  very  small:  petals  1-2  lines  long, 
usually  turning  red  in  age :  capsule  8-13  lines  long,  sessile  or  attenuate 
into  a  very  short  pedicel,  scarcely  attenuate  above,  more  or  less  curved 
or  contorted:  seeds  smooth.  On  dry  sandy  plains  Eastern  Washington 
to  California,   Nevada  and  Arizona. 

Var,  pubeiis  vSmall  1.  c  189.  Pubescence  hirsute  and  spreading  es- 
pecially below,  often  subglandular  above,  sometimes  very  smooth.  Van- 
couver Island  to  Nevada;  Arizona  and  (Southern  California. 

Viir.  Greenei  Small  1.  c  strictly  erect  with  ascending  somewhat  vir- 
gate  branches  :  pubescence  neither  white  nor  appressed.  but  spreading  and 
hirsute  :  pods  longer  and  slender.     Oregon  to  California. 

*  *  *  *     Low,  flowers  minute :  capsule  fusiform,  short. 

S.  Hilgardi  Small  1.  c  188.  ("Enothera  Hilgardi  Greene.  Canescently 
pubescent ;  stems  3-6  inches  high,  divaricately  much  branched:  leaves 
linear-spatulate,  entire  including  the  petiole  1-2  inches  long:  branches 
corymbose  in  flower,  densely  spicate  in  fruit,  the  spikes  leafy;  petals  1-2 
lincH  long,  obovate.  entire:  capsule  6  lines  long,  straight,  sharply  angled, 
attenuate  upward;  seeds  obovate  pale,  smooth  and  shining.  In  moist 
places  Eastern  Washington  and  Oregon. 


CHYLisMA.  ONAGRACE.E.  233 

PACHYLOPHUS. 

S.  andinum  Walp  1.  c.  7P.  (Enothera  andina  Nutt.  Canescently 
pubescent  throughout:  stems  slender,  1-3  inches  high,  becoming  diffiusely 
branched :  leaves  linear-spatulate  6-12  lines  long,  attenuate  into  a  slender 
petiole  :  spikes  mostly  dense,  many-flowered :  flowers  yellow,  barely  a  line 
long :  capsule  3-6  lines  long,  attenuate  upward  from  near  the  base :  seeds 
linear-oblong,  nearly  smooth.  On  alkaline  plains,  easte;*n  Washington  to 
Nevada,  Montana  and  Utah. 

9  CHYLISMA  Nutt.  Raimann,  Engl.  &  Prantl,  Nat.  Pfl.  Fam.  iii,217. 

Caulescent  annuals  with  pinnate  or  simple  leaves  and  yellow 
flowers  in  terminal  racemes.  Calyx-tube  funnel-form  or  obconic, 
the  limb  4-parted.  Petals  4, entire.  Stamens  8,  unequal;  anthers 
oblong,  attached  near  the  middle.  Stigma  capitate,  entire.  Cap- 
sule linear,  subcylindrical  or  subclavate,  obtuse,  membranaceous, 
not  sessile,  seeds  ascending,  in  a  single  row  in  each  cell. 

C.  scapoidea  Small  1  c  193.  (Enothera  scapoidea  Nutt.  Puberulent 
or  subglabrous :  stems  erect,  4-18  inches  high,  usually  branching  from 
near  the  base:  leaves  mostly  subradical,  long-petioled.  lyrately  pinnatifid, 
or  so^^etimes  undivided,  the  terminal  segment  much  the  longest,  ovate 
to  oblong-lanceolate,  cuneate  to  cordate  at  base,  irregularly  serrate,  the 
prominent  veins  often  dark  colore*!,  the  lateral  leaflets  few  to  many  or 
none,  very  irregular  in  size  and  shape:  racemes  at  first  nodding,  the  bracts 
very  small  or  wanting;  calyx-tube  funnel  form  with  a  narrow  base,  1-2 
lines  long,  the  bud  closed  and  abruptly  acute;  petals  yellow,  1-2  lines  long: 
cuDsule  glabrous,  4-12  lines  long,  attenuate  into  a  pedicel  2-8  lines  long, 
ascending  or  divaricate.  Idaho  and  Wyoming  to  Utah  and  Southern  Cali- 
fornia. 

C.  crnciformis.  (Enothera  crucifi>imis  Kll-  (11.  sc poidea  Vor.  pur- 
purascens  Watson.  Stems  erect,  6-18  inches  high,  stoutish  usually  branch- 
ing from  near  the  base  :  leaves  mostly  subradical,  long-petioled,  lyrately 
pinnate,  the  terminal  leaflets  much  the  largest ;  lateral  few  to  several 
or  none,  very  irregular  in  size  and  shape,  racemes  at  first  nodding,  the 
bracts  very  small  or  wanting,  calyx-tube  funnelform  with  a  narrow  base, 
2-3  lines  long ;  the  bud  abruptly  acuminate,  petals  white  or  pinkish,  rarely 
yellowish,  0-4  lines  long:  capsule  glabrous,  4-12  lines  long,  somewhat 
clavate,  on  pedicels  2-10  lines  long  On  alkaline  plains,  Southeastern 
Oregon  to  Nevada  and  Southern  California. 

10    PACHYLOPHUS  Spach.  Hist.  Veg.iv,  365. 

Acaul3scent  or  very  short  caulescent  perennials  with  entire  or 
pinnatifid  leaves  and  large  white  or  rose-color  flowers  that  open 
only  at  night  or  in  cloudy  weather.  Calyx-tube  elongated,  some- 
what dilated  at  the  throat,  the  limb  4-parted,  erect  in  the  bud. 
Petals  4,  sessile  white,  changing  to  red  in  age.  Stamens  8,  un- 
equal :  anthers  oblong  attached  near  the  base.  Capsule  ovate  or 
ovate-oblong,  large  and  rigid,  obtusely  tetragonal  or  sharply 
angled,  mostly  sessile.  Ovules  horizontal,  sessile  few,  in  one  or 
two  rows.     Seeds  large,  with  a  deep  furrow  along  the  raphe. 

P.  Nuttallia  Spach.  Hist.  Veg.  iv,  365.  CEnothera  cxspitosa  Nutt. 
Gla»  rous  or  more  or  less  villous  with  spreading  subscabrous  hairs:  leaves 
oblong  to  narrowly  lanceolate  2-12  inches  long  attenuate  to  a  long  petiole 
acute  or  acuminate,  sometimes  spatulate,  irregularly  sinuate-toothed  or 
pinnatifid  or  repand-denticulate :  tube  of  the  calyx  2-7  inches  long,  3-6 
lines  wide  at  the  throat,  segments  not  free  in   the  bud:  petals  broadly  ob_ 


234  ONAGRACE^.  pachylophus. 

GODETIA. 

cordate,  9-20  lines  long :  capsule  oblong  l-2>^  inches  long  by  3-6  lines  in 
diameter,  subattenuate  at  each  end,  sessile  or  short-pedicefed,  strongly 
ribbed  at  the  sides  and  often  with  a  double  crest  along  the  sutures  :  seeds 
in  two  rows  in  each  cell,  oval  oblong,  not  angled,  very  minutely  and 
densely  tubercled  upon  the  back,  with  a  thin  flattened  process  and  a  longi- 
tudinal furrow  on  the  ventral  side.  Oregon  and  Idaho  to  California,  Da- 
kota and  New  Mexico. 

■  11     GODETIA  Spach.  I.e. 

Simple  or  branched  erect  annuals  with  alternate  leaves  and 
showy  flowers  in  racemes  or  spikes.  Calyx-tube  above  the 
ovary  obconic  or  shortly  fiinnelform,  deciduous.  Petals  4, 
broad  and  sessile,  entire  or  emarginate  or  very  rarely  2-lobed,, 
lilac-purple  or  rose-color.  Stamens  8>  unequal,  the  filaments  op- 
posite the  petals  shorter  :  anthers  all  perfect,  oblong  attached  at 
the  base  and  erect  or  arcuate.  Ova'y  4-celled,  many-ovuled. 
Style  filiform  :  stigma-lobes  short,  linear  or  roundish.  Capsule 
ovate  to  linear,  4-sided,  somewhat  coriaceous,  loculicidally  de- 
hiscent. Seeds  ascending  or  horizontal,  in  one  or  two  rows  in 
each  cell,  obliquely  angled,  the  upper  surface  with  a  thin  tuber- 
culate  margin. 

*  Capsule  ovate  to  oblong,  sessile,  stems  erect,  leafy,  usually  stout 
and  strict;  the  flowers  in  a  strict  compact  spike  erect  in  the  bud. 

Gr.  purpurea  Watson  Bot.  Cal.  i,  220.  Mostly  very  leafy,  1-2  feet 
high,  canescently-puberulent,  the  ovary  hirsutely  villous;  leaves  oblong  to 
oblong-lanceolate,  1-3  inches  long,  obtuse  or  acute,  entire,  sessile  with  an 
obtuse  or  attenuate  base;  flowers  mostly  in  a  leafy  terminal  cluster;  calyx- 
tube  2-3  lines  long,  the  tips  not  free ;  petals  4-6  lines  long,  deep  purple; 
style  shorter  than  the  stamens,  the  stigma-lobes  very  short,  purple;  cap- 
sule ovate  to  linear-o'  long,  6-9  lines  long,  acute,  not  attenuate  at  base, 
hairy,  the  sides  nearly  flat,  ribbed.  From  the  valley  of  the  Columbia  to 
California. 

G.  lepida  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  xxii,  t.  1849.  Erect,  6-24  inches  high,  can- 
escentW-puberulent,  the  stem  usually  white  and  shining ;  leaves  oblong  to 
oblong-lanceolate,  3-2  inches  long,  usually  obtuse,  sessile  and  scarcely 
attenuate  at  base,  sparingly  denticulate ;  flowers  in  a  short  simple  spike; 
calyx-tube  2-3  lines  long,  the  lips  very  slightly  free;  petals  9-12  lines  long, 
rose-color  with  a  darker  spot  near  the  apex;  stigmas  very  short,  purple; 
capsule  5-8  lines  long,  2  lines  broad  and  attenuate  to  the  apex,  hairy,  the 
sides  tricostate,  at  least  alternately.     Willamette  valley  to  California. 

(x.  decunibeiis  Spach.  Monog.  Onogr.  68.  Stems  slender,  erect  or 
ascending,  3  inches  to  3  feet  high  ;  leaves  linear  to  oblong,  6-12  lines  long; 
calyx- tube  2  lines  long;  petals  3-8  lines  long,  purple  to  rose-color;  capsule 
shortly  pubescent,  4-6  lines  long.     Columbia  River  to  California. 

G.  Arnottii  Walp.  Rep.  ii,  88.  G.  lepula  vcir.  Arnottii  Watson.  Nearly 
glabrous  or  subcanescently  pnberulent:  leaves  linear  to  lanceolate,  12-18 
lines  long,  acute,  entire  or  sparingly  denticulate;  petals  4-8  lines  long; 
capsules  glabrous  or  nearly  so.     Southern  Oregon  to  California. 

G.  albescens  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  27.  Simple  or  branching  from  the 
base,  erect,  1-2  feet  high,  canescently  pubenlent,  leaves  linear  to  oblong- 
lanceolate  an  inch  long,  acutish,  sparingly  denticulate;  flowers  small  in 
numerous  short  lateral  spikelets,  mostly  crowded  into  a  compact  spike ; 
calyx-tube  2  lines   long;    petals    3-5    lines  long,  purplish-blue;  stigmas 


GODETiA.  ONAGRACE^.  2S5 

BOISDUVALIA. 

greenish  to  purple ;  capsule  oblong  3-6  lines  long,  shortly  hirsute  or  pubes- 
cent, at  least  the  alternate  sides  tricostate.     Oregon  to  California. 

*  *  Capsule  linear ;  flowers  loosely  scattered  in  a  slender  spike  or 
raceme,  nodding  in  the  bud. 

+-  Capsules  sessile. 

G.  quadrlvnlnera  Spach.  1.  c.  Usually  very  slender,  erect,  or  ascend- 
ing 1-2  ft.  high,  puberulent;  leaves  linear  to  linear-lanceolate,  1-2  inches 
long,  sessile  or  attenuate  to  a  short  petiole;  calyx-tube  obconic,  2-3  lines 
long,  the  tips  slightly  free;  petals  3-6  lines  long,  deep  purple  or  purplish 
stigma  lobes  very  short,  yellow;  ovary  and  capsule  hairy,  capsule  linear 
5-10  lines  long,  mostly  short,  attenuate  at  the  apex,  the  sides  nearly  flat  or 
channelled  by  the  prominence  of  the  sutures.  On  dry  plains,  Brit.  Colum- 
bia to  California. 

(x.  tenella  Watson  1.  c.  Erect,  6-18  in.  high,  puberulent:  leaves 
linear,  6-24  lines  long,  acute  or  obtuse,  more  or  less  attenuate,  mostly 
entire:  calyx-tube  shortly  obconic,  1-3  lines  long,  the  tips  closed  or  slightly 
free  ;  petals  3-5  lijies  long,  deep  purple;  stigma  lobes  purple  or  purplish, 
the  style  shorter  than  the  stamens;  capsules  puberulent,  8-12  lines  long, 
attenuate  above  but  not  at  base,  the  sides  nearly  flat.  Washington  to 
California. 

a,  yimiuea  Spach.  Monog.  Onogr.  60.  Usually  stout,  1-3  ft.  high, 
branched;  leaves  linear  to  linear  lanceolate,  1-2  in.  long,  narrowed  at  the 
base,  entire ;  calyx-tube  2-4  lines  long,  the  tips  slightly  free;  petals  9-12 
lilies  long,  deep  purple  or  purplish ;  capsule  9  lines  long,  8-costate,  smooth- 
ish.     Washingion  to  California. 

+-  H-     Capsule  pedicellcd  not  costate;  stigmas  mostly  yellow;  calyx 
tips  not  free  in  the  Lud.' 

G.  amoena  Lilja  in  Lindblom  Bot.  Notes  1833,  53.  Usually  slender, 
erect,  1-2  feet  high,  minutely  puberulent;  leaves  linear  to  narrowly  oblanceo- 
late,or  sometimes  lanceolate,  1-3  in.  long,  petioled,  entire  or  nearly  so;  ca- 
Ivx-tube  obconic,  2-4  lines  long;  petals  8-15  lines  long,  frequently  rather 
villous,  as  also  the  purple  anthers,  varying  from  nearly  white  to  rose-color, 
with  more  or  less  of  purple ;  filaments  rather  stout;  stigma-lobes  linear, 
1-2  lines  long,  yellow;  capsules  12-18  lines  long  attenuate  to  a  slender 
beak  above  and  into  the  pedicel  below  which  is  2-6  lines  long  Brit, 
Columbia  to  California. 

G.  epilobioides  Watson  Bot.  Cal.  i.  231.  -Erect,  1-3  ft  high  tomen- 
tosely  puberulent;  leaves  linear  to  linear-lanceolate,  1-2  inches  long, 
petioled,  entire  or  sparingly  denticulate;  calyx-tube  1-2  lines  long;  petals 
3-6  lines  long,  light  pnrpleor  rose-color;  stigma  lobes  short;  capsule  6-14 
lines  long,  acuminate,  attenuate  to  a  short  pedicel,  or  rarely  nearly  sessile. 
Brit.  Columbia  to  California  and  Nevada. 

G  hispidula  Watson  1.  c  633.  Erect,  6-12  in.  high,  mostly  simple 
and  often  but  i-flowered,  hispidly  puberulent,  especially  above;  leaves 
very  narrowly  linear.  1-2  in.  long:  calyx-tube  2-3  lines  long;  petals  6-12 
lines  long,  purple;  filaments  rather  slender;  style  elongated  and  stigma- 
lobes  linear;  capsule  4-9  lines  long,  attenuate  at  the  apex,  abruptly  con- 
tracted into  a  pedicel  2-4  lines  long      Brit.  Columbia  to  California. 

12    BOIKDUVALIA     Spach.  Hist  Veg.  iv,  383. 

Erect  leafy  annuals  with  alternate  simple  sessile    leaves  and 

small  flowers  in  leafy  simple  or  compound    spikes.     Calyx-tube 

funnelform  above  the  ovary,  deciduous,  the  lobes  erect.     Petals  4, 

sessile,  2-lobed,  purple  to  white.     Stamens  8,  those  opposite  the 


236  ONAGRACE^.  boisduvalia. 

CLARKIA. 

petals  shorter;  filaments  very  slender,  naked  at  base;  anthers  all 
perfect,  oblong,  attached  near  the  base.  Ovary  4-celled  several 
ovuled :  style  filiform :  stigma-lobes  short  somewhat  cuneate. 
Capsule  membranaceous,  ovate-oblong  to  linear,  nearly  terete, 
acute  sessile  dehiscent  to  the  base.  Seeds  ascending  few  in  one 
row  in  each  cell,  ovate-oblong,  somewhat  angled,  smooth. 

B.  Torreyi  Watson  Bot  Cal.  i,  233.  Villous  throughout  with  short 
stifRsh  spreading  hairs;  stems  rather  slender,  4-18  inches  high :  leaves 
linear  to  lanceolate,  usually  narrowed  at  base,  entire  or  somewhat  denticu- 
late, 4-9  lines  long;  the  floVal  leaves  similar  and  scarcely  smaller ;  flowers 
in  a  loose  simple  spike,  1-2  lines  lohg,  purplish  :  capsule  linear  acuminate, 
4-6  lines  long,  cellb  6-8  seeded,  the  partitions  adherent  to  the  valves ;  seeds 
ovate  half  a  line  long  or  less.     Washington  to  California. 

B.  Douglasii  Spach.  Hist.  Yeg.  223.  B  densiflora  Watson.  Canes- 
cently  pubescent  and  more  or  less  villous,  often  stout,  1-3  feet  high; 
leaves  lanceolate  to  linear  lanceolate,  acuminate,  mostly  denticulate,  1-3 
inches  long  the  floral  leaves  usually  much  shorter  and  broader ;  flowers 
usually  in  a  close  terminal  spike  or  numerous  lateral  spikelets;  calyx  1-3 
lines  long,  about  half  the  length  of  "the  petals;  capsule  ovate-oblong, 
smooth  or  slightly  villous,  2-4  lines  long,  cell  H-6  seeded,  the  partitions 
wholly  separating  from  the  valves  and  adherent  to  the  placenta ;  seeds 
nearly  or  quite  a  line  long.     In  M'et  places,  Brit   Columbia  to  California. 

B.  glabella  Walp.  1.  c.  Glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent:  slender,  8-16 
inches  high;  leaves  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  serrate,  6-12  lines 
long,  the  floral  bracts  scarcely  smaller:  flowers  in  a  simple  spike,  shorter 
than  the  leaves,  petals  deep  purple,  less  than  a  line  long;  capsule  ovate- 
oblong,  2-4  lines  long,  the  partitions  adherent  ta  the  valves,  seeds  4-6  in 
each  cell,  linear-lanceolate,  a  line  long.  J n  ditches  and  wet  places,  Brit. 
Columbia  to  Oregon  and  Nevada. 

13    CLARKIA    Pursh.  Fl    i,  260,  t,  11. 

Annuals  with  erect  brittle  stems,  alternate  leaves  and  showy 
flowers  in  terminal  racemes.  Calyx-tube  obconical  above  the 
ovary,  deciduous :  the  4-cleft  limb  reflexed.  Petals  4,  with 
daws  lobed  or  entire,  purple  or  violet.  Stamens  8,  those  oppo- 
site to  the  petals  often  sterile  or  rudimentary;  anthers  oblong 
or  linear,  attached  by  the  bas6.  Ovary  4-celled  :  style  elongated  ; 
stigma  with  4  broad  lobes,  sometimes  unequal,  at  length  spread- 
ing. Capsule  linear,  attenuate  above,  coriaceous,  erect,  some- 
what 4-angled,  4-celled  and  4-valved  to  the  middle.  Seeds  num- 
erous, angled  or  margined, 

C.  pnlchella  Pursh.  1.  c.  Stem  6-20  inches  high,  simple  or  branched, 
inflorescence  puberulent:  leaves  linear-lanceolate  to  linear,  1-3  inches 
long,  nearly  glabrous,  entire  petals  6-9  lines  long,  3-lobed,  attenuate  to  a 
long  claw,  which  has  a  spreading  tooth  on  each  side;  perfect  stamens  with 
a  linear  scale  on  each  side  at  base,  the  alternate  stamens  rudimentary  and 
filiform  :  stigma-lobes  equal,  dilated  :  capsule  8-12  lines  long,  H-angled,  on 
a  spreading  pedicel,  2-3  lines  long;  seeds  obliquely  cubical,  minutely 
tuberculate.     Brit.  Columbia  to  California  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

C.  rhomboidea  Dougl.  Hook.  Fl.  i,  214.  Stem  slender,  1-2  feet  high, 
simple  or  sparingly  branched  above,  puberulent  or  nearly  glabrous: 
Ir-aves  oblong-lanceolate  to  ovate,  the  upper  narrower,  all  on  slender  peti- 
oles, entire;  petals  entire,  rhomboidal,   with  a  short  broad  claw  which  is 


GAURA.  ONAGRACE.E.  237 

HETEROGAURA. 

often  broadly  toothed ;  anthers  all  perfect;  filaments  with  hairy  scales  at 
the  base :  stigma-lobes  short :  capsule  8-12  lines  long,  4-angled,  nearly 
glabrous,  on  pedicels  about  a  line  long ;  seeds  obliquely  cubical,  sparingly 
hispid.     Washington  to  California. 

14    GAURA  L.  Gen.  n.  470. 

Herbs  with  mostly  sessile  alternate  leaves  and  numerous  white 
or  rose-color  flowers  in  spikes  or  racemes.  Calyx-tube  prolonged 
beyond  the  obconic  or  clavate  ovary ;  the4-parted  limb  deciduous. 
Petals  4  with  claws.  Stamens  8,  nearly  equal ;  filaments  fur- 
nished with  a  scale-like  appendage  on  the  inside  next  the  base ; 
anthers  oval,  versatile.  Ovary  4  celled:  ovules  1-2  in  each  cell, 
pendulous:  style  filiform,  hairy  below  :  stigma  4-lobed,  surrounded 
by  an  obscure  ring  or  indusium.  Fruit  nut-like,  indehiscent  or 
splitting  at  the  apex,  obtusely  4-angled  and  ridged  upon  the 
sides. 

Gr.  parviflora  Dough  Hook  Fl.  i,  208.  Stems  erect,  2-5  ft.  high, 
sparingly  branched  softly  white-pubescent  and  minutely  glandular ;  leaves 
ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  repand-denticulate,  velvety  pubescent 
on  both  sides,  1-3  inches  long,  the  "uppermost  smaller;  spikes  virgate 
strict,  very  many  flowered,  much  elongated  in  fruit,  bracts  lanceolate, 
subulate;  petals  spatulate,  oblong,  shorter  than  the  calyx,  segments,  rose- 
color ;  fruit  sessile,  oblong-clavate,  4-nerved,  4-angled  at  the  apex,  about 
2-seeded.     Washington  to  California  and  east  to  Arkansas. 

15   HETEROGAURA   Rothrock  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  vi,  354. 

Annual  herbs  with  alternate  leaves  and  small  flowers  in  termi- 
nal racemes.  Calyx-tube  with  a  short  obconic  prolongation 
above  the  small  ovary  ;  limb  4-cleft,  spreading,  deciduous.  Pet- 
als 4,  entire,  with  claws.  Stamens  8;  filaments  naked;  anthers 
ovate-cordate,  attached  by  the  base  and  not  versatile ;  those  op- 
posite to  the  petals  on  shorter  filaments,  lanceolate,  acute,  ster- 
ile. Ovary  4-celled,  with  a  solitary  pedulous  ovule  in  each  cell: 
style  long  :  stigma  discoid,  entire.  Fruit  nut-like,  indehiscent, 
obovoid,  2-4-celled,  1-2-seeded. 

H.  Californica  Rothr.  1  c.  Smooth  or  sparingly  puberulent,  12-18 
inches  high,  leaves  lanceolate,  entire,  1-2  inches  long,  tapering  to  a  slen- 
der petiole:  petals  purple,  narrowly  spatulate,  2  lines  long:  anthers  very 
small:  fruit  2  lines  lona:,  obovate,  '4-angled,  l}i  lines  long,  smooth,  on  a 
short  spreading  pedicel.  [Southern  l  regon  (Evans  L  reek,  Jos  Howell  to 
California. 

16    CIRC.EA    L.  Gen.  n.  24. 

Low  perennial  herbs  with  thin  opposite  petioled  leaves  aiid 
small  white  flowers  in  terminal  and  lateral  racemes,  the  fruit  on 
slender  spreading  or  deflexed  pedicels.  Tube  of  the  calyx 
slightly  produced  beyond  the  ovary ;  the  free  portion  nearly 
filled  with  a  cup-shaped  disk,  deciduous ;  the  limb  2-parted.  Pet- 
als 2,  obcordate.  Stamens  2,  alternate  with  the  petals:  filaments 
filiform:  anthers  short.  Style  filiform:  stigma  somewhat  capi- 
tate    mavginate.     Capsule     obovate,     1-2-celled,     at   length   2- 


238  CUOURBITAC^.  circ^a. 

valved,  with   a   single  erect  seed  in  each  cell,  hispid  with  hooke.l 
hair&. 

C.  Paciflca  Asch.&Mag.  Mostly  glabrous,  stems  usually  simple, 
6-12  inches  high,  from  a  small  tuber;  leaves  ovate,  rounded  or  cordate  at 
base,  acute  or  acuminate,  repandly-denticulate,  1-3  inches  long;  the  slen- 
der petiole  about  as  long;  racemes  without  bracts;  flowers  half  a  line  long; 
calyx  white  with  a  ver}'-  short  tube;  fruit  a  line  long,  rather  loosely  covered 
with  soft  hairs  curved  above,  1-celled,  1-seeded.  In  damp  woods,  Brit. 
Columbia  to  California. 

C.  alpina  L.  Sp.  9.  Glabrous,  stems  weat,  3-8  inches  high,  often 
branching  above:  leaves  cordate,  shining,  rather  coarsely  toothed,  1-6 
inches  long,  on  slender  petioles  nearly  as  long  as  the  blade  :  pedicels  sub- 
tended by  minute  setaceous  bracts :  flowers  reddish,  especially  before 
opening:  fruit  pubescent  hut  scarcely  hispid.  In  damp  woods,  Alaska  to 
Washington  and  the  Northeastern  States  and  Canada. 

Order  XXXIX.   CUCURBIT ACE^   B.  Juss.Hort.Trian.(1759.) 

Tendril-bearing  herbs  with  alternate  palmatelj  veined  leaves 
and  axillary  monoecious  or  dioecious,  rarely  perfect  flowers. 
Calyx  5-6-toothed,  the  limb  sometimes  obsolete.  Petals  5-6, 
distinct  or  more  or  less  united"  wdth  each  other  and  coherent 
with  the  calyx.  Stamens  5,  sometimes  distinct,  commonly 
imited  in  three  parcels  ftwo,  and  two  and  one  separate j  so  as 
to  appear  like  three  stamens  only,  rarely  3  and  diadelphous,  fila- 
ments of  each  set  sometimes  connate;  anthers  usually  long  and 
sinuous,  or  variously  contorted  or  folded,  2-celled,  adnate,  ex- 
trorse,  commonly  more  or  less  connate.  Ovary  coherent  with  the 
tube  of  the  calyx,  usually  of  3,  rarely  of  2  or  4,  united  carpels, 
sometimes  1-celled  by  the  obliteration  of  the  partitions,  more 
often  with  each  caipel  spuriously  2-celled.  Fruit  fleshy  or 
juicy,  rarely  membranous.  Seeds  a-iatropous,  compressed, 
often  enveloped  by  a  juicy  or  dry  and  membranous  arillus; 
the  testa  coriaceous,  albumen  none. 

MAR  AH    Kell.  Proc.  Cal.  Acad,  i,  38. 

MEGARRHIZA  {Torr.)   Watson. 

Flowers  monoecious  :  the  sterile  in  racemes  or  panicles ;  the 
fertile  solitary,  from  the  same  axils.  Calyx-tube  broadly  cam- 
panulate:  teeth  obsolete  or  very  small.  Corolla  rotate,  deeply 
.5-7-lobed,  with  oblong  papillose  segments.  Sterile  floAvers  with 
the  stamens  at  the  base:  filaments  short  and  connate:  anthers 
'  free  or  somewhat  adherent ;  the  cells  somewhat  horizontal,  flex- 
nous.  Pistillate  flowers  pedicelled :  with  or  without  abortive 
Ftamens:  ovary  oblong  to  globose,  usually  more  or  less  echinate, 
2-celled  or  more:  cells  1-several-ovuled :  ovules  ascending,  hori- 
zontal, or  pendulous,  the  attachment  mostly  parietal:  style 
short :  stigma  2-3  lobed  or  parted.  Fruit  mostly  echinate,  more 
or  less  fibrous  within,  becoming   dry,   at  length   bursting   regu- 


MENTZELIA.  LOASACE^.  239 

larly.  (?)  Seed  large,  tinged,  ovoid  or  subglobose,  smooth,  not 
margined;  liilum  linear,  acute:  cotyledons  thick,  remaining 
under  ground  in  germination.  Stems  elongated  and  climbing, 
from  large  fusiform  perennial  roots ;  leaves  cordate,  palmately 
5-7-lobed  or  angled;  tendrils  2-5-cleft;  flowers  small,  white. 

M.  Oregana  Megarrhirza  Oregana  Torr.  Watson.  Stems  10-30  feet 
long;  scabrous  or  nearly  smooth ;  leaves  cordate  or  reniform  3-6  inches 
broad,  deeply  5-7  lobed,  lobes  broad-triangular,  abruptly  acute,  mucron- 
ate,  sterile  flowers  10-20  in  slender  racemes  4-0  in.  long,  on  slender  pedi- 
■cels;  corolla  3-4  lines  broad;  fertile  flowers  without  abortive  stamens; 
ovary  globose,  densely  echinate,  2-4-celled,  the  cells  \-'i  ovuled,  fruit  glo- 
bose to  oblong,  1-2  in.  in  diameter  covered  with  stout  fleshy  spines,  1-sev- 
€ral-seeded,  seeds  orbicular  6-10  lines  in  diameter.  In  alluvial  soil,  Oregon 
and  Wai^hington  to  Idaho  and  Montana. 

Order  XL.     LOASACE^.     Reichb.  Consp.  161. 

Herbs  with  alternate  or  opposite  leaves  without  stipules  and 
usually  showy  flowers,  the  herbage  often  clothed  with  bristly 
liairs.  Sepals  united  into  an  equally  5-lobed  calyx,  persistent. 
Petals  5  sometimes  10  (the  inner  series  mostly  dissimilar)  insert- 
ed in  the  throat  of  the  calyx.  Stamens  numerous,  rarely  few  or 
definite,  insei  ted  with  the  petals,  some  of  the  outer  filaments 
often  dilated  or  petaloid  and  mostly  sterile,  the  others  com- 
monly disposed  in  fascicles  opposite  the  petals  and  slightly 
united.  Ovary  coherent  with  the  tube  of  the  calyx,  1-celled 
v/ith  mostly  3  parietal  placentae;  ovules  numerous. or  sometimes 
few  rarely  solitary,  styles  usually  united  into'  one.  Fruit 
mostly  capsular  or  succulent,  crowned  with  the '  limb  of  the 
calyx.  Seeds  anatropous,  usually  with  more  or  less  fleshy 
albumen. 

1     MENTZELIA     L.  Gen.  n.  670. 

Annual  or  biennial  herbs  with  alternate  mostly  coarsely 
toothed  or  pinnatifid  leaves  and  mostly  showy  flowers.  Calyx- 
tu^e  cylindrical  to  ovoid  or  turbinate;  the  limb  5-lobed,  per- 
sistent. Petals  5  or  10.  Stamens  numerous,  inserted  below  the 
petals  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx  and  not  adnate  to  them  :  fila- 
ments free  or  in  clusters  opposite  the  petals,  filiform,  or  the 
outer  more  or  less  dilated  or  sometimes  petaloid  and  barren. 
Ovary  truncate  at  the  summit,  1-celled:  style  3-cleft,  the  lobes 
often  twisted :  ovules  pendulous  or  horizontal,  few  to  many  in 
one  or  two  rows  on  the  three  linear  parietal  placentae.  Capsule 
short-oblong  to  cylindrical,  few  to  many-seeded,  opening  by 
valves  or  usually  irregularly  at  the  truncate  apex.  Seeds  flat  or 
angled. 

§  1.  Trachyphytum  T.  &  O.  Fl.  i,  5^'-3.  Seeds  pendulous, 
few  to  rather  many,  small,  in  1-3  rows,  irregularly  angled  or 
somewhat  cubical,  not  winged,  opaque,  minutely  tuberculate: 
flowers  in  terminal  cymes,  mostly  small:  calyx-limb   o-parted: 


240  LOASACE^.  mentzelia. 

petals  5:  filaments  all  filiform  or  the  5  outer  more  or  less  di- 
lated :  capsule  linear :  leaves  sessile,  flat,  sinuately  toothed  or 
pinnatifid  :  annuals. 

M.  alMcanlis  Dougl.  Don  Mill,  iii,  61 .  Slender,  3-12  inches  higli  or 
more :  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  pinnatifid  with  numerous  narrow  lobes, 
the  upper  leaves  broader  and  often  lobed  or  toothed  at  base  only :  flowers 
mostly  approximate  near  the  ends  of  the  branches:  calyx-lobes  lK-2 
lines  long,  a  little  shorter  than  the  spatulate  or  obovate  petals:  filaments 
not  dilated  :  capsule  linear-clavate,  6-9  lines  long:  seeds  numerous,  rather 
strongly  tuberculate,  irregularly  angled  with  obtuse  margins  less  than 
.half  a  line  long.     On  sandy  plains,  Brit.  Columia  to  California. 

M.  dlspersa  Wat.  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xi,  115  &  137.  Stems  slender  annual, 
4-12  in.  high,  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate,  sinuate-toothed  or  sometimes 
entire,  the  uppermost  often  ovate ;  flowers  small  mostly  clustered  near  the 
ends  of  the  branches ;  calyx  lobes  a  line  long,  little  shorter  than  the  5 
spatulate  or  obovate  petals;  capsule  narrowly  linear-clavate,  6-9  lines  long  ; 
seeds  often  in  a  single  row,  angular  and  somewhat  rhombohedral,  more  or 
less  grooved  upon  the  angles,  very  nearly  smooth,  half  a  line  long.  East- 
ern Oregon  to  California. 

M.  gracilenta  T.  &  G.  Fl.  i,  534.  Stems  pubescent  12-18  inches 
high :  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate  muricate-scabrous,  pinnatifid,  the 
lobes  short,  obtuse:  flowers  usually  clustered  at  the  summit;  calyx-lobes 
2-5  lines  long;  petals  obovate  to  oblanceolate,  4-8  lines  long,  capsule 
linear  clavate  6-12  lines  long;  seeds  in  three  rows  irregularly  angled, 
minutely  tuberculate.     Idaho  to  California. 

M.  congesta  T.  &  G.  1.  c.  Slender,  a  foot  high ;  leaves  linear-lanceo- 
late, pinnatifid  with  numerous  narrow  lobes,  the  upper  leaves  broa  er  and 
often  lobed  or  toothed  at  base  only  :  flowers  clustered  at  the  ends  of  the 
branches,  conspicuously  bracted  with  broad  toothed  bracts,  which  are 
membranaceous  at  base :  calyx-lobes  1)^-2  lines  long:  petals  bright  orange, 
3-6  lines  long:  filaments  all  filiform :  capsule  clavate,  half  an  inch  long: 
seeds  irregularly  angled,  minutely  tuberculate,  nearly  a  line  long.  Inter- 
ior of  Oregon  to  California  and  Nevada. 

§  2.  Bartonia  T.  &  G.  Fl.  i,  535.  Seeds  numerous  in 
double  rows  upon  the  3  broad  placentae,  horizontal,  flattened, 
suborbicLilar-winged,  minutely  tuberculate  or  nearly  smooth : 
flower&  often  large  and  showy:  calyx-limb  5-cleft  nearly  to  the 
base:  petals  5  or  10:  filaments  numerous,  the  outer  often  more 
or  less  dilated  or  petaloid  :  capsule  broad,  oblong :  leaves  sessile, 
sinuately  toothed  or  pinnatifid:    biennials. 

M.  laBvicaulis  T.  &  G.  1.  c.  535.  Stout  2-3  ft.  high,  branching:  leaves 
lanceolate,  2-8  inches  long:  flowers  sessile  on  short  branches,  very  large, 
light  yellow,  opening  in  sunshine  :  calyx-tube  naked,  the  lobes  12-15  lines 
long:  petals  acute  at  each  end,  2-2}4  inches  long,  the  filaments  and  slender 
style  a  little  shorter:  capsule '15  lines  long,  3-4  lines  in  diameter:  seeds 
very  minutely  tuberculate.  On  gravelly  bars,  Brit.  Columbia  to  Cali- 
fornia. 

M.  Brande^ei  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xx,  367.  Stem  branching,  a  foot 
high:  leaves  linear,  pinnatifid  with  narrow  lobes,  1-3  inches  long;  the 
bracts  on  the  short  pedicels  mostly  entire,  very  narrow :  flowers  in  open  cor- 
ymbs :  calyx-lobes  6-8  lines  long,  the  5  narrowly  oblanceolate  petals  an  inch 
long  or  more  :  stamens  about  30,  a  little  shorter,  none  petaloid :  capsule 
narrowly  oblong,  7-9  lines  long  by  nearly  3  lines  wide :  seeds  horizontal, 
flattened,  with  somewhat  angular  or  rugose  sides  and  narrow  scarcely 
winged  margin.     Yakima  County,  Washington. 


MOLLUGO.  FICOIDEiE.  241 

M.  pamila  Nutt.  T.  ^  G.  Fl.  i,  535.  Stems  8-10  in.  high,  roilgh  with 
a  minute  barbed  pubescence,  whitish  branching  towards  the  summit ; 
leaves  lanceolate,  sinuate  toothed  or  pinnatifid,  the  lower  ones  somewhat 
petioled,  the  upper  sessile ;  flowers  solitary  or  three  together,  terminating 
the  loose  flowering  branches,  slightly  pedicilate,  withl  or  2  linear-setaceous 
bracts  at  the  base;  petals  10,  lanceolate,  acute,  spreading,  longer  than  the 
lanceolate-subulate  calyx-lobes,  the  inner  ones  smaller;  stamens  very 
numerous,  the  outer  filaments  flat  and  somewhat  dilated;  capsule  clavate- 
cylindrical,  3-valved;  seeds  numerous  winged.     Colorado,   perhaps   Idaho. 

Order  XLL     FICOIDE^     Juss. 

Succulent  herbs  or  shrubs  with  plain  triquetrous,  or  terete, 
leaves  without  stipules.  Calyx-tube  coherent  to  the  ovary,  the 
lobes  usually  5,  unequal ,  Petals  very  many  and  linear,  or  none. 
Stamens  5-many,  with  slender  filaments,  inserted  on  the  calyx- 
tube.  Styles  4-20.  Fruit  4-2()-celled,  dehiscent  stellately 
across  the  summit  or  circumscissile  or  indehiscent.  Seeds 
usually  numerous  and  minute  with  mealy  albumen. 

1    MOLLUGO    L.  Sp.  89. 

Low  and  much  branched  glabrous  annuals,  with  linear  to  obo- 
vate-spatulate  entire  opposite  and  apparently  verticillate  leaves 
and  axillary  flowers.  Calyx  5-cleft  nearly  to  the  base,  lobes 
herbaceous,  membranaceously  margined.  Petals  none.  Stamens 
3  or  5,  rarely  twice  as  many>  hypogynous.  Styles  3.  Capsule 
free,  thin,  membranaceous  3-5-celled,  loculicidally  3-5-valved ; 
the  partitions  breaking  away  fro ni  the  persistent  central  placenta. 
Seeds  several  in  each  cell,  longitudinally  sulcate  on  the  back. 

M.  verticillata  L.  1.  c.  Prostrate  slender  stems  1-6  inches  long; 
leaves  spatulate  to  linear-oblanceolate,  an  inch  long  or  less;  pedicels  um- 
bellately  fascicled  at  the  nodes;  slender,  2-3  lines  long;  sepals. and  ob- 
long-ovoid capsule  about  a  line  and  a  half  long;  seeds  reniform,  shining. 
Brit.  Columbia  to  California  and  across  the  continent. 

Order  XLII.     CACTACE^.     Lin  IL  Nat.  Syst.  ed.  2,  53,    . 

Succulent  spiny  plants  with  usually  angular  or  2-edged  leaf- 
like  stems  without  leaves,  or  these  represented  by  fleshy  pro- 
cesses or  spines  and  sessile  flowers.  Sepals  numerous  usually 
indefinite  and  confounded  with  the  petals,  imbricated  either 
coherent  with  and  crowning  the  ovary  or  covering  its  whole 
surface.  Petals  numerous,  usually  indefinite  in  several  series, 
arising  from  the  orifice  of  the  calyx.  Stamens  indefinite  cohering 
more  or  less  with  the  petals  and  sepals;  filaments  long  filiform; 
anthers  ovate,  versatile.  Ovary  fleshy  coherent  with  the  calyx 
1 -celled  with  numerous  parietal  placentae:  ovules  indefinite, 
styles  united  into  a  long  tube  or  column;  stigmas  as  many  as 
the  placenta3.  Fruit  succulent,  1-celled,  many  seeded.  Seeds 
ovate  or  obovate  anatropous  without  albumen. 


242  CACTACEJ5.  cactus 

OPUNTIA. 

1,  Cactus.  Globose  or  oval.plants  without  proper  leaves,  covered  with 
spine-bearing  tubercles ;  spines  never  barbed  :  flowers  sessile,  solitary, 
from  between  the  tubercles. 

2,  Opuntia.  Branching  or  jointed  spiny  plants  with  subulate  [early 
deciduous  leaves :  spines  always  barbed :  flowers  from  the  same  areola 
as  the  spines. 

1  CACTUS  L.  Sp.  PI.  466.  in  part. 

MA^fALARIA   Haw. 

Roundish  or  somewhat  cylindrical  plants,  destitute  of  woody 
axis,  often  with  a  somewhat  milky  juice,  covered  with  conical 
or  mammaeform  crowded  spirally  disposed  tubercles  which  bear 
deciduous  spines  and  tomentum  at  their  extremity.  Flowers 
sessile  among  the  tubercles  usually  in  a  transverse  zone.  Tube  of 
the  calyx  adherent  to  the  ovary,  the  lobes  5-6  crowning  the 
young  fruit  colored ;  petals  5-6  scarcely  distinct  from  the  calyx, 
longer  than  the  sepals  and  imited  with  them  into  a  tube.  Sta- 
mens filiform,  in  several  series.  Styles  filiform ;  stigma  5-7- 
cleft^  radiate.     Fruit  smooth, 

C.  viviparus  Nutt.  Eraser's  Catalogue.  Cespitose,  the  glomerules 
subglobose:  tubercles  cylindric-ovate,  bearded,  marked  above  with  a  pro- 
liferous groove;  flowers  bright  red,  large,  exserted,  exterior  segments  of 
the  calyx  ciliate;  fruit  filiform,  greenish.  On  summits  of  gravelly  hills,. 
Eastern  Oregon  to  British  Columbia,  east  to  Missouri. 

2  OPUNTIA   Mill.  Gard.  Diet.  ed.  6. 

Shrubby  plants  with  articulate  branches,  the  joints  mostly 
compressed  and  dilated,  bearing  fascicles  of  prickles  or  bristles 
arranged  in  a  quincuncial  or  spiral  order;  flowers  arising  from 
the  clusters  of  prickles  or  along  the  margin  of  the  joints.  Sepal& 
and  petals  numerous,  adnate  to  the  ovary,  not  produced  into  a 
tube,  the  interior  petaloid.  Stamens  numerous,  shorter  than 
the  petals.  Style  cylindrical  constricted  at  the  base,  stigmas 
numerous,  thick,  erect.  Fruit  umbilicate  at  the  apex,  tuber-cu- 
late,  often  prickly. 

0.  polyacantha  Haw.  Suppl.  Succ.  82.  0.  Missouriensis  DC.  Pros- 
trate, forming  large  spreading  masses:  joints  light-green,  orbicular, tuber- 
culate,  4-8  inches  long:  leaves  minute,  2-3  lines  long:  pulvina  6-8  lines 
apart,  with  reddish-brown  bristles,  all  armed :  spines  8-15,  the  5-10  ex- 
terior radiant,  setiform,  whitish  or  reddish  variegated;  the  3-5  interior  ones 
stout,  reddish-brown,  1-2  inches  long,  2-4  of  them  deflexed,  the  other  one 
spreading  or  suberect  and  very  stout :  flowers  yellow  or  sometimes  purple ; 
stigmas  5-8 ;  fruit  ovate,  dry  and  spiny,  with  shallow  flat  umbilicus,  1-2 
inches  long:  seeds  irregular,  large.  Plains  and  mountains.  Eastern  Wash-^ 
ington  to  beyond  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

Var.  platycarpa  Coulter  Rev.  Cact.  436.  Joints  elongated-obovate  [to 
obovate-orbicular,  3-5  inches  long:  pulvina  6-9  lines  apart,  with  few 
straw-colored  bristles,  the  lower  ones  unarmed  or  upper  ones  with  few 
spines,  or  with  exterior  spines  as  in  the  species  and  mostly  1  stout  spread- 
ing or  deflexed  reddish-brown  interior  one :  fruit  depressed-globose  with  a 
remarkably  large  and  flat  umbilicus,  4-9  lines  long.  Idaho  to  the  Upper 
Missouri. 


IJMBELLIFER^.  243 

Var.  borealis  Coulter  1.  c.  Joints  elongated  obovate  to  orbicular,  2-8 
inches  long :  pulvina  6-9  lines  apart,  with  few  straw-colored  bristles,  and 
mostly  one  stout  spreading  or  deflexed  reddish-brown  interior  spine: 
fruit  ovate,  with  depressed  umbilicus,  shortly  spiny;  seeds  2  lines  broad, 
with  narrow  and  acute  margin.  On  sandy  plains,  Brit.  Columbia  to 
Eastern  Oregon  and  Dakota. 

Order  XLIII.     UMBELLIFER^     Juss.     Gen. 

Herbs  or  rarely  suffrutescent  plants  with  alternate  (rarely 
opposite)  usually  pinnatifid  or  temately  divided  leaves,  the 
petioles  usually  dilated  and  sheathing  at  base,  and  small 
flowers  in  simple  or  compound  umbels,  usually  subtended  by 
an  involucre,  and  often  by  involucels.  Calyx  adherent  to  the 
ovary,  its  limb  very  small,  5-toothed  or  entire.  Petals  5,  in- 
serted on  the  outside  of  the  epigynous  disk,  usually  inflexed 
at  the  point,  the  inflexed  portion  cohering  with  the  lamina. 
Stamens  5  alternate  with  the  petals,  inflexed  in  the  bud :  an- 
thers ovate,  introrse.  Ovary  composed  of  two  united  carpels 
invested  with  the  coherent  calyx,  2-celled,  with  a  solitary  sus- 
pended ovule  in  each  cell :  styles  2,  their  bases  dilated  and 
thickened  into  a  fleshy  body  (called  stylopodium)  which  cov- 
ers the  top  of  the  ovary;  stigmas  simple.  Fruit  consisting  of 
two  dry  carpels  \Nhich  adhere  by  their  faces  (called  comis- 
sures)  to  a  common  axis  (called  carpophore)  at  length  sep- 
arating from  each  other  and  suspended  from  the  summit  of  the 
carpophore,  each  carpel  indehiscent,  marked  with  5  longitudi- 
nal primary  ribs,  one  opposite  each  petal  and  each  stamen, 
and  often  with  5  secondary  ones:  in  the  substance  of  the  peri- 
carp are  usually  several  longitudinal  tubes  (called  vittaea),  filled 
with  a  colored  aromatic  oil,  which  are  commonly  lodged  in  the 
spaces  (intervalves)  between  the  ribs  but  sometimes  opposite 
them.  Seeds  anatropous,  usually  coherent  with  the  carpel 
rarely  loose.  Embryo  minute  at  the  base  of  the  copious 
horny  albumen. 

§  I.  Fruit  ^^  ith  secondary  ribs  the  most  prominent  or  the  only  ones : 
oil-tubes  solitary  beneath  the  secondary  ribs  or  wanting :  stylopodium  con- 
ical (except  in  I^aucus). 

*  Fruit  bristly  primary  ribs  filiform,  secondary  ribs  winged,  um- 
bels compound;  leaves  pinnately  decompound. 

1.  Dancus.     Stylopodium  depressed  or  wanting. 

2,  Caucalis.    Stylopodium  conical. 

3  CoBiANDRUM  Calyx-tccth  evident:  fruit  globose,  with  broad  commissurCi 
§  II.    Fruit  with  primary  ribs  only. 

*  Fruit  strongly  flattened  dorsally  with  prominently  winged  ribs, 
-t-     Caulescent  branching    plants  with   solitary  oil-tubes   (except 

some  species  of  Angelica)  depressed  stylopodium,   filiform  to  winged 
dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs  and  white  flowers. 


2U  UMBELLlFERiE. 

4.  Angelica.  Carpels  with  etrone:  ribs,  laterals  forming  a  distinct  dou- 
ble-winged margin  to  the  fruit,  oil-tubes  one  to  several  in  the  inter- 
vals, 2-10  on  the  commissure. 

5.  Selinnm.  Carpels  with  prominent  winged  ribs,  the  lateral  ones 
usually  the  broadest;  oil-tubes  conspicuous,  2-4on  the  commissure;  seed 

sulcate  beneath  the  oil-tubes. 

+-  ■*- ^  Caulescent  branching  plants,  with  solitary  oil-tubes,  conical 
stylopodium,  filiform  or  stronger  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs  and 
white  flowers. 

1J.     Heracleum.     Carpels  with  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs  filiform ;  the 
broad  lateral  wings  contiguous  to  those  of  the  other  carpel,   strongly 
nerved  towards  the  outer  margin. 

■+--«--«-  Short  caulescent  or  acaulescent  with  solitary  or  numer- 
ous oil-tubes,  no  stylopodium,  filiform  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs. 

-n-     Lateral  wings  coherent  till  maturity. 

7..  Pastixaca  Calyx-teeth  obsolete:  fruit  f>val,  very  much  flattened, 
glabrous. 

8.  Coloptera.  Carpel  with  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs  filiform  or 
winged  and  approxiaiate  :  lateral  wings  broad,  very  thick  and  corky : 
oil -tubes  small,  4-8  in  the  intervals,  8-14  on  the  commissure 

D  .  Leptotsenia.  Carpel  with  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs  filiform  or 
obsolete,  the  lateral  wings  with  thick  corky  margin  that  is  coherent 
with  the  margin  of  the  opposite  one  till  maturity :  oil-tubes  3-6  in  the 
intervals,  4-6  on  the  commisure.     (Sometimes  obsolete.) 

10.  Peucedaiium.  Carpel  with  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs  filiform 
approximate,  lateral  wings  broad  and  thin:  oil-tubes  1-8  in  the  inter- 
vals, 2-10  on  the  commissure. 

'^*-     -^*-     Carpel -i  not  coherent. 

11.  Pseudocjinopteras.  Carpel  with  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs  promi- 
nent and  acute;  lateral  wings  rather  broad  and  thickish,  oil-tubes  1-4 
in  the  intervals,  2-6  on  the  commissure. 

*  *    Fruit  but  slightly  if  at  all  flattened  either  way. 

't-  Fruit  with  all  the  ribs  conspicuously  winged,  stylopodium  de- 
pressed or  wanting. 

1*2.  Cymopterus.  Carpel  somewhat  flattened  dorsally,  with  mostly  5 
broad  thin  equal  wings,  the  lateral  wings  distinct. 

13.  Phellopterus.  Carpel  somewhat  flattened  dorsally  with  5  equal 
broad  and  corky-thickened  wings,  the  wings  distinct. 

14.  Tliaspinm.  Carpels  with  3  or  4  or  all  the  ribs  strongly  winged  :  sty- 
lopodium wanting. 

.'   -4-   -t-     Fruit  with  all  the  ribs  prominent  and  equal  acute  or  slightly 
winged  stylopodium,  conical  oil-tubes  numerous. 

15.  Ligusticum.    Oil-tubes  2-6  in  the  intervals,  6-10  on  the  commis^gure. 

•4-  -*--  -^  Fruit  with  broad  and  equal  corky  ribs,  stylopodium  de- 
pressed, oil-tubes  solitary. 

16.  Coelopleuram.    Carpel  with  very  thick  and  prominent  corky  riha. 


UMBELLIFER^.  245 

-*-•*-■*-■*-  Fruit  with  very  thick  and  corky  lateral  ribs,  filiform 
dorsal  and  intermediate  ones,  stylopodium  depressed,  oil-tubes  soli- 
tary. 

17.  Orogenia.  Carpel  flattened  dorsally,  lateral  wings  very  corky  thick- 
ened, oil-tubes  very  small  3  in  the  intervals,  2-4  on  the  commissure. 

18.  Crantzia.  Seed  terete,  carpel  with  filiform  dorsal  and  intermediate 
ribs  lateral  wing^  very  thick  and  corky  next  the  commissure ;  oil- 
tubes  2  on  the  commissure. 

19.  (Euanthe.  Carpel  with  broad  obtuse  corky  ribs  the  lateral  ones 
largest,  oil-tubes  2  on  the  commissure;  seed  semi-terete,  sulcate  be- 
neath each  oil-tube. 

*  *  *    Fruit  flattened  laterally. 

+-     Fruit  prickly  or  with  tuberculate  scales,  the  ribs  obsolete. 

20.  Eryngium.  Calyx-lobes  very  prominent,  rigid,  often  spinose,  per- 
sistent. 

21.  Saiiicnla.  Calyx-lobes  somewhat  foliaceous  fruit  sub-globose  densely 
covered  with  hooked  prickles,  or  tuberculate. 

-I-  -•-     Fruit  neither  prickly  nor  scaly. 

■M-     Carpels  flattened  dorsally. 

=  Fruit  with  plane  seed-face,  numerous  oil-tubes,  depressed  stylo- 
podium and  filiform  ribs 

22.  Pimpinella.     Calyx-teeth  obsolete,  carpel  with  equal  slender  ribs. 

=  =  Fruit  with  concave  seed  face,  numerous  oil-tubes  and  fili- 
form ribs. 

23.  Mnseniam.  Calyx-teeth  prominent,  stylopodium  depressed;  oil-tubes 
usually  3  in  the  intervals,  unequal,  2-4  on  the  commissure. 

24r.  Enlophus.  Calyx-teeth  prominent,  stylopodium  conical ;  oil-tubes  1-5 
in  the  intervals,  4-8  on  the  commissure. 

25.  Bnplenrum.  Calyx  teeth  obsolete:  fruit  ublong,  with  rather  bread 
commissure. 

+>  -M.    Carpels  terete  or  slightly  flattened  laterally, 

=  Fruit  linear-oblong,  with  concave  seed-face  and  conical  stylopo- 
dium. 

26.  Leibergia.  Fruit  flattened  laterally,  linear,  beaked  stylopodium 
wanting. 

27.  Osmorhiza.  Calyx-tube  obsolete,  fruit  acute  at  both  ends,  oil-tubes 
obsolete  in  mature  fruit. 

28.  Glycosma.  Calyx-teeth  obsolete :  fruit  linear  to  linear-oblong,  not 
attenuate  at  base. 

=  =  Fruit  with  concave  seed-face  depressed  stylopodium,  and 
numerous  oil-tubes. 

29.  Yalsea.  Carpel  somewhat  flattened  laterally  with  prominent  equal 
filiform  ribs. 

=  =  =    Fruit  with  plane    seed-face  and  depressed  stylopodium. 

a.    Oil-tubes  numerous,  ribs  broad  and  corky. 


246  UMBELLIFER^.  daucus. 

30.  Siam.    Calyx-lobes    minute    carpels    with    prominent  corky  nearly 
equal  ribs ;  seed  subangular. 

b.    Oil-tubes  solitary  in  all  the  intervals. 

31.  Apium.     Calyx-lobes  obsolete;  fruit  ovate  or  broader  than  long:  oil- 
tubes  2  on  the  commissure. 

c.    Ribs  filiform.  , 

32.  Zizia.    Calyx-lobes  prominent;    stylopodium  wanting;  seed     terete 
sulcate  beneath  the  oil-tubes. 

==  =  =  =    Fruit  with  plane  seed-face  conical  stylopodium  and 
solitary  oil-tubes. 

38.  Carum.    Calyx-lobes  small,   carpels  with  filiform  or   inconspicuous 
ribs  seeds  dorsally  flattened. 

34.  Taeniopleurum.     Calyx-lobes  prominent  carpel  with  broad  salient 
ribs. 

35.  Cicnta.     Calyx-lobes  rather  prominent  carpels  with   strong  flattish 
corky  ribs,  the  lateral  ones  the  largest. 

=  =  =  =  =     Fruit  with  plane  seed -face  conical  stylopodium   and 
numerous  oil-tubes. 

36.  Berula      Calyx-lobes  minute;  carpel  nearly  globose  with  very  slender 
ribs  thick  corky  pericarp  and  terete  seeds. 

-M-  -M.  +*     Carpels     strongly    flattened    laterally     stylopodium   de- 
pressed. 

37.  Hydroeotyle.     Ca.ylx-lobes  minute  or  none  carpel  with  5  primary  ribs 
and  filiform  intermediate  ones. 

/.     Fruit  with  secondary   ribs    the  most  prominent  or  the  only 
ones:  oil  tubes  beneath  the  secondary  ribs  or  wanting. 

1     DAUCUS    Tourn.  L.  Gen.  n.  333. 

Bristly  annual  or  biennial  herbs  with  pinnately  decompound 
leaves  foliaceous  and  cleft  involucral  bracts,  entire  or  toothed 
involucels  and  white  flowers  in  concave  umbels.  Calyx-lobes 
obsolete.  Fruit  oblong  flattened  dorsally.  Carpel  with  5  slen- 
der bristly  primary  ribs  and  4  winged  secondary  ones,  each 
bearing  a  single  row  of  prominent  barbed  i^rickles.  Stylopodi- 
um depressed  or  wanting.  Oil-tube  solitary  in  the  intervals,  2 
on  the  commissure.     Seed-face  concave  or  almost  plane. 

D.  pusillus  Michx.  Fl.  i,  164.  Stems  retrorsely  papillate-hispid, 
from  an  inch  to  2  feet  high  :  leaves  finely  dissected  into  narrowly  linear- 
segments  :  umbels  unequally  few  to  many-rayed;  rays  6-18  lines  long; 
pedicels  very  unequal.  1-8  lines  long.  On  dry  rocky  or  sterile  ground. 
Brit.  Columbia  to  California  and  across  the  continent. 

D.  Carota  L. 'the  CULTIVATED  CARROT.)  Stcms  bristly  1-4  feet  high; 
leaves  rather  coarsely  divided,  the  ultimate  segments  lanceolate  and  cus- 
pidate, umbels  with  numerous  elongated  rays  and  prominent  involucels. 
Escaped  from  gardens  and  extensively  naturalized. 


CAUCALis.  UMBELLIFERJ^.  247 

CORIANDKUM. 

2   CAUCALIS    L.  Gen.  n.  331. 

Mostly  hispid  annual  herbs  with  pinnately  dissected  leaves 
and  white  flowers.  Calyx-lobes  prominent  Fruit  ovate  or  ob- 
long flattened  laterally.  Carpel  with  5  filiform  bristly  primary 
ribs,  and  4  prominent  winged  secondary  ones  with  barbed  or 
hooked  prickles.  Stylopodium  thick-conical.  Oil-tubes  solitary 
in  the  intervals  (that  is  under  the  secondary  ribs),  2  on  the  com- 
missure.    Seed  face  deeply  sulcate. 

C.  microcarpa  Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot.  Beechey  348.  Stem  slender,  erect, 
3-15  inches  high,  nearly  glabrous:  leaves  much  dissected;  slightly  hispid: 
umbels  at  the  ends  of  the  stems  and  branches,  very  unequally  3-6  rayed 
involucre  foliaceous  the  bracts  divided :  involucels  of  entire  or  somewhat 
divided  bractlets :  rays  slender,  3  inches  long  or  less,  pedicels  very  unequal : 
fruit  oblong,  2-3  lines  long  armed  with  rows  of  hooked  prickles,  the  pri- 
mary lateral  ribs  near  and  pushed  around  upon  the  commissural  face 
while  the  adjoining  secondary  ones  become  marginal. .  Eastern  Washing- 
ton and  Oregon  to  California  and  Arizona. 

3     CORIANDRUM    L.  Gen.  n.  356. 

Slender  branching  glabrous  annuals  with  pinnately  compound 
leaves,  no  involucre,  involucels  of  several  small  narrow  bractlets, 
and  white  flowers.  Calyx-teeth  prominent.  Fruit  globose,  with 
broad  commissure  carpels  with  inconspicuous  secondary  ribs 
Stylopodium  conical.  Oil-tubes  beneath  the  secondary  ribs, 
and  obscure,  the  commissural  pair  larger.  Seeds  dorsally  flat- 
tened with  somewhat  concave  face. 

C.  SATivL'M  L  the  common  coriander  has  epcaped  from  gardens  and  is 
seen  along  roadsides  in  places. 

//.     Fruit  with  primary  ribs  only. 

4    ANGELICA    L.  Gen.  n.  347. 

Stout  perennial  branching  herbs  with  ternately  or  pinnately 
compound  leaves,  scanty  involucre  or  none,  involucels  of  small 
bractlets  or  none  and  large  terminal  umbels  of  usually  white 
flowers.  Calyx-teeth  mostly  obsolete.  Fruit  ovate  or  oblong, 
with  prominent  crenulate  disk.  Carpels  with  strong  ribs,  the 
lateral  ones  broadly  winged,  the  wings  distinct  from  those  of  the 
opposite  carpel,  thus  forming  a  double-winged  margin  to  the 
fruit.  Stylopodium  depressed  or  sometimes  slightly  conical. 
Oil-tubes  1-several  in  the  intervals,  2-10  on  the  commissure. 
*  Oil-tub3S  solitary  iu  all  the  intervals. 

A.  ^eiinflexa  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  i,  620.  Stems  stout  2-6  feet  high, 
glabrous  except  the  rough -pubescent  inflorescence;  leaves  once  or  twice 
ternate,  the  divisions  often  deflexed;  leaflets  ovate  to  lanceolate,  more  or 
less  acuminate,  irregularly  and  sharply  serrate:  umbel  equally  many- 
rayed,  with  no  involucre,  and  involucels  of  numerous  linear  bractlets, 
rays  an  inch  or  more  long;  fruiting  pedicels  4-i>  lines  long;  fruit  nearly 
round,  emarginate  at  base  and  apex,  glabrous;  lateral  wings  broader  than 
the  body  :  oil-tubes  2  on  the  commissure :  seed-face  plane.  In  wet  places ; 
Oregon  to  Alaska,  west  of  the  Cascades. 


248  UMBELLIFER.E.  angelica. 

.  SELINUM. 

A.  Lyallii  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xvii,  374.  Stout,  4-5  feet  high, 
glabrous;  leaves  once  or  twice  ternate  then  quinate,  the  uppermost  re- 
duced to  large  inflated  petioles;  leaflets  ovate  to  lanceolate,  acute  or  acutish, 
unequally  dentate ;  umbel  unequally  many-rayed  with  neither  involucre 
nor  involucels :  rays  )^-4  inches  long;  fruiting  pedicels  thick,  a  line  or 
less  long:  fruit  oblong  to  obovate,  glabrous  2-3  lines  long;  lateral  wings  as 
broad  or  broader  than  the  body,  oil-tubes  2  on  the  commissure:  seed-face 
broadly  concave.  In  the  mountains,  Oregon  to  Brit.  Columbia,  Montana 
and  Idaho. 

A.  argnta  Nutt.  1.  c.  Stout  2-4  feet  high,  glabrous  or  the  inflores- 
cence sometimes  minutely  puberulent:  leaves  ternate  then  pinnate  or 
bipinnate;  leaflets  mostly  small,  ovate  to  lanceolate,  rather  acute,  serrate: 
um':)el  rather  equally  many-rayed  with  neither  involucre  nor  involucels  : 
rays  1-3  inches  long ;  pedicels  3-5  lines  long,  fruit  oblong-elliptical,  glab- 
rous 3-4  lines  long,  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs  thick  and  slightly  elevat- 
ed ;  lateral  wings  very  corky,  thick  and  broad  as  the  much  flattened  body 
or  broader,  oil-tubes  2  on  thecommissure  (sometimes  4  in  2  distinct  pairs) : 
seed  sulcate  beneath  the  oil-tubes  with  plane  face.  Along  high  mountain 
streams,  Oregon  and  Washington. 

A.  Hendersoiii  C.  &  R.  Bot.  Gaz.  xiii,  80.  Very  stout  densely  tomen- 
tose  throughout,  especially  the  inflorescence  and  whitened  lower  surface  of 
the  leaves  :  leaves  quinate  then  pinnate;  leaflets  thicJi,  broadly  ovate,  2-4 
inches  long  by  2-3  broad,  obtuse,  serrate :  umbel  equally  many  rayed  with 
no  involucre  and  involucels  of  numerous  linear-acuminate  bractlets  :  rays 
1-2  inches  long:  pedicels  a  line  or  less  long  :  fruit  oblong  more  or  less  pu- 
bescent, 3  lines  long :  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs  prominent ;  lateral  wings 
thick  and  corky,  as  broad  as  the  f  ody :  oil-tubes  2  on  the  commissure,  seed 
deeply  sulcate  beneath  the  oil-tubes,  with  plane  face.  Bluffs  moistened  by 
the  sea  spray  Washington  and  Oregon 

*  *    Oil-tubes  in  pairs  in  some  of  the  intervals. 

A.  Canbyi  C.  &  R.  Rev.  TJmb.  40.  Rather  stout,  2-3  feet  high,  gla- 
brous except  the  pu^>erulent inflorescence  :  leaves  bipinnate :  leaflets  lanceo- 
late to  ovate-lanceolate  1-2  inches  long  acute  or  acuminate,  laciniately 
toothed :  umbel  rather  equally  lO-20-rayed,  with  neither  involucre  nor 
involucels;  rays  1-2  inches  long :  pedicels  slender  3-4  lines  long :  flowers 
pinkish  :  stylopodium  conical :  fruit  oblong,  glabrous  at  maturity;  dorsal 
and  intermediate  ribs  thin  and  very  prominent  somewhat  winged  ;  lateral 
wings  rather  thin  half  as  broad  as  the  body;  oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  dorsal 
intervals  in  pairs  in  the  lateral  ones,  4 on  the  commissure;  seed-face  plane. 
Eastern  Washington  to  Southern  Oregon. 

5    SELINUM  L.  Gen.  n.  337. 

Tall  stout  branching  perennials  with  pinnately  decompound 
leaves,  few-leaved  involucre,  involucels  of  numerous  bractlets 
and  white  flowers.  Calyx-lobes  obsolete.  Fruit  oblong  to  obo- 
vate with  more  or  less  prominent  disk.  Carpels  with  prominent 
winged  ribs,  the  laterals  usually  broader.Oi  1-tubes  conspicuous, 
2-4  on  the  commissure.  Seed  sulcate  beneath  the  oil-tubes,  with 
plane  face. 

S.  capitellatnm  Watson,  Bot.  King,  126.  Very  stout,  1-5  feet  high, 
smooth  except  the  tomentose  infloresence;  leaves  large  with  much  dilated 
petioles  bipinnate,  the  few  leaflets  oblong  to  linear-lanceolate,  an  inch  or 
two  long,  coarsely  laciniately  toothed  or  lobed:  umbel  equally  6-12  rayed^ 
with  globose  umbellets  of  sessile  pubescent  flowers  having  involucels  of  a 


SETiNUM.  UM  BELLI  FRvE.  249" 

HERACLEU3I. 

few  deciduous  bractlets:  rays  1-2  inches  long.:  fruit  sessife  aaid.  dilated ;  re- 
ceptacle, hirsute,  cuneate-obovate,  8  lines  long:  lateral  wings  broader  than 
the  dorsal  and  intermediate  ones.  Along  stream  banks  eastern  Oregon  to- 
Nevada  and  California. 

S.  Kingii  Watson,  Bot.  King,  126.  Smooth,  1-2  feet  high -.lower  leaves^ 
bipinnate  the  upper  nearly  simply  pinnate  with  dilated  petioles ;  leatiets- 
ovate  or  linear  lanceolate,  1-3  inches  long,  coarsely  and  unequally  serrate; 
umbel  5-10  rayed,  with  no  involucels  ;^  pedicels  2-3  lines  long,  fruit  broadly" 
ovate,  hispid,  2-3  lines  long;  lateral  wings  broader  than  the  narrow  dorsal 
and  intermediate  ones.  Aquatic  in  mountain  swamps  Eastern  Washington 
to  Nevada  and  California. 

S.  Dawsoni  C.  &  R.  Bot.  Gaz,,  xiii,  144.  A  foot  or  so  high  glabrous  :• 
leaves  ternate  then  pinnate,  the  small  ovate  acute  segments  laciniately 
toothed  to  entire:  umbel  with  involucels  of  linear-oblong  scarious  bractlets 
longer  than  the  pedicels  and  abruptly  ending  in  a  longer  attenuation :  ped- 
icels 1-2  lines  long,  fruit  oblong,  smooth  about  2  lines  long,  with  promi- 
nent wings,  the  lateral  ones  but  little  broader.  At  Pelly  Banks  Yukon 
river,  lat  61  deg.,  perhaps  Northern  Washington. 

S.  Benthami  Watson.  Bibl.  Ind.  432.  Glabrous  throughout:  leaves 
ternate  then  pinnate  the  oblong  to  linear-oblong  acute  segments  6-9  lines 
long,  laciniately  toothed  or  lobed  to  entire;  umbels  on  stout  peduncles, 
10-15  rayed,  with  an  involucre  of  a  few  linear  setaceous  bracts,  and- 
involucels  of  several  elongated  linear  entire  bractlets  equalling, 
the  flowers  or  longer;  rays  about  an  inch  long;  pedicels  2-3  lines 
long:  fruit  ovate,  2  lines  long,  often  with  a  single  prominent 
calyx -tooth.  Arctic  shores  and  mountains  to  Queen  Charlotte  Islands, 
perhaps  Northern  Washington. 

S.  Hookeri  Watson  C.  &  R.  Rev.  Umb.  45.  Conioselinum  Fisheri  of 
Anthers  in  part,  ^tout,  2-3  feet  high,  gla  rous  except  the  somewhat  pu- 
berulent  intiorescence :  leaves  large  with  much  dilated  petioles  bipinnatifid,. 
the  narrowly  ovate  to  linear-oblong  acute  segments  an  inch  or  less  long, 
laciniately  toothed  or  lobed  to  entire:  umbel  10-25  rayed,  with  involucre  of 
few  deciduous  linear-setaceous  bracts,  and  involucels  oi  narrowly  linear- 
more  or  less  elongated  bractlets ;  rays  about  an  inch  long;  pedicels  2-3 
lines  long:  fruit  oblong,  glabrous,  2-3  lines  long,  with  prominent  but 
scarcely  winged  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs  and  rather  broadly  winged' 
thickish  lateral  ribs.     Ocean  bluff  mouth  of  the  Columbia  to  Alaska. 

6    HERACLEUM    L.    Gen.  n.   345. 

Tall  stout  perennial  herbs  with  large  ternately  compound 
leaves,  deciduous  involucres,  involucels  of  numerous  bractlets 
and  large  many-rayed  umbels  of  white  flowers  with  obcordate 
petals.  Calyx- lobes  small  or  obsolete.  Fruit  broadly  ovate,. 
very  much  flattene.l,  somewhat  pubescent.  Carpel  with  dorsal 
and  intermediate  ribs  filiform ;  the  broad  lateral  wings  con- 
tiguous to  those  of  the  other  carpel,  strongly  nerved  towards  the 
outer  margin.  Stylopodium  thick  conical.  Oil-tubes  about 
half  as  long  as  the  carpel  2-4  on  the  commissure.  Seed  very 
much  flattened  dorsally. 

H.  lanatum  Michx  Fl.  i,  166.  Very  stout,  4-8  feet  high,  pubescent 
or  woolly  above :  petioles  much  dilated;  leaflets  petiolulate  round-cordate 
4-10  inches  broad  irregularly  cut-toothed:  rays  2-6  inches  long:  fruit  4-6" 
lines  long,  somewhat  pubescent.  Wet  grounds,  Alaska  to  California  and 
across  the  continent. 


250  UMBELLIFER^.  pastivaca. 

COL    PTERA. 

7    PASTINACA    Tourn.  L.  Gen.  n.  362. 

Calyx-lobes  obsolete.  Fruit  oval,  v-ery  much  flattened,  glab- 
rous. Carpel  with  broad  lateral  wings  continuous  to  those  of  the 
opposite  carpel,  and  strongly  nerved  towards  the  outer  margin. 
Stylopodium  depressed  but  prominent.  Oil-tubes  small,  solitary 
in  the  intervals,  2-4  on  the  commissure.  Seed  very  much  flat- 
tened dorsally.  Tall  stout  biennial  herbs  with  pinnately  com- 
pound leaves  and  yellow  flowers. 

P.  SATiVA  L  the  common  parsnip  is  introduced  almost  everywhere. 
The  leaflets  are  ovate  to  oblong  and  cut-toothed. 

8    COLOPTERA    C.  &  R.  Rev.  Umbelif .  49. 

Dw^arf  sandy  ground  plants  with  small  leaves,  no  involucre 
involucels  of  foliaceous  more  or  less  united  bractlets  and  yellow 
flowers.  Calyx-lobes  obsolete  or  evident.  Fruit  ovate,  glabrous. 
Carpel  with  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs  filiform  or  winged  and 
approximate ;  lateral  wings  broad  very  thick  and  corky,  coherent 
till  maturity  with  those  of  the  other  carpel  forming  a  broad 
corky  margin  to  the  fruit  usually  thicker  than  the  fruit  proper. 
Oil-tubes  very  small,  4-8  in  the  intervals,  8-14  on  the  commis- 
sure.    Seed  very  flat  with  plane  or  slightly  concave  face. 

C.  Parryl  C.  &  R.  1.  c  50.  Acauleseent,  2-6  inches  high:  leaves 
small^ ovate  in  outline,  bipinnate  with  very  small  oblong  segments:  in- 
volucels of  slightly  united  bractlets :  fruit  with  prominent  corky 
and  undulate  dorsal  and  intermediate  wings.  N.  W.  Wyoming,  to  be 
looked  for  in  Idaho. 

9     LEPTOT.ENI A.    Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  i,  629. 

Stout  glabrous  short-caulescent  perennial  herbs  with  thick 
often  very  large  fusiform  roots,  usually  pinnately  decompound 
leaves,  involucre  of  few  bracts  or  none,  involucels  of  numerous 
small  bractlets  and  yellow  or  purple  flowers.  Calyx-lobes  obso- 
lete or  evident.  Fruit  oblong-elliptical,  glabrous.  Carpel 
with  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs  filiform  or  obscure  and  ap- 
proximate ;  lateral  wings  broad  very  thick  and  corky,  coherent 
until  maturity  with  those  of  the  other  carpel,  commissural  face 
with  a  prominent  central  longitudinal  ridge  left  after  separation 
from  the  carpophore.  Oil-tubes  3-6  in  the  intervals  4-6  on  the 
commissure,  mostly  small,  sometimes  obsolete.  Seed  very  flat, 
with  plane  or  slightly  concave  face. 

*    Oil-tubes  obsolete  or  very  obscure. 

L.  dissecta  Nutt.  1.  c  630.  Ferula  dissoluta  Watson  Bot  Cal.  i,  271. 
Stems  stout,  1-3  feet  high,  leafy  at  base :  leaves  broad,  a  foot  or  so  long, 
ternate  and  thrice  pinnate:  segments  ovate  or  oblong  6-12  lines  long  pin- 
natifidly  laciniate-lobed  and  toothed,  puberulent  on  the  veins  and  margms; 
umbel  8-20  rayed,  with  an  involucre  of  few  linear  bracts,  involucels  of 
ieeveral  linear  bractlets ;  rays  2-5  inches  long :  flowers  yellow  or  purplish : 
fruit  sessile  or  nearly  so  5-9  lines  long,  about  3  lines  broad :  seed-face 
plane.     Brit.  Colum'ia  to  California. 


LEPTOT^.NiA,  UMBELLIFERiE.  251 

PEUCEDANDM. 

L.  maltiflda  Nutt.  1.  c.  Ferula  multifida  Gray.  Stems  1-2  feet  high, 
somewhat  spreading,  leaves  ternate  and  pinnate :  umbels  mostly  without 
involucre,  pedicels  of  the  fruit  3-12  lines  long:  fruit  4-6  lines  long:  seed- 
face  concave.    Brit.  Columbia  to  California,  Utah  and  Montana. 

*  *    Fruit  with  oil-tubes  and  pedicels. 

L.  Watsoni  C.  &  R.  1.  c.  52.  Low,  a  foot  high  or  less,  rather  stout, 
fiomewhat  branching:  leaves  few  and  small,  at  or  near  the  base,  ternate- 
pinnately  decompound,  the  ultimate  segments  very  small,  ovate  and  cus- 
pidate :  umbel  with  5-10  variously  elongated  divaricate  rays,-  no  involucre 
and  in  vol  ucels  of  few  setaceous  bractlets:  rays  2-4  inches  long:  fruiting 
pedicels  about  6  lines  long  and  divaricate;  fruit  6  lines  long :  oil-tubes  3  in 
the  intervals:  seed  face  concave.     In  the  Wenatchee  region,  Washington. 

L.  minor  Rose  in  Herb.  Stems  about  a  foot  high,  glabrous :  leaves 
very  much  dissected,  the  alternate  segments  linear  or  filiform  :  umbel  8-20- 
rayed,  with  no  involucre,  and  involucels  of  several  linear  accuminate 
bractlets ;  rays  3-4  inches  long;  flowers  purple:  fruit  6-9  lines  long  as  long  as 
the  pedicels  4-6  lines  broad  ;  wings' very  corky  margined :  oil-tube  prominent, 
3  in  the  intervals  of  the  distinct  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs,  4  on  the 
commissure.      On  stony  hillsides  in  the  John  Day  country,  Oregon. 

L.  purpurea  C.  &  R.  1.  c.  Ft-rula  purpurea  Watson  Stout  many- 
stemmed  from  a  large  thick  root ;  stems  2-4  feet  high,  whole  plant  glau- 
cous with  a  white  bloom:  leaves  ample  very  finely  dissected,  ultimate 
segments  linear  or  filiform  umbel  many  rayed  witl/  no  involucre  and  in- 
volucels of  several  bractlets  rays  3-4  inches  long ;  flowers  purple :  fruit 
9-12  lines  long  as  long  as  the  pedicels;  5-6  lines  broad  with  very  promi- 
nent corky  margins  to  the  Avings :  oil-tubes  prominent.  3  in  the  intervals 
of  the  distinct  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs,  4  on  the  commissure.*  On 
Tocky  hillsides  along  the  Columbia  river,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Klickitat. 

L.  Califoruica  Nutt.  1.  c.  630.  Ferula  Califomica  Gray.  Rather 
stout,  1-3  feet  high,  with  1  or  2  stem  leaves:  leaves  ternate  and  pinnate 
or  twice  ternate;  leaflets  cuneate-obovate  1-2  inches  long,  usually  3-lobed, 
coarsely  toothed  above:  umbel  15-20  rayed,  with  involucre  of  1-2  narrow 
bracts  or  none  and  no  involucels  ;  rays  2-4  inches  long,  y^edicels  2-4  lines 
long ;  fruit  5-7  lines  long,  3-4  lines  broad,  with  a  thinner  margin  than  any 
other  species ;  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs  distinct :  oil-tubes  3-4  in  the 
intervals  6  on  the  commissure.  On  dry  hillsides.  Southern  Oregon  to 
CJalifornia. 

10    PEUCEDANUM    Koch  Umb,  f.  28  and  29,  L.  Gen.  n.  339. 

Short  caulescent  or  acaulescent  perennial  or  biennial  herbs  with 
fusiform  or  tuberous  roots,  ternate  or  pinnate  to  dissected  leaves, 
no  involucre,  involucels  usually  present,  and  yellow,  white  or 
pinkish  flowers.  Calyx-lobes  obsolete  or  evident.  Fruit  oblong 
to  suborbicular.  Carpel  with  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs  fili- 
form and  approximate ;  lateral  wings  broad  and  thin,  coherent 
till  maturity  wdth  those  of  the  other  carpel,  forming  a  broad, 
membranous  wing  to  the  fruit ;  commissural  face  without  a 
prominent  longitudinal  ridge  alter  separation  from  the  carpo- 
phore. Oil-tubes  1-8  in  the  intervals,  2-10  on  the  commissure. 
Seed  flat  with  plane  or  slightly  concave  face. 

§  I.    Mostly  low.,  froBi  globose  tubers :  leaves  small  more  or  less  dis- 
sected,  with  short  segments:    wings  oi  the  fruit  narrow:  oil-tubes 


252  UMBELLIFER^.  peucedanum. 

mostly  solitary  in  the  intervals,  or  with  accessory  ones  in  some  species. 

*    Always  acaulescent,  mostly  glabrous. 

-f-  Flowers  white. 

P.  Hendersoni  C.  &  R.  Bot.  Gaz.  xiii,  2^10.  Scapes  4-6  inches  long, 
decumbent  from  a  shallow  constricted  tuber 6-12  lines  in  diameter;  leaves-- 
ternate  then  bipinnate,  ultimate  segments  short  and  obtuse :  umbel  eqiially 
2-5-rayed,  with  involucels  of  linear  acuminate  scarious  bractlets ;  rays  6 
lines  long;  pedicels  1-2  lines  long;  fruit  ovate  very  glabrous  2%  lines  long 
by  2  lines  broad,  with  thickish  narrow  wings  more  or  less  involute  and  a 
rather  prominent  ridge  on  the  commissural  face :  oil-tubes  solitary  in  the 
intervals,  2  on  the  commissure:  seed  face  plane.  On  high  hill-tops,  Johrii 
Day  Valley,  Eastern  Oregon. 

P.  Canbyi  C.  &  R.  1  c  78.  Scapes  er6ct,  3-8  inches  high,  with  a 
short  underground  stem  from  a  thick  more  or  less  elongated  root  which 
ends  in  a  globose  tuber  6-15  lines  in  diameter:  leaves  ternate  pinnate  or 
bipinnate,  ultimate  segments  small  with  3-5  linear-oblong  lobes :  umbel 
equally  5-10-rayed,  with  involucel  of  narrowly  linear  scarious-margined 
bractlets:  rays  1-2  inches  long:  pedicels  4-6  lines  long;  fruit  oblong-ovate, 
glabrous,  4  lines  long,  with  wings  about  half  as  broad  as  the  body :  oil- 
tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals,  2  or  4  on  the  commissure.  High  ridges, 
Eastern  Oregon  and  Washington. 

P.  Greyeri  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xIt,  293.  Low,  glabrous;  root 
moniliform  with  2  or  3  small  globose  tubers :  leaves  ternate-quinate,  with 
linear  leaflets  4-9  lines  long:  umbel  small  with  unequal  rays  :  involucel  of 
several  linear  acuminate  bractlets;  mature  fruit  unknown.  Collected  by 
Geyer  Spalding  and  Lyall,  not  since  reported. 

P.  farinosum  Geyer  Hook  Lond.  Journ.  Bot.  vi,  235.  Somewhat 
caulescent :  stems  slender  from  a  rather  deep-seated  small  round  tuber 
4-6  lines  in  diameter  with  numerous  clusters  of  fine  rootlets  on  its  sur- 
face :  leaves  2-3-ternate,  with  segments  more  or  less  lobed,  ultimate  di- 
visions all  linear :  umbel  1-8  rayed,  with  involucels  of  few  small  linear 
bractlets:  rays  1-2  inches  long,  fruit  almost  sessile,  oblong-elliptical, 
glabrous,  3-4  lines  long,  2  lines  broad,  with  wings  half  as  broad  as  the 
body  :  oil-tubes  small,  2-4  in  the  intervals,  4-6  on  the  commissure  :  seed- 
face  plane.     From  Brit.  Columbia  to  California  and  Idaho. 

P.  Gormaiii  P  Watsord  C.  &  R  in  Rart.  Stems  2-3  inches  higb 
from  a  shallow  globular  tuber  an  inch  or  less  in  diameter  with  fascicles  of 
rootlets  on  its  surface:  leaves  bipinnate,  the  ultimate  divisions  oblong  or 
linear,  umbel  unequally  1-5  rayed  with  involucels  of  a  few  setaceous 
bractlets  or  none :  fruit  sessile  or  nearly  so;  ovate,  rough-puberulent  3  lines- 
long  with  wing  more  than  half  as  wide  as  the  body  and  conspicuous  dor- 
sal and  intermediate  ribs  :  oil-tubes  one  in  each  rib,  2-6  on  the  commis- 
sure, seed-face  plane.     High  hills  opposite  The  Dalles. 

P.  evittatum  C.&R.  Eight  to  eighteen  inches  high  from  a  deep-seated 
small  tuber,  glabrous :  leaves  once  or  twice  ternate  then  more  or  less 
pinnate  into  linear,  callous-tipped  segments  6-12  lines  long:  umbel  some- 
what unequal  8-18-rayed  with  involucels  of  numerous  purplish  lanceolate- 
acuminate  gamophyllus  bractlets;  rays  1-2  inches  long,  pedicels  short: 
fruit  oblong  glabrous  4-6  lines  long  2>^  lines  broad,  with  very  thin  wings 
more  than  half  as  broad  as  the  body:  oil-tubes  none.  Ellensburg,  Wash- 
ington.    {G.  R.  Vasey,  1889  ) 

+-■  ■*-     Flowers  yellow. 

P.     Watsoni  C.  &  R.  Bot»  Gaz..  xiii,.  209  in  Part.    Low,  2-3    inches 


PEUCEDANCM.  UMBELLIFER^.  253 

high  with  a  short  subterranean  stem  from  a  deep-seated  fusiform  root : 
leaves  bipinnate,  the  ultimate  divisions  short  and  linear-oblong ;  umbel 
unequally  1-5-rayed,  with  involucels  of  more  or  less  united,  often  toothed 
bractlets':  fruit  sessile  or  nearly  so,  ovate  rough  puberulent,  3  lines  long, 
with  narrow  wings,  oil-tubes  obscure,  seed  face  plane.  vSimcoe  Mountains, 
Washington. 

P.  Cous  Watson  1.  c.  xxi,  453.  Glabrous  or  slightly  puberulent,  with 
roughish  scapes  2-6  inches  high  from  a  nearly  globose  tuber  6-12  lines  in 
diameter:  leaves  pinnate:  leaflets  3-7  parted  or  cleft  or  even  entire;  ulti- 
mate divisions  linear-oblong:  umbel  unequally  3-10-rayed,  with  involu- 
cels of  short  oblong-ovate  scarious-margined  bractlets,  rays  from  nearly 
wanting  to  2  inches  long;  pedicels  short :  fruit  oblong,  more  or  less  puber- 
ulent, 2-4  lines  long,  1-2  lines  broad,  with  wings  about  half  as  broad  as 
the  body,  and  prominent  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs;  oil-tubes  large, 
filling  the  intervals  :  4-6  on  the  commissure  :  seed-face  plane  with  central 
longitudinal  ridge.      On  high  gravelly  ridges,  John  Day  Valley,  Oregon. 

P.  ambigniim  Nutt.  T.  &(t.F1  i,  626.  From  low  acaulescent  to  a 
foot  high  and  caulescent ;  glabrous :  root  tuberous,  usually  moniliform:  pet- 
ioles much  dilated  at  base:  leaves  1-2-pinnate  with  more  or  less  elongated 
linear  leaflets,  the  upper  often  more  dissecte  ' :  umbel  unequally  8-1 8- rayed 
with  mostly  no  involucels :  rays  1-4  inches  long;  pedicels  2-3  lines  long : 
fruit  naiTowl)'^  winged :  oil-tubes  2  on  the  commissure.  Oregon  to  Brit 
Columbia,  Idaho  and  Montana. 

Var.  leptocarpnm  C.  &  R.  Kev!  Umb.  59.  Fruit  sessile  or  nearly  so 
making  a  close  somewhat  divaricate  cluster:  rays  few  and  very  unequal. 
Oregon. 

P.  circumdatuin  Watson  1.  c.  xxii,  478.  Stem  solitary  from  a  deep- 
seated  constricted  tuber,  glabrous  or  puberulent  a  foot  or  less  high:  leaves 
ternate-quinate.  the  ultimate  divisions  linear  1-4  lines  long :  umbel  un- 
eqjually  6-12-rayed,  with  involucels  of  conspicuous  broadly  oblanceolate 
bractlets  becoming  scarious;  rays  y^-?>%  inches  long;  pedicels  very  short: 
fruit  oblong  elliptical,  glabrous,  3-4  lines  long  1)^  lines  broad,  with  nar- 
row wings  and  very  prominent  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs  :  oil-tubes  4 
on  the  commissure :  seed-face  concave  with  a  prominent  central  ridge. 
Oregon  and  Washington  to  Dakota. 

§  II.  Stout,  glabrous  only  in  P.  Grayi.  from  large  roots :  leaves 
mostly  large  and  very  finely  dissected,  the  ultimate  segments  filiform 
or  narrowly  liuear:  fruit  wings  more  than  half  as  broad  as  the  body  :  oil- 
tubes  1-3 in  the  intervals,  (solitary  in  V.  Grayi  and  P.  macrocarpum). 

*    Flowers  yellow :  fruit  glabrous :  short  caulescent. 

P.  Grayi  C.  &  R.  Bot  Gaz.  xiii,  209.  P.  miUefoUum  Watson.  Gla- 
brous, peduncles  2-20  inches  long  numerous  from  a  thick  perennial  root: 
leaves  teruate-pinnately  decompound,  the  ultimate  segments  linear, 
elongated  or  short  cuspidate,  very  numerous :  umbel  rather  equally  6-16- 
rayed,  with  involucels  of  distinct  linear-subulate  bractlets;  rays  1-3*  inches 
long;  pedicels  5-8  lines  long :  fruit  oblong  4-8  lines  long,  2-5  lines  broad, 
with  filiform  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs:  oil-tubes  usually  solitary  in 
the  intervals,  2-4  on  the  commissure.  Common  on  dry  rocky  banks  Ore- 
gon and  Washington  to  Utah. 

*  *    Flowers  white. 

P.  earycurpnm  C.  &  R.  Rev.  Umb.  61.  Somewhat  caulescent  6-12 
inches  high  more  or  less  pubescent  from  a  long  biennial  caudex  terminat- 
ing below  in  a  fusiform  tuber:  leaves  bipinnate,  segments  pinnately  in- 
scised,    ultimate  divisions  ovate    or    shortly    linear:     umbel    somewhat 


264  UMBELLlFERiE.  peucedanum. 

equally  6-8-rayed,  with  involucels  of  conspicuous  and  somewhat  folia- 
ceous  lanceolate  or  linear  gamophyllus  bractlets :  rays  1-3  inches  long : 
pedicels  2-5  lines  long,  calyx-lobes  evident :  fruit  narrowly  oblong,  glabrous 
4-12  lines  long  2-3  lines  broad,  with  wings  about  half  as  wide  as  the  body, 
and  filiform  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs :  oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  inter- 
vals, 2  or  4  on  the  commissure :  seed  face  with  a  slight  central  longitudi- 
nal ridge.     On  dry  rocky  ridges  and  plains  Brit.  Columbia  to  California. 

P.  macrocarpam  Nutt.  1.  c.  627.  Caulescent,  branching  a  foot  or  two 
high,  more  or  less  pubescent:  leaves  ternate-pinnately  decompound,  with 
small  linear  cuspidate  segments;  umbel  3-12-rayed  with  involucels  of 
lanceolate  acuminate  often  united  bractlets  rays  from  3^-4  inches  long : 
fruit  broadly  elliptical  glabrous  5-9  lines  long:  3-4  lines  broad  with  wings 
as  broad  as  the  body,  on  pedicels  1-5  lines  long :  oil-tubes  large, solitary  in  the 
intervals,  2  on  the  commissure.     Brit.  Columbia  to  California. 

§  III.  Low  and  rather  slender,  from  elongated  comparatively  slen- 
der roots  leaves  rather  small,  more  or  less  pinnately  compound.  With 
short  segments  fruit-wings  never  broader  than  the  body :  oil-tubes  3-6 
in  the  intervals. 

*    Flowers  white,  fruit-wings  more  than  half  as  wide  as  the  body. 

P.  Nevadeuse  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xi,  143.  Glaucous- puberulent, 
shortly  caulescent  peduncle  3-15  inches  high :  leaves  pinnately  decom- 
pound with  small  segments :  umbel  equally  5-10-rayed,  with  involucels  of 
scarious-margined  linear  lanceolate  bractlets :  rays  often  1-2  inches  long ; 
pedicels  2-5  lines  long :  fruit  rounded  to  ovate,  somewhat  pubescent,  3-5 
lines  long,  2-4  lines  broad,  with  wings  almost  as  broad  as  the  body  and  evi- 
dent dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs :  oil-tubes  3  or  4  in  the  intervals,  4  or  6 
on  the  commissure.  From  Morthern  Cal.  to  S.  E.  Oregon,  Utah  and  Ne- 
vada. 

*  *    Flowers  yellow,  fruit  wings  narrower. 

P.  Oregaiinni  C.  &  R.  Rev.  Umb.  64.  Acaulescent  and  cespitose 
from  a  multicipital  caudex,  with  very  slender  peduncles  1-2  inches  high 
bearing  a  very  small  single  umbel  or  sometimes  two  nearly  sessile  umbellets 
and  one  to  few  matured  puberulent  fruits  about  2  lines  long  ultimate  leaf 
segments  very  small,  linear-oblong  not  cuspidate.  Alpine  rocks  Blue  and 
Eagle  Creek  Mountains,  Oregon.    (Cusick  ) 

P.  villosnm  Nutt.  Watson  Bot.  King  131.  Acaulescent  more  or  less 
densely  pubescent  3-8  inches  high  :  leaves  finely  dissected,  with  very  nu- 
merous narrow  crowded  segments :  umbel  somewhat  equally  4-5  rayed, 
with  involucels  of  ovate  to  linear  usually  very  tomentose  bractlets ;  rays 
about  an  inch  long;  pedicels  1-3  lines  long :  fruit  oval,  somewhat  pubes- 
cent with  wings  half  as  broad  as  the  body,  and  prominent  dorsal  and  in- 
termediate ribs :  oil- tubes  3  or  4  in  the  intervals  4  on  the  commissure, 
seed-face  plane.     Northern  California  and  Nevada  to  the  Yukon  river. 

P.  Donnellil  0.  &  R.  Bot.  Gaz.,  xiii,  143.  Shortly  caulescent  or 
acaulescent  6-12  inches  high,  glabrous  from  a  fusiform  root;  leaves  ter- 
nate  then  pinnately  decompound  leaves  with  segments  cleft  into  short 
oblong  or  linear  lobes :  umbel  somewhat  unequally  6-12-rayed,  with  in- 
volucels of  linear  acuminate  bractlets :  rays  1-4  inches  long ;  pedicels  2-8 
lines  long:  fruit  ovate  to  broadly  oblong,  glabrous,  3-4  lines  long,  2-3 
lines  broad,  with  wings  less  than  half  as  broad  as  the  body  and  promi- 
nent dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs :  oil-tubes  small,  4-6  in  the  intervals, 
4-6  on  the  commissure.     In  wet  places,  John  Day  Valley,  Oregon. 

P;  Saiidbergii  C'&R.  1.  c.  79.  Caulescent,  branching  at  base,  an 
inch  or  two  to  a  foot  high,  from  an  elongated  comparatively  slender  root 


PEUC£DANUM.  UMBELLIFERiE,  255 

rough  pubescent  petioles  wholly  inflated,  with  a  very  conspicuous  white 
scarious  margin  ;  leaves  ternately  or  pinnately  dissected,  the  ultimate  seg- 
ments very  short,  linear :  umbel  very  unequally  6-15-rayed,  with  involu- 
cels  of  distinct  linear-lanceolate  bractlets  ;  rays  1-4  inches  long ;  pedicels  a 
line  or  two  long ;  flowers  bright  yellow :  fruit  ovate  puberulent  2-2>^  lines 
long  with  very  narrow  wings,  and  filiform  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs 
oil-tubes  4-5  in  the  intervals  6  on  the  commissure :  seed-face  plane.  Bare 
mountain  tops,  Northern  Idaho  and  Montana  to  Brit.  Columbia. 

P.  microcarpum  Howell  P.  C.  PI.  Coll.  1887.  Caulescent,  branching 
from  the  base  6-16  inches  high,  glabrous:  leaves  pinnately-decompound 
the  ultimate  segments  oblong-  to  linear-lanceolate :  minutely  cuspidate : 
umbel  somewhat  equally  lu-18-rayed  with  involucels  of  several  linear- 
lanceolate  bractlets  1-3  lines  long :  pedicels  2  lines  long,  flowers  dark 
yellow  :  fruit  oblong  3  lines  long  2  lines  broad  with  narrow  wings :  oil-tubes 
4  on  the  commissure.    On  dry  cliffs,  Umpqua  Valley. 

§  IV.  Shortly  caulescent,  slender  from  elongated  comparatively 
slender  roots ;  glabrous ;  leaves  small,  lanceolate  or  oblong  in  outline, 
pinnate  or  bipinnate  with  ovate  toothed  segments. 

*    Fruit  wings  half  as  broad  as  the  body. 

P.  Hallii  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xi,  141.  Peduncles  elongated  (>-15- 
inches  high:  leaves  pinnate  oblong  in  outline,  the  ovate  segments  3^-inch 
long,  deeply  toothed  or  pinnatifid :  umbel  equally  3-6-rayed,  with  small 
involucels;  rays  about  an  inch  long;  pedicels  3— I  lines  long:  flowers  yel- 
low :  fruit  broadly  elliptical  3  lines  long,  2  lines  broad  with  filiform  dorsal 
and  intermediate  ribs,  oil-tubes  3  in  the  intervals  4-6  on  the  commissure. 
Northern  Oregon  and  Washington. 

*  *    Fruit  wings  much  broader  than  the  body. 

P.  Martindalei  C.  &  R.  Bot.  Gaz.  xiii,  142.  Caulescent  and  branching, 
with  elongated  peduncles  4-12  inches  high :  leaves  pinnate,  or  bipinnate 
with  toothed  or  pinnatifid  segment:  fruit  4-7  lines  long,  3-4  lines  broad, 
with  wings  as  broad  or  broader  than  the  body,  and  prominent  dorsal  and 
intermediate  ribs;  oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals,  2  on  the  commissure, 
seed-face  somewhat  concave  with  central  longitudinal  ridge.  On  bluffs  of 
the  Columbia  river,  near  the  Cascades. 

Var.  aiigastatnni  C.  &  R.  1.  c.  143.  Usually  more  caulescent  and 
sometimes  taller  with  more  dissected  leaves,  and  wings  of  the  fruit  but 
half  a  line  wide  making  a  fruit  2  lines  wide.  On  high  mountains,  Brit, 
Columbia  to  California. 

§  V.  Caulescent;  from  elongated  comparatively  slender  roots:  leaves 
decompound  with  narrow  linear  more  or  less  elongated  segments  and 
usually  wholly  dilated  petioles:  bractlets  of  the  involucels  scarious - 
margined  more  or  les3  conspicuous. 

*  Wings  of  the  fruit  nearly  as  broad  as  the  body,  thin :  oil-tubes 
large  and  solitary  in  the  intervals :  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs 
prominent. 

P.  ntricnlatnin  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  i,  628.  Caulescent  to  nearly  acaul- 
escent,  4-12  inches  high  from  a  more  or  less  tuberous  root,  puberulent  or 
glabrous  :  petioles  very  broadly  dilated ;  leaves  ternately  or  pinnately  de- 
compound, with  ultimate  segments  narrowly  linear,  6  lines  long  or  less  : 
umbel  unequally  5-20-rayed  with  involucels  of  much  dilated  mostly  obo- 
vate  of  ten  toothed  petiolulate  bractlets;.  rays  about  2  inches  long,  pedicels 
2-5  lines  long ;  flowers  yellow;  fruit  broadly  elliptical,  glabrous,  2-5  lines 
long,   1-3  lines  broad:  oil-tabes  4-6  on  the  commissure :    seed  face   some- 


'M5  UMBELLIFER^.  peucedanum. 

what  concave.     On  open  places;  Brit.  Columbia  to  California,  west  of  the 
Cascade  Mountains. 

*  *  AVings  of  the  fruit  narrow  and  thickish  oil-tubes  obsolete  or 
very  indistinct  and  numerous  in  the  intervals:  doisal  and  intermedi- 
ate ribs  obsolete  or  nearly  so. 

P.  bicolor  Watson  But  King,  129.  Caulescent  or  scarcely  so,  4-18  inches 
iiigh,  glabrous  or  slightly  puberulent :  petioles  wholly  dilated;  leaves  ter- 
nate-pinnately  decompound,  the  ultimate  segments  very  numerous  and 
linear:  umbel  very  unequally  2-12-rayed,  with  involucels  of  1-8  linear- 
subulate  bractlets;  rays  1-5  inches  long;  pedicels  short;  fruit  oblong 
.glabrous,  5-6  lines  long,  l-2}4  lines  broad.  Eastern  Oregon  to  Nevada 
^nd  Utah. 

§  YI.  Mostly  tall  and  often  stout,  from  long  fleshy  roots :  leaves 
with  usually  broad  or  elongated  segments :  bractlets  of  the  involucel 
small  or  none. 

*    Leaves  with  narrowly  linear  more  or  less  elongated  leaflets. 

-f-     Low  :  flowers  w^hite 

P.  Cusickii  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xxi,  453.  Caulescent,  2-5  inches 
high,  from  a  thick  elongated  root :  leaves  1-2-ternate,  the  segments  with 
3-5  linear  acute  lobes,  3-12  lines  long:  umbel  with  1-3  short  fertile  rays 
and  involucels  of  narrow  acuminate  bractlets  which  are  distinct  or  more 
or  less  imited  pedicels  very  &hort :  fiuit  c.blcng-elliitical,  4-5  lines  long 
the  thin  wings  as  broad  as  the  body  or  narrower:  oil-tubes  1-3  in  the  in- 
tervals, 4  or  6  on  the  commissure:  seed-face  concave.  On.  the  highest 
summits  of  Eagle  Creek  Mountains,  Union  county,  Oregon. 

■+-   ■*-     Taller:  flowers  yellow. 

P.  simplex  Nutt.  Watson  Bot  King.  129.  Caulescent,  6-18  inches 
high,  puberulent:  leaves  ternate  or  biternate;  leaflets  from  almost  filiform 
to  linear-lanceolate,  2-4  inches  long:  umbel  unequally  3-15-rayed,  with 
involucels  of  lanceolate  or  setaceous  bractlets;  rays  3^-3  inches  long:  ped- 
icels 1-3  lines  long :  fruit  broadly  oblong  to  nearly  orbicular,  sometimes 
emarginate  at  each  end,  3-6  lines  long,  2-5  lines  broad,  with  wings  broader 
than  the  body  and  prominent  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs  :  oil- tubes  large 
and  solitary  in  the  intervals,  2  on  the  commissure  :  seed-face  slightly  con- 
cave.    Eastern  Washington  to  California,  Idaho  and  Montana. 

P.  trlteriiatum  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  i,  626.  Caulescent  1-3  feet  high, 
from  a  deep-seated  elongated  fusiform  root :  leaves  biternate  or  triternate : 
leaflets  from  narrowly  linear  to  linear-lanceolate,  2-4  inches  long :  umbel 
unequally  5-18-rayed,  with  involucels  of  lanceolate  or  setaceous  bractlets; 
rays  )^-3  inches  long;  pedicels  a  line  or  more  long :  fruit  narrowly  oblong, 
glabrous  3-6  lines  long  1)^-2  lines  broad  with  narrow^  wings,  and  some- 
what prominent  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs :  oil-tubes  very  large  and 
broad,  solitary  in  the  intervals,  2  on  the  commissure.  Brit  Columbia  to 
California,  very  variable. 

Var.  macrocarpum  C.  &  R.  Rev.  Umb,  70  A  more  robust  form 
with  broader  leaflets,  longer  rays  and  fruit  6-8  lines  long.  About  Hood 
River,  Oregon. 

Var.  brevifollum  C.  &  R.  1.  c.  Stout  6-18  inches  high,  rough-puber- 
ulent  with  more  compact  leaves,  stout  inflated  petioles,  and  shorter  and 
broader  often  toothed  leaflets.    On  the  high  hillg  opposite  Hie  Dalles. 

Var.  alatum  C.  &  R.  L  e.  Leaves  with  very  narrowly  linear  and 
-elongated  segments  fruit  5-6  lilies  long  with  broader  wings.  Eastern 
Oregon  to  California. 


PEUCEDANUM.  UMBELUFERiE.  257 

P.  Iseyigatnm  Nutt  1.  c.  627.  Caulescent  or  acaulescent,  6-15  inches 
high,  glabrous,  from  shallow  seated  long  roots:  leaves  triternate,;  leaflets 
linear  3-12  lines  long  by  half  a  line  wide :  umbel  unequally  10-14-rayed, 
with  involucels  obsolete  or  rarely  1-3  small  triangular  bractlets :  pedicels 
4-5  lines  long :  fruit  4-5  lines  long  1)^^-2  lines  broad,  with  narrow  wings 
and  prominent  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs :  oil-tubes  2  on  the  commis- 
sure :  seed-face  more  or  less  concave  with  central  longitudinal  ridge.  On 
bluffs  of  the  Columbia  River,  near  Celilo. 

*  *    Leaves  with  lanceolate  or  orbicular  segments. 

P.  leiocarpum  Nutt  1.  c  626.  Acaulescent,  glabrous,  1-2  feet  high, 
from  a  very  long  fleshy  root :  leaves  biternate  or  triternate  or  ternate- 
quinate,  sometimes  simply  ternate;  leaflets  thickish,  from  ovate  to  nar- 
rowly lanceolate  1-2  inches  long,  petiolulate,  entire,  or  toothed  at  the 
apex :  umbel  very  unequally  6-15-rayed  without  involucels ;  peduncles 
and  rays  dilated  at  summit:  rays  1-8  inches  long:  pedicels  variable  1-9 
lines  long :  flowers  yellow :  fruit  narrowly  oblong  5-7  lines  long  1)^-2)^'  lines 
broad  narrowly  winged :  oil-tubes  large  and  solitary  in  the  intervals,  4  on 
the  commissure :  seed-face  somewhat  concave.  Brit.  Columbia  to  Cali- 
fornia and  Idaho. 

P.  Xuttallii  Watson  Bot.  King.  128.  Acaulescent,  glabrous,  6-12 
inches  high :  leaves  once  or  twice  ternate  with  ovate  to  orbicular  leaflets 
with  cuneate  or  cordate  base ;  fruit  ovate  to  oblong,  4  lines  long,  3  lines 
broad,  very  narrowly  winged:  oil-tubes  small,  3  in  the  intervals,  4  or  6  on 
the  commissure :  seed-face  almost  plane.  Eastern  Oregon  to  N.  Nevada 
and  Idaho. 

P.  Brande^ei  C.  &  R.  Bot.  Gaz.  xiii,  210.  Short  caulescent,  glab- 
rous, 6-12  inches  high  from  a  thick  elongated  root;  leaves  ter- 
nately  decompound  the  ultimate  segments  lanceolate,  6-12  lines 
long,  cuspidate :  umbel  6-12-rayed,  with  involucels  of  few  linear  or  seta- 
ceous bractlets :  rays  3-6  lines  long ;  pedicels  not  more  than  a  line  long, 
both  reflexed  at  maturity  :  flowers  yellow :  calyx-teeth  evident :  fruit  (im- 
mature) oblong,  about  4  lines  long,  2  lines  broad,  with  wings  about  half 
as  broad  as  the  body,  and  prominent  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs :  oil- 
tubes  2-4  in  the  intervals  4  or  6  on  the  commissure.  JNear  Walla  Walla, 
Washington.     {Brandegee.) 

*  *  *  Very  stout  and  tall  with  large  decompound  leaves  and  linear 
oblong  segments. 

P.  Suksdorfli  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xx,  369.  Caulescent,  2-4  feet 
high :  leaf-segments  1-2  inches  long,  entire  or  2-3-cleft  at  the  top :  umbel 
somewhat  equally  6-12-rayed  with  involucels  of  linear  acuminate  bractlets; 
rays  1-5  inches  long ;  pedicels  3-9  lines  long :  flowers  yellow :  fruit  nar- 
rowly oblong,  9-14  lines  long  3-6  lines  w^ide  with  wings  narrower  than  the 
body,  and  very  prominent  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs :  oil-tubes  solitary 
in  the  intervals,  very  large,  2  on  the  commissure:  seed-face  somewhat 
concave.     Dry  rocky  mountain  sides,  Klickitat  county,  Washington. 

§  VII.  Low  shortly  caulescent  or  acaulescent,  from  a  thick  elong- 
ated root,  glabrous :  leaves  ternate  or  pinnate  with  broad  oblong  or 
round  coarsely  cuspidate-toothed  leaflets,  flowers  yellow :  fruit-wings 
very  broad,  often  several  times  broader  than  the  body :  oil-tubes  3-4 
or  solitary  in  the  intervals. 

P.  Howellii  Watson  1.  c.  Short  caulescent,  peduncles  12-15  inches 
high :  leaves  biternate  to  biquinate :  leaflets  cuneate-orbicular  to  round- 
cordate,  acutely  dentate,  often  3-lobed,  6-12  lines  long :  umbel  with  elong- 
ated and  divaricate  fertile  rays  with  involucels  of   acuminate  lanceolate 


268  UMBELLIFER^.         pskudooymopterds. 

CYMOPTERUS. 

bractlets;  pedicels  4  lines  long:  fruit  glabrous,  broadly  elliptical  or  nearly 
orbicular,  emarginate,  with  wings  broader  than  the  body,  4  lines  long, 
oil-tubes  3  or  4  in  the  intervals  4-10  on  the  commissure.  On  dry  hill- 
sides, near  Waldo,  Josephine  county,  Oregon. 

11    PSEUDOCYMOPTERUS    C.  &  R.  Rev.  Umb.  74. 

Mostly  low  glabro.us  perennials  from  a  thick  elongated  root, 
with  bipinnate  leaves,  no  involucre  and  involucels  of  narrow 
bractlets  mostly  longer  than  the  flowers.  Calyx-lobes  evident. 
Fruit  ovate  or  oblong.  Carpel  with  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs 
very  prominent  and  acute  :  lateral  wings  rather  broad  and  thick- 
ish,  distinct  from  those  of  the  other  carpel.  Oil-tubes  1-4  in 
the  intervals,  2-6  on  the  commissure. 

P.  anisatns  0.  &  R.  1.  c.  75.  Acaulescent,  cespitose  from  a  much 
branched  caudex  which  is  more  or  less  covered  with  the  remains  of  old 
leaves:  leaves  on  long  petioles,  narrow,  somewhat  rigid,  pinnate  and  the 
leaflets  pinnately-parted  into  linear  pungently  acute  segments :  peduncles 
6-12  inches  long  exceeding  the  leaves:  umbel  unequally  5-12-niyed,  with 
involucels  of  linear-subulate  bractlets  exceeding  the  white  or  yellow 
flowers:  rays  3^-3  inches  long:  pedicels  1-3  lines  long:  fruit  about  2  lines 
long,  the  carpel  irregularly  2-5-winged;  oil-tubes  1-3  in  the  intervals,  2  or 
4  on  the  commissure :  seed-face  plane.  Oregon  to  Wyoming,  Utah  and 
Colorado. 

*  *    Fruit  not  flattened  either  way  or  but  slightly  so. 

■*-     Fruit  with  all  the  ribs  conspicuously  winged ;  stylopodium  de- 
pressed or  wanting. 

12    CYMOPTERUS     Raf.  Journ.  Phys.  1819,  100. 

Mostly  low  perennials  from  thick  elongated  roots  with  more 
or  less  pinnately  compound  leaves,  mostly  no  involucre,  promi- 
nent involucels  and  white,  yellow  or  purple  flowers.  Calyx- 
lobes  more  or  less  prominent.  Fruit  usually  globose,  somewhat 
flattened  laterally  if  at  all.  Carpel  somewhat  flattened  dorsally 
with  mostly  5  broad  thin  equal  wings,  lateral  wings  distinct 
from  those  of  the  other  carpel.  Stylopodium  depressed.  Oil- 
tubes  1-several  in  the  intervals,  2-8  on  the  commissure. 

C.  terebinthinns  T.  &  G.  Fl.  i,  624.  Shortly  caulescent,  decumbent, 
6-18  inches  long,  leafy  at  base:  leaves  rather  rigid,  thrice  pinnate;  leaflets 
a  line  long  or  less,  linear  or  linear  oblong,  entire  or  toothed,  mucronate: 
umbel  with  4-15  fertile  rays,  mostly  no  involucre,  and  involucels  of  short 
linear  or  lanceolate  bractlets;  rays  >^-2  inches  long;  pedicels  1-5  lines 
long:  flowers  yellow :  fruit  3-4  lines  long,  the  5  carpel- wings  broad  and 
thin:  oil-tubes  2-5  in  the  intervals,  5-10  on  the  commissure.  Brit.  Colum- 
bia to  California,  Wyoming  and  Colorado. 

C  glaucus  Nutt.  Journ.  Philad.  Acad,  vii,  28.  Leaves  and  peduncles 
clustered  at  the  summit  of  a  short  caudex,  more  or  less  scabrous-puberu- 
lent:  leaves  tripinnate  the  ultimate  segments  crowded,  linear-oblong, 
with  revolute  margins :  peduncles  at  first  short,  elongated  in  fruit  and 
exceeding  the  leaves :  umbels  5-15-rayed,  with  an  involucre  of  setaceous 
bracts  or  none  and  involucels  of  linear  acute  bractlets ;  rays  4-12  lines 
long;  pedicels  2-3  lines  long;  flowers  white:  fruit  2-3)4  lines  long,  the  2-5 


PHELLOPTERUS.  UMBELLIFERvE.  259 

LIGUSTICUM. 

carpel-wings  rather  narrow :  oil-tuljes  3-5  in  the  broad  intervals  6-8  on 
the  commissure :  seed-face  deeply  sulcate  or  involute.  Nevada  to  Idaha 
and  Montana. 

13    PHELLOPTERUS    Benth.  B.  &  H.  Gen.  Plant,  i,  905. 

A  low  tomentose  seashore  herb  with  once  or  twice  ternate  or 
ternate-pinnate  thick  leaves  ovate  to  roundish  more  or  less  con- 
fluent leaflets  that  are  densely  white-tomentose  beneath,  involu- 
cre and  involucels  of  subulate  bracts  and  glomerate  white  flowers. 
Calyx-lobes  small.  Fruit  globose,  glabrous.  Carpel  somewhat 
flattened  dorsally,  with  5  equal  broad  and  corky-thickened  wings ; 
lateral  wings  distinct  from  those  of  the  other  carpel.  Stylopodi- 
um  depressed.  Oil-tubes  2-3  in  the  intervals,  4-6  on  the  com- 
missure.    Seed-face  slightly  concave. 

P.  littoralis  Schmidt.  Fl.  >achel  in  Mem.  Acad  Petrop.  7,  xii,  138. 
Subacaulescent :  petioles  elongated ;  leaflets  callous-serrate  to  dentate,  with 
impressed  veinlets  above,  1-2  inches  long:  umbel  shorter  than  the  leaves, 
10-12-rayed;  rays  6-12  lines  long;  umbellets  capitate :  fruit  4-5  lines  in 
diameter  the  wings  1)4  lines  broad.  On  shifting  sands  of  the  seashore, 
Vancouver  Island  to  ^Southern  Oregon. 

14    THASPIUM     Nutt.  Gen.  i,  196. 

Perennial  herbs  with  ternately  divided  leaves  with  broad  ser- 
rate or  toothed  leaflets,  mostly  no  involucre,  involucels  of  small 
bractlets  mostly  yellow  flowers  and  all  the  fruits  pedicelled. 
Calyx-lobes  conspicuous.  Fruit  ovoid  to  oblong,  slightly  flat- 
tened dorsally  if  at  all,  mostly  glabrous.  Carpel  with  3  or  4  or 
all  the  ribs  strongly  winged.  Stylopodium  wanting;  styles 
long.  Oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals,  2  on  the  commissure : 
Seed  sulcate  beneath  the  oil-tubes,  almost  terete  or  somewhat 
dorsally  flattened  with  plane  face. 

T.  aureum  Nutt.  1.  c.  Glabrous :  radical  leaves  mostly  cordate,  ser- 
rate :  stem  leaves  simply  ternate :  leaflets  ovate  to  lanceolate,  rounded  or 
tapering  at  base,  serrate  :  umbel  8-12-rayed;  rays  6-12  lines  long;  pedicels 
about  a  line  long,  flowers  deep  yellow:  fruit  globose-ovoid,  about  2  lines 
long,  all  the  ribs  equally  winged.  Thickets  and  woodlands  through  the 
Eastern  States. 

Var.  trifoliatam  C.  &  R.  Bot.  Gaz.  xii,  136.  Leaves  or  leaflets  cre- 
nately-toothed.    Ohio  and  Illinois  to  Oregon  and  Brit.  Columbia. 

Var.  inyolncratnm  C.  &  R.  1.  c.  Radical  leaves  twice  or  thrice  ter- 
nate; leaflets  as  in  the  species :  umbel  with  conspicuous  involucre  of  ser- 
rate bracts  and  involucels  of  numerous  toothed  bractlets  often  as  long  as 
the  pedicels  which  are  2-3  lines  long.     Kootenai  county,  Idaho    (Leiherg.) 

*  *    Fruit  with  all  the  ribs  prominent  and  equal ;  stylopodium  con- 
ical :  oil-tubes  numerous. 

15    LIGUSTICUM    Linn.  Gen.  n.  346. 

Smooth  perennials  from  large  aromatic  roots  ;  with  large  ter- 
nate-pinnately  compound  leaves,  mostly  no  involucre,  involucels 
of  narrow  bractlets  and  white  flowers   in   large  manj^-rayed  um- 


260  UMBELLIFER^  liglsticum. 

bels.  Calyx-lobes  obsolete.  Fruit  oblong  or  ovate,  flattened 
laterally  if  at  all,  glabrous.  Oil-tubes  2-6  in  the  intervals  6-10 
on  the  commissure.  Seed  with  round  or  angled  back  and  plane 
to  deeply  concave  face. 

*  Leaves  ternately  decompound  the  broad  leaflets  simplv  toothed 
or  serrate:  seed-face  plane. 

L.  Scoticum  L.  Sp.  250.  Stems  simple,  1-2  feet  high,  somewhat 
leafy,  with  glabrous  inflorescence:  leaves  biternate;  leaflets  ovate,  1-2 
inches  long,  coarsely  toothed  :  umbel  8-15-rayed,  with  involucels  of  several 
hnear  bractlets;  rays  at  length  1-3  inches  long :  fruit  narrowly  oblong, 
4-5  lines  long,  with  prominent  somewhat  winged  ribs:  oil-tubes  small  2  or 
3  in  the  intervals,  6  on  the  commissure:  seed  flattened  dorsally  with 
rounded  back  Alaska  to  Brit.  Columbia,  perhaps  Washington,  also  on 
the  N.  Eastern  coast. 

*  *    Leaves  ternate-pinnately  compound  with  leaflets  laciniately 
toothed  or  pinnatifid. 

L.  scopulorum  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  vii,  347.  Stout,  2-3  feet  high, 
more  or  less  leafy,  with  puberulent  inflorescence  :  lower  leaves  often  very 
large,  twice  or  thrice  ternate.  then  once  or  twice  pinnate ;  segments  ovate, 
laciniately  pinnatifid;  upper  leaves  often  ternate-pinnate  or  sirbply  pin- 
nately  compound:  umbel  of  numerous  rays  witii  involucels  of  several 
narrowly  linear  elongated  bractlets:  rays  at  length  2-3  inches  long;  pedi- 
cels 6  lines  long :  fruit  oblong,  about  3  lines  long,  with  somewhat  promi- 
nent conical  stylopodium,  and  prominent  somewhat  winged  ribs :  oil- 
tubes  3-5  in  the  in^rvals,  6-8  on  the  commissure:  seed  somewhat  dor- 
sally  flattened,  with  angled  or  sulcate  back  and  face  with  a  broad  shallow 
cavity  and  central  longitudinal  ridge.  In  the  coast  nsKHintains  of  Southern 
•Oregon,  Sierra  county,  California,  and  the  mountain*  of  Colorado 

L.  tenuifoliuin  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad  xiv,  2^3  Stem  slender,  1-2 
feet  high,  naked  above  the  base  or  with  a  single  leaf,  bearing  1-3  glabrous 
umbels:  leaves  small,  ternate  then  pinnately  decompound,  finely  dis- 
sected with  laciniately  divided  leaflets  the  ultimate  segments  linear  and 
short :  umbel  few-rayed,  with  involucels  of  1  or  2  narrowly  linear  bract- 
lets; rays  about  an  inch  long ;  pedicels  2-3  lines  long:  fruit  oblong  1>^ -2 
lines  long,  w4th  narrow  ribs :  oil-tubes  3-5  in  the  intervals,  6-8  on  the 
commissure.     Union  county,  Oregon,  to  Colorado. 

L  apiifolium  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  viii,  345.  Stems  2-i  feet  high, 
few-leaved  or  almost  naked;  inflorescence  puberulent:  leaves  mostly  radi- 
cal, ternate  or  biternate  then  once  or  twice  pinnate;  the  segments  ovate, 
laciniately  pinnatifid  :  umbel  of  numerous  rays,  with  involucels  of  several 
narrowly  linear  elongated  bractlets ;  rays  at  length  about  2  inches  long; 
pedicels  2-4  lines  long:  fruit  oval  1)^-2  lines  long,  with  short  conical  stylo- 
podium and  narrow  acute  ribs :  oil-tubes  3-5  in  the  intervals,  4-6  on  the 
commissure :  seed  with  round  back  and  more  or  less  deeply  concave 
face,  and  a  prominent  central  longitudinal  ridge.  In  the  mountains  of 
Oregon  and  Washington. 

L.  Grayi  C  &  R.  Rev.  Umb.  88  Stems  1-2  feet  high,  with  leaves  all 
nearly  radical,  and  glabrous  inflorescence:  leaves  ternate  then  pinnate; 
the  segments  ovate,  laciniately  pinnatifid :  umbel  of  numerous  rays  with 
involucels  of  several  narrowly  linear  elongated  bractlets :  rays  1-2  inches 
long  ;pedicels  2-4  lines  long  :fruit  narrowly  oblong, 2-2X  lines  long,  with  short 
-conical  stylopodia  and  narrow  prominent  almost  winged  ribs  :  oil-tubes, 
3-5  in  the  intervals,  8  on  the  commissure :  seed  strongly  flattened  dorsally, 
with  angled  back  and  face  but  slightly  concave,  with  no  central  ridge. 


ccELOPLEURDM.  UMBELLIFER^>.  261 

OROGENIA. 

Common  from  Washington  to  California. 

L.  verticillatnm  C.  &  R.  Cont.  Nat.  Herb,  iii,  320,  t.  12.  Angelica 
verticillata  Hook.  I  have  neither  specimens  nor  description  of  this  spe- 
cies, and  the  plate  cited  is  not  sufficient  to  draw  one  from  :  it  is  found  on 
"shady  grassy  borders  of  pine  woods  of  the  high  plains  of  the  Nez 
Perces,"  Idaho. 

16    CCELOPLEURUM    Ledeb.  Fl.  Ross,  ii,  361. 

Stout  glabrous  sea-coast  perennials  with  2-3-ternajte  leaves  on 
very  large  inflated  petioles,  few-leaved  involucre,  involucel  of 
numerous  small  bractlets  and  greenish-white  flowers  in  many- 
rayed  umbels.  Calyx-lobes  obsolete.  Fruit  globose  to  oblong, 
slightly  flattened  laterally  if  at  all,  glabrous.  Carpel  with  very 
thick  and  prominent  corky  ribs.  Oil-tubes  small,  one  in 
the  interval  and  1  or  2  under  each  rib,  2-4  on  the  commissure, 
all  adhering  to  the  seed  which  is  loose  in  the  pericarp. 

C.  Gmelini  Ledeb.  I.e.  Stems  stout,  1-3  feet  high:  leaflets  ovate, 
acute  irregularly  cut-serrate  2-3  inches  long.  l-l}4  inches  broad  :  rays  1-lK 
inches  long :  pedicels  3-4  lines  long :  fruit  globose  to  oblong  2-Z}4  lines 
long,  with  ribs  all'nearly  equal  and  seed-face  plane.  Alaska  to  the  coast 
of  Washington,  also  on  the  Northern  AJtlantic  coast. 

C.  maritimnm  C.  &  R.  Bot.  Gaz.  xiii,  145.  Stems  2-3  feet  high:  leaf- 
lets broad,  often  round,  usually  with  cordate  base,  very  obtuse,  dentate  or 
crenate-denate,  2)^-3  inches  long,  2>2  inches  broad :  rays  2-S  inches  long ; 
pedicels  6-7  lines  long :  fruit  oblong  3-3)^  lines  long,  with  lateral  ribs 
broader  than  the  others,  and  seed-face  plane.  Wet  ocean  bluffs  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Columbia  and  southward. 

17  OROi^ENIA  Watson  Bot.  King.   120,  t.  15. 

Dwarf  glabrous  nearly  acaulescent  plants  from  tuberous  or 
fusiform  roots  with  ternate  leaves  and  linear  segments,  no  in- 
volucre, involucels  of  few  linear  bractlets,  and  white  flowers  in 
subcompound  umbels  with  very  unequal  rays.  Calyx-lobes 
minute.  Fruit  oblong,  very  slightly  flattened  laterally,  glabrous. 
Carpel  much  flattened  dorsally  with  filiform  dorsal  and  interme- 
diate ribs :  laterals  excessively  corky-thickened,  involute  (that  is, 
extended  towards  the  other  carpel  leaving  between  the  com- 
missural faces  a  cavity  which  is  divided  longitudinally  by  a 
thick  corky  projection  from  the  middle  of  each  face).  Oil-tubes 
very  small,  3  in  the  intervals,  2-4  on  the  commissure. 

0.  linearifolia  Watson  1.  c.  Stems  slender,  1-2  inches  high,  from  a 
deep-seated  tuber :  leaves  2  or  3,  once  or  twice  ternate,  upon  slender  peti- 
oles;  leaflets  entire  1-2  inches  long,  1-3  lines  wide,  obtuse:  umbels  l-4- 
rayed,  with  nearly  sespile  flowers  :  fruit  1)^-2  lines  long;  lateral  ribs  and 
commissural  projection  strongly  developed.  Oregon  and  Washington  to 
Utah. 

0.  fnsiformis  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xxii,  474.  Rather  stout  3-6 
inches  high,  from  a  long  fusiform  root:  leaves  2-3-ternate,  with  terminal 
leaflets  often  3- parted;  leaflets  an  inch  or  less  long:  umbels  6-10  rayed: 
fruit  about  3  lines  long,  1%  lines  broad,  lateral  ribs  and  commissural  pro- 


2^2^  XJMBELLIFER^.  crantzia. 

ERYNGroM. 

jection  smaller.    California  and  Nevada. 

Tar.  Leibergi  C.  &  R.  Rev.  Umb.  92.  Tall  and  slender,  a  foot  or 
more  high,  with  petioles  correspondingly  elongated.  Sand  hills  in  the 
Bitterroot  Mts.,  Idaho. 

18    CRANTZIA    Nutt.  Gen.  i,  178. 

Small  glabrous  perennial  herbs,  creeping  and  rooting  in  the 
mud,  with  leaves  reduced  to  hollow  cylindrical  or  awl-shaped 
petioles,  jointed  by  transverse  partitions,  minute  involucral 
bracts,  and  simple  few-flowered  umbels  of  white  flowers.  Calyx- 
lobes  small.  Fruit  globose,  slightly  flattened  laterally,  glabrous. 
Carpel  with  filiform  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs;  laterals  very 
thick  and  corky  next  the  commissure.  Oil-tubes  2  on  the  com- 
missure.    Seed  terete. 

C.  liniata  Nutt.  1.  c.  Leaves  very  obtuse,  1-3  inches  long,  1-2  lines 
broad:  fruit  a  line  long,  the  thick  lateral  wings  forming  a  corky  margin. 
In  salt  marshes,  Vancouver  Island  to  Oregon  and  the  Atlantic  Coast. 

19    (ENANTHE    L.  Gen.  n.  352. 

Mostly  aquatic  glabrous  herbs,  with  succulent- stems,  pinnate 
or  decompound  leaves,  and  usually  involucrate  umbels  of  white 
flowers.  Calyx-lobes  rather  prominent.  Fruit  globose,  slightly 
flattened  laterally  if  at  all,  glabrous.  Carpel  with  broad  obtuse 
corky  ribs ;  laterals  the  largest.  Stylopodium  very  short-coni- 
cal. Oil-tubes  2  on  the  commissure.  Seed  sulcate  beneath  each 
oil-tube. 

(E.  sarmentosa  Presl.  D  C.  Prod,  iv,  138  Stems  2-5  feet  high,  leaves 
ternate  and  bipinnate;  leaflets  ovate,  acuminate,  toothed  often  lobed  at 
base,  6-12  lines  long :  umbels  many-rayed,  with  involucre  of  few  linear 
bracts  or  none,  and  involucels  of  similar  more  numerous  bractlets:  rays  an 
inch  long  or  less;  pedicels  short:  fruit  about  2  lines  long,  with  commis- 
sural face  and  ribs  very  corky.    In  marshes,  Alaska  to  California. 

*  *  *    Fruit  flattened  laterally. 

-+    Prickly,  or  with  tuberculate  scales. 

20    ERYNGIUlVf    Tourn.  L.  Gen.  n.  324. 

Glabrous  perennials  with  mostly  rigid,  coriaceous^  spinosely 
toothed  or  divided  leaves  and  white  or  blue  flowers,  in  dense  ses- 
sile bracteate  heads,  the  outer  bracts  form  the  involucre,  the 
inner  ones,  bractless,  intermixed  with  the  flowers  represent  the  in- 
volucels. Calyx-lobes  very  prominent,  rigid  and  persistent. 
Fruit  ovoid,  crowded  with  hyaline  scales  or  tubercles.  Carpel 
with  ribs  obsolete.  Stylopodium  wanting  :  styles  short  or  long, 
often  rigid.  Oil-tubes  mostly  H  on  the  back  and  2  on  the  com- 
missure.    Seed-face  plane. 

E.  Taseyi  C.  &  R.  Bot.  Gaz  xiii,  142.  Stems  from  a  few  inches  to  a 
foot  high,  several  from  a  common  root  and  branching  above :  leaves  ob 
lanceolate,  unequally  spinulose-serrate,  attenuate  below :  involucre  of  nar- 
row thick  and  rigid  spinose  and  spiny-toothed  bracts,  much  longer  than 


8ANICDLA.  UMBELLIFERiE.  263 

the  heads ;  bractlets  the  same  :  fruit  with  lanceolate  acuminate-cuspidate 
calyx-lobes  longer  than  the  short  styles.  Wet  grounds,  Southern  Oregon 
to  California. 

E.  articulatvm  Hook.  Fl.  i,  259.  Erect,  a  foot  or  so  high,  more  or 
less  branching  throughout :  radical  and  lower  stem  leaves  reduced  to  very 
long  jointed  petioles,  with  or  without  small  lanceolate  blades;  upper  stem 
leaves  sessile:  involucre  of  linear  cuspidate-tipped  and  spiny-toothed 
bracts  much  longer  than  the  heads ;  bractlets  tricuspidate,  the  middle  one 
much  the  largest,  scarcely  longer  than  the  flowers :  fruit  with  lanceolate 
cuspidate-acuminate  calyx-lobes  hardly  longer  than  the  styles.  Swamps 
and  wet  meadows,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California. 

E.  Harknessii  Curran  Bull.  Cal.  Acad,  iii,  153.  Erect,  slender,  2-4 
feet  high,  dichotomously  branched  above:  radical  and  lower  leaves  con- 
sisting only  of  the  jointed  fistulous  petiole,  often  very  long :  stem  leaves 
lanceolate  entire,  sparingly  ciliate-toothed,  on  jointed  petioles  of  equal 
length ,  laciniate-f ringed  near  the  base ;  upper  reduced  to  sessile  laciniate 
bracts:  heads  oblong,  6-9  lines  in  diameter,  blue  involucre  of  8-10  nar- 
row bracts,  exceeding  the  head,  calyx-lobes  subulate,  equalling  the  styles. 
In  wet  places,  Washington  to  California  and  Idaho, 

21     SANICULA    Tourn.  L.  Gen.  n.  326. 

Smooth  herbs  with  almost  naked  or  few-leaved  stems  palmate 
or  pinnate  leaves  with  more  or  less  pinnatifid  or  incised  lobes, 
and  greenish  yellow  or  purple  flowers  in  irregularly  compound 
few-rayed  umbels.  Calyx-lobes  somewhat  foliaceous,  persistent. 
Fruit  sub-globose,  densely  covered  with  hooked  prickles  or  tu- 
berculate.  Carpel  without  ribs.  Stylopodium  depressed.  Oil- 
tubes  mostly  large,  3  on  the  back  and  2  on  the  commissure,  or 
3-19  irregularly  distributed. 

*  Oil-tubes  irregular  in  number  and  in  distribution. 
+-  Mature  fruit  pedicelled :  leaves  palmately  divided. 
S.  arctopoides  Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot.  Beechey,  141.  Stems  very  short, 
from  thickened  rootstocks,  bearing  a  tuft  of  leaves  and  several  divergent 
scape-like  branches  2-8  inches  long,  each  bearing  an  umbel  of  1-3  elong- 
ated rays:  leaves  deeply  palmately  3-lobed,  the  cuneate  divisions  once  or 
twice  laciniately  cleft  or  dissected  with  lanceolate  acute  spreading  seg- 
ments :  involucre  of  1-2  similar  leaf-like  bracts ;  umbellets  large  3-6  lines 
in  diameter,  with  conspicuous  involucels  of  8-12  narrowly  oblanceolate 
mostly  entire  bractlets:  flowers  yellow:  fruit  short  pedicellate  13^  lines 
long  naked  at  base  with  strong  prickles  above;  seed-face  almost  plane.  On 
plains  and  hillsides,  Sacramento  Valley,  California,  also  Vancouver 
Island,  Brit.  Columbia,  to  be  looked  for  in  our  range. 

S.  Howellii  C.  &  R.  Bot.  Gaz.  xiii,  81  Stems  coarse,  a  foot  or  less 
high,  often  bearing  tufts  of  stout  elongated  peduncles  and  leaves ;  leaves 
broad  and  palmately  3-5-lobed,  the  upper  inclined  to  be  pinnately  lobed, 
the  divisions  rather  sharply  cut  and  toothed,  the  teeth  mucronate-tipped : 
umbel  unequally  few-rayed,  with  involucre  of  few  leaf-like  bracts  and  in- 
volucels of  very  prominent  bractlets  sometimes  much  exceeding  the  large 
globose  head  of  fruit ;  flowers  yellow :  fruit  short  pedicellate,  prickly  all 
over  13^-2  lines  long,  seed-face  concave.  Sandy  seashore,  Columbia  river 
to  Southern  Oregon. 

S.  Menaiesii  Hook.  &  Arn.  1.  c.  142.  Stem  solitary,  erect,  from  a 
long,  thickiah  perpendicular  root,  1-5  feet  high,  branching:  leaves  round- 


2C4  UMBELLIFER^.  sanicula. 

PIMPINELLA. 

cordate  2-4  inches  broad,  very  deeply  3-5-lobed,  the  broad  segments 
sharply  toothed  or  somewhat  cleft,  the  teeth  bristle-tipped ;  upper  leaves 
more  narrowly  lobed  and  laciniately  toothed :  umbel  with  3-4  slender 
rays,  involucre  of  2-3  small  leaf -like  bracts,  and  involucels  of  6-8  small 
entire  bractlets ;  flowers  yellow,  the  sterile  ones  nearly  sessile :  fruit  be- 
coming distinctly  pedicellate  and  divergent,  obovate  1-2  lines  long,  covered 
with  strong  prickles :  seed-face  plane.    Brit.  Columbia  to  California. 

■f-  ■*-    Mature  fruit  sessile. 

f<-     Leaves  pinnate ly  divided. 

S.  laciniata  Hook  &  Arn.  1.  c.  147  Stems  more  or  less  branching, 
6-18  inches  high ;  from  a  thickened  root-stock:  leaves  mostly  palmately 
3-5-parted,  the  divisions  1-2  pinnatifid,  segments  laciniately  toothed, 
the  teeth  spinosely  pointed :  umbel  3-5  rayed,  with  involucre  of 
leaf -like  bracts,  and  involucels  of  lanceolate  spinosely  pointed  bractlets; 
flowers  yellow,  the  sterile  ones  on  long  pedicels :  fruit  somewhat  naked 
below,  more  prickly  above  1)^  lines  long:  seed-face  deeply  sulcate  some- 
what involute.     California  to  the  Willamette  Valley,  Oregon. 

S.  Nevadensis  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xi,  139.  Stem  slender  some- 
times very  short,  simple  or  branching  near  the  base,  a  foot  or  less  high  : 
leaves  ternate,  the  divisions  oblong-ovate,  3-5  lobed ;  the  segments  lobed 
or  toothed :  umbel  with  about  5  rays,  which  are  sometimes  branched  and 
become  6-18  lines  long  in  fruit ;  involucre  of  pinnatifid  leaf-like  bracts ;  in- 
volucels of  small  oblong  acute  bractlets :  flowers  yellow,  the  sterile  ones 
pediceled:  fruit  prickly  all  over  1}4  lines  long:  seed-face  plane.  Dry  open 
woods,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California  and  ^'evada. 

■^^  -n-     Leaves  more  or  less  pinnately  divided. 

S.  Wpinnatiflda  Dougl.  Hook.  Fl.  i,  258.  Stems  a  foot  or  more  high 
from  a  thickened  rootstock :  with  usually  a  pair  of  opposite  leaves  at  base 
and  1-3  leaves  above ;  leaves  pinnatsly  3-7  parted,  the  divisions  incisely 
toothed  or  lobed,  decurrent  on  the  toothed  rhachis,  teeth  acute  or  slightly 
pointed ;  umbel  with  .3-4  elongated  rays  :  involucre  of  leaf-like  bracts,  and 
involucels  of  small  narrow  merely  acute  bractlets  ;  flowers  purple, in  dense 
heads,  the  sterile  ones  on  long  pedicels  :  fruit  prickly  all  over.  Seed-face 
broadly  concave  with  a  prominent  central  longitudinal  ridge.  Common 
in  open  places  Brit.  Columbia  to  California. 

S.  bipinuata  Hook.  &  Arn.  1.  c.  347.  A  foot  or  more  high  from  a 
slender  fusiform  root :  leaves  twice  or  thrice  pinnate,  with  divisions  not  at 
all  decurrent,  cuneate-oblong  to  ovate,  incisely  and  mucronately  toothed  : 
umbel  S-4  rayed,  with  involucre  of  leaf -like  bracts  and  involucels  of  a  few 
small  bractlets  more  or  less  united :  flowers  yellow:  fruit  tuberculate  at 
base,  prickly  above:  seed-face  deeply  sulcate,  more  or  less  involute,  with 
a  central  longitudinal  ridge.  California  to  the  southern  boundary  of  Ore- 
gon. 

*  *    Fruit  neither  prickly  nor  scaly. 

22    PIMPINELLA  L.  Gen.  n.  366. 

Glabrous  perennials  with  ternately  or  pinnately  compound 
leaves,  involucre  and  involucels  scanty  or  none,  and  white  or 
yellow  flowers.  Calyx-lobes  obsolete :  fruit  oblong  to  ovate, 
glabrous,  carpel  with  equal  slender  ribs :  stylopodium  depressed 
or  cushion-like.  Oil-tubes  2-6  in  the  intervals,  4-8  on  the  com- 
missure :  seed  somewhat  dorsally  flattened. 

P.    apiodora   Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  vii,  345.     Smooth,  rather  stout. 


MUSENiuM.  UMBELLIFER^.  265r 

BUPLEURUM. 

2-3  feet  high:  leaves  mostly  radical,  2-3-ternate,  the  cuneate-ovate  leaflets 
laciniately  pinnatifid  and  toothed,  an  inch  long :  umbel  long-peduncled, 
6-15-rayed ;  rays  1-2  inches  long,  hispidly  puberulent :  flowers  white  or 
pinkish :  fruit  broadly  ovate :  oil-tubes  numerous  in  the  intervals,  8  or 
more  on  the  commissure.    From  San  Francisco  to  Eastern  Nevada. 

Var.  nndicanlis  Gray  1. c. viii,  385.  Small;  stem  scapiform,  almost 
leafless,  scarcely  a  foot  high.    Oregon  Hall  1871,  not  since  found. 

23    MUSENIUM,  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  i,  642. 

Dwarf  resinous  dry  ground  perennials,  from  thick  elongated 
roots,  with  pinnate  decompound  leaves,  no  involucre  and  invol- 
ucels  of  a  few  narrow  bracts.  Calyx-lobes  prominent.  Fruit 
ovate  or  ovate  oblong^  carpel  with  equal  filiform  ribs,  and  thin 
pericarp :  stylopodium  depressed.  Oil-tubes  usually  3  in  th& 
intervals,  the  middle  one  the  largest,  2-4  on  the  commissure. 
Seed-face  broadly  concave. 

M.  divaricatnm  Nutt.  1.  c.  Decumbent,  glabrous :  stem  short,  dicho- 
tomously  branching  from  the  base:  leaves  bipinnatifid,  with  winged, 
rhachis;  segments 3,-5:toothed:  peduncles  2-5  inches  long:  umbel  10-25 
rayed ;  rays  3-9  lines  long,  pedicels  short :  fruit  smooth  or  nearly  so,  about 
2  lines  long;  oil-tubes  3  in  the  interval-,  with  accessory  ones  beneath  the 
ribs,  4  on  the  commissure:  Seed  terete,  with  rather  deeply  concave  face. 
From  the  plains  of  the  upper  Missouri  to  Oregon  and  Brit.  Columbia. 

24     EULOPHUS     Nutt.  DC.  Prodr.  iv,  248. 

Glabrous  perennials  from  deep-seated  fascicled  tubers,  1-5 
feet  high,  with  pinnately  or  ternately  compound  leaves,  narrowly- 
linear  to  oblong-linear  mostly  entire  leaflets,  the  terminal  one 
elongated,  involucre  and  involucels  of  several  lanceolate  acumi- 
nate usually  scabrous  bractlets  an<I  long-peduncled  umbels  of 
white  or  pinkish  dowers.  Calyx- lobes  prominent.  Fruit  ovate* 
to  linear-oblong  glabrous.  Carpel  with  equal  filiform  ribs,  and 
thin  pericarp.  iStylopodium  conical,  with  long  and  recurved 
styles.  Oil-tubes  1-5  in  the  intervals,  4-8  on  the  commissura- 
and  a  small  group  in  the  parenchyma  of  the  commissural  sulcus. 
Seed-face  broadly  concave,  with  a  central  longitudinal  ridge. 

E.  Bolanderi  C.  &  R.  Rev  Umb.  112.  Stems  slender,  1-2  feet  high; 
leaf  divisions  more  or  less  pinnately  compound ;  ultimate  divisions  narrowly 
linear,  6-18  lines  long,  the  terminal  ones  sometimes  much  longer,  3^-1  line 
wide :  uppermost  leaves  simple :  umbel  10-25-rayed,  with  prominent  in- 
volucre and  involucels  of  scarious  ovate-lanceolate  abruptly  long  acumi- 
nate bractlets,  longer  than  the  pedicels,  rays  5-10  lines  long;  pedicels  1-2^ 
lines  long:  fruit  oblong:  oil- tubes  small  2-5  in  the  intervals,  6  on  the 
commissure.     Southeastern  Oregon  to  California. 

25    BUPLEURUM.     L.  Gen.  n.  328. 

Calyx-lobes  obsolete.  Fruit  oblong  with  rather  broad  com- 
missure. Carpel  with  equal  very  slender  or  prominent  ribs, 
Stylopodium  prominent  and  flat.  Oil-tube^  wanting  or  contin- 
uous about  the  seed-cavity.  Ours  perennial  from  a  branchings 
caudex,  with  simple  entire  clasping  or  perfoliate  stem-leaves  and 


266  UMBELLIFER^.  leibergia. 

GLYCOS:.IA. 

yellow  flowers. 

B.  Americanum  C.  &  R.  Rev.  Umb.  115.  Radical  leaves  linear- 
lanceolate,  cauline  ones  very  variable,  oblong  to  linear,  more  or  less  clasp- 
ing :  rays  unequal,  6-24  lines  long,  with  involucre  of  3-5  unequal  bracts 
and  involucels  of  5-8  rather  small  ovate  bractlets :  pedicels  short :  carpel 
with  prominent  ribs,  oil-tubes  continuous  about  the  seed-cavity  and  one 
in  each  rib.  Seed-face  plane.  Alaska  to  Yellowstone  Park,  perhaps 
Washington. 

26    LEIBERGIA    C.  &  R.  Contr.  Nat.  Herb,  iii,  675,  t.  xxvii. 

Slender  glabrous  acaulescent  plants  from  a  small  globose  root, 
ternately  divided  leaves  and  irregular  umbels  of  white  flowers. 
Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  flattened  laterally,  linear,  beaked, 
glabrous:  stylopodium  wanting.  Carpels  only  slightly  flattened 
dorsally,  with  5  filiform  ribs,  the  2  lateral  a  little  more  promi- 
nent and  turned  inward.  Oil-tubes  small,  solitary  in  the  inter- 
vals, 2  on  the  commissure.  Seed-face  slightly  concave  but  when 
dry  becoming  more  or  less  involute. 

L.  orogenioides  C.  &  R.  I.e.  Stem  slender  6-20  inches  high ;  leaves 
nearly  as  long  as  the  flowering  peduncle :  leaflets  linear,  l>^-4  inches 
long,  entire  or  with  a  few  teeth  or  linear  lobes :  rays  of  the  umbel  3-10, 
very  slender,  often  spreading,  1-6  inches  long ;  umbellets  with  few  fl  >wers 
and  fruits :  involucre  none  ;involucels  of  few  small  bracts  that  are  somewhat 
united  at  base :  fruit  4  lines  long,  flattened  laterally  but  terete  at  base, 
terete  and  somewhat  beaked  at  apex.  Along  small  streams,  Coeur  d'Alene 
Mountains  Idaho,  Spokane  Co.,  Washington. 

27    OSMORHIZA  Jour.  Phys.  Ixxxix. 

Perennials  from  thick  aromatic  roots,  with  ternately  decom- 
pound leaves,  ovate  variously  toothed  leaflets,  involucre  and  in- 
volucels few-leaved  or  wanting  and  white  flowers  in  few-rayed 
and  few-fruited  umbels.  Calyx-lobes  obsolete.  Fruit  linear  to 
linear-oblong,  caudate,  attenuate  at  base,  acute  above,  very 
bristly  on  the  ribs.  Carpel  slightly  flattened  dorsally  or  not  at 
all,  nearly  pentagonal  in  section,  with  equal  ribs  and  thin  peri- 
carp.    Oil-tubes  obsolete  in   mature  fruit. 

0.  nuda  Torr.  Pac.  R.  R.  Rep.  iv,  93.  Stems  rather  slender,  1-3  feet 
high,  divaricately  branched,  somewhat  pubescent  or  glabrous:  leaves 
twice  ternate ;  leaflets  6-24  lines  long,  toothed  and  cleft :  umbel  long  ped- 
uncled,  3-6-rayed,  mostly  naked;  rays  slender,  spreading  2-4  inches  long: 
pedicels  2-12  lines  long  :  fruit  with  not  very  prominent  ribs  :  stylopodium 
and  style  very  short,  seed-face  concave.  Very  common  in  wooded  dis- 
tricts.    Alaska  to  California  and  the  Rocky  mountains. 

28    GLYCOSMA    Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  i,  639. 

Mostly  tall  perennials  from  thick  aromatic  roots  with  ter- 
nately decompound  leaves,  ovate  variously  toothed  leaflets, 
mostly  without  involucre  or  involucels,  and  white  flowers  in  few- 
rayed  umbels.  Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  linear  to  linear-ob- 
long, not  attenuate  at  base,   acute   above,  glabrous   or  somewhat 


VEL.EA.  UMBELLIFER^.  267 

bristly  on  the  ribs.  Carpels  slightly  flattened  dorsally  or  not  at 
all,  with  5  acutely  carinate  equal  ribs.  Stylopodium  mostly  de- 
pressed.    Oil-tubes  obsolete  in  mature  fruit.     Seed-face  concave. 

G.  occidentalis  Nutt.  1.  c.  Rather  stout,  puberulent  or  pubescent : 
leaves  2-3-ternate ;  leaflets  1-4  inches  long,  acute,  coarsely  serrate,  rarely 
dncised :  umbel  5-12-rayed,  naked  or  with  1  or  2  involucral  bracts ;  rays 
1-5  inches  long,  mostly  erect:  pedicels  1-3  lines  long:  fruit  7-12  lines 
long  obtuse  at  base,  glabrous,  with  prominent  acute  ribs :  stylopodium 
half  to  a  line  long ;  seed-face  concave.  In  the  higher  mountains,  Brit. 
Columbia  to  California,  Montana  and  the  Wahsatch. 

G.  ambignnm  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  viii,  386.  Glabrous  or  hairy 
near  the  nodes:  leaves  2-3  ternate:  leaflets  1-2 inches  long,  acute,  shortly 
toothed  or  cleft:  umbel  4-8-rayed,  naked  ;  rays  about  2  inches  long,  some- 
what spreading ;  pedicels  1-3  lines  long:  fruit  6-7  lines  long  acutieh  at 
base,  sometimes  bristly,  with  prominent  ribs :  styles  half  a  line  long :  seed- 
face  concave.    Western  Washington  and  Oregon  to  California. 

29    VELiEA  DC.  Prodr.  iv,  230. 

DEWEYA  T.  &  G. 

Perennial  herbs  from  thick  elongated  roots  with  mostly  radical 
pinnate  or  ternate  leaves,  conspicuous  involucels  and  yellow 
flowers.  Calyx-lobes  obsolete  or  prominent.  Fruit  oblong  to 
orbicular,  glabrous  or  pubescent.  Carpel  somewhat  flattened 
laterally,  with  prominent  and  equal  filiform  ribs  (the  intermedi- 
ates somewhat  distant  from  the  laterals)  and  a  thin  pericarp. 
Oil-tubes  conspicuous,  3-6  in  the  intervals,  4-10  on  the  commis- 
sure. Seed  terete,  the  face  strongly  involute,  enclosing  a  central 
cavity. 

V.  glauca  C.  &  R.  Contrib.  Nat.  Herb,  iii,  321.  Shortly  caulescent 
slender,  8-18  inches  high,  erect  or  somewhat  spreading,  glabrous  and 
somewhat  glaucous :  radical  leaves  small,  bi-  or  tri-ternate ;  stem  leaves  of- 
ten simply  ternate ;  leaflets  small,  4-8  lines  long,  mostly  cordate  or  truncate 
at  base,  often  3-lol)ed  or  3-parted,  irregularly  toothed:  umnel  7-15-rayed, 
with  no  involucre  and  involucels  of  small  linear  bracts :  rays  1-3  inches 
long ;  pedicels  a  line  long  or  less :  fruit  orbicular,  a  line  in  diameter ;  carpo- 
phore parted  below  the  middle,  flowers  yellow.  On  dry  hillsides  in  open 
wood 3,  Southwestern  Oregon. 

V.  Kello^gii  C.  &  R.  Rev.  Umb.  121.  Deweya  Kelloggii  Gray. 
Acaulescent  or  nearly  so,  mostly  puberulent;  2-3  feet  high:  leaves  tri- 
ternate;  leaflets  ovate,  half  to  less  than  an  inch  long,  mostly  ;^-lobed : 
umbel  8-16-rayed,  mostly  with  no  involucre,  and  involucels  of  small  linear 
bractlets;  rays  2-3  inches  long  :  fruit  1-2  lines  long,  almost  as  broad,  some- 
what notched  at  base,  with  filiform  ribs :  oil-tubes  3  in  the  dorsal  inter- 
vals, 5-6  in  the  lateral  ones,  8-18  on  the  commissure.  Southern  Oregon  to 
Southern  California. 

V.  Howellii  C.  &  R.  I.  c.  122.  Glabrous  throughout,  short-caulescent; 
2-4  inches  high:  leaves  1-3,  thickish  about  18  lines  long,  with  ovate  out- 
line, pinnatifid,  the  oblong  segments  irregularly  cuspidate-toothed  and 
lobed,  with  revolute  margins ;  umbel  3-6-rayed,  with  no  involucre  and 
involucels  exceedingly  prominent,  being  exactly  like  the  leaves  and  form- 
ling  the  principal  part  of  the  foliage  of  the  plant;  rays  6-8  lines  long;  pedi- 


^eS  UMBELLIFER^.  sium. 

CARUM. 

eels  about  a  line  long,  «alyx-lobes  prominent:  fruit  (immature)  oblong,, 
glabrous  :  oil-tubes  several  in  the  intervals.  In  the  Siskiyou  mountains  at 
high  elevations,  southwest  of  Ashland,  Oregon. 

30    SIUM    L.  Gen.  n  348. 

Smooth  perennials,  growing  in  water  or  wet  places,  with 
pinnate  leaves,  serrate  or  pinnatifid  leaflets,  involucre  and  in- 
volucelsof  numerous  narrow  bracts,  and  numerous  white  flowers. 
Calyx-lobes  minute.  Fruit  ovate  to  oblong,,  glabrous.  Carpels- 
with  prominent  corky  nearly  equal  ribs,  Stylopodium  de- 
pressed. Style  short.  Oil-tubes  1-3  in  the  intervals,  2-6  on  the 
commissure.     Seed  subangular  with  plane  face. 

S.  cicutae folium  Gmelin.  Syst.  ii,  482.  Stout,  2-6  feet  high  :  leaflets 
3-8  pairs,  linear  to  lanceolate,  shai'ply  serrate;  mostly  acuminate,  2-5' 
inches  long,  submerged  leaves  when  present  finely  dissected :  umbel 
many-rayed;  rays  12-18  lines  long;  pedicels  1-3  lines  long :  oil-tubes  2-& 
on  the  commissure.     Apparently  throughout  North  America. 

31     ZIZIA    Koch  Umbel.  129. 

Smooth  perennial  herbs  with  mostly  simple  or  ternate  leaves, 
no  involucre,  involucels  of  small  bractlets  and  yellow  flowers;  the 
central  fruit  of  each  umbellet  sessile,  calyx-teeth  prominent. 
Fruit  oblong,  glabrous.  Stylopodium  wanting.  Styles  long. 
Oil-tubes  large  and  solitary  in  the  broad  intervals,  20  on  the 
commissure  and  a  small  one  in  each  rib.     Seed  terete,  sulcate. 

Z«  cordata  Koch  1.  c.  Radical  leaves  mostly  long-petioled,  cordate  or 
even  rounder,  crenately  toothed,  very  rarely  lobed  or  divided;  stem  leaves 
simply  ternate  or  quinate,  the  leaflets  ovate  to  lanceolate,  serrate  incised, 
or  even  parted:  fruit  ovate.  Throughout  Canada  and  the  Atlantic  States 
and  Oregon. 

32    CARUM     Linn. 

Smooth  erect  slender  herbs  with  tuberous  or  fusiform  fascicled 
roots,  pinnate  leaves  with  few  linear  leaflets,  involucre  and  in- 
volucels of  few  to  many  bracts  and  white  flowers.  Calyx-lobes 
small.  Fruit  ovate  or  oblong,  glabrous,  carpel  with  filiform  or 
inconspicuous  ribs.  Oil-tubes  2-6  on  the  commissure.  Seed 
dorsally  flattened,  more  or  less  sulcate  beneath  the  oil-tubes. 

C.  Oairdneri  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  vii,  344.  Stems  1-4  feet  high, 
from  fascicled-tuberous  or  fusiform  roots  :  leaves  few  usually  simply  pin- 
nate, with  3-7  linear  leaflets  2-6  inches  long;  upper  leaves  usually  simple: 
umbels  6-15-rayed  with  involucre  of  several  bracts  or  none  and  involucels 
of  linear  acuminate  bractlets  :  rays  about  18  lines  long  :  fruit  ovate,  small, 
with  long  styles :  seed  terete.  From  Erit.  Columbia  and  Montana  to 
Utah  and  California. 

C.  Oregana  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xx,  368.  "Closely  resembling 
the  preceding,  but  the  lower  leaves  more  divided,  with  shorter  linear  lobes; 
fruit  oblong,  larger  with  long  styles :  seed  flattened  dorsally,  sulcate  be- 
neath the  oil-tubes  and  slightly  concave  on  the  face, with  central  longitudi^ 
nal  ridge."    Brit.  Columbia  to  California  and  Nevada. 


T.«NioPLEURDM.  UMBELLIFER^.  i60 

HYDROCOTYLE. 

33    T.ENIOPLEURUM    C.  &  R.  Bot.  Gaz.  Nov.  1889. 

Smooth  erect  herbs,  from  a  fascicle  of  thickened  fibers,  with 
ternate-pinnate  leaves,  toothed  leaflets,  involucre  and  involucels 
of  numerous  conspicuous  bracts  and  white  flowers.  Calyx-lobes 
prominent.  Fruit  oblong,  glabrous  flattened  latterly.  Carpel  with 
broad,  salient  ribs.  Stylopodium  prominent  and  conical.  Oil- 
tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals,  very  large,  two  on  the  commis- 
sure. Seeds  dorsally  flattened,  sulcate  beneath  the  oil-tubes, 
becoming  loose  in  the  pericarp,  and  invested  by  a  layer  of  secret- 
ing cells. 

T.  Howellii  C  &  R.  1.  c.  Sterna  rather  stout,  3-4  feet  high,  leaves 
few,  ternate  then  once  or  twice  pinnate;  leaflets  lanceolate  to  ovate, 
■strongly  toothed  or  lobed;  umbels  manj'^-rayed,  with  involucre  of  long  nar- 
rowly oblanceolate  bracts  and  involucels  of  prominent  lanceolate  scarious-- 
margined  bractlets ;  ray  1-3  inches  long;  psdicels  3-5  lines  long.  Wet 
places  Grants  Pass,  Oregon. 

34  CICUTA  L.  Gen.  n.  354. 

Tall  branching  glabrous  perennial  herbs  with  pinnately  or 
ternately  compound  leaves,  involucre  small  or  wanting,  involu- 
cels of  several  small  bractlets  and  many-rayed  umbels  of  small 
flowers.  Calyx-lobes  rather  prominent.  Fruit  oblong  to  nearly 
orbicular,  glabrous.  Stylopodium  conical.  Carpels  with  strong 
flattish  corky  ribs,  the  laterals  the  largest.  Seed  nearly  terete, 
or  somewhat  dorsally  flattened,  with  plane  face.  Oil-tubes  soli- 
tary in  the  intervals,  2  on  the  commissure. 

€.  occidentalis  Greene  Pitt,  ii,  7.  Stem  stout,  3-6  feet  high,  green, 
scarcely  glaucous,  paniculate  from  toward  the  base :  leaves  bipinnate;  leaf- 
lets 2-3  inches  long,  narrowly  lanceolate,' coarsely  serrate:  umbel  many- 
rayed;  involucre  usually  wanting;  involucels  of  few  narrow  lanceolate 
bractlets :  rays  1-4  inches  long ;  pedicels  2-4  lines  long :  fruit  broadly  ovate 
to  oval,  the  lateral  ribs  much  larger  than  the  others :  oil-tubes  broad  and 
conspicuous,  the  commissural  pair  contiguous.  In  marshes  and  wet 
places.     Alaska  to  California  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

C.  purpnrata  Greene  1.  c.  8.  Stems  3-4  feet  high,  purple  glaucous,  con- 
spicuously striate,  paniculate  from  the  middle:  leaves  bipinnate;  leaflets 
ovate-lanceolate,  1-2  inches  long  closely  and  often  deeply  serrate,  the  teeth 
a  little  falcate ;  umbels  many,  long  peduncied :  involucre  and  involucels 
wanting  or  deciduous :  flowers  dull  and  inconspicuous  :  fruit  orbicular,  ribs 
of  the  carpels  broad  and  low:  oil-tubes  small.  Springy  and  boggy  places 
near  Cle  Elum,  Washington. 

C.  yagans  Greene  1.  c.  Stem  branching  from  the  very  base,  the 
branches  diffuse  or  reclining,  3-5  feet  long,  abundantly  floriferous :  herbage 
purplish  or  glaucous :  radical  leaves  2  feet  long  bi-  or  tri-pinnate ;  leaflets 
2  inches  long,  lanceolate,  somewhat  cuneate  below  and  entire,  but  from 
below  the  middle  bearing  rather  remote  short  but  salient  serrate  teeth : 
flowers  dull,  fruit  orbicular ;  the  ribs  very  broad  and  low;  oil-tube  small, 
cross-section  of  seed  nearly  reniform.  Borders  of  Lake  Pend  d'Oreille,  Idaho. 

35  HYDROCOTYLE  Tourn. 

Low  perennial  hsrbs  growing  in  water  or  wet  places  with  slen- 


270  ARALIACE^.  aralia. 

der  creeping  stems,  orbicular-peltate  or  reniform  leaves  and  small 
white  flowers  in  simple  or  proliferous  umbels.  Calyx  teeth  mi- 
nute or  obsolete.  Fruit  more  or  less  orbicular.  Carpels  withi 
5  primary  ribs,  the  dorsal  marginal,  broad  or  filiform;  inter- 
mediate filiform,  usually  curved ;  laterals  filiform  or  broad,  dis- 
tinct from  those  of  the  other  carpel  or  confluent :  a  prominent 
oil-bearing  layer  beneath  the  epidermis  occasionally  containing 
small  oil-tubes. 

H.  ranuncluoides  L.  f.  Suppl.177.  Stems  rather  slender  6-12  inches 
long :  leaves  thickish,  round-reniform,6-18  lines  in  diameter,  3-7-cleft,  with 
crenate  lobes:  peduncles  1-3  inches  long,  reflexed  in  fruit :  umbel  capi- 
tate, 5-10-flowered :  fruit  with  rather  obscure  ribs,  strongly  flattened  lat- 
erally: stylopodium  depressed.  In  ponds,  Oregon  to  California  and 
across  the  continent. 

Order  XLIV.     ARALIACE.E  Vent.  Tabl.  iii,  2. 

Shrubs,  trees  or  perennial  herbs  with  compound  or  simple 
leaves  without  stipules,  the  petioles  thickened  and  dilated  at 
base,  aiad  umbellate  paniculate,  or  racemose  infloresence. 
Calyx  adherent  to  the  ovary,  the  limb  usually  very  small,  en- 
tire or  toothed.  Petals  5-10,  valvate  in  the  bud,  very  larely 
none.  Stamens  as  many  as  petals  and  alternate  with  them: 
filaments  short:  anthers  intiorse.  Ovary  crowned  with  an 
epigynous  disk,  2-15-celled,  with  a  solitary  suspended  ovule  in 
each  cell:  styles  erect  and  connivent  or  spreading:  stigma  sim- 
ple. Fruit  drupaceous  or  baccate,  sometimes  nearly  dry,  but 
the  carpels  not  separating.  Seed  solitary  in  each  cell,  anatro- 
pous.     Embryo  short,  at  th^  base   of  copious  fleshy  albumen. 

1.  Aralia.     Petals  imbricate  in  the  bud,  drupes  5-celled:   pedicels   not 
jointed. 

2.  Echinopanax.     Petals  valvate  in  the  bud,  drupes  2-3-celled,  pedicels 
not  jointed. 

1     ARALIA    Vaillant. 

Perennial  herbs  or  shrubs  with  alternate  digitate  or  com- 
pound leaves  and  small  flowers  in  racemed  umbels.  Calyx  5- 
toothed  or  entire.  Petals  5,  ovate,  slightly  imbricate.  Sta- 
mens 5.  Disk  depressed  or  rarely  conical.  Ovary  2-5-celled; 
styles  few  or  connate  at  base,  at  length  divaricate;  stigmas 
terminal.  Fruit  laterally  compressed,  becoming  S-o-angled, 
fleshy  externally,  endocarp  chartaceous. 

A.  Californica  Watson.  Herbaceous,  unarmed  and  nearly  glabrous, 
8-10  feet  high  from  a  large  thick  root:  leaves  bipinnate,  or  the  upper  pin- 
nate with  1  or  2  pairs  of  leaflets,  which  are  cordate-ovate,  4-8  inches  long 
or  more,  shortly  acuminate,  simply  or  doubly  serrate  with  short  acute 
teeth,  uppermost  leaves  ovate-lanceolate:  umbels  in  loose  terminal  and 
axilary  compound  or  simple  racemose  panicles,  which  are  a  foot  or  two 
long  and  more  or  less  glandular -tomentose  ;  rays  numerous,  4-6  lines  long ; 
involucres  of  several  linear  bractlets ;  flowers   1)^-2  lines   long;  disk  and 


ECHINOPANAX.  CORNACE^.  271 

CORNU8. 

stylopodium  obsolete;  styles  united  to  the  middle.    Shaded  mountain  ra- 
vines California. 

Var.  acnminata  Watson  in  Herb.  Leaflets  long  acuminate,  pedicels 
10-14  lines  loiig.     Mountain  streams  Southern  Oregon. 

2    ECHINOPANAX    Decaisne  &  Planch,  in  Rev.  Hortic,  1854,  105. 

Densely  prickly  shrubs  with  large  palmately  lobed  leaves- 
and  greenish-white  flowers  in  dense  paniculate  umbels. 
Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Petals  5,  valvate  in  the  bud.  Stamens^ 
5,  alternate  with  the  petals:  filaments  filiform;  anthers  ovate 
to  oblong.  Ovary  2-3-celled :  styles  2,  filiform :  stigma  termi- 
nal. Fruit  laterally  compressed,  drupaceous;  endocarp  indur^ 
ated. 

E.  horridnin  Decaisne  &  Planch.  1.  c.  Very  prickly  throughout: 
stems  erect  from  a  decumbent  base,  4-12  feet  high,  leafy  at  the  top:  leaver 
roundish-cordate,  prickly  both  sides,  palmately  lobed,  aculeate-dentate, 
more  or  less  pubescent  beneath,  6-24  inches  long:  inflorescence  terminal, 
densely  tomentose :  rays  subtended  by  a  scarious  laciniately  cut  bract : 
petals  ovate,  with  a  broad  base:  styles  united  to  the  middle.  In  moun- 
tain swamps,  Oregon  to  the  arctic  regions. 

Order  XLV.     CORNACE^E   Link.    Handb.  ii,  2. 

Trees,  shrubs  or  rarely  herbs  with  opposite  mostly  entire 
pinnately  veined  leaves  without  stipules  and.  cymose  or  capi- 
tate infloresence,  with  or  without  an  involucre.  Calyx  adher- 
ent to  the  ovary,  the  limb  4-5-toothed  or  lobed,  valvate  in  the 
bud.  Petals  distinct,  as  many  as  the  calyx-lobes  and  alter- 
nate with  them,  inserted  on  the  margin  of  the  epigynous  disk, 
valvate  in  fche  bud :  stamens  4-5,  inserted  with  the  petals  and 
alternate  with  them  :  anthers  introrse,  mostly  cordate.  Ovary 
one-celled  with  a  single  pendulous  ovule.  Style  single.  Fruit 
drupelets  covered  with  the  remains  of  the  calyx.  Seed  ana- 
tropous.     Embryo  nearly  as  long  as  the  fleshy  albumen. 

1     CORNUS  Tourn.     (Dogwood) 

Trees,  shrubs  or  herbs  with  opposite  entire  leaves  and  small 
perfect  flowers  in  dichotomous  cymes  or  involucrate  heads. 
Limb  of  the  calyx  4-toothed,  minute.  Petals  oblong,  spread- 
ing. Filaments  filiform.  Style  subclavate;  stigma  obtuse  or 
capitate.     Drupelets  not  connate. 

*    Flowers  greenish  or  purple,  in  a  close  head,  surrounded  by  a  con- 
spicuous involucre  of  white  petal-like  bracts :  fruit  bright  red. 

-*-     Low  and  herbaceous,  from  slender,  creeping  root-stocks. 

C.  Canadeusis  L,  Sp.  i,  118.  Stems  simple,  4-8  inches  high ;  leaves 
scarcely  petioled,  mostly  in  an  apparent  whorl  of  4  or  6  near  the  summit, 
oval  to  obovate  pointed  at  both  ends,  somewhat  appressed -pubescent  on 
both  sides  2-3  inches  long,  near  the  middle  of  the  stem;  a  pair  of  smaller 
leaves  and  scale-like  bracts  below;  peduncles  1-3  inches   long  :   involacral 


-272  CORNACE^.  cornus. 

bracts  4,  white  or  cream-color,  ovate,  3-8  lines  long :  fruit  globular:  stone 
smooth,  not  flattened,  a  little  higher  than  broad.  In  the  higher  moun- 
tains and  along  the  coast,  across  the  continent  as  far  north  as  forests  grow, 
south  to  California  and  New  Jersey. 

C.  Suecica  L.  1.  c.  Stems  sometimes  branching  above,  5-20  inches 
high  :  leaves  sessile,  all  opposite,  becoming  smaller  downwards,  ovate  or 
oval,  acute,  nerves  all  arising  at  or  near  the  base,  appressed-pubescent  on 
both  sides,  uppermost  leaves  1-3  inches  long :  peduncle  1-3  inches  long  : 
involucral  bracts  4,  white  or  cream-color,  ovate  3-6  lines  long :  flowers  dark 
purple:  fruit  globular:  stone  flattened,  mostly  with  a  shallow  furrow  on 
-each face,  acute,  as  broad  as  high.  Alaska  and  across  the  continent:  per- 
haps N.  Washington. 

+-  ■*-     Shrubs  or  trees. 

i\  Nuttallii  Audubon  Birds  467,  T.  &  G.  Fl.  i,  652.  A  tree  20-75  feet 
high :  leaves  mostly  obovate,  on  petioles  3-12  lines  long,  usually  wooly- 
pubescent  beneath,  with  intermixed  appressed  hairs:  involucral  bracts 
4-6  or  more,  narrowly  oblong  to  obovate  or  even  round,  obtuse,  1)^-2 
inches  long :  heads  of  flowers  6-12  lines  in  diameter :  fruit  crowded  among 
the  abortive  ovaries,  crowned  with  the  broad  persistent  calyx:  stone  4-5 
lines  high,  3-4  lines  broad.  Brit.  Columbia  to  California  west  of  the 
^Cascade  Mountains. 

*  *    Flowers    yellowish,  in  sessile  umbels,  appearing  before  the 
leaves,  involucrate  with  4  small  deciduous  bracts. 

C.  sessilis  Torr  Durand  PI.  Pratt  89.  Shrub  10-15  feet  high  with 
■greenish  bark  :  leaves  short-petioled,  approximate,  ovate,  short  acuminate, 
nearly  smooth  above^  pale  beneath,  with  appressed  and  silky  pubescence: 
umbels  terminal  but  becoming  lateral  by  the  development  of  the  shoot : 
involucral  bracts  3-4  lines  long,  about  as  long  as  the  slender  silky  pedicels  : 
fruit  oblong,  6-7  lines  long,  3-5  lines  wide  :  stone  oblong  somewhat  pointed 
and  longitudinally  rigid,  4-5  lines  long,  2-23^  lines  broad.  Northern  Cali- 
fornia, perhaps  reaches  our  limits. 

*  *  *    Flowers  white  or  cream-colored,   cymose,  not  involucrate: 
fruit  white,  lead-colored  or  blue:  leaves  opposite. 

€.  putoescens  Nutt  Sylv.  iii,  54.  Shrub  6-20  feet  high  with  smooth 
red  or  purplish  slender  branches  branchlets  and  inflorescence  more  or 
less  hirsute :  petioles  3-12  lines  long;  leaves  from  narrowly  to  broadly 
ovate  or  oval,  acute  or  somewhat  accuminate  mostly  acute  at  base;  ap- 
pressed-pubescent or  glabrous  above,  whitish  silky-pubescent  beneath 
flowers  in  more  or  less  compact  cymes;  calyx-teeth  minute : 
fruit  white;  stone  somewhat  compressed,  mostly  oblique, 
with  a  more  or  less  prominently  furrowed  edge  about  2  lines  long  bj'  2}4 
lines  broad,  the  sides  apt  to  have  more  or  less  prominent  ridges  In  alluvial 
places,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California  west  of  the  Cascade  Mountains. 

C.  Baileyi  C.  &  E  .Bot.  Gaz.  xv.  89.  Erect  shrub  with  reddish -brown 
mostly  smooth  branches :  branchlets  and  inflorescence  pubescent  to  woolly  : 
petiole  6-12  lines  1  mg;  leaves  from  lanceolate  to  ovate,  acute  or  short- 
acuminate,  acute  or  obtuse  at  base,  appressed-pubescent  to  glabrous 
above,  white  beneath  and  with  woolly  hairs  variously  intermingled  with 
appressed  ones :  flowers  in  small  rather  compact  cymes :  calyx-teeth  from 
small  to  prominent ;  fruit  white  or  bluish  :  stone  decidedly  compressed, 
flat-topped  rarely  oblique,  with  a  very  prominently  furrowed  edge,  much 
broader  than  high.  About  the  Great  Lakes  and  westward  to  the  Cascades 
.of  the  Columbia. 

C.    stolonifera  Michx.  FL  i,  92.    Shrub  3-9  feet  high,  erect  or     ros- 


GARRY  A  GARRY  AC£^  273 

trate,  stoloniferoue,  with  branches  usually  bright  red-purple  and  smooth : 
branch  lets  and  inflorescence  appresaed-pubescent :  petioles  8-18  lines  long: 
leaves  from  lanceolate  to  broadly  ovate  or  oblong,  short-  or  long-acuminate 
or  only  acute,  mostly  obtuse  at  base,  minutely  appressed-pnbestent  above, 
more  or  less  white  and  appressed  pubescent  beneath  with  straight  rigid 
hairs:  flowers  mostly  in  small  cymes:  calyx-teeth  minute:  fruit  white  or 
lead-color:  Ptones  very  variable,  from  -wateand  pointed  scarcely  flattened, 
higher  than  broad,  to  more  or  less  flattened,  broader  than  high,  these 
extremes  completely  connected  by  intermediate  shapes  and  diniensions, 
all  with  more  or  less  furrowed  edge.  From  New  Brunswick  to  the  district 
ol  Columbia  and  westward  to  the  C  ascade  Mountains  and  tJrit  Columbia, 
New  Mexico  and  Arizona. 

€.  glabrata  H.nth.  Bot.  Milpb.  18.  A  shrub  4-12  feet  hiijh,  with 
ereci  an<l  nio:<\ly  bu^^ly  smooth  branches  bearing  usually  crowded  small 
leave-:  branchlets  and  inflore-eence  glabrous  or  nearly  so:  petioles  short 
and  blender:  leaves  lanceolate  to  nearly  ovate  or  oblong,  acute  at  each  end 
IflabvoUH  to  sparsely  and  minutely  appreeised  pubescent  on  both  sides,  the 
lower  surface  but  little  paler  than  the  upper:  flowers  in  numerous  small 
open  cymes:  calyx-teeth  prominent:  fniii  white  or  light  blue:  stone-  but 
lilttle  rompre>sed,  not  furrowed,  broader  than  high,  .\long  streams, 
southwest  Oregon  to  California. 

Order  LXVI    GARRVACEiE   I.indl.  Bot.  Re^'.  xx.  t.  168G 

Shrubs  or  small  trees  with  opposite  persistent  entire  leaves 
and  dioecious  flowers  in  aments  or  catkins.  Calyx  adnate  to 
the  ovary,  the  limb  4:-tooihed  valvate  in  the  bud.  Petals 
none.  Stamens  4.  inserted  on  the  epigynous  disk.  Ovary 
1-celled,  with  'Z  pendulous  o  vules.  Fruit  baccate,  downed 
with  the  remains  of  the  calyx,  seeds  anati  opous.  Embryo 
neaily  as  long  as  the  ileshy  albumen. 

1    <..\HKY.\   Dongl.  Lindl    1.  c. 

Evergreen  f^hrubs  wiih  .L'rreni.-h  bark,  ojiposite  entire  coiiacf^- 
ous  leaves  ;ind  ilioecious  Hower.^  in  axiibiry  ])endul<)iis  mneiits, 
solitary  or  in  threes  between  the  dt'CU.-saioiy  connate  bract.-;. 
Calyx  of  the  sterile  flowers  4-|jJMted.  witii  linenr  valvMtp  setjment-. 
Stanjens  4:  fil.iirjents  distinct:  disk  and  rudimentary  ovary 
none.  Calyx  of  the  fertile  flowers  wiili  a  sli«trily  "J-lobed  or  ob 
solete  limb:  disk  and  rudinientaiy  stamens  none.  Ovjiry  1  celled 
with  2  pendulous  ovules,  .*^tyles  li,  siigmatic  on  the  innei-  side, 
persistent.     Berry  1-2-seeded. 

4i).  Frementli  Torr.  Pac.  U.  Hep.  iv.  13  ?.  A  shrub  4-12  feet  high, 
becoming  glabrous:  petioles  3-9  line-^  long:  leaves  ovate  to  oblong  or 
elliptical,  mostly  acute  at  en«'h  end.  usually  soni»-what  mucronate,  entire, 
smooth  or  nearly  soon  l>oth  ^ides:  fertile  anienis  23^-5  inchew  long  :  bnicts 
prominent,  connate  to  above  the  middle,  anite.  somt-what  silky  :  fruit 
globose,  beconnng  glal»n>us,  short- pedicellate,  2-3  hnes  in  diameter. 
On  dry  hillsides,  Oregon  to  California.     • 

0.  elliptica  Dougl.  Lindl.  1.  c.  \  stout  shrub  or  small  tree  o-l<>  feet 
high:  petioles  3-0  line  long:  leave?  elliptical,  rounded  at  I)a8e,  roiiml  or 
acute  and  mucronate  at  the  apex,  undulate  on  the  margins,  smooth  al>ove, 
densely  tomentose   ^Kjneath,  2-5  inches  long:    sterile  aments  3-15  inches 


274  GARRYACE^.  GARRY  a 

long,  the  bract«  truncate  to  acute,  silky :  fertile  amentB  stouter,  l>^-4 
inches  long,  with  acute  or  acuminate  bracts :  fruit  globose,  densely  silky- 
tomentose  sessile,  3-5  lines  in  diameter.  Along  the  coast  of  Oregon  and 
California. 

G.  buxifolia  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  vii,  349.  A  small  shrub  2-4  feet 
high  :  leaves  ol)long-elliptical,  12-18  lines  long,  4-8  lines  broad,  acute  at 
each  end,  glabrous  above,  densely  white-silky  beneath:  petioles  1-3  lines 
long:  fertile  aments  1-3  inches  long,  the  short  bracts  acute,  more  or  less 
silky:  fruit  glabrous,  globose,  subsessile,  2)^-3  lines  in  diameter.  On  dry 
hillsides,  southwestern  Oregon  to  Mendocino  County  California. 


Division  IT.     GAMOPETAL.E, 

Floral  envelopes  consisting  usually  of  both  ealyx  and  corolla, 
the  petals  usually  more  or  less  united  into  a  gamopetalous  corolla. 

Synoptical   Key  to  the   Gamopetalous  Orders. 
a.     Ovary  inferior, 
*    Filaments  and  anthers  distinct,  leaves!  opposite*^ 

47.  Viburnacese.  Shrubs  with  simple  or  pinnate  leaves  and  no  stipules. 
Stamens  4  or  5:  styles  1  or  none.  Fruit  a  1-5-celled,  1-few-seeded 
berry  or  capsule.     Seeds  albuminous. 

48.  nbiaceap.  Herbs  or  shrubs  with  opposite,  stipulate  or  verticellate 
leaves.  Flowers  regular,  4 -S-merous.  Style  1,  entire  or  cleft.  Fruit 
dry,  indehiscent,  2-4-celled,  2-4-seeded.     creeds  albuminous. 

49.  Valerianaceae.  Herbs  with  simple  or  pinnate  opposite  leaves,  with- 
out stipules.  Flowers  irregular.  Stamens  1-4;  fewer  than  the  lobes 
of  the  corolla.  Ovary  3-celled,  becoming  a  1-celled,  1-seeded  achene- 
like  fruit.    Seeds  without  albumen. 

50.  Bipsacaceae.  Herbs  with  opposite  or  verticellate  leaves,  without 
stipules  and  capitate  involucrate  inflorescence  Stamens  2-4;  as  many 
as  or  fewer  than  the  lobes  of  the  corolla.  Ovary  simple,  1-celled,. 
with  a  single  suspended  ovule.     Seeds  albuminous. 

*  *    Stamens  5 ;  anthers  or  filaments  united  into  a  tube  around  the 
2-cleft  or  entire  style.     Leaves  various,  without  stipules. 

51.  Conipositae.  Herbs,  shrubs  or  trees  with  opposite  or  alternate 
leaves  without  stipules  and  l-numerous  flowers  in  a  capitate  cluster^ 
surrounded  by  an  involucre.  Calyx  reduced  to  a  pappus  or  obsolete. 
Filaments  mostly  distinct.  Fruit  an  achene.  Seeds  without  albu- 
men. 

52.  Lobeliaceae,  Herbs  with  alternate,  simple  leaves  and  irregular 
scattered  or  racemose  flowers.  Filaments  united:  anthers  sometimes 
distinct.  Fruit  a  1-2-celled,  many-seeded  capsule;  more  or  less  infe- 
rior.   Seeds  with  fleshy  albumen 

*  *  *    Stamens  distinct.     Leaves  alternate. 

53.  Campanulacese.  Herbs  with  simple  leaves,  without  stipules.  Flow- 
ers regular,  5-merous.  ^  tyle  one,  2-5  lobed.  Fruit  a  2-5-celled, many- 
seeded  capsule  with  placentse  in  the  axis.    Seed  with  fleshy  albumen. 

b.    Ovary  superior  or  nearly  so,  compound. 

*    Corolla  regular.    Stamens  not  didynamous. 

•4-     Fruit  5-many-celled. 

64.  Vaeciniaeese.  Shrubs  with  simple  leaves  without  stipules.  Flow- 
ers regular,  4-5-merou8.  Anthers  opening  by  terminal  pores.  Style 
one.    Fruit  a  4-10-celled  many-seeded  berry. 

55.  Ericaceae.  Shrubs  with  simple,  mostly  alternate  leaves  without 
stipules.    Flowers  4-5-merous.    Styles  one.    Anther-cells  opening  by 


276  SYI^Of>tlCAL  KJlf. 

a  terminal  pore  or  chink.     Fruit  a  4-10-ceUed,  ^-tttany-seerfed  capsule 
with  centra]  (rarely  parietal)  placentae. 

56.  Monotropaceae.  Scalj'-bracted  herbs  without  green  foliage.  Flow- 
ers regular,  4-5-merous;  style  1,  anther  cells  openiiig  by  a  chink. 
Fruit  a  1-5-celled,  many-seeded  loculicidal  capsule. 

■♦-   +-     Fruit  1 -celled,  with  a  central  basal  placenta, 

57.  A.rmeriace9e.  Maritime  acaulescent  herbs  with  entire  loaves. 
Flowers  5-merous ;  petals  nearly  distinct.  Fruit  a  Iseeded  utricle, 
enclosed  in  the  scarious  calyx. 

58.  Priiiiulaceae.  Herbs  with  mostly  entire  alternate  leaves  F'low- 
er.^  mostly  5-merous.  Stamens  opposite  the  lobes 'of  the  corolla, 
which  is  wanting  in  Glau.r.  Style,  one.  Fruit  a  5-valved,few  to 
many-seeded  capsule  with  basal  placentae. 

-59.  Oleacese.  Shrubs  or  trees  with  opposite  pinnate  or  simple  leaves. 
Flowers  4-merou«,  perfect  or  dioecious.  Petals  often  wanting  Sta- 
mens usually  2.  Style  one.  Fruit  a  simple  samara,  usually  1-celled 
and  l-seeded,  or  a  2-celled  capsule  or  drupe. 

*60.  Apocynaceae.  Perennial  herbs  with  milky  juice,  opposite,  entire 
leaves  and  5-merous  flowers  (^orolla  convolute  in  the  bud.  Anthers 
nearly  free  Pollen  powdery.  Fruit  2  carpels  united  by  their  styles 
or  stigmas,  becoming  distinct  follicles  with  numerous  comose  seeds. 

^l.  Asclepladacesp*  Perennial  herbs  with  milky  juice;  opposite,  entire 
leaves  and  5-merous  flowers.  Corolla  and  calyx  nearly  valvate  in  the 
bud  Anthers  attached  to  the  stigma.  I'ollen  in  waxy  masses.  F'ruit 
2  carpels,  united  by  their  styles  or  stigmas;  becoming  distinct  follicles 
with  numerous  seeds. 

S2.  Gentianaceie.  Glabrous  lierbs  with  simple  and  opposite  or  3-folio- 
late  anrl  alternate  leaves  and  not  scorpioid  inflorescence  Flowers  4  or 
5-merou3.  Styles  one  or  none.  Stigmas  1  or  2.  Fruit  a  1-celled,  sep- 
ticidal  few-many-seeded  capsule  with  2  parietal  placentse. 

(>3.  Polemoniaceae.  Herbs,  rarely  shrubby,  with  opposite  or  alternate, 
simple  or  compound  leaves.  Flowers  5-merous.  styles  3-cleft  Fruit 
a  3-celled,  3-many-s  eded  loculicidal  capsule  with  central  placentpe. 

64  HydrolpaceaB.  Herbs  rarely  shrubby,  with  alternate,  rarely  oppo 
site,  often  compound  leaves  and  scorpioid  inflorescence.  Flowers  5- 
merous  Styles  2,  usually  more  or  less  distinct.  Fruit  a  i-celled  locu- 
licidal few-many-seeded  capsule. 

65.  EhretiacesB.  Herbs,  mostly  rough-hairy,  with  alternate  or  the 
lower  opposite,  entire  leaves,  and  scorpioid  inflorescence.  Flowers 
5-merous  Styles  single.  Ovary  4-celted  and  mostly  4-lobed,  with 
central  placentae    Frnit  1-4  l-seeded  nutlets. 

66.  Convolvulaceae.  Herbs  mostly  twining,  with  alternate  leaves  or  par- 
asitic and  without  green  herbage.  Klowers  mostly  5-merotis.  Styles  1 
or  2.     Fruit  a  2-celled,  l-4-8eeded  2-valved  or  circumacissile  capsule. 

67.  Solanaceae.  Herbs  or  shrubs  with  alternate,  simple  or  pinnate 
leaves.  Flowers  5-merou8  Style  simple.  Corolla  valvate  or  plaited 
in  the  bud      Fruit  a  2-celled  many-seeded  capsule  or  berry. 

Herbs  with  alternate  leaves  and  racemose  flowers.  Flowers  5-merous. 
Style  single :  corolla  irregular,  imbricate  in  the  bud.  Fruit  a  2-celled » 
many-seeded  capsule.     Verbascum  in  Rhinanthacese . 

*  *    Flowers  irregular.    Fertile  stamens  2  or  4  and  didynamous. 

+-  Fruit  capsular,  1-2-celled.    Style  single. 


SYNOPTICAL  KEY.  277 

**■     Seeds  albuminous. 

68.  RhiiianthaceaB.  Herbs  or  shrubs  with  alternate  or  opposite  leaves. 
Corolla  imbricate  in  the  bud.  Capsule  2-celled,  with  central  pla- 
centae, few-many-seeded. 

69.  Orobanchaceae.  Parasitic  herbs,  without  green  herbage :  scales  al- 
ternate; capsule  1-celled,  2-valved,  many-seeded,  with  2-4  parietal 
placentae. 

-►<■  **     Seeds  without  albumen. 

70.  Piiigniculaceae.     Herbs    with  capillary  dissected  or  entire  leaves. 

Stamens  2;   anthers  1-celled.     Capsule  1-celled,  many-seeded,  with 
central  placentae. 

■4-  -t-     Fruit  of  2  or  4  distinct  or  united  1-seeded  nutlets. 

71.  Labiatae.  Mostly  aromatic  herbs  or  shrubs  with  square  stems 
and  opposite,  simple  leaves.  Stamens  4  or  2.  Ovary  4-lobed  around 
the  2-cleft  style,  forming  as  many  distinct  nutlets. 

72.  Verbenaceae.  Herbs  or  shrubs  with  opposite  or  whorled  leaves. 
Stamens  4.  Ovary  not  lobed,  2-4-celled  at  maturity,  splitting  into  4 
1-seeded  nutlets. 

+-■*-■*-     Fruit  a  2-celled,  circumscissile  capsule. 

73.  Plauta^luaceae.  Acaulescent  herbs  Flowers  4-merou8;  corolla 
scarious.  Stamens  2  or  4.  Style  1.  Fruit  a  2-celled,  2-few-seeded 
capsule. 


Order  XL VII.     VIBURNACEiE,  Dumort.  Coum.  Bot.  56. 

CAPRIFOLIACEjE,   Vent.  Tahl.  ii,  593. 

Shrubs  or  herbs  with  opposite  leaves  normally  without  sti- 
pules and  regular  or  irregular  hermaphrodite  flowers.  Calyx- 
tube  adnate  to  the  2-5-celled  ovary.  Stamens  as  many  as  lobes 
of  the  corolla  (in  Linnaea  one  fewer)  and  alternate  with  them , 
inserted  on  its  tube  or  base.  Embryo  small,  in  the  axis  of 
fleshy  albumen.  Corolla-lobes  generally  imbricated  in  the 
bud.  Ovules  anatropous,  when  solitary,  suspended  and  resup- 
inate;  the  rhaphe  dorsal;  seed-coat  adherent  to  the  albumen. 

Tribe  i.  Corolla  rotate  or  open  campanulate,  regular  style 
short  and  2-5-parted,  or  as  many  sessile  stigmas. 

1.  Viburnum.     Shrubs  with   simple  or  merely  lobed  leaves :   nutlet  of 
the  berry-like  drupe  only  1,  flattened. 

2.  Sambucus.    Shrubs  or  shrubby  trees  with  pinnate  leaves:  nutlets  of 
the  berry-like  fruit,  2-5. 

Tribe  ii.  Corolla  from  campanulate  |;o  tubular ;  often  irreg- 
ular; styles  elongated;  stigma  capitate. 

3.  Linnsea.     Creeping  undershrubs  with  simple  leaves:    corolla  c^pi- 
panulate,  5-lobed,  obscurely  irregular:  stamens  4,  unequal;  ovary  3- 


278  VIBURNACEvE.  vibdrnlm. 

celled,  two  of    the  cells  containing  several  imperfect  ovules,  the  third 
a  solitary  fertile  ovule;  fruit  dry ;  1-seeded. 

i.  Symphoricarpos.  Shrubs  with  simple  or  merely  lobed  leaves  :  corolla 
campanulate,  regular  or  nearly  so,  4-5-lobed :  stamens  as  many  as 
lobes  of  the  corolla:  ovary  4-celled,  but  the  berry-like  fruit  only 
2-seeded. 

5.  Lonicera.  Climbing  or  erect  herbs  with  simple  leaves :  corolla  tub- 
ular, more  or  less  irregular,  commonly  2-lipped :  stamens  5:  ovary 
and  berry-like  fruit  2-3-celled,  several-seeded. 

Tribe  1.  Samhucese  H.  B.  K.  Corolla  regular^  short,  rotate  or 
open-campanulate,  5  lobed.  Styles  short,  or  hardly  any:  stigmas 
3-5;  ovary  1-5-celled:  ovules  solitary.  Fruit  baccate-drupaceous y 
with  1-5  seed-like  nutlets;  inflorescence  terminal  and  cymose. 

1     VIBURNUM  Tourn. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees  with  petioled,  undivided  or  lobed  stipu- 
late or  pseudostipulate  leaves  and  mostly  white  flowers  in  ter- 
minal cymes,  the  marginal  ones  sometimes  sterile  and  radiant. 
Linlb  of  the  calyx  o-toothed.  Corolla  rotate,  sometimes  some- 
what tubular  or  campanulate,  5-lobed.  Stamens  5:  ovary  1-5- 
celled.  one  of  the  cells  containing  a  single  suspended  ovule,  the 
other  abortive :  stigmas  3,  sessile.  Fruit  drupaceous,  with  a 
thin  pulp,  2-seeded.  Embryo  minute,  at  the  extremity  of  the 
fleshy  albumen. 

§  1.  Cyme  never  radiant:  drupes  blue  or  dark  purple  or 
black. 

V.  elliplicuiii  Hook.  Fl.  i,  280.  An  erect  shrub  2-10  feet  high  ;  win- 
ter buds  scaly  :  leaves  from  orbicular-oval  to  eUiptical-oblong,  rounded  at 
both  ends,  dentate  above  the  middle,  not  lobed,  at  length  rather  coriace- 
ous, 3-5-nerved  from  the  base,  the  nerves  ascending  or  parallel,  pubescent 
with  simple  hairs  or  glabrate  above;  on  slender  petioles;  stipules  subu- 
late to  setaceous :  cymes  pedunculate,  with  5-7  primary  rays.  Corolla  4-5 
lines  in  diameter:  filaments  equalling  the  corolla:  stone  of  the  fruit 
deeply  and  broadly  sulcate  on  both  faces,  the  furrow  of  one  face  divided 
by  a  median  ridge.     On  rocky  ridges,  Washington  to  California. 

§  2.  Opulus  Tourn.  Cymes  radiant  or  not  radiant :  drupes 
light  red,  acid,  edible,  globose. 

V.  Opulus  L.  Sp.  268.  Usually  nearly  or  quite  glabrous:  stems  4-10 
feet  high:  winter  buds  scaly:  leaves  dilated,  3  lobed,  with  accuminate 
lobes,  incisely  dentate  or  the  upper  ones  entire,  rounded  or  broadly  cune- 
ate  at  base,  palmately  or  pedately  3-5-ribbed,  on  slender  petioles  bearing 
2  or  more  glands  at  or  near  the  summit  and  usually  setaceous  stipules 
near  the  base:  cymes  rather  ample,  terminating  several -leaved  branchlets, 
radiant:  anthers  exserted:  fruit  nearly  a  half  inch  long,  red,  juicy,  glo- 
bose; stone  flat,  orbicular,  even  In  swamps  and  along  mountain  streams, 
Oregon  to  British  Columbia,  Pennsylvania. 

V.  pauciflorum  Pylaie  in  Herb.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  ii,  17.  A  straggling 
shrub  2-10  feet  high  with  rather  slender  branches :  leaves  roundish  or 
broadly  oval  in  outline,  unequally  dentate,  many  of  them  obscurely  or 
distinctly  3-lobed ,  about  5-nerved  at  base,  loosely  veined,  glabrous  or 
sparsely  pubescent ;  1-4  inches  long:  cymes  small,  terminating  short  and 


»AMBUOus.  '?.  VIBTTRXACE.E.  279 

merely  2-leaved  branchlets,  iuvolucrate  with  slender,  subulate  caducous 
bracts,  destitute  of  neutral,  radiant  flowers  :  stamens  very  short :  berries 
light  red,  4-6  lines  in  diameter,  globose  to  oblong;  stone  flat,  orbicular, 
not  furrowed  on  the  sides.  In  swamps  and  marshes  along  mountain 
fstreams,  Oregon  to  Alaska,  the  Rocky  Mountains,  New  Hampshire  and 
Labrador. 

2.     SAMBUCUS  Tourn.  (klder). 

Small  trees  or  shrubs  with  warty  bark,  pinnately  compound 
leaves  and  compound  thyrsoid  or  fastigiate  cymes  of  small 
white  or  reddisli  flowers.  Limb  of  the  calyx  small,  5-cleft.  at 
len^rth  obsolete.  Corolla  rotate,  or  nearly  so.  Stamens  5.  Ovary 
8-5-celled,  forming  small,  baccate  drupelets,  with  3-5  cartilagi- 
nous nutlets.     Embryo  nearly  the  length  of  the  albumen. 

*  Cymes  compound,  thyrsoid-paniculate;  the  axis  continued  and 
sending  off  3-4  pairs  of  lateral  primary  branches,  these  mostly  trifid  and 
again  bifid  or  trifid :  early  flowering  and  fruiting. 

S.  arboresceiis  Nutt  Mss.  S.  pnhens  var.  arhorescens  T.  d-  G.  Fl.  ii, 
13.  A  large  shrub  or  small  tree,  10-80  feet  high  with  spreading  branches: 
leav^es  ample;  leaflets  lanceolate  to  ovate,  scarcely  acuminate,  closely  er- 
rate  with  strong,  lanceolate  teeth;  1-6  inches  long:  thyrsoid  cyme  ovate 
to  serni-orbicular ;  flowers  white  to  yellowish,  usually  drying  brownish; 
fruit  small,  scarlet.  On  rich,  alluvial  lands  along  rivers,  etc.  Oregon  to 
British  Columbia. 

S.  pubens  Michx  Fl.  i,  180  Stems  2-12  feet  high  with  spreading 
branches  ;•  leaves  from  pubescent  to  nearly  gla  rous :  leaflets  5-7,  ovate- 
oblong  to  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  thickly  and  sharply  serrate:  thyrsi- 
form  cyme  ovate  or  oblong:  flowers  dull  while,  drying  brownish:  fruit 
scarlet,  oily:  nutlet-  minutely  punctate-rugulose  Rocky  banks  and  open 
woods,  Oreg  'n  to  Alaska  and  across  the  continent. 

S  leiosperma  Leiberg  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  of  Wash,  xi,  40.  Shrub'-y,  4- 
7  feet  nigh,  forming  with  its  spreading  stems  loose,  open  clumps:  pith  of 
two-year  old  shoots  yellowish-brown  :  leaflets  5-7,  oblong  to  lanceolate,  2- 
4  inches  long,  6-lH  lines  broad,  acute  or  acuminate,  subsessile  or  shortly 
petioled,  sharply  serrate,  the  apices  of  the  teeth  usually  inflexed,  smooth  or 
with  a  scattered,  short  pubescence,  especially  on  the  petioles  and  the 
lower  surface  of  the  leave  along  the  midrib;  stipules  present  on  the  flow- 
ering shoots,  subulate,  about  lines  long:  cyme  oblong,  somewhat  flat- 
tened in  fruit,  scabrous-puberulent,  the  branches  membranaceously  mar- 
gined at  the  fo  ks :  flowers  yellowish-white:  berry  scarlet,  containing  3-5 
seed-like,  very  smooth  nutlets  \-\%  lines  long.  In  the  Cascade  Mount- 
ains from  Orate    Lake,  Oregon   to  Alaska. 

.  S  melaiiocarpa  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xix.  76.  Stems  2-8  feet  high  : 
glabrous  or  the  young  leaves  slightly  pubescent:  leaflets  5-7,  rarely  9: 
cyme  convex,  as  broad  as  high :  flowers  white :  fruit  black,  witnout 
bloom.  In  the  mountains  of  eastern  Oregon  to  California  and  the  Rocky 
Mountains. 

*  *  Cymes  compound,  depressed  or  fastigiate,  5rayed;  4  external 
rays  once  to  thrice  5-rayed,  »  ut  the  rays  unequal,  the  2  outer  ones 
stronger,  or  in  ultimate  divisions  reduced  to  these;  central  rays  smaller 
and  at  length  reduced  to  3-flowered  cyn»elets  or  to  single  flowers :  berries 
never  red ;  nutlets  punctate-rugulose. 

S.  ^lanca  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  ii.  13.  A  large  shrub  or  small  tree  12- 
30  feet  high  and  2-12  inches  in  diameter  covered  with  a  daVk.  close,  very 
distinctly  and  rather  finely  fissured   bark;  glabrous  throughout:   leaflets 


280  VIBURNACE^.  linnjsa. 

SYMPHORICARPOS. 

lanceolate  to  narrowlv  oblong,  thickish,  sharply  serrulate,  the  lower  ones 
rarely  3-parted;  cymes  very  large,  flat;  fruit  blue  with  a  den5?e  bloom. 
Common  from  British  Columbia  to  California. 

Tribe  2.  Lonicerese  R.  Br.  Corolla  elongated  or  at  least  cam- 
panulate,  commonly  more  or  less  irregular.  Styles  elongated. 
Stigma  mostly  capitate.  Stipules  or  stipular  appendages  seldom 
seen. 

3     LINN^A  Gronov.  L.  Gen    ed.  i,  118.     (Twin-Flower.) 

Creeping  or  trailing  evergreen  herbs  with  broadly  oval,  spar 
ingly  crenate  leaves  and  showy,  drooping  flowers,  on  2-flowered 
peduncles.  Calyx  with  the  limb  5-parted  into  subulate -lanceo- 
late lobes  constricted  above,  the  globular  tube,  deciduous  from 
the  fruit.  Corolla  campanulate-funnelform,  not  gibbous,  almost 
equally  5-lobed.  Stamens  4,  2  long  and  2  shorter.  Ovary  3- 
celled,  2  of  the  cells  containing  several  abortive  ovules ;  the  other 
with  a  solitary,  suspended,  perfect  ovule,  forming  the  single  seed 
in  the  dry  and  indehiscent  coriaceous  3-celled  small  fruit.  Style 
exserted :  stigmas  capitate. 

L.  borealis  Gronov.  L.  Fl.  Lap.  t.  12  f.  4.  Somewhat  pubescent; 
branches  filiform,  leaven  round  to  obovate,  6-12  lines  long,  crenately  few- 
toothed  ;  somew^hat  rugose-veiny,  tapering  into  a  short  petiole:  peduncles 
filiform,  terminating,  ascending,  short  leafy  branches,  beariuir  at  summit 
a  pair  of  small,  leafy  bracts  and  from  the  axil  of  each  a  filiform,  1-flow- 
ered  pedicel,  rarely  the  axis  prolonged  and  bearing  another  pair  of  flow- 
ers :  pedicels  similarly  2-bracteolate  at  summit  and  a  pair  of  larger  ovate, 
glandular-hairy  inner  bractlets  subtending  the  ovary,  soon  connivent  over 
it  or  enclosing  and  even  adnate  to  the  akene-like  fruit :  flowers  nodding : 
corolla  purplish  to  rose- color  or  almost  white,  a  half  inch  or  less  long  In 
forests,  California  to  Alaska  and  across  the  con  inent 

L.  longiflora.  L.  borealis  var.  longijiora  Torr.  Stems  filiform,  1-4  feet 
long,  trailing  and  sending  up  numerous  erect,  filiform  branches :  leaves 
round  to  obovate,  crenate-toothed  above..  4-12  lines  long,  narrow^ed  below 
to  a  short  petiole:  peduncles  filiform,  2-4  inches  long,  terminating  the 
erect  branches,  2-bracteate  at  the  summit,  2-flowered ;  pedicels  filiform, 
2-bracteolate  and  the  flowers  subtended  by  an  involucel  of  two  ovate, 
hairy  bracts:  corolla  pink  or  rose-color,  to  nearly  white,  funnelform,  6-8 
lines  long.     In  forests,  Washington  to  California. 

4    SYMPHORICARPOS  Dill.  Elth.  371,  t.  278.     (Snowberry.^ 

Low,  branching  shrubs  with  entire  or  lobed  leaves  on  short 
petioles,  scaly  leaf-buds  and  2-bracteolate  small  flowers,  usually 
crowded  in  axillary  or  terminal  spikes  or  clusters,  rarely  soli- 
tary. Calyx  with  a  globular  tube  and  4-5-toothed,  persistent 
limb.  Corolla  regular,  not  gibbous,  from  short-campanulate  to 
salverform,  4-5  lobed.  Stamens  as  many  as  lobes  of  the  corolla, 
inserted  on  its  throat.  Ovary  4-celled  ;  2  cells  containing  a  few 
sterile  ovules,  the  alternate  cells  containing  a  single,  suspended 
ovule.  Fruit  a  globose,  berry-like  drupe  containing  2  small  and 
seed-like,  bony,  smooth  nutlets,  each  filled  by  a  seed. 


SYMPHORiCARPOs.  VIBURNACEiE.  281 

XYLOSTEON. 

§  1.  Corolla  urceolate  or  open-campanulate,  only  2-3  lines 
long. 

S.  occidentalis  Hook.  Fl.  i,  285.  Glabrous  or  strictly  pubescent :  ro- 
bust; leaves  oval  or  oblong,  thickish,  2  inches  long;  axillary  flower  clus- 
ters not  rarely  pedunculate,  sometimes  becoming  spicate,  4-12  lines  long : 
corolla  3  lines  long,  5-cleft  to  below  the  middle ;  densely  villous-hirsute 
with  long  hairs  within  :  stamens  and  style  more  or  less  exserted  ;  style 
glabrous;  fruit  white.  Rocky  grounds,  eastern  Oregon  to  Michigan  and 
north  to  lat.  64  degrees. 

S.  racemosas  Michx.  Fl.  i,  107.  An  erect  shrub,  2-10  feet  high,  with 
slender  branches:  leaves  round-oval  to  oblong,  6-18  lines  long,  entire,  or 
those  of  young  and  vigorous  shoots  sometimes  irregularly  lobed  or  toothed, 
smooth  above ,  more  or  less  pubescent  beneath :  flowers  in  short  and  sev- 
eral-flowered axillary  clusters  or  spikes ;  corolla  2-3  lines  long,  o-lobed 
above  the  middle,  villous-bearded  within;  narrowed  at  base:  stamens  not 
exserted;  style  glabrous,  not  exceeding  the  stamens:  fruit  white,  3-8 
lines  in  diameter.  Common,  California  to  Alaska  and  across  the  con- 
tinent. 

S.  paucifloras  *S'.  raccmosus  var.  pauciflorm  Robbins,  at  least  in  part. 
A  prostrate  shrub  with  slender  stems  1-3  feet  long :  leaves  oval  to  oblong, 
6-18  lines  long ;  the  lower  ones  and  those  of  vigorous  shoots  variously 
lobed  or  toothed :  flowers  in  small,  1-few-flowered,  loose  spikes;  corolla 
small,  5-lobed  above  the  middle,  villous  within:  stamens  not  exserted; 
style  glabrous,  not  longer  than  the  corolla:  fruit  white  when  mature,  de- 
pressed globose,  3-6  lines  in  diameter.  In  forests,  Oregon  and  Washing- 
ton, west  of  the  Cascade  Mountains. 

.  S.  acutas  S.  mollis  var.  acntm  Gray  Syn  Fl.  i,  U-  Low,  diffuse  or 
decumbent,  soft-pubescent ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  to  oblong,  acute  at 
both  ends  or  acuminate,  sometimes  irregularly  and  acutely  dentate,  very 
soft-tomentulose :  flowers  solitary  or  in  short  clusters ;  corolla  open-cam- 
panulate, with  a  broad  base,  5-lobed  above  the  middle,  barely  pubescent 
within;  stamens  and  style  included.  Washington  to  California,  east  of 
the  Cascade  Mountains. 

§  2.  Corolla  from  oblong-campanulate  to  salverform,  5-lobed 
only  at  the  summit:  flowers  mostly  axillary. 

S..  rotniidifolius  Gray  PL  Wright  i'i  66.  Tomentulose  or  glabrate: 
stems  rigid,  much-branched,  1-3  feet  high :  leaves  from  orbicular  to  ob- 
long-elliptical, thickish,  6-vt  lines  long;  entire  or  coarsely  lobed :  corolla 
elongated-campanulate,  3-4  lines  long,  its  tube  pubescent  within  below  the 
stamens,  twice  or  thrice  the  length  of  the  broad  lobes :  stamens  and  style 
included:  fruit  white,  globular  or  oblong;  nutlets  oval,  equally  broad  and 
obtuse  at  both  ends.  On  rocky  ridges  in  mountainous  districts,  Washing- 
ton to  California  and  New  Mexico. 

S.  oreophilus  Gray  Journ  Linn.  Soc.  xiv,  12  Glabrous  or  some- 
times with  soft  pubescence:  leaves  oblong  to  broadly  oval,  thickish,  6-|-l0 
lines  long:  corolla  tubular,  4-6  lines  long,  its  tube  almost  glabrous  within, 
4  or  5  times  as  long  as  the  broad  lobes  :  nutlets  of  the  white  drup2  oblong, 
flattened  attenuate  and  pointed  at  base.  Mountains  of  eastern  Oregon  to 
California  and  Arizona. 

5     XYLOSTEON  Tourn. 

LONICERA   k  XYLOSTEON  DC.  Prmlr.  iv,  333. 

Erect  or  merely  trailing  shrubs  with  membranaceous  leaves 
that  are  all  distinct,  and  rather  small  flowers  on  usually  2-tlow- 


282  VIBURNACE^.  xylosteox. 

CAPRIFOLIUM. 

ered  axillary  peduncles.  Tube  of  the  cal3^x  ovoid  or  glandular, 
the  limb  5«toothed  or  obsolete.  Corolla  from  campanulate  to 
tubular,  more  or  less  gibbous  at  base,  the  limb  somewhat  irregu- 
lar and  more  or  less  bilabiate.  Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  tube 
of  the  corolla.  Style  slender:  stigma  capitate.  Ovar\^  2-;-;-celled, 
with  several  pendulous  ovules  in  each  cell,  becoming  a  few- 
seeded  berry. 

X.  yillosaiu  Michx  Fl.  i,  106.  Lonicera  cxrulea  of  American  au- 
thors. Low,  1-2  feet  high,  pubescent  or  glabrate:  leaves  thin,  pale  or 
glaucesc:int,  ovate-oblong,  obtuse,  entire,  an  inch  or  more  long:  pedun- 
cles shorter  than  the  flowers:  corolla  ochroleucous,  gibbous  at  base,  nar- 
rowly funnelform,  scarcely  at  all  bilabiate:  bracts  subulate  or  linear, 
commonly  larger  than  the  ovaries:  ovaries  completely  united  formng  a 
roundish  or  ov'oid  black  but  glaucous  berry.  In  moist  grounds,  California 
to  Alaska  and  across  the  continent. 

X.  coiij ugialis  io?i?c^ra  conjugi'ilii<  Kell.  Shrub  3-5  feet  high,  fully 
branching  and  bushy:  leaves  thickish,  bright  green,  pubescent  when 
young  ovate  or  oval,  acute  or  acuminate,  1-2^2  inches  long,  short  peti- 
oled  :  peduncles  slender,  3-5  times  the  length  ot  the  dark,  narrow  flowera: 
bracts  subulate,  caducous ;  corolla  4-5  lines  long,  gibbous-campanulate, 
the  upper  lip  crenately  5-lobed,  throat  and  lower  part  of  filaments  and 
style  very  hirsute  :  berries  dark  red,  almost  wholly  connate.  On  the  high 
mountains  at  6,0)0-10,000  feet  altitude,  Washington  to  California. 

X.  Utahensis  Lonicera  Utahenaix  Watson.  Stems  erect,  3-5  feet  high 
with  loose,  slender  spreading  branches:  leaves  oblong,  subcordate  at  base, 
obtuse  glabrous.  2  inches  long  by  one  inch  broad,  on  petioles  1-2  lines 
long  :  peduncles  axillary  :  bracts  shorter  than  the  ovaries  :  corolla  5  lines 
long,  obtusely  saccate  at  base,  bilabiate,  the  lobes  half  shorter  than  the 
broad  tube;  style  included:  berries  red,  nearly  distinct,  globular,  2-3 
lines  in  diameter,  2-4-seeded,  on  short  peduncles.  On  high  mountains, 
Oregon  to  British  Columbia,  Montana  and  Utah. 

X.  iiivolucratuiu  Richard  A  pp.  Frankl.  Journ.  6.  Lonicera  invohi- 
crata  Banks.  An  erect  shrub  2-10  feet  high  with  slender  erect  branches: 
leaves  ovate-elliptical  to  lanceolate,  acutish  to  acuminate,  2-3  inches  long, 
petioled:  peduncles  1-2  inches  long:  corolla  yellowish,  viscid-pubescent, 
6-8  lines  long,  tubular  funnelform,  with  5  short,  scarcely  unequal  lobes; 
bractlets  2,  viscid-pubescent  at  first,  short,  bovate  or  obcordate,  in  fruit 
enlarging  and  looseh^  enclosing  or  surrounding  the  fruit :  berries  distinct, 
black.  On  high  mountains,  « »regon  to  British  Columbia  and  the  Rocky 
Mountains. 

X*  LeHehonrii  Lonicera  Lcdehourii  Esch.  Stems  stout,  5-20  feet  long, 
often  with  the  long  vine-like  branches  reclining  on  or  half  climbing  ov^er 
other  shrubs  or  small  trees:  leaves  ovate  to  lanceolate  acute  or  acumi- 
nate, ishort-petiolate  2-3  inches  long,  pubescent  on  the  veins  beneath  and 
on  the  margins:  pedunc'es  short:  the  flowers  subtended  by  a  pair  of 
large,  ovate  foliaceous  bracts,  calyx-limb  obsolete:  corolla  strongly  gib- 
bous at  base,  strictly  salverform  above  the  gibbosity,  the  short  rounded 
lobes  spreading  abruptly  ;  l)erries  distinct,  black.  Tide  lands  and  river 
bottoms,  California  to  Alaska. 

6.     CAPHIFOLIUM  Juss. 
LONICERA  §  CAPRTFOLUM  DC    I.  c.     (F^oxeysuckle) 

M<istly  twining  shrubs  with  the  up})er  leaves  often  connate- 
perfoliate,  and    showy    flowers  sessile  in    spiked    whorls    at    the 


CAPRiFOiiuM.  RUBIACE^.  283 

ends  of  the  branches.  Tul>e  of  the  calyx  ovoid  or  globular,  the 
limb  5-toothed  or  truncate.  Corolla  tubular,  more  or  less  gib- 
bous at  base,  the  limb  mostly  bilabiate.  Stamens  5,  inserted  on 
the  tube  of  the  corolla.  Ovary  2  celled  with  several  pendulous 
ovules  in  each  cell  becoming  a  few-several-seeded  berry. 

C.  ciliosum  Pursh.  Fl.  160.  Lonicera  ciliosa  Pair  Stems  twining  or 
depressed  and  almost  prosti-ate,  2-20  feet  long,  slender,  leaves  ovate  oi 
oval,  glaucous  beneath,  usually  ciliate,  otherwise  glabrous  2-3  inches 
long,  uppermost  1  or  2  pairs  connate  into  an  oval  or  orbicular  disk  :  whorls 
of  flowers  single  and  terminal  or  rarely  2  or  3  and  occasionally  from 
the  axils  of  the  penultimate  pair  of  leaves.  Corolla  glabrous  or  spar- 
ingly pilose-pubescent,  yellow  or  crimson-scarlet,  the  limb  slightly  bilab- 
iate, very  much  shorter  than  the  elongated  lube;  stamens  and  style  but 
little  exserted.  Common  in  wooded  districts,  California  to  British  Col- 
umbia and  Montana 

C.  hispiduluni  Lindl.  Bot.  Keg.  t.  1761,  Lonicera  hispiduJa  DoikjI. 
►Stems  slender,  twining  or  trailing,  2-10  feet  long,  hirsute  or  pilose-hispid 
when  young:  leaves  rather  rigid,  ovate  or  cordate,  obtuse,  6-12  lines  long, 
glaucous  and  villous-hirsute  beneath,  glabrous  above,  the  lower  ones  peti- 
oled,  the  upper  one  or  two  pairs  connate-perfoliate :  whorls  of  flowers 
on  slender  peduncles;  flowers  small,  rose-color,  6-10  lines  long,  strongly 
bilabiate,  the  linear,  loMer  lip  nearly  as  long  as  the  gibbous  tube;  fila- 
ments slightly  hairy  below,  exserted:  ovaries  glabrous.  Common  on 
rocky  places,  western  Oregon  and  Washington. 

C.  CaliforiiU'Uiii  Lonicera  Californica  T.  d-  d.  Stems  slender,  twin- 
ing or  trailing  6-10  feet  or  more  long;  branches  glabrous:  leaves  some- 
what coriaceous;  ovate-oblong,  1-2  inches  long,  glabrous,  glaucous  be- 
neath, not  ciliate,  uppermost  usually  connate-perfoliate:  flowers  in  rather 
distinct  whorls,  the  peduncle  and  rachis  clothed  with  glandular  and  his- 
pid hairs  intermixed;  corolla  6-s  lines  long,  yellowish,  bilabiate,  the  short 
tubes  conspicuously  gibbous,  lower  lip  linear,  the  upper  with  four  very 
short,  rounded  lobes  :  ovaries  glandular  On  dry  rocky  hillsides.  Southern 
Oregon  to  California 

Okder  XLVllI.     KChlACE.E   H.  Juss.  Hort.  Train  175U. 

Trees  shrubs  or  herbs  with  opposite  or  whorled  entire  leaves 
and  regular  flowers.  Tube  of  tlie  calyx  adherent  to  the  ovary, 
the  limb  mostly  4-5-parted  or  toothed.  Corolla  inserted  upon 
the  summit  of  the  calyx  tube,  composed  of  as  many  united 
petals  as  there  are  lobes  of  the  calyx,  mostlv  valvate  in  the 
bud  Stamens  inserted  into  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  equal  in 
number  and  alternate  with  its  lobes :  anthers  introrse.  Ovary 
2-celled  with  a  single  ovule  in  each  cell,  or  8-several-celled 
with  1-several  ovules  in  each  cell.  Style  single,  sometimes 
with  2  or  more  lobes  or  stigmas.  Seeds  a^jiatropous  or  am- 
phitropous,  solitary,  few  or  numerous  in  each  cell.  Embryo 
straight  or  slightly  curved,  in  the  axis  or  at  the  extremity  of 
copious,  densely  fleshy  or  horny  albumen. 

1.     Galium.     Herbs  with  whorled  leaves  and  no  apparent  stipules:  fruit 
2  lobed  and  2  seeded 

t.     Kello^j^ia.     Herbs   with    opposite   leaves    and    stipules  between  the 
petioles;   flowers  in  cymes;  fruit  2  lobed  and  2-seeded. 


284  RUBIACE^.  Galium. 

1    GALIUM  Tourn.  (Bedstraw.    Cleavers). 

Herbaceous  or  rarely  sufFrutescent  plants  with  square  stems, 
opposite  or  verticillate  loaves  and  perfect  or  rarely  polygamous 
small  flowers  in  axillary  or  terminal  simple  or  paniculate  cy- 
mules  or  solitary.  Calyx-tube  ovate  globose  or  oblong;  the  limb 
obsolete.  Corolla  rotate,  4-parted,  rarely  8-parted:  stamens  as 
many  as  lobes  of  the  corolla,  short.  Styles  2,  more  or  less  united 
at  base:  stigma  globose.  Fruit  2-lobed,  dry  or  baccate,  separa- 
ble at  maturity  into  2  indehiscent,  1-seeded  carpels, 

§     Fruit  dry. 

*     Annuals ;  fruit  more  or  less  hispidulous  or  hirsute,  without  hooked 
bristles:  flowers  hermaphrodite,  white  or  whitish. 

G.  Aparine  L.  Sp.  i,  108.  Stems  coarse,  reclining,  1-8  feet  long;  in- 
trorsely  Jiispid  on  the  angles;  leaves  6-8  in  the  whorls,  oblanceolate  to  al- 
most linear,  1-2  inches  long,  cuspidate  acuminate,  retrorsely  hispid  on  the 
margin  and  midrib:  peduncles  rather  long,  1-3  in  the  upper  axils  or  ter- 
minal, bearing  1-8  pedicellate  flowers :  corolla  1-2  hnes  in  diameter,  white- 
ish:  fruit  not  pendulous  rather  large,  granulate-tuberculate,  the  tuber- 
cles tipped  with  uncinate  bristles.  In  rich  lands  along  streams,  etc.,  Cal- 
ifornia to  Alaska  and  across  the  continent.  •  (Europe). 

G.  spurium  L.  Sp.  i,  106?  G.  Aparine  var.  minor  Hook.  Stems  slen- 
der, branching  from  the  l:)ase,  diffuse,  1-2  feet  long,  retrorsely  hispid  on 
the  angles:  leaves  6-8  in  the  whorl,  linear-oblanceolate,  cuspidate,  6-15 
lines  long,  retrorsely  scabrous  on  the  veins  and  margin,  the  axillary  um- 
bellate cymes  3-9-flowered  :  corolla  about  1  line  in  diameter,  white  or 
greenish:  fruit  large,  more  or  less  fine-tuberculate  and  uncinate-hispid. 
On  stony  hillsides,  California  to  British  Columbia  and  the  Rocky  Mount- 
ains, east  of  the  Cascade  Mountains. 

Cr  bifolinm  Watson  Bot  King  184,  t.  14.  Smooth  and  glabrous: 
stems  slender,  2-12  inches  high,  mostly  erect,  sparingly  branched:  leaves 
2-4  in  the  whorl,  lanceolate,  4-8  lines  long,  when  4  the  alternate  pair  much 
smaller;  peduncles  solitary,  lateral  and  terminal,  naked,  l-flowered,  when 
in  fruit  about  equalling  the  leaves,  spreading:  corolla  minute,  white ; 
fruit  small,  minutely  hispid,  recurved  at  the  end  of  the  peduncle.  In 
open  places  on  the  high  mountains,  Washington  to  California,  Nevada  and 
Utah. 

**    Wholly  herbaceous  perennials :  flowers   not  dioecious:   bristlef* 
on  the  fruit  short  and  uncinate  or  none. 

■*-  Leaves  in  fours  throughout  or  fewer. 

0.  Oreganam  Britton  Bull.  Torr.  Club  xxi,  31.  G.  KatnUchaticum  of 
authors  as  to  the  Pacific  Coast  plant.  Stems  slender,  numerous  and  radi- 
ately  spreading  from  the  crown  of  a  rather  thick  root,  6-18  inches  long : 
leaves  oblong  to  ovate,  acute  or  acutish  or  the  lowest  obtuse  6-18  lines 
long,  4-6  lines  broad,  distinctly  3  nerved,  ciliate  on  the  margins  and  usu- 
ally also  on  the  upper  side  of  the  nerves :  cymes  mostly  terminal,  rather 
few-flowered;  flowers  dull  cream  color,  on  short  diverging  pedicels;  fruit 
hispid.  In  the  Cascade  and  Coast  mountains,  Oregon  to  Alaska. 

G.  boreale  L  -p  i,  108.  stems  erect,  1-2  feet  high,  mostly  glabrous: 
very  leafy :  leaves  from  linear  to  broadly-lanceolate,  1-2  inches  long,  ob- 
tuse, distinctly  3-nerved,  often  with  fascicles  of  smaller  ones  in  the  axils : 
the  uppermost  reduced  to  pairs  of  oblong  or  oval  bracts  :  flowers  in  numer- 
ous close  cymules  collected  in  a  terminal  and  ample  thyrsi  form  panicle, 


GALIUM.  RUSIACE^.  285 

bright  white,  fragrant :  fruit  small,  hispidulous  when  young,  often  soon 
glabrous.  Rocky  banks  of  streams,  Oregon  to  Alaska  and  across  the  con- 
tinent 

-♦-    -*-     Pointless  leaves  in  fours,  fives  or  sixes;  small,  1-nerved. 

G.  trifldum  L.  Sp.  i,  105.  Stems  almost  filiform ;  erect ;  branching, 
6-20  inches  high,  smooth,  except  the  retrorsely  hispid  angles;  leaves  lin- 
ear to  oblanceolate,  obtuse,  4-8  lines  long;  the  midrib  beneath  and  the 
margin  sparsely  hispidulous:  peduncles  scattered,  1-several-flowered ; 
flowers  white,  sometimes  3-merous:  fruit  small,  smooth.  In  wet  places, 
California  to  Alaska  and  across  the  continent. 

•*--«-•«-     Leaves  in  sixes,  sometimes  fives  or  on  the  branchlets  fours, 
cuspidately  mucronate  or  acuminate. 

G.  asperrimnm  Gray  PI.  Fendl.  60  and  Bot.  Cal.  i,  281.  stems  erect 
or  diffusely  ascending,  but  weak,  1-2  feet  long;  leaves  lanceolate,  6-12 
lines  long :  cymes  twice  or  thrice  dichotomous,  with  filiform  peduncles 
and  pedicels :  corolla  white  or  turning  purplish :  ovary  merely  puberu- 
lent  or  scabrous :  fruit  granulate-scabrous  and  sometimes  minutely  his- 
pidulous. .Shady  places  in  mountains,  eastern  Oregon  to  California  and 
New  Mexico. 

G.  triflornra  Michx.  Fl.  i,  80.  Stems  slender,  diffusely  procumbent, 
smoothish,  1-8  feet  long:  leaves  elliptical-lanceolate  to  narrowly  oblong? 
1-2  inches  long :  cymes  once  or  twice  I^-rayed :  pedicels  soon  divaricate ; 
corolla  yellowish-white  to  greenish,  its  lobes  hardly  surpassing  the  bristles 
of  the  ovary :  fruit  uncinate-hispid.  In  forests,  California  to/^laskaand 
across  the  continent. 

*  *  *  Perennials  with  somewhat  woody  base:  leaves  4,  in  the 
whorls,  without  any  roughness ;  fruit  hirsute  with  long  and  straight 
bristles. 

0.  multiflorum  Kell.  Proc.  Cal.  Acad,  ii,  97.  Suffrutescent  at  base: 
nainutely  scabrous  topruinoseor  glabrous:  stems  erect,  tufted,  2-12  inches 
high:  leaves  in  fours  or  the  uppermost  ones  in  twos,  sessile,  ovate  to  ob- 
long-lanceolate, mucronate-apiculate  or  abruptly  acuminate,  4-8  lines 
long,  with  2  or  sometimes  4  lateral  nerves  from  the  base:  flowers  yellow- 
ish or  greenish,  dioecious  mondecious  or  perfect,  solitary  or  somewhat 
cymose  or  thyrsoid-paniculate:  fruit  usually  covered  with  long  white 
bristles.  In  dry  or  rocky  gulches,  southern  Oregon  to  California,  Nevada 
and  Utah. 

Var.  Watsoiii  (^ray  8yn.  FI.  i,  pt.  2,  40.  Mostly  glabrous  and 
smooth  :  leaves  thinner,  oblong-lanceolate;  commonly  about  6  lines  long 
by  2  lines  broad,  with  lateral  nerves  either  distinct  or  obsolete.  In  dry 
gulches,  southeastern  Oregon  to  .Arizona  and  Idaho. 

§  2  Genus  Kelbunium  Eridl.  Leaves  4  in  the  whorls,  one- 
nerved.     Fruit  baccate. 

G.  Nnitallii  Gray  PI.  Wright  i,  80.  Suffrutescent,  tall  and  climbing, 
often  3-4  feet  high,  mostly  glabrous  except  the  minutely  aculeolate-his- 
pidulous  angles  of  the  stems  and  margins  of  the  leaves,  these  also  some- 
times naked:  leaves  small,  oval  to  linear-oblong,  mucronate,  mucronu- 
late,  or  obtuse:  fruit  smooth  and  glabrous.  In  thickets  and  open  woods, 
Southern  Oregon  and  California. 

G.  Bolanderi  Gray  Proc  Am  Acad  vii,  350.  Herbaceous  from  a 
woody  root,  diffuse,  a  foot  or  two  high,  glabrous,  sometimes  pubescent: 
angles  of  the  stem  not  at  all  or  hardly  scabrous :  leaves  oblong-linear  or 
lanceolate,  rather  acute,  about  6  lines  long,  thickish,  with  margins  and 
midrib    either    smooth  and   naked  or  sparsely  hispidulous,  those  of   the 


286  VALE  R  [AN  AC  E^.  kelloggia. 

branches  not  rarely  opposite:  corolla  dull  purple;  fruit  white,  smooth 
juicy,  drying  black.  Dry  grounds,  southern  Oregon  and  western  Cali- 
fornia. 

G.  Andrewsii  Gray  Proc.  Amer.  Acad  vi,  538.  Depressed:  cespitose, 
and  with  slender  creeping  rootstocks :  glabrous  or  nearly  so  :  the  matted 
tufts  8-10  inches  high:  leaves  very  crowded,  ace  rose-subulate,  usually 
shining,  naked  or  sparsely  spinuloseciliate,  2-6  lines  I  ng:  flowers  dice- 
cious,  staminate  slender-pedicelled,  in  few-flowered  terminal  cymes;  pis- 
tillate solitary,  subtended  by  a  whorl  of  leaves  that  are  longer  than  the  at 
length  deflexed  peduncle:  fruit  dark-colored,  smooth.  Dry  hills,  south- 
ern Oregon  and  California 

2    KELLOG(  JIA  Torr.  Bot.  Wilkes  332,  t.  6. 

Herbs  with  opposite  leaves  and  loosely  cymose-panicledj  small 
flowers.  Flowers  commonly  4-merous ;  calyx-tube  obovoid, 
somewhat  flattened  laterally ;  teeth  4,  subulate  pei'sistent.  Co- 
rolla funiielform,  the  lobes  naked,  valvate  in  bud.  Stamens  as 
many  as  lobes  of  the  «*.orolla,  and  inserted  on  its  tube,  more  or 
less  exserted  :  filaments  flattened  ;  anthers  oblong-linear,  attached 
above  the  base.  Styles  filiform,  exserted  :  stigmas  2.  Ovar\"  2- 
celled,  ovules  erect  from  the  base,  anatropous.  Fruit  dry  and 
coriaceous,  separating  at  maturity  into  2  closed  carpels  which 
are  conformed  an.l  adherent  to  the  seed,  somewhat  reniform  in 
cross  section.     Embryo   comparatively  large   in  fleshy  albumen 

K.  galioides  Torr.  Bot.  Wilkes  332  t  6.  Glabrous  or  minutely  pubes- 
cent; stems  slender,  4-12  inches  high :  leaves  lanceolate,  sessile,  1-2 
inches  long,  the  stipules  small  and  scarious :  flowers  small,  in  a  loose 
dichotomous  cyme,  the  long  pedicels  thickened  above  and  articulated  with 
the  flower;  corolla  funnelform,  white  or  pinkish,  3-5  lines  long,  pubescent 
on  the  outside:  fruit  small,  oblong,  coriaceous,  uncinate-hispid.  In  shady 
places.  Washington  to  California. 

Order  XLIX.     VALERIANACE^  Batsck  Tab.  Aftin.  227. 

Herbs,  rarely  shrubby,  with  opposite,  simple  or  divided 
leaves  without  stipules  and  usually  small  flowers  in  dichoto- 
mous cymes  that  are  often  glomerate  when  young,  frequently 
corymbose  or  paniculate.  Tube  of  the  calyx  adherent  to  the 
ovary:  the  limb  various,  sometimes  forming  a  plumous  pappus, 
occasionally  obsolete.  Corolla  tubular  furjnelform  or  obcon- 
ical,  often  gibbose  antejiorly  or  spurred,  the  limb  mostly  5- 
lobed  and  more  or  less  irregular,  imbricate  in  bud.  Stamens 
distinct,  inserted  into  the  corolla;  anthers  iatrorse.  Ovary 
mostly  3-celled,  2  of  the  cells  empty ,  the  other  containing  a 
single  suspended  ovule:  style  filiform  stigmas  2-3,  or  united 
into  one.  Fruit  membranaceous  or  coriaceous,  indehiscwnt; 
1-celled  or  frequently  3  celled  with  2  of  the  cells  empty,  some- 
times 2-celled  by  the  confluence  of  the  empty  cells,  1-seeded. 
Seeds  anatropous  with  a  membranaceous  testa  and  no  albumen. 

*    Limb  of  the  calyx  inrolled  and   concealed  in  flower,  evolute  and 
pappus-like  in  fruit. 


VALE  M  ANA.  VALERIANACE.i^.  287 

1,  Valeriana.  Mostly  tall  perennial  herbs  with  simple  or  sparingly 
branched  stems;  corolla  salverform,  the  limb  not  spurred. 

*  *    Limb  of  the  calyx  obsolete. 

2.  Plectritis.  Stems  often  simple,  at  least  not  dichotomous:  cymes 
thyrsoidly  congested  at  the  summit  of  the  stem  or  branches :  corolla 
gibbous  or  spurred  at  base :  fruit  usually  winged  laterally. 

8.  Valerianella.  f^tems  dichotomously  branched,  the  branchlets  ter- 
minated by  cymules  of  small  flowers  :   fruit  not  winged. 

1     VALERIANA  Tour^ 

Perennial  herbs  with  strong-scented  mostly  thickened  root- 
stocks  or  roots,  simple  or  pinnate  leaves  and  white  or  flesh  col- 
ored perfect  or  polygamo-dictcious;  flowers  in  terminal  often 
panicled  cymes.  Limb  of  the  calyx  involute  and  concealed  in  the 
flowering  state,  evolute  in  fruit,  lormed  of  several  plumose  bris- 
tles, deciduous.  Corolla  with  more  or  less  cylindrical  or  obcon- 
ical  tube,  which  is  often  gibbous  but  not  spurred  at  base,  the 
limb  about  equally  5-lobed.  Stamens  3 ;  abortive  cells  of  the 
ovary  small  or  obscure,  obliterated  in  the  achene-like  fruit. 

V.  edulis  Nutt.  T  &  G.  Fl.  ii,  48.  Glabrous  or  glabrate;  the  nas- 
cent herbage  tomentulose-puberulent  sometimes  remaining  so  on  the 
leaf  margins,  stems  erect,  from  a  large  fusiform  perpendicular  stock  that 
branches  below  into  thickened  roots,  1-3  feet  high  *.  leaves  thickish,  ner- 
vously veined,  the  radical  oblanceolate  to  spatulate,  tapering  into  a  mar- 
gined petiole,  entire  or  some  sparingly  laciniate-pinnatitid  :  cauline  rarely 
none,  commonly  1-3  pairs,  sessile,  pinnately  parted  into  3-7  linear  or  lan- 
ceolate divisions :  flowers  polygamo-dioecious,  yellow^ish  white,  sessile  in 
the  cymules  which  form  an  elongated  thyrsiform  naked  panicle,  fruit 
ovate,  puberulent  or  glabrous.  Wet  plains' and  prairies,  eastern  Oregon 
to  British  Columbia,  east  to  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  Ohio. 

V.  sylvatica  Banks  Richard  App.  Frankl.  Journ.  ed  2,  2.  Stems  erect 
from  creeping  rootstocks  8-10  inches  high  :  radical  leaves  mostly  simple, 
ovate  to  oblong,  sometimes  some  of  them  3-5-foliolate :  cauline  more  or 
less  petioled,  3-11-foliolate  or  parted,  the  divisions  entire  or  rarely  few- 
toothed  :  flowers  more  or  less  dimorphous ;  corolla  light  rose-color,  2-3 
lines  long  or  more,  the  tube  short:  stigma  nearly  entire :  fruiting  cyme 
open,  at  length  thyrsoid-paniculate.  Wet  mountain  valleys,  California  to 
British  Columbia  and  across  the  continent. 

V.  Sitchensis  Bong.  Veg.  Sitch.  145.  Stems  rather  stout,  1-5  feet 
high,  often  branching:  radical  leaves  mostly  3-5-foliolate,  the  terminal 
one  always  much  the  largest:  cauline  short  petioled,  3-5-foliolate,  the 
divisions  orbicular  to  oblong-ovate  or  of  the  upper  ones  ovate-lanceolate, 
not  rarely  dentate  or  repand:  cymes  contracted;  corolla  f unnelform ;  3-4 
lines  long;  white  or  more  commonly  pinkish  :  stigma  entire.  In  moist 
woods  and  wet  places,  ».)regon  to  Alaska  and  the  northern  Rocky 
Mountains. 

V  Columbiana  Piper  Bot.  dnz  xxi,  485.  Stems  erect  from  a  rather 
slender  caudex  10  inches  high,  minutely  puberulent,  especially  below: 
radical  leaves  ovate,  entire  obtuse  at  ap  x  an  inch  long  glabrous,  their 
petioles  2-3  times  as  long,  narrowly  m  ir^jinel,  puberulent;  cauline 2 pairs, 
3-divided:  the  basal  sesrtnent'^  ovate- Ian  coo  I  ate,  obtuse,  entire,  the  teruii- 
nal  segment  3-cleft  into  ovate-acutish  lobes ;  petioles  as  long  as  the  blade 
or  shorter,  nearly  glabrous:  inflorescence  loosely  cymose,  the  whitish 
flowers  sessile  in  the  cymules:  peduncles  puberulent:  corolla  seven  lines 


288  VALERIANACE^.  plkctritis. 

long,  the  tube  twice  the  length  of  the  limb,  hairy  at  base  within :  sta- 
mens glabrous  :  stigma  minutely  3-lobed :  bracts  linear-subulate,  as  long 
as  the  glabrous  fruit.    Wena tehee  Washington. 

2    PLECTRITIS  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1095. 

Low  smooth  annuals  with  opposite  mostly  entire  leaves  and 
small  flowers  in  terminal  heads  or  spikes.  Calyx-limb  truncate, 
entire  or  obsolete  ;  tube  of  the  corolla  gibbous  anteriorly,  spurred 
at  base ;  the  limb  5-cleft,  more  or  less  bilabiate.  Stamens  3. 
Stigma  capitate.  Fruit  with  a  coriaceous,  somewhat  triangular, 
fertile  cell,  the  two  empty  ones  often  open  their  full  length,  each 
forming  an  involute  wing ;    in  one  species  almost  wingless. 

*  Fruit  somewhat  meniscoidal,  only  obtusely  angled  dorsally :  cotyl- 
edons incumbent,  that  is  parallel  to  the  ventral  face  and  expanded 
wings. 

P.  macrocera  T.  &  G  Fl.  ii,  50.  stems  slender,  2-10  inches  high, 
simple  or  sparingly  branched :  flowers  small,  usually  in  2-4  somewhat  dis- 
tant and  spicately  disposed  verticillastrate  clusters:  corolla  narrow,  white 
or  pinkish,  1-2  lines  long  with  a  spur  usually  as  long  as  the  tube  :  limb 
somewhat  equally  spreading,  hardly   bilabiate,  or  equally  4-Iobed  and  the 

f>osterior  lobe  emarginate-bifid :  fruit  glabrous  or  puberulent,  obtuse  or 
ightly  lineate-sulcate  on  the  dorsal  angle,  the  broad  wing  circumscribing 
the  ventral  face  of  the  achene,  spreading  or  incurved.  On  dry  hillsides, 
British  Columbia  to  California,  Nevada  and  Arizona. 

*  *  Fruit  strongly  carinate-angled  dorsally :  cotyledons  transverse  to 
the  ventral  face,  accumbent. 

■*-  Wings  conspicuous,  more  or  less  introrse,  in  the  last  species 
email. 

P.  cougesta  DC  Prodr  iv,  631.  Stems  often  rather  stout,  4-20 
inches  high,  simple  or  sparingly  branched:  flowers  1-4  lines  long  in  a 
capituliform  or  oblong  simple  or  interrupted  thyrsus,  or  sparingly  verticil- 
lastrate below:  corolla  rose  or  flesh  color  with  obviously  bilabiate  limb 
and  spur  half  or  less  the  length  of  the  very  gibbous  throat :  fruit  broadly 
winged  and  with  prominent  but  rather  obtuse  keel,  glabrous  or  puberu- 
lent to  short  villous.  On  moist,  usually  shady  slopes,  British  Columbia  to 
California. 

P.  auomala  Suksdorf  Valerianella  anomala  Gray  Stems  stoutish,  8- 
20  inches  high,  freely  branching:  flowers  small,  in  several  approximate 
verticillastrate  clusters;  corolla  white,  a  line  long,  wholly  destitute  of 
spur,  at  most  a  small  mammseform  gibbosity  near  the  base  of  the  short 
and  broadly  funnelform  throat;  limb  small,  obscurely  bilabiate,  usually 
4-lobed  and  posterior  lobe  emurginate  or  2-cleft:  fruit  1}4  lines  long, 
acutely  angled,  with  sharp  edge  on  the  back,  with  broad  wings  usually  in- 
flexed  at  base  and  expanding  above.  In  moist  meadows  and  woodlands 
along  the  lower  Columbia  River 

P.  aplianoptera  Suksdorf  Valerianella  apham,optera  Gray.  Stems 
slender  and  weak,  1-2  feet  high,  branching:  flowers  small,  in  2-4  verticel- 
lastrate  clusters :  corolla  only  a  line  long,  white,  with  obviously  bilabiate 
limb  and  short  basal  spur ;  fruit  puberulent  or  glabrate,  trigonous ;  dorsal 
angle  salient  but  rather  obtuse,  lateral  angles  with  distinct  but  narrow  in- 
curved wings.    Along  streams,  Southern  Oregon. 

-»-  •*-  Wings  wholly  wanting  to  the  triquetrous  fruit,  the  lateral 
angle  of  which  resembles  the  dorsal. 


VALERIANELLA.  DIPSACACE.E.  289 

DIPSACDS. 

P.  samollfolia  Hceck  in  Engler,  Jahrb  iii,  37.  A  span  to  a  foot  high  : 
verticillastrate  clusters  2-4,  small:  corolla  a  line  or  so  in  length,  ob- 
scurely bilabiate,  with  short  conical-saccate  spur;  achene-like  fruit  of  the 
shape  of  buckwheat,  glabrous  or  a  little  pubescent,  about  a  line  long. 
Low  grounds  along  the  Columbia  River  and  coast  of  California. 

3    VALERIANELLA  Tourn.     (Corn  salad). 

Low  glabrous  annuals  with  opposite  leaves  and  small  flowers 
in  terminal,  capitate  clusters.  Calyx-limb  none  or  a  mere  toothed 
or  oblique  border.  Corolla  with  nearly  regular  4-parted  limb, 
fu unciform  or  more  open  throat,  with  or  without  a  small  saccate 
gibbosity  at  its  base  anteriorly,  and  a  short,  proper  tube.  Sta- 
mens 8  ;  fruit  3-celled,  two  of  them  empty  and  manifest,  or  often 
enlarged  and  closed,  sometimes  at  length  confluent  into  one. 

Y.  oLiTORiA  Poll.  Hist.  PI.  Palat  i.  30.  Plants  4-10  inches  high, 
dichotoraous,  pubescent  on  the  angles ;  upper  leaves  sparingly  toothed  at 
the  base,  ciliate;  the  radical  petioled  :  flowers  pale  blue  in  small  glomer- 
ules  :  stigma  of  3  very  small  linear-oblong  lobes :  fruit  compressed,  ob- 
lique, at  length  broader  than  long,  glabrous,  the  partition  between  the 
empty  cells  often  imperfect.  In  fields  and  waste  places  near  Portland. 
Oregon.     Introduced  from  Europe. 

Order   L.     DIPSACACEiE   LindL    Veg.    King  699. 

Herbs  or  suffrutesceut  plants  (none  of  them  native  of  Amer- 
ica) with  opposite  or  verticillate  sessile  leaves  without  sti- 
pules :  the  jflowers  aggregated  in  a  dense  involucrate  head  upon 
a  common  receptacle,  eich  usually  subtended  by  a  chaff-like 
bract  and  surrounded  at  the  base  by  a  very  short  closely  ap- 
pressed  m«)nophyllous  involucel.  Tube  of  the  calyx  adherent 
to  the  ovary  or  sometimes  free  except  at  the  summit  the  limb 
various,  sometimes  forming  a  hairy  or  plumose  pappus.  Co- 
rolla tubular :  the  limb  5-cleft  or  4-cleft  by  the  union  of  the 
two  upper  lobes.  Stamens  4,  inserted  into  the  corolla  towards 
the  base,  distinct,  or  rarely  with  the  filaments  united  in  pairs : 
anthers  introrse.  Ovary  1-celled,  with  a  single  suspended 
ovule.  Fruit  membranaceous  or  acheneiform,  indehiscent, 
crowned  with  the  limb  of  the  calyx.  Seed  anatropous  with  a 
very  thin  testa.  Embryo  nearly  the  length  of  the  fleshy 
albumen. 

1    DIPSACUS  Tourn.  (teasel). 

Stout,  erect  hairy  or  prickly  herbs  with  opposite  leaves  and 
large,  oblong  or  roundish  head  of  small  flowers :  the  expansion 
of  the  flowers  commencing  about  the  middle  and  proceeding  in 
opposite  directions.  Involucre  of  rigid,  spreading  unequal 
bracts.  Bracts  of  the  receptacle  rigid,  acuminate.  Involucel  ses- 
sile,  4-angled,  8-ribbed,  4-toothed.  Calyx-limb  cup-shaped,  4- 
lobed.     Corolla  funnelform,  4-cleft. 


290  COMPOSITE.  TUBULIFLOR^. 

D.  SYLVESTRis  Mill.  Dlct.  stems  stout,  2-5  feet  high  prickly  :  lanceo- 
late-oblong, connate  at  base,  4-6  inches  long:  involucre  as  long  as  the 
heads :  bracts  of  the  receptacle  tipped  with  a  long  and  straight  flexible 
av\Ti;  corolla  flesh-color.  In  waste  places  and  old  fields.  Naturalized 
from  Europe. 

Order  LI.     COMPOSITJ^]   Vaill.  Act.  Acad.  Paris  143. 

Herbs,  shrubs  or  small  trees  with  various  leaves  and  small 
flowers  in  dense,  closely  involucrate  heads  on  a  simple  recepta- 
cle, the  heads  often  resembling  a  single  flower.  Flowers  5- 
merous  or  sometimes  4-merous.  Tube  of  the  calyx  wholly  ad- 
nate  to  the  ovary,  its  limb  none  or  obsolete  or  developed  into' 
a  cup  or  teeth  scales  awns  or  capillary  bristles.  Corolla  epigy- 
nous,  valvate  in  the  bud.  Stamens  as  many  as  lobes  of  the  co- 
rolla and  alternate  with  them,  inserted  on  the  corolla- tube: 
anthers  united  by  their  edges  into  a  tube .  commonly  with  ster- 
ile tips  or  appendages,  the  cells  introrse,  discharging  the 
pollen  within  the  tube,  this  forced  out  by  the  lengthening  of 
the  style.  Style  in  all  fertile  flowers  2- cleft  or  lobed  at  sum- 
mit and  bearing  introrse-marginal  stigmas;  ovary  1- celled, 
with  a  solitary  anatropous  ovule  erect  from  the  base.  Fruit  an 
achene.     Seed  with  a  straight  embryo  and  no  albumen. 

Herbs  are  said  to  be  homogavious  when  all  its  flowers  are  alike 
in  sex;  helerogamous  when  unlike  (generally  marginal  flowers 
pistillate  or  neutral,  and  central  hermaphrodite  or  by  abortion 
only  staminate)  :  androgynov.s  when  of  pistillate  and  staminate 
flowers :  monoecious  or  dioecious  when  the  flowers  of  different  sexes 
are  in  different  heads  either  on  the  same  or  different  plants:  ra- 
diate when  there  are  enlarged  ligulate  flowers  in  the'  margin  : 
ligulate  when  all  the  flowers  have  ligulate  corollas:  discoid  when 
there  are  no  enlarged  marginal  corollas. 

Suborder  I.     TUBULIFLOR.E. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  with  watery  or  resinous,  rarely  somewhat 
milky  juice.  Corollas  tubular  and  regular  in  all  the  hermapljro- 
dite  flowers. 

*  Heads  homogamous  and  discoid  flowers  all  hermaphrodite,  never 
yellow;  anthers  not  caudate  at  base. 

I.  Enpatoriacese.  Style-branches  elongated,  more  or  less  clavate-thick- 
ened  upward  and  obtuse,  minutely  papillose-puberulent,  stigmatic  only 
below  the  middle. 

*  *  Heads  homogamous  or  heterogamous;  flowers  not  rarely  yellow: 
style-branches  of  hermaphrodite  flowers  with  stigmatic  lines  mostly 
prominulous  and  extending  either  to  the  naked  summit  or  to  a  more  or 
less  distinct  pubescent  or  hispidulous  tip  or  appendage. 

II.  Asteroldeae.  Anthers  not  cordate  at  base;  style-branches  in  her- 
maphrodite flowers  flattened  and  with  a  distinct  terminal  appendage : 
disk  corollas  generally  yellow  :  rays  of  same  or  different  color. 


COMPOSIT.E.  291 

EUPATORIUM. 

HI.  luuloldeae.  Anthers  caudate :  style-branches  of  hermaphrodite 
flowers  slender,  destitute  of  any  terminal  appendage,  the  stigmatic  lines 
extending  to  or  vanishing  near  the  naked  obtuse  or  truncate  summit. 

IV.  HelianthoideaB.  Anthers  not  caudate:  style-branches  with  truncate 
or  variously  appendicnlate  pubescent  or  hispid  tips  :  involucre  not  sca- 
rious:  receptacle  with  chaffy  bracts  subtending  at  least  the  outer  disk 
flowers:  pappus  none  or  various  :  never  of   fine  capillary  bristles. 

V  Helenioidese.  Anthers  not  caudate:  style-branches  truncate  or 
variously  appendiciilate  :  involucre  not  scarious :  receptacle  without  any 
bracts  subtending  the  flowers:  pappus  from  setiform  to  paleaceous  or 
none. 

VI  Antheiiildeae.  Anthers  not  caudate:  style-branches  mostly  truncate: 
involucre  of  dry  and  scarious  bracts,  receptacle  without  or  sometimes 
with  bracts  subtending  the  flowers:  pappus  coroniforni  -r  of  short 
paleie  or  none. 

VII.  Seuecioiiideae.  Anthers  not  caudate;  style-branches  of  hermaph- 
rodite flowers  mostly  obtuse  or  truncate,  with  or  without  short  append- 
ages: involucre  of  mostly  equal  not  scarious  bracts:  receptacle  without 
bracts  subtending  the  flowers:    pappus  of  3oft-capillary  bristles 

VIII.  Cardnineae.  Anthers  conspicuously  caudate,  and  with  elongated, 
mostly  connate  cartilaginous  appendages  at  tip:  style  branches  short 
or  united,  without  appendage,  stigmatic  quite  to  the  obtuse  summit^ 
smooth  and  naked,  but  sometimes  a  pubescent  or  hispidulous  ring  or 
node  below  :  involucre  much  imbricated :  receptacle  densely  setose  or 
fimbrillate  or  favose:  pappus  usually  of  many  plumose  bristles :  heads 
never  truly  radiate. 

Suborder  II.     LIGI'LIFLOR^. 

Herbs  with  milky  juice.  Corollas  all  ligulate  and  flowers  all 
herma[)hrodite. 

IX.  CichoriaceaB.  Anthers  not  caudate  :  style-branches  filiform,  nakt^d, 
stigmatic  only  toward  the  base:    receptacle  naked  or  paleaceous. 

Tribe  I .  EUPATORIE.E  DC.  Prodr.  r,  I04.  Heads  homoga- 
iiunis.  'h'scoid:  Flowers  hermaphrodite,  with  tiihvlar  and  regular 
roroUax;  receptacle  in  a  few  genera  paleaceous,  in  most  naked.  An- 
thers without  tails  at  base.  Style-branches  elongated,  more  or  less 
davate  or  fhirl-ened  upward,  minutely  papillose  or  puberulous,  or 
(/labrous;  the  >^tigmatic  lines  only  near  the  base  and  inconspicuous. 
Flowers  necer  yellow. 

i.  Eupatorinni.  Involucre  of  more  than  4  bracts:  achenes  5-angled, 
destitute  of  intervening  ribs:  pappus  of  wholly  capillary  scabrous 
bristles 

2.  Coleosaiithns.  Bracts  of  the  involucre  not  herbaceous  striate- nerved  :. 
achenes  l(l-costate  or  striate :  pappus  a  single  series  of  capillary  bristles. 

1     KlIPATORLUM    Tourn.    Inst.  t.  259. 

Perennial  herbs  or  somewhat  shrubby  plants  with  opposite 
(rarely  alternate  or  verticillate)  mostly  entire  leaves  that  aie 
often  connate  at  base,  and  mostly  corymbose  heads  of  purple 
blue  or  white  flowers.     Heads  3-many-flowered.     Involucre  cyl- 


292  COMPOSITES.  coleosanthds. 

indrical  or  campamilate  ;  the  scales  imbricated  in  2-3  or  more 
series  or  sometimes  nearly  equal  in  a  single  series.  Receptacle 
flat,  naked.  Corolla  tubular-infundibuliform  or  often  with  a 
campanulate  limb,  5-toothed.  Anthers  included.  Branches  of 
the  style  mostly  exserted  and  elongated  cylindraceous  or  some- 
what flattened,  obtuse.  Achenes  5-angled,  without  intermediate 
striae.    Pappus  a  single  series  of  very  slender  capillary  bristles. 

E.  oceideiitale  Hook  Fl.  i,  303  Nearly  glabrous:  stems  slender,  8-12 
inches  high,  somewhat  wo<dyatbase:  leaves  alternate,  rarely  opposite, 
ovate  with  a  truncate  or  suhcordate  or  roundish  base,  acute  or  acuminate, 
sparingly  dentate  repand  or  entire,  rather  short  petioled :  cymes  small 
and  rather  compact,  usually  paniculate ;  heads  15-25-flowered :  scales  of 
the  involucre  linear,  acute,  nearly  equal  in  1  or  2  series,  nearly  nerveless;, 
hardly  longer  than  the  mature  achenes.  Corolla  white  to  purple  :  achenes 
slender  glabrous.  On  cliffs  and  in  stony  places,  eastern  Washington  to 
southern  Oregon,  California  and  Nevada. ' 

2    (  OLEOSANTHUS  Cass.  Diet,  x,  36. 
BRICKKLLIA  Ell.   Sk.  ii.  290. 

Herbs  or  undei shrubs  with  opposite  or  alternate  leaves  iind 
variously  disposed  heads  of  white  or  flesh-colored  flowers  in  late 
summer.  Scales  of  the  cnmpanulate  involucre  imbricated  lan- 
ceolate or  linear,  the  exterior  shorter,  none  herbaceous.  Recep- 
tacle flat,  naked.  C  oiolla  sknder.  5-toothed  at  summit,  tlie  teeth 
mostly  glandular  exteinally.  Pappus  a  single  series  of  barbel- 
late  or  subpluniose  or  merely  scabrous  bristles.  Achenes  10-cos- 
tate  or  10-striate. 

*  Heads  So-.^O-tiowered,  6-9  lines  high,  pappus  bristles  merely  sca- 
brous or  densely  serrulate. 

■*-  Pul)ei^c«.nt  to  almost  glabrous:  leaves  sessile  or  subsessile  all 
alternate,  cordate,  seldom  an  inch  long:  stems  herbaceous  from  a  lig- 
neous base,  10-16  inches  high  or  more,  leafy  to  the  top:  heads  mostly 
single,  terminating  corymbose,  leafy  branches. 

C.  Ureeiiei  O  Ktze.  \lev  Gm  i,HiS  B-ic'clUa  Greene'^  Gray  Very 
viscid-pubescent:  stems  slender,  10-16  inches  high,  numerous  from  a 
woody,  perennial  base,  sparingly  branched  above  or  simple:  leaves  ovate, 
obtuse,  somewhat  serrate,  sessile  or  somewhat  petioled,  the  uppermost 
forming  accessary  loose  bracts  to  the  involucre  proper:  heads  terminal,  9 
lines  high;  involucral  bracts  lanceolate  and  linear,  acuminate  glabrous: 
achenes  not  glandular,  glabrous  or  the  upper  part  hirtellous  with  a  few- 
scattered  hairs  on  the  ribs:  pappus  bristles  subplumous.  In  gravelly 
gulches  and  along  streams,  southern  Oregon  and  noHhern  California. 

_C._  oblon^ifolius  O.  Ktze  I.  c  Bnckcllia  oblongifolia  NuM  Slightly 
viscidulous:  stems  herl)aceous  from  a  lignescent  base  i0-2t)  inches  high  : 
leaves  oblong  or  some  upper  ones  lanceolate :  involucral  bracts  all  acute  or 
muricate  pointed;  outer  ones  oblong-lanceolate,  inner  ones  narrov/ly-lin- 
ear:  achenes  sprinkled  with  minute  glands,  often  a  few  bristles  on  the  ribs 
near  the  summit.  In  gravelly  or  dry  soil,  British  Columbia  to  eastern 
Oregon. 

C.  linifolius  O.  Ktze.  1  c.  Brickellia  linifolia  Eaton.  Minutely 
glandular-pubescent:  stems  very  numerous,  12-16  inches  high  from  a 
stout,  woody  base,  cymose  at  the  summit:  leaves  numerous,  alternate 
sessile,  elliptical-lanceolate,  entire,  obscurely  3-nerved,  9-12   lines    long. 


COLEOSANTHU8.  COMPOSITE  293 

heads  large,  soHtary,  on  elongated  somewhat  leafy  branches :  involucre 
40-5; /-flowered,  the  scales  in  several  series,  outer  ones  ovate,  inner  ones 
linear,  acute,  style-branches  club-shaped,  exserted:  achenes  with  a  double 
row  of  minute  bristles  along  the  striae  not  glandular :  pappus  obscurely 
plumose.    8andy  bottoms  and  rocky  gulches,  eastern  Washington  to  Utah. 

+-   ■*-     Barely    pubescent  or    glabrate  perennials :  heads  not  viscid: 
leaves  slender-petiqled,  at  least  the  lower  ones  opposite. 

C.  grandifloms  O  Ktze.  1  c.  BrickeUia  grand'Jiora  Nvtt.  Puber- 
ulent  or  almost  glabrous:  stems  2-3  feet  high,  paniculately  branched: 
leaves  broadly  or  narrowly  deltoid-cordate  or  the  upper  deltoid-lanceolate, 
coarsely  dentate-serrate  with  an  entire  usually  acuminate  apex,  1-4  inches 
long :  involucre  about  40-flowered,  its  bracts  papery  and  scarious  when 
dried,  the  short  outer  ones  ovate,  the  inner  ones  oblong-linear,  obtuse  or 
acutiph  or  some  exterior  ones  with  loose  subulate  acuminations:  pappus 
white ;  achenes  sparingly  setulose  toward  the  summit.  On  hills  along 
streams.  Oregon  to  the  Sierra  Nevadas   Montana  and  Arizona. 

*  *  Heads  3-25-flowered  not  over  6  lines  long:  pappus-bristles 
scabrous  or  not  manifestly  barbellate :  heads  sessile  or  short-pedun- 
cled,  terminating  short  leafy  branch  lets  or  in  axillary  clusters  forming 
a  spiciform  paniculate  or  interrupted  thyrsus 

■*-  Involucre  naked  at  base,  all  the  bracts  dry  and  chartaceous, 
glabrous  and  smooth,  the  outermost  short  and  appressed,  wholly  des- 
titute of  green  tips 

C.  <  alifornicns  O  Ktze.  1.  c  BrickeUia  Calif  arnica  Gray,  Minutely 
puberulent :  stems  2-3  feet  high  ;  virgately  branched :  leaves  ovate,  obtuse, 
rarely  subcordate,  somewhat  crenate-dentate,  commonly  an  inch  or  lees 
long,  mostly  surpassed  by  the  small  clusters  of  heads,  these  rather  spic- 
ately  glomerate,  forming  an  uninterrupted  strict  thyrsus :  involucral  br- 
acts all  obtuse  or  the  innermost  linear  ones  abruptly  acute,  short  outer- 
most ones  oval  and  ovate  :  heads  10-20-flowered,  4-5  lines  high.  On  rocky 
banks  of  the  Rogue  River  to  California,  Nevada  and  Arizona. 

-•-  -«-  Involucre  of  firmer  bracts  the  outer  with  greenish  and  some- 
what spreading  tips,  outermost  loose  and  herbaceous  and  passirig  into 
the  small  leaves  of  the  branchlets. 

C.  microphyllns  O.  Ktze,  1.  c.  BrickeUia  microphyUa  Gray  Yiscidly 
pubescent  and  glandular:  stems  12-18  inches  high,  much  branched  from  a 
woody  base:  leaves  alternate,  short  petioled,  ovate,  coarsely  toothed  4-7 
lines  long,  those  of  the  branchlets  much  smaller  and  sessile,  heads  small, 
15-20-rlowered,  clustered  at  the  end  of  the  branchlets :  involucral  bracts 
imbricated,  in  many  rows  outer  ones  ovate,  herbaceous  with  squarrosetips, 
inner  ones  erect,  lanceolate,  acute  :  pappus  scabrous  :  achenes  slightly  setu- 
lose.    Eastern  Oregon  to  California,  Nevada,  Colorado  and  Montana. 

Trihe  H.ASTEROIDEjE.  Heads  either  heterogamous  and  radiate, 
the  ligulate  ray  flowers  feminine  or  rarely  neutral,  or  homogamous 
with  the  flmvers  all  hermaphrodite  and  tubular  or  rarely  the  female 
flowers  with  filiform  corolla  and  no  ligule  or  in  Baccharis  dio^.cious 
and  the  female  corollas  all  filiform.  Receptacle  seldom  paleaceous. 
Corolla  of  the  hermaphrodite  flowers  regularly  5-lohed,  rarely  4- 
lohed.  Anthers  obtuse  and  entire  or  barely  emarginate  at  base. 
Style  branches  of  herw aphrodite  flowers  flattened,  conspicuously 
margined  by  the  stigma  tic  lines,  and  extending  into  a  hispid  or 
papillose  appendage.  Pappus  various  or  sometimes  none.  Leaves 
mostly  alternatf .     Disk  flowers  usually  yellow. 


294  C  )MP.)8IT.E 

SuBTRiBE  I.  HoMOCHROM.E.  Disk  wliollj  of  hermaphrodite 
flowers,  of  the  same  color  as  the  ray  when  that  is  present, 
mostly  yellow : 

8.  Oriudelia,  Pappus  of  few  elongated  awns  or  rigid  bristles,  heads 
usually  radiate,  solitary  at  the  ends  of  the  branches:  coarse  herbs  with 
sessile  rigid  mostly  serrate  leaves. 

4.  Chrysopsis.  Pappus  of  numerous  setose  bristles  both  in  disk  and 
ray,  manifestly  (ioiible,  the  inner  capillary,  the  outer  very  short  and 
squamellate,  low  leafy  stemmed  perennials  with  sessile  entire  or  nearly 
entire  leaves 

5.  Ammodia.  Pappus  of  slender  setose  bristles  obscurely  double,  the 
inner  capillary,  the  outer  very  short  and  setulose  or  obsolete:  low  per- 
ennial herbs 

6.  Eriocarpum  Pappus  white  or  nearly  so.  of  exceedingly  unequal 
somewhat  flattened  barbellate  bristles:  achenes  short,  densely  silky  ;  low 
herbs  with  narrow  sparsely  dentate  leaves. 

7.  Pyrrocoina.  Pappus  reddish-br  wn  or  fulvous,  of  numerous  uniform 
slender  rigid  bristles ;  achenes  linear,  elongated,  somewhat  turbinate, 
3-angled  and  striate:  glabrous,  rigid  perennial  herbs  with  mostly  radical 
leaves. 

8.  Stenotus.  Pappus  commonly  bright  white,  of  numerous  soft  unequal 
densely  scabrous  capillary  bristles :  achenes  oblong-turbinate  densely 
silky-vi  lous :  glabrous  shrubby  plants  with  narrow  entire  leaves. 

9.  Macroiiema.  Pappus  of  soft  slender  bristles  :  achenes  slender,  com- 
pressed, few-nerved:  soft  pubescent  low  and  many-stemmed  suffrutt^scent 
plants  with  thinnish  sessile  entire  leaves. 

10.  Chrysothaiiiiius.  H'appus  of  soft  subequal  bristles:  achenes  narrow, 
not  compressed:  shrubby  or  half  shrubby  plants  with  narrow  entire 
subcoriaceous  leaves. 

11.  Euthaiiiia.  Pappus  of  numerous  equal  capillary  scabrous  bristles  in 
one  or  more  series :  achenes  short  and  turbinate:  villous  pubescent; 
perennial  herbs  with  linear  entire   1-nerved  leaves. 

Vi,  Solidago.  Pappus  of  numerous  capillary  scabrous  bristles :  achenes 
terete  or  angulate  5-12-nerved  or  costate :  perennial  herbs  with  entire  or 
serrate  leaves. 

SuBTRiBE  11.  Hp:terochrome^.  Disk  flowers  mostly  yellow 
the  rays  white,  red,  purple  or  blue;  seldom  yellow. 

13.  Beliis.  Pappus  none:  achenes  obovate  and  compressed,  nerveless 
except  at  the  margins:  low  perennial  herbs  with  all  radical  leaves 

14.  Boltouia.  Pappus  of  several  short-setulose  squamellse  and  2-4  elon- 
gated rigid  awns:  achenes  obovate,  very  fiat,  with  callous  or  winged  mar- 
gin :  leafy-stemmed  perennials. 

15.  Towusendia.  Pappus  a  single  series  of  long  awns:  achenes  obovate 
or  oblong,  much  compressed  with  thickish  or  callous  margins:  depres- 
sed or   low  many-stemmed  herbs 

16.  Sericocarpus.  t'appus  of  numerous  unequal  scabrous  bristles: 
achenes  narrow,  little  compressed,  2-nerved,  silky-pubescent:  leafy- 
stemmed  perennials. 

17.  Aster.  Pappus  of  numerous  dull  white  scabrous  bristles :  achenes 
compressed :  leafy-stemmed  herbs  with  panicled  or  somewhat  corym- 
bose heads  of  Howers. 


GRINDELIA.  COMPOSITE  295 

18.  Bucephalus.  Pappus  copious  the  bristles  unequal :  achenes  oblong, 
compressed,  villous:  perennial  herbs  without  radical  leaves. 

19.  Oreastrum.  '  appus  a  single  series  of  brownish  scabrous  barbellate 
bristles  :  achenes  subterete,  5-s-costate  :  acaulescent  perennials  with  nar- 
row entire  leaves  and  scapiform  monocephalous  branches. 

20.  Machaeranthera.  Pappus  a  single  series  of  rather  rigid  unequal 
bristles:  achenes  narrowed  downward,  compressed,  few-nerved,  the 
faces  somewhat  striate:  leafy-stemmed,  branching  biennials  or  annuals. 

21.  Erigerou.  Pappus  scanty  and  fragile:  achenes  small,  mostly  2-ner- 
ved  :  annual  or  perennial  herbs. 

Si  BTRiBE  III.  Bacchaiiide.^^.  Heads  discoid  and  unisexual. 
Corolla  of  tlie  fertile  flowers  filiform. 

22.  Baccharis.  Pappus  copious,  of  fine  and  soft  bristles,  accrescent 
after  floweri I. g:  achenes  compressed,  5-iU  costate ;  shrubby  or  herbac- 
eous perennials. 

Siibtrihe  1,  Homochrnrriese,  Gray  Sya.  Fl  1,  PL.  11^  52.  Disk 
wholly  of  hermaphrodite  jiowers^  nf  thp.  sarne  color  as  the  ray  when  that 
is  present ^  mostly  yellow:  these  corollas  tubular  with  more  or  less  am- 
pliate  throat  a.nd  -^-5-io6ed  limh.  Receptacle  not  chaffy. flat  or  mere- 
ly convex.     Intmbi,cre  rlnsply  imhri''oif.   m flatly  in  Sfremi  series 

:J  GRINDELIA  Willd.  Mag.  Nat.  Berl    1807,  259.     (Gum  Plant.) 

Perennial  biennial  or  sufFiutescent  j^Iants  with  entire  or  ser- 
rate, somewhat  pellucid-punctate  or  reticulate  leaves  the  radical 
ones  usually  spat  u  late  ;  the  canine  sessile  or  partly  cLisping; 
and  middle-sized  or  large  heads  of  yellow  flowers  terminating 
the  branches.  Herbage  balsamic- viscid,  heads  many-flowered. 
Involucre  hsmispherical  or  subglohose  ;the  scales  irabricated,in  sev- 
eral series.  Keceptacle  flat,  foveolate  Corolla  of  the  ray  ligu- 
late,  pistillate  or  neutral,  in  a  single  series  (  in  one  species  want- 
ing ) ;  of  the  disk  tubular  infundibuliform,  5-toothed,  j)erfect: 
branches  of  the  style  linear,  rather  acute,  the  hairy  appendages  as 
long  as  the  stigmatic  portion.^  Achenes  obovate  or  oval,  some- 
what angled,  glabrous.  Pappus  of  2-8  caducous  nearly  smooth 
awns  or  corneous  bristles. 

G-  integrifolia  DO.  Prodr  v,  415  Stems  rather  stout,  1-3  feet  high, 
usually  corymbosely  branched  above  and  bearing  several  or  numerous 
heads :  pubescence  soft  villous  sometimes  sparse  or  none ;  leaves  of 
soft  texture,  commonly  entire,  sometimes  ser  ate,  cauline  3-4  inches  long, 
mostly  tapering  from  a  broad  base  to  an  acute  or  acuminate  apex :  radical 
Bpatulate  and  obtuse :  heads  large,  naked  or  surrounded  by  foliaceoua 
b  acts  passing  into  leaves :  bracts  of  the  involucre  with  mostly  elongated 
setaceous  subulate  points  to  the  bracts :  achenes  truncate  and  with  an  ir- 
regular undulate  or  obscurely  3-5  toothed  border  around  the  terminal 
are  la;  pappus  awns  stout,  flattish.  Along  swales  and  ditches.  Brit- 
ish Columbia  to  t  >regon  west  of  the  Cascade  Mts  Flowering  -  in 
summer. 

G  Henderson!  Greene  Pitt  ii,  18.  Flowering  sterns  erect,  a  foot 
high,  sparsely  hirsute:  leaves  (on  sterile  basal  branches)  6-8  inches 
long,   blade    oblanceolate,     closely    dentate  or  serrate,   tapering    to    a 


296  COMPOSIT^E  grindelia. 

CHKYSOPSIS 

winged  petiole  of  its  own  length,  heads  large,  the  involucral  bracts 
squarrose  and  very  glutinous,  achenes  neither  angled  nor  striate,  the  ter- 
minal border  low  and  entire ;  awns  of  the  pappus  2  or  3,  flattened  and  cor- 
neous, barbellate  along  the  edges.  Dry  rocky  banks  of  Lummi  Island 
southern  shore  of  the  iiulf  of  Georgia      Henderson. 

G.  Oregana  Gray  .8yn  ii.  1,  Pt.  11,  118.  Stems  rather  stout  and  tall, 
branched  above,  leaves  thickish  not  rigid,  sparsely  denticulate  or  entire, 
mostly  obtuse,  oblong,  spatulate  or  ligulate,  or  the  upper  lanceolate,  the 
larger  4  inches  long  by  an  inch  wide,  whole  herbage  glabrous :  heads 
large,  bracts  of  the  involucre  with  erect  or  spreading  slender  linear-sub- 
ulate tips ;  achenes  squarely  truncate  and  even  at  the  summit,  not  bor- 
dered nor  toothed,  minutely  striate;  awns  ot  the  pappus  1-3.  In  dry 
soil,  Oregon  to  Idaho 

G.  nana  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Sac.  viii,  314  >tems  rather  slender, 
6-30  inches  high,  the  larger  plants  corymbosely  and  fully  branched  above, 
herbage  wholly  glabrous:  leaves  ihinnish,  lanceolate  to  linear  or  the 
lower  spatulate,  entire  or  spinulose  serrate  heads  5-6  lines  high:  bracts 
of  the  involucre  with  slender  and  squarrose  soon  revolute  tips;  achenes 
narrow,  exciselv  truncate  or  biden  I  ate,  at  summit:  awns  of  the  pappus 
mostly  2.     On  dry   hillsides.     Washington  to  California. 

G  discoidea  Nutt.  1.  c.  315  Whole  herbage  glabrous  stems  slender, 
several  from  the  same  root,  fastigiately  branched,  leaves  oblong-linear, 
tapering  to  the  base,  sessile,  somewhat  spinulose  serrulate  above :  heads 
5-7  lines  high  almost  globose:  -caies  of  the  involucre  with  short  subulate 
squarrose  recurved  tips:  rays  none,  achenes  auriculate  bordered  at  the 
summit;  pappus  of  2  bristles.  On  dry  banks  of  the  Columbia  river 
east  of  the  (  ascades. 

4      CHRYSOPSIS  Elliot  Sk.  11  333. 

Mosth'  perennial  herbs  with  oblong  or  linear  usually  entire 
sessile  leaves  and  middle-sized  heads  of  yellow  flowers  terminat- 
ing the  stem  and  branches.  Heads  many-flowered,  radiate. 
Scales  of  the  involucre  linear  imbricated  :  receptacle  somewhat 
alveolate,  flat.  Corolla  of  the  ray  flowers  ligulate,  pistillate,  in  a. 
single  series  disk  corollas  tubular,  5-toothed,  perfect :  Style 
branches  mostly  terminated  by  linear  or  linear-subulate  his- 
pid tips,  often  longer  than  the  flat  stigmatic  poi-tion. 
Achenes  obovate  or  linear-oblong,  compressed.  Pappus  of  the 
disk  and  ray  similar;  double,  the  outer  short  squamellate-setose 
or  somewhat  chafly,  the  inner  of  numerous  scabrous  capillary 
bristles. 

C.  villosa  Nutt  Hook  Fl.  ii  22.  Stems  1-2  feet  high,  villous-pul)escent 
and  sparsely  hirsute,  erect,  simple  or  corymbosely  branched,  very  leafy: 
leaves  one  inch  or  more  long,  1  nerved  slightly  veiny,  canescently  stri- 
gose  on  both  sides,  mucronate,  entire  or  rarely  with  a  few  sharp  scattered 
teeth,  hispidly  ciliate  toward  the  base,  the  upper  linear-oblong,  the  lower 
oblong-spatulate :  heads  solitary  or  somewhat  corymbose  at  the  ends  of 
the  branches,  on  short  peduncles:  scales  of  the  roadly  campanulate  invol- 
ucre linear-subulate,  strigosely  pubescent;  achenes  obovate,  villous;  exter- 
ior pappus  setose  squamellate.  Dry  plains  and  river  bars,  Oregon  to 
111.  aiid  the  vSaskatchewan. 

C.  hirsnta  Greene,  Pitt.  ill.  293.  "Low,  slender,  the  tufte  I  and 
leafy  steins  only  6  or  S  inches  high,  very   leafy  and  the  leaves  ascjn  ling 


a:jmodia.  COMPOSITJa  297 

ERIOCARPUM. 
PYHROCOM  V . 

spatulately  oblanceolate,  acute,  green  and  granular-glandular  beneath  a 
sparse  rather  stiffly  hirsute  pubescence,  the  leafy  bracts  subtending  the 
2  or  3  subsessile  lieads  hirsute-ciliate,  as  are  also  the  small  outer  bracts  of 
the  tui  inate  involucre,  the  others  merely  granular  viscidulous:  rays  very 
few  (about  5  to  8),  deep  yellow:  pappus  with  an  outer  series  of  short  very 
narrow  palese  Banks  of  Hangman  Creek,  near  Spokane,  Washington. 
C.  V    Piper." 

5.    AMM  »D1A  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Khii.  Soc.  n.  Ser.  vii  321. 

Somewhat  viscid  and  pubescent  perennials  with  entire  leaves 
and  middle-sized,  heads  of  yellow  flowers  terminating  the  stem 
and  branches.  Heads  many-flowered ;  the  flowers  all  perfect 
and  tubular.  Scales  of  the  companulate  involucre  scarious— 
membranaceous,  1-nerved,  imbricated  in  few  series,the  outermost 
shortest.  Receptacle  flat,  alveolate-toothed.  Branches  of  the 
style  subulate-filiform,  the  appendages  longer  than  the  stigmatic 
portion.  Achenes  fusiform  or  somewhat  compressed,  pubescent. 
Pappus  of  copious  minutely  scabrous  capillary  bristles. 

A.  oreg'ana  Nutt.  1.  c.  Chrysopsis  Oregana  Gmy.  Stems  a  foot 
high,  many  from  the  same  root,  paniculately  branched.  leaves 
alternate,  oblong,  entire,  veiny,  sessile:  peduncles  some- 
what glandular;  heads  irregularly  paniculate  corymbose: 
scales  of  the  involucre  linear  or  lanceolate,  1-nerved,  the  inne  most  as 
long  as  the  flowers,  the  outermost  short  and  appressed  :  corollas  all  similar, 
slender,  slightly  dilated  upwards,  5-toothed,  pale  yellow  nearly  hid  in  the 
copious  white  pappus.  On  gravelly  bars  along  streams,  Washington  to 
California. 

6  ERIOCARPUM  Nutt    Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  vii,  321. 

Perennial  or  annual  herbs  with  spinulose-dentate  leaves  and 
(in  ours)  ray  less  heads  of  yellow  flowers.  Heads  many-flower- 
ed: involucre  hemispherical,  its  bracts  rigid  appressed-imbricate 
with  the  outer  successively  shorter,  all  with  abrupt  and  more  or 
less  spreading  herbaceous  tips.  Disk  corollas  narrow  merely  .5— 
toothed.  Achenes  densely  silky,  mostly  short  and  turbinate. 
Pappus  white,  of  very  unequal  usually  short  and  somewhat  flat- 
tened awn  like  barbollate  bristles. 

.  E.  griudelioides  Nutt.  1.  c.  Aplopappus  Nutiallii  T.  ife  G.  Cinereous- 
tomentose,  becoming  glabrate  in  age  :  stems  6-12  inches  long,  numerous 
from  a  woody  caudex :  leaves  from  spatulate  oblong  to  almost  lanceolate, 
rather  sparsely  pectinately  dentate:  heads  few,  terminating  the  branches, 
8-10  lines  high:  involucre  hemispherical,  its  bracts  rather  few  ranked,  and 
with  slightly  spreading  greenish  tips:  style  appendages  oblong-laneeolate. 
Idaho  to  the  Saskatchewan,  New  Mexico  and   vrizona. 

7  PYkROCOMA  Hook.  Fl.  1,  30t>. 

Perennial  rigid  herbs  with  simple  stems,  coriaceous  alternate 
leaves  and  showy  heads  of  yellow  flowers  terminal  or  in  the  axils 
of  the  upper  leaves.  Heads  many-flowered,  radiate.  Bracts  of 
the  hemispherical  or  campanuiate  involucre  rigid,  si^mevhat  foli- 
aceous,  nerveless,  oblong  with  more  or  less  squarrose  or  herbace- 
ous tips,      lieceptacle  flat,  alveolate -toothed.     Ray-flowers  num- 


298  COMPOSir^  PYRROCOMA 

erous,  pistillate,  sometimes  infertile  or  inconspicuous :  disk-flow- 
ers cylindrical,  slightly  dilated  upward,  with  short  erect  teeth. 
Style-branches  of  the  ray-flowers  often  unequal,  or  one  of  them 
abortive,  glabrous:  those  of  the  disk-flowers  subulate-linear, 
elon  j;ated,  the  hispid  appendages  much  longer  than  the  stigraatic 
portion.  Achenes  linear,  elongated,  somewhat  Bungled  and 
striate  glabrous  or  rarely  hairy.  Pfippus  reddish-brown  or  ful- 
vous, of  coi)ious  and  uniform  slender  rigid  bristles 

*  Heads  large  and  discoid  the  sterile  rays  being  hardly  apparent 
or  very  small  for  the  size  of  the  head  :  achenes  glabrous  and  smooth, 
slender  but  flattish,  4costate  or  nerved  often  finely  striate 

P.  curthamoides.  Hook-  Fl.  i,  ;<06.  t.  107.  Stens  rigid  several  from 
the  same  rout,  H-12  inches  lu^h,  leafy,  -cabro  puberuler<t  when  young,  be- 
coming smooth,  bearing  a  solitary  terminal  large  head  and  sometimes  one 
or  two  in  axils:  leaves  from  spatulate  to  oblong  or  lanceolate:  coriaceous, 
S{)aringly  spinulose-serrulate  the  lowest  ."^.-4  inches  long,  taperinginto  slen- 
der petioles:  involucre  hemispherical,  d-lo  lines  high,  often  leafy- 
subtended  at  base,  its  proper  bracts  coriaceous  rigid,  from  oblong  to 
brjady  lanceolate  or  the  innermost  luiear,  niore  or  loss  scarious-margin- 
ed.  most  of  them  tipped  with  an  abrupt  mucro  or  cusp,  the  outer  com- 
monly loose  and  becoming  leaf-like  either  entire  or  spinulo?e-denticulate  : 
rays  almost  always  present  and  rather  numerous,  but  their  ligules  incon- 
spicuous, being  short  involute  and  concealed  in  the  pappus  On  plains  and 
rocky  hillsides;  British  Columbia  to  (>  egon  and  Idaho. 

P.  radiata  Vutt  Trans.  \m.  i'hil.  Soc  n.  ser,  vii  8.S3.  Whole  plant 
glabrous:  stem  stout,  12-18  inches  high:  leaves  thick, the  radical  and  lower 
canline  oVjovate-oblong.ihe  lowest  3-H  inches  lon-J  by  2  inches  broad,  petio- 
led  tin- upper  cauline  ovate-lanceolate  or  ol)long:  heads  usually  several 
and  somewhat  corymbose,  an  inch  high  and  broad,  bracts  of  the  invo- 
lucre numerous,  broad  or  broadish  :  rays  very  narrow,  exserted  but  incon- 
spicuous:  achenes  4  lines  long,  about  the  length  of  the  rigid  expanding 
pappus,  the  bristles  of  which  are  barbellate-scabrous  I -ry  plains  near 
Walla  Walla,  Washington 

P.  '  asickii  Greene  Eryth.  h,  r)9  Aplop'tppiu  earth 'rnoides  Var.  Cu>t- 
ickii  Gray  Stems  6-18  inches  high  ascending  few-leaved:  leaves  mostly 
spatulate-lanceoiate ;  heads  comparatively  smali  and  few-flowered,  termi- 
nal and  subterminal :  bracts  of  the  involucre  rather  few,  lanceolate,  most- 
ly acute  or  acuminate.     Union  County,  Oregon    Cusick. 

*  *  Heads  middle-sized  to  small,  evidently  radiats;  the  exserted 
rays  often  infertile  but  styliferous 

P.  raceiiiosa  ' .  &  G.  Fl  ii,  lM4,  Stems  glabrous,  12-18  inches  high, 
bearing  o-7  racemose  heads  at  the  summit :  leaves  glabrous,  lanceolate, 
slightly  spinulose-serrate,  the  upper  acute,  oblong-lanceolate,  partly  clasp- 
ing, the  lower  tapering  to  the  base,  somewhat  petioled  :  heads  hemispher- 
ical, less  than  an  inch  in  diameter:  involucre  imbricated,  in  3  series  its 
ovate  oblong  scales  pubescent ;  ray-flowers  conspicuous  and  fertile;  disk 
corollas  shorter  than  the  pappus:  achenes  sparsely  hirsute.  Plains  of 
the  '  olumbia. 

*  *  Heads  obovoid,  sessile  and  often  clustered  :  involucre  as  long 
as  the  disk,  the  scales  linear-oblong,  with  short  distinct  herbaceous 
tips  imbricated  in  several  series:  achenes  glabrous. 

P.  panicnlata  T  &  (i  1  c.  Glabrous.  >tems  a  foot  high,  branched  at 
the  summit:  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  mucronate,  obscurely  and  remotely 


PYRROCOMA,  COMP-  >SIT^  29ft 

serrulate,  the  cauline  partly  clasping :  heads  numerous,  6-8  lines  high, 
sessile  and  somewhat  clustered  along  the  branches:  bracts  of  the  involu- 
cre oblong,  obtuse,  mucronate:  rays  10-12,  slender:  achenes  slightly  hairy 
toward* the  summit.  Plains  of  the  Columbia  near  Walla  Walla,  Washing- 
ton 

P<  ar^nta  T  &G  1  c  Glabrous.  Stems  10-12  inches  high:  leaves 
spatulate-lanceolate,  somewhat  acuminate,  sharply  serrate,  the  cauline 
partly  clasping:  heads  axillary  and  terminal,  clustered,  sessile,  bracts  of 
the  involucre  lanceolate,  acute :  rays  10-12,  usually  infertile.  Plains  of 
the  Columbia  near  ^N  alia  W^alla,  Washington. 

P  glonierata  T  &  G  I.e.  Glabrous,  "^tem  simple  or  branched : 
leaves  obi  ng  lanceolate  or  the  lower  spatulate-lanceolate;  very  acute, 
mostly  entire,  the  cauline  partly  cla«ping :  heads  6  lines  long,  nearly  as 
broad,  clustered  and  disposed  in  an  interrupted  spike:  rays  8-10,  usually 
fertile.     Plains  of  the  Columbia  near  Walla  W^alla,  ^\  ashington. 

P.  congesta  Greene  Pitt,  iii;  2 !  Glabrous  tliroughout  except  a 
scanty  pubescence  about  the  inflorescence:  stems  rather  slender,  1  '-80  in- 
ches high,  several  from  the  thick  ligneous  root,  ascending,  simple,  leafy 
below,  floriferous  from  below  the  miodle:  radical  leaves  lanceolate,  acute 
at  both  ends,  en  tire, the  blade  8-4  inches  long,  on  a  slender  petiole  as  long; 
cauline  smaller,  tapering  to  a  small  winged  petiole.  Heads  clustered  in 
the  axils  of  all  the  re  luced  cauline  leaves  :  involucre  campanulate,  4-o  lines 
high,  its  bracts  rigid  oblong.  8-nerved.  with  acute  green  tips :  pappus 
tawny,  of  coarse  very  unequal  bristles:  only  the  outer  disk  flowers  fertile, 
the  achenes  of  these  oblong,  appressed  pilose :  abortive  achenes  of  ray  and 
inner  disk  densely  silky-pubescent.  '  n  <iry  hillsides,  western  base  of  the 
Coast  mountains  near  Waldo,  Oregon 

P.  hirta  Greene  Eryth.  ii,  H9  AplopappN.<  hirt'is  Gray.  Hirsutely  pu- 
bescent and  villous,  even  to  the  involucre,  or  at.  base  lannginose:  stems  8- 
12  inches  high,  rather  simple  ascending,  bearing  few  or  scattered  pedun- 
culate heads :  leaves  membranaceous,  pectinately  serrate  with  long  and 
salient  slender-subulate  teeth:  cauline  an  inch  or  two  long:  radical  some- 
times 4  inches  long  and  with  margined  petioles:  involucre  hemispherical, 
half  inch  or  more  high,  its  b  acts  rather  loose,  linear,  acuminate  or  acute, 
all  about  equalling  the  disk,  the  outer  mainly  foliaceous:  rays  JO  or  more 
conspicuous:  achenes  rather  shori,  sericeous-pubescent:  pappus  o  , 
whitish.     '  astern     regon  and  Washington 

P.  Howellii  Greene  1.  c.  70  Aplopappiis  Hovellii  Gray.  ericeous- 
tomentose :  stems  6-1  inches  long  ascending  branching  from  the  base: 
leaves  all  narrowly  lanceolate,  acute,  entire  or  rarely  denticulate :  heads 
solitary,  terminating  the  stem  an  branches,  rather  few-flowered  involu- 
cre 6-10  lines  high,  its  bracts  linear,  rather  obtuse,  all  of  equal  length: 
rays  conspicuous;  style  appendages  long  and  slender:  achenes  oblong-lin- 
ear, nearly  as  long  as  the  rigid  pappus,  pubescent.  On  dry  ridges,  Crain 
(.reek,  Eastern  Oregon. 

P.  lanceolata  Aplopappus  lanceolatus  T.  &  G.  Stems  6-24  inches  high' 
at  first  lannginose,  at  length  nearjy  glabrous:  leaves  coriaceous  the  radical 
and  lowest  cauline  lanceolate,  acute  irregularly  spinulose-toothed,  peti 
oled :  the  upper  small  and  bract  like,  linear-lanceolate,  partly  clasping: 
heads  2-5  :  involucre  hemispherical,  its  bracts  lanceolate-oblong,  charta- 
■eous,  unequal,  imbricated:  rays  2"-25  pistillate:  style  appendages  lanceo- 
late acute  a  out  the  length  of  the  stigmatic  portion  :  achenes  silky.  Idaho 
to  British  Columbia  and  the  plains  of  the  Saskatchewan. 

P.  Hallii  Aplopappva  Hallii  Gray.  Glabrous  throughout :  stems  12- 
20  inches  high.  pani<-.ulately  branched  from  a  suffrutescent  or  even  more 
woody  base,  very  leafy  :  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  8-12  lines  long  by  2-3 
lines  broad  rather  rigid,  mostly  scabrous  on    the   margins,  midrib   promi- 


300  COM  POSIT  Ji:  8TEN0TUS. 

nent  beneath:  heads  paniculate,  terminating  short  branchlets  or  some- 
times rather  congested;  invoUicre  obovate,  4-5  lines  high,  its  bracts  broad- 
ish-linear,  imbricated  in  several  ranks,  the  outer  successively  shorter,  the 
short  tips  merely  mucronate-acute:  rays  about  10 :  style  appendages  lan- 
ceolate, rather  obtuse,  about  as  long  as  the  stigmatic  portion :  pappus 
barely  sordid.     Base  of  the  Casca  e  Mountains  of  Oregon  and  Washington^ 

P.  tenuicanlis  Aplopappus  tenuicaulis  Eaton  Bot.  King.  16.  Silky-to- 
mentose  or  at  length  nearly  glabrous  stems  6-1'^  inches  long,  very  slender, 
curved  and  ascending  from  a  fusiform  caudex:  leaves  all  narrowly  lanceo- 
late, rather  rigid,  the  radical  2-3  inches  long,  2-3  lines  wide,  entire  or 
sparingly  denticulate,  narrowed  into  a  very  short  petiole ;  cauline  one& 
sessile  by  a  dilated  base:  heads  small,  2-6,  racemose,  on  slender  peduncles : 
involucre  hemispherical,  the  broadly  oblong  scales  tomentose  on  the  back 
and  rather  obtuse  rays  abotit  20 :  disk-flowers  numerous :  style-branches 
linear-lanceolate,  hispid,  twice  as  long  as  the  stigmatic  portion  :  achenes 
silky-villous;  pappus  white,  of  unequal  almost  piamulose  capillary  brist- 
les.    In  alkaline  meadows.  Eastern  Oregon  to  Nevada. 

8  HTEN0rU8  Nutt,   i  rans.  Am.  Phil,  Soc.  vii,  334. 

Dwarf  herbaceous  plants  with  linear  on  lanceolate  1-3-nerved 
rigid  persistent  entire  alternate  or  crowded  leaves  and  middle- 
si::ed  heads  of  yellow  flowers.  Involucre  hemispherical,  its 
scales  oblong  ovate  to  orbicular,  1-nerved,  membranaceous  with 
scarious  margins,  of  equal  or  moderately  unequal  length,  closely 
appressed  and  imbricated.  Ueceptacle  flat,  alveolate-toothed. 
Heads  many-flowered,  radiate.  Rays  ^-12,  ligulate,  pistillate, 
oval  to  oblong:  disk  corollas  perfect,  dilated  toward  the  summ.t, 
deeply  5-toothed,  Style  branches  broad  and  flat  with  the  pu- 
bescent appendages  various  in  form.  Achenes  oblong-turbinate, 
densely  silky  villous.  Pappus  commonly  bright  w  ite,  of  num- 
erous soft  unequal  densely  scabrous  capillary  bristles. 

S.  Lyallii  Aplop  ppus  LyallUGray.  Viscid  puberulent:  stems  6-12  in- 
ches high,  equally  leafy  up  to  the  head:  leaves  obovate-spatalate  to  ob- 
lanceolate:  heads  solitary  at  the  ends  of  the  stem  or  branches,  radiate: 
involucre  hemispherical  6  lines  high,  glandular,  its  bracts  acute,  sometimes 
2  or  3  of  the  outermost  oblong  and  more  foliaceous  :  rays  15-2(»,  conspicuous : 
style  appendages  not  longer  than  the  stigmatic  portion :  achenes  and 
ovaries  glabrous  or  nearly  so.  Alpine  region  of  eastern  Oregon  to  British 
Columbia,  Montana  and  Colorado. 

S.  lanugiiiosns  Greene  Eryth.  ii,  72.  Aplopappus  lanugirv  su» 
Gray.  Floccose-tomentose :  stems  8-H>  inches  high  from  creeping  root- 
stocks,  leafy :  leaves  soft,  narrowly  spatulate  or  the  upper  linear,  the 
sparse  uppermost  almost  filiform,  1-2  inches  long:  heads  solitary,  termin- 
al, radiate,  many-flowered:  involucre  6  lines  high  ;  its  bracts  lanceolate, 
acute  or  acuminate  thin,  nearly  equal  in  2  series,  outer  barely  greenish: 
style  appendages  elongated-subulate :  achenes  sericeous-canescent  Al- 
pine in  the  mountains  of  eastern  Oregon  and  Washington  to  Montana 

S  Braiidegei.  Aplopappus  Br andegeA  Gray.  Stems  8-1"  inches  high 
from  a  tufted  caudex,  cinereous-pubescent  or  puberulent,  and  the  involucre 
lanuginose- tomentose:  radica  leaves  obovate  or  spatulate  or  roundish,  6-8 
lines  long,  contracted  into  a  slender  petiole ;  cauline  few  and  sparse, 
small,  ;  lines  long,  oblong  or  lanceolate :  involucre  3-4  lines  high,  its 
lanceolate  bracts  loose,  neaily  equal:  style  appendages  triantrular-subu- 
late :  young  achenes  hirsute-pubescent :  pappus  rather  scanty  Moun- 
tains of  Washington  in  the  Yakima  district. 


MACKONEMA.  COMPOS  IT.E  301 

S.  acaulis  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  vii,  334.  ApJopnppas  acaulU 
Gray.  Depressed-cespitose  from  a  multicipital  lignescent  caudex :  leavea 
rigid  and  persistent,  crowded  on  the  crown  of  the  caudex  and  a 
few  on  the  scapiform  flowering  stems,  from  spatulate  to  oblanceo- 
lateor  linear,  |-3  inches  long  mucronate  more  or  less  3-nerved  commonly- 
scabrous  :  scapiform  flowering  stems  1-10  inches  high :  heads  mostly  soli- 
tary, many-flowered,  radiate:  bracts  of  the  involucre  from  ovate  to  ovate- 
lanceolate,  mucronately  acute  or  acuminate,  destitute  of  greenish  tips 
the  outer  a  little  shortest :  style  appendages  subulate :  achenes  canescent- 
ly  villous.  Dry  rocks  on  the  mountains  at6000-800o  feet,  eastern  Oregon  to 
California  and  >askatchewan. 

S.  steuophyllus  Greene  Eryth.  ii,  72.  Aplopappas  stewjphyUus  Gray. 
Hirtellous-scabrous  ;  suffruticulose  spreading  :  stems  numerous  1-3  inches 
long :  leaves  very  narrow,  linear-spatulate  to  filiform,  6-12  lines  long  1- 
nerved  persistent :  scapiform  peduncles  1-2  inches  long :  heads  solitary, 
radiate:  involucre  6  lines  high,  its  bracts  linear,  equal,  in  1  or  2  series 
glandular  puberulent:  style  appendages  subulate  rachenes  canescently  vil- 
lous. On  rocky  ridges,  eastern  Washington  to  northeastern  California 
and  Idaho 

9  MACRONEMA  Nutt,  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  vii.  322. 

Low  and  viscidly -pubescent  much  branched  shrubby  plants, 
the  fasti gi ate  leafy  branches  terminated  by  solitary  lather  large 
heads,  with  entire  sessile  leaves  and  yellow  flowers.  Heads 
many-flowered,  the  rays  (3-8,  ligulate,  pistillate,  or  none  :  disk- 
flowers  tubular,  perfect.  Bracts  of  the  involcre  few,  loose,  some- 
what in  two  series,  nearly  equal,  linear-lanceolate,  l-nerved, 
the  exterior  mostly  with  foliaceous  spreading  tips,  commonly 
with  one  or  more  foliaceous  bracts  at  the  base  resembling  the 
upper  leaves.  Receptacle  flat,  areolate.  Branches  of  the  style 
much  exserted,  the  appendages  elongated,  subulate,  hirsute, 
much  longer  than  the  flat  stigmatic  partion.  Achenes  large, 
much  compressed.  Pappus  of  copious  somewhat  unequal  scab- 
rous capillary  bristles. 

nn.  salTraticosa  Nutt.  1  c  Aplopoppas  s"ffr"tico8us  Gray.  Stems  6-8 
inches  long  from  a  low  woody  base,  leafy  to  the  summit:  leaves  oblong- 
linear  to  lanceolate,  acute,  somewhat  narrowed-  toward  the  base,  12-18 
lines  long  by  about  2  lines  broad:  heads  mostly  solitary,  teminating  the 
branches:  involucre  simple  and  loose,  8-l»>  lines  high,  its  bracts  mo^^tly 
with  foliaceous  tips  :  ray-flowers  -J-S  linear-oblong,  pistillate :  actienes  ob- 
long or  slightly  obovate.  flat,  i-3-nerved  o  each  side:  pappus  ferruginous. 
In  the  mountains  of  eastern  •  Oregon  to  California  and  Wyoming  , 

M.  molle  Greene  Kryth  ii,  73.  Aplopappus  Greenei  rar  in/OllU  Gray. 
Cinereous  pubescent  to  canescent-tomentose,  even  to  the  inv«jlcure: 
branches  about  a  foot  high  from  a  shrubby  base:  leaves  somewhat  lance- 
olate, 6-12  lines  long,  2-3  lines  broad  :  heads  solitary  or  few  and  crowded, 
6  lines  high  bracts  of  the  involucre  in  about  three  series,  lanceolate,  all 
more  or  less  foliaceous :  ravs  2-7,  3-4  lines  long;  disk  flowers  1(V-16.  In  the 
mountains  of  eastern  Oregon  and  Washington. 

M.  Qreeiiei  Greene  1.  c.  ApJopappus  Greenei  Gray,  'ilabrous  or 
•al'ove  very  obscurely  viscid-puberulent, about  a  foot  high,  branching  from  a 
shrubby  base:  leraves  spatulate-oblong  to  somewhat  lanceolate,  6-12  lines 
long,  2-8  lines  broad,  obtuse  or  m.ucronate:  ^  heads  solitary  or  few  and 
crowded,  half  inch  high :  bracts  of  the  involuiVe   in  about  3    series,    lance 


302  COMPOSirvE  CftRYSOTHAMNUS. 

olate  to  linear,  all  bat  the  innermost  with  conspicuous  and  spreading 
mostly  elongated-subulate  foliaceous  tips:  rays  2-7,  3  or  4  lines  long:  disk- 
flowers  10-16.  Achenes  soft-pubescent.  In  the  mountains  of  eastern 
Oregon  and  Washington  to  California. 

10  CHRYSOTHAMN  US  Nutt.  Trans   Am      hil.  viii,  323. 

Perennial  herbs  or  suff'Uticose  plants  with  linear  or  oblong 
sessile  alternate  leaves  and  rather  small  corymbose  heads  of 
yellow  flowers.  Heads  5-flowered,  rarely  6-  or  T-flowered  in- 
volucre campanulate>  its  bracts  imbricated  mostly  concave  or 
carinate,  dry  and  chartaceous,  destitute  of  green  tips.  Recep- 
tacle flat,  alveolate-toothed,  the  teeth  fleshy  or  somewhat  lacer- 
ate. Cooll'S  narrow.  S'yle  branches  with  exs^rt  d  s-ubul-ite 
or  setaceous-filiform  appendages.  Achenes  slender  somewhat 
compressed,  silky  villous.  Pappus  simple,  of  copious 
capillary  bristles. 

i\  pumilus  Nutt  Trans.  Phil.  >'^oc.  vii,  323.  Bigelovia  Donglasii  rar 
pumila  ''vy.  Branches  erect,  numerous,  6-10  inches  high,  glabrous, 
very  leafy:  leaves  an  inch  long  or  more,  glabrous  slightly  glutinous,  nar- 
rowly linear,  very  acute,  3-nerved,  often  involute  or  occasionally  some- 
what twisted  :  involucre  2-3  lines  high  the  bracts  not  very  distinctly  4- 
ranked.  the  outer  short,  ovate-lanceolate,  the  inner  oblong-linear,  not 
acute,  faintlv  carinate  Drv  plains  eastern  Washington  to  Montana  and 
Utah. 

C.  puberulus  (ireeneEryth  iii,  93.  Bigelovia  Dou/ldsH  '-ai-  vahernla 
(yray.  Puberulent  to  almost  hispidulous  throughout:  branches  numer- 
ous, i)-10  inches  high,  very  leafy  :  leaves  narrowly  linear  very  acute  10-15 
lines  long,  3-nerved :  involucre  2-:»  lines  high,  the  br  cts  4-rank:ed,  the 
outer  ovate-lanceolate,  the  inner  oblong-linear  On  desert  plains,  Idaho 
to  Utah  and  Nevada. 

C.  viscidiflorus  Nutt.  I.  c  324,  Bigelovia  Donglasi'  '^ray  ^hrub  2-(j 
feet  high,  fastigiately  branched :  leav  s  2  inches  long,  nar  owly  linear, 
very  acute,  rather  firm,  3  nerved,  their  margins  more  or  less  distinctly 
serrulate  scabrous:  heads  numerous,  in  an  ample  fastigiate  terminal  cor- 
ymb, 3-4  lines  high  :  bracts  of  the  involucre  linear-oblong,  abruptly  acute, 
2-4  in  each  vertical  rank.     Plains  of  the  '  olumbia. 

C.  speciosus  Nutt.  I.  c.  Bigelovia  graveolens  Gray  in  part.  Shrub 
2-4  feet  high  with  rather  slender  stems  terminated  by  an  ample  rather 
open  cymous  corymb  of  yellow  flowers:  leaves  very  narrowly  linear  and 
branches  of  the  inflorescence  minutely  white-tomentose:  bracts  of  the  in- 
volucre firm  acutish,  not  ciliate  tomentose  on  the  back,  at  least  near  the 
tip,  in  3-4  vertical  ranks:  tube  of  the  corolla  slender,  almost  glabrous, 
the  limb  rather  deeply  5-lobed.  Dry  plains  Washington  to  California 
and  Idaho. 

yar  alMcanlis  Nutt.  I.e.  Stems  and  branches  densely  lanate- 
tomentose:  tu  e  of  the  corolla  clothed  with  long  villous  or  somewhat 
arachnoid  hairs.     Idaho. 

C.  naims  Aplopapi'us  nanus  Eaton.  A  low  branching  heath-like 
shrub  0-8  inches  high,  glabrous  and  somewhat  glutinous  :  leaves  crowded, 
3-6  lines  long,  linear-spatulate.  rigid  channelled,  acute  and  with  minute 
leaves  fascicled  in  their  axils  :  heads  small,  cor.  mbed  ;  involucre  turbinate,, 
of  numerous  lanceolate  carinate  chartaceous  bracts  with  scarious  margins, 
very  acute  the  outer  ones  small  and  passing  into  the  leaves  :  rays  4-6,  disk- 


soLiDAGO  *  COMPOSURE  303 

flowers  8-9  as  long  as  the  rays;  branches  of  the  style  linear-subulate,  the 
hirsute  appendages  much  longer  than  the  stigniatic  portion.  Plains  of 
the  higher  mountains,  Washington  to  Nevada,  Idaho  and  Utah. 

C.  Bloonieri  Greene  Eryth,  iii,  115  Av'opapmis  B  oomeri  Griy.  A 
shrub  1-2  feet  high  with  numerous  slender  virgate  branciies,  glabrous, 
more  or  less  glutinous,  leafy  to  the  top :  leaves  narrowly  linear  with  taper- 
ing base,  vr  spatulate-linear,  mucronate,  scarcely  punctate,  1-2  inches 
long:  heads  narrowly  panicled  or  corymbed,  leafy-bracted,  8-10  lines 
high  J 0-25-flowered  :  bracts  of  the  oblong  cylindraceous  nvolucre  imbri- 
cated in  3  or  4  ranks,  chartaceo-coriaceoas  itli  a  greenish  midrib  and 
scarious  margins,  the  inner  linear-oblong,  thinner  and  villous-ciliate,  ob- 
tuse, a  little  shorter  than  the  disk  ;  the  outer  shorter  and  abruptly  tipped 
with  a  subulate  foliaceous  appendage :  rays  1-4  or  none,  oblong,  conspicu 
ously  exserted:  style-appendages  subulate-filiform,  much  exserted : 
achenes  linear,  finely  pubescent.  Diy  ridges  of  the  higher  mountains  of 
British  Columbia  to  »  alifornia  and  Nevada. 

C.  resiuosus  Ericameria  resinosus  Natl,  ^hrubby,  rt-8  inches  high, 
very  much  branched,  glabrous,  becoming  very  glutinous,  leafy  :  leaves 
filiform -linear,  about  an  inch  long,  acute,  tapering  to  the  base,  mostly 
with  sf  me  very  short  ones  fascicled  in  their  axils:  heads  loosely  corym- 
bose, 5  lines  high.  8-12  flowered :  bracts  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  acute: 
achenes  hirsute  when  young.  Un  shelving  rocks  in  the  Blue  Mountains 
of  Oregon. 

11  SOLIDaGO  Vaillant.     (goldkn  rod) 

Peivunial  herbs  with  mostly  simple  strict  or  virgate  stems,ses- 
sile  alternate  cauline  leaves  and  sm;ill  yell  >w  fi  wers  in  ample 
terminal  panicles.  Heads  few  to  many-ilowered,  mostly  radiate  ; 
disk-flowers  tubular,  perfect  Biacts  of  the  involucre  imbri- 
cated, appiessed,  destitute  of  foliaceous  or  herbaceous  tips. 
Receptacle  narrow  mostly  alveolate,  xlppendages  of  the  Ftyle 
lanceolate,  xlchenes  somewhat  teret',  many-ribbed.  Pappus 
simple,  of  numerous  scabrous  capillary  bristles.' 

S.  coufertiflora  DC  .  Prodr.  v.  339.  ^tems  simple,  leafy  to  the  thyr- 
sus, 1-3  feet  high,  glabrous,  angular  above:  leaves  oval-lanceolate,  or  ob- 
long-lanceolat  .  serrate  at  the  apex,  entire  below,  the  lower  3-4  inches 
long  by  0  lines  broad,  the  radical  attenuated  into  long  petioles:  upper  part 
of  the  stem  and  infloresence  resinous:  heads  numerous,  in  an  elpngated 
com  onnd  thyrsus,  8-15-flowered :  bracts  of  the  involucre  linear,  erect: 
rays  few  and  small      On  gravelly  plains  British  Columbia  to  Oregon. 

S.  hesperius  *S'.  humilU  var  naw  (^roy.  tStems  erect.  2-10  inches 
high,  leafy  to  the  inflorescence;  leaves  spatulate  toobovate,  1-2 inches  long: 
heads  few  in  a  close  glomerule  or  more  numerous  in  a  spiciform  thyjsus: 
bracts  of  the  involucrw  oblong-linear :  achenes  pubescent.  On  the  highest 
peaks  of  the  Cascade  and  Rocky  mountains. 

S.  Tolmieaua  Gray  Syn.  Fl.  i  pt.  ii  151.  Low,  a  foot  or  less  high, 
leafy  up  to  the  short  and  rather  broad  inflorescence  of  spiciform  some- 
what corymbosely  disposed  clusters:  leaves  thickish  and  veins  very  in- 
conspicuous, linear  or  lanceolate  (2  or  three  inches  long),  entire,  rarely 
■with  some  minute  serratures,  the  margins  usually  scabrous-ciliate,  glab- 
rous and  smooth:  heads  al)out  i  lines  high  crowded  in  thyrsoid  infloresceine, 
not  secund :  involucral  bracts  lanceolate  acutish,  thin :  rays  rather  small 
8-15:  achenes  pubescent.     Oregon  and  ^\  ashington  to  Idaho. 


304  COMPOSITE  •  EUTHAMIA 

S.  Missourieiisis  Isutt-  Joiirn.  Acad  Philad.  vii,  32.  Smooth  and 
glabrous :  steins  a  foot  or  more  high,  simple  or  sometimes  fastigiately 
branched  at  the  summit:  leaves  rigid,  crowded,  often  fascicled  in  the  upper 
axils,  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  with  very  scabrous  margins,  the  lower  tap- 
ering to  the  base,  sharply  and  sparsely  serrulate  toward  the  apex:  the 
radical  oblong-spatulate,  petioled,  3-5-nerved,  reticulated,  the  uppermost 
entire  and  scarcely  if  at  all  nerved:  racemes  rather  dense,  slender  at  length 
recurved- spreading,  forming  a  short  and  crowded  pyramidal  panicle: 
bracts  imbricated  :  rays  6-10,  rather  short,  ache_ne8  slightly  pubescent  Dry 
prairies,  Idaho  to  the  Assiniboine  and  the  southeastern  states 

S.  serotiiia  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  iii.  211.  Stems  stout,  2-8  feet  high  very 
smooth  and  glabrous  up  to  or  near  the  ample  secund  panicle :  leaves 
lanceolote  or  broader,  3-10  inches  long,  sharply  and  saliently  serrate, 
glabrous  both  sides:  heads  very  numerous,  crowded:  rather  large  and  full,  3 
lines  high :  bracts  of  the  involucre  broadly  linear-oblong  or  linear:  rays 
7_1 4^  conspicuous  achenes  more  or  less  pubescent.  In  rich  alluvial  lands, 
Oregon  to  British  Columbia  and  eastward 

S.  elongata  Nutt  Trans.  Am  Phil.  Soc.  xii,  327.  Stems  rather 
slender,  2-4  feet  high,  smooth  or  minutely  pubescent,  strict:  leaves  lanceo- 
late, acute  or  acuminate  at  both  ends,  spai-ingiy  serrate,  nearly  glabrous, 
obscurely  3-nerved:  panicle  elongated,  virgate  or  narrowly  pyramidal,  6-l0 
inches  long,  the  racemes  at  length  somewhat  spreading:  bracts  of  the  in- 
volucre linear  subulate:  rays  small  and  slender:  achenes  pubescent  Com- 
mon in  dry  grounds,  british  Columbia  to  California. 

S.  Californica  Nutt.  1.  c.  Stems  rather  ptout,  2-4  feet  high  canescent- 
ly  peberulent  or  pubescent:  leaves  oblong  or  the  upper  oblong-lanceolate 
and  the  lower  obovate,  obtuse  or  apiculate,  entire  or  the  lower  with  some 
small  teeth,  canescentlypuberulent  or  beneath  more  pubescent:  panicle 
virgat*",  4-12  inches  long,  dense,  the  racemiform  clusters  erect  or  barely 
spreading  in  age,  when  elongated  mostly  secund  and  even  with  the  apex 
at  length  recurved,  heads  3-4  lines  long:  bracts  of  the  involucre  lanceolate 
oblong  or  oblong-linear,  mostly  obtuse,  externally  somewhat  ^^uberulent: 
rays  7-12  fewer  than  the  di sk-fl owners :  achenes  minutely  pubescent  Dry 
grounds,  southern  Oregon  to  California,  the  borders  of  Nevada  and 
Mexico. 

12  EUTHAMIA  Cass  Diet,  xxxvii,  471. 

Erec't  scabrous  perennials  with  nairow  alternate  leaves  and 
numerous  small  heads  of  yellow  flowers  in  terminal  corymbose 
panicles.  Heads  many-flowered,  the  ray  flowers  more  numer- 
ous ^lian  those  of  the  disk,  and  never  surpassing  them  in 
height.  Receptacle  fimbrillate  or  the  alv  oli  pilose.  Achenes 
villous  pubescent,  short  and  tui-binate. 

E.  occidentalis  Nutt  Trans.  Am.  Phil,  '^oc  vii,  32B.  Stems  numer- 
ous from  extensively  creeping  roots tocks,  2-H  feet  high,  loosely  branched, 
the  bran (-hes  terminated  by  small  clusters  of  mostly  pedicellate  heads: 
leaves  numerous,  linear,  entire,  smooth,  usually  3-nerved,  the  margins  ob- 
scurely scabrous :  bracts  of  the  involucre  linear-lanceolate,  acute:  rays  16- 
20;  disk  flowers  8-14;  alveoli  of  the  receptacle  pilose. 

Snhtrihe  ii.  Heterochromese  Gray.  Syn.  Fi.  i  p'.  ^  54-  Rf^y 
Jinvi-  r.-i  hliif  reri  or  'imriJ-  fn  irhi'e  r^r  lu  'ellnw  or  wn't-iing  in  cer 
uiiit.  siipcies       Duk  of  herwophodife  f>tid  meetly    ffrtih  floirfs.    thc.ir 


BELLis.  COM  POSIT .^.  305 

BOLT    NIA. 

irnroUa  yellow  or  rarely   cream-color^    i^oinctmies  changing    to  purple. 
.Refpp'ncJe  naked. 

13  BELLIS  I  ourn    (daisy) 

Ours  low  perennial  herbs  with  spatulate  leaves  and  solitary 
heads  of  various  colored  flowers  t- rminating  simple  scapes. 
Heads  many-flowered,  the  ray-flowers  pist  llate,  in  a  single 
series,  those  of  the  disk  tubular  and  perfect.  Involucre  cam- 
pannlate,  its  bracts  somewhat  in  a  double  series,  foliac^^ous, 
herbaceous  or  somewhat  membranaceous,  eijual.  The  receptacle 
conical,  slightly  alveolate.  Branches  oi  the  style  tipped  with  a 
short  triangular  appendage.  Achenes  obovate,  compressed, 
sliglitly  hairy  or  hispid.     Pappus  none. 

B.  PERENNis  L.  Rp.  1248.  Leaves  all  ladical:  spatuJate-ohovate, 
crenately  dentate,  obscurely  :-!-nerved,  1-2  inches  long.  Leads  large  termin- 
ating simple  scapes :  b)  acts  of  the  involucre  oblonr.  obtuse,  somewhat 
foliaceous,  equal :  ray-flowers  narrow,  twice  as  long  as  tlie  involucre.  Es- 
caped from  gardens  and  becoming  naturalized  along  the  coast. 

14    BOLIOMA    L'Her.    .^ert.  Angl.  27. 

Glabrous  perennial  herbs  with  striate-angled  stems,  sessile 
entire  leaves  and  rather  showy  heads  of  white,  purple  or  violet 
flowers.  Heads  many-flowered^  the  ray-flowers  numerous,  pis- 
tillate, in  a  single  series;  disk-flowers  tubular  perfect  Scales  of 
the  hemispherical  involcure  imbricated,  somewhat  ifi  2  series, 
app rested,  scarcely  as  long  as  the  disk,  with  somewhat  mem- 
braiKKM'ous  margins.  Receptacle  heini spherical  or  conical,  ob- 
scurely alveolate.  Branches  of  the  style  linear-oblong,  with 
very  short  appendages.  Achenes  compressed,  ojpovate,  margin*ed 
with  a  callous  wing,  in  the  ray  often  Swinged.  Pappus  of  sev- 
eral setose  bristles  and  frequently  with  2-4  more  or  less  elongat- 
vd  subulate  awns. 

B.  occideiitalis  B  In tisq"« ma  var  accident"  Us  Gray.  Stems  2-6  feet 
high,  cymose -panic  11  late  at  summit:  leaves  broadly  lanceolate  or  the 
upper  linear-lanceolate:  heads  shoi-t-peduncled :  bracts  of  the  involucre  ob- 
long, obtuse :  ray  flowers  w^hite,  4-5  lines  long:  awns  of  the  pappus  pres- 
ent and  conspicuous,  the  setulose  squamellse  small.  River-bottoms  of  Un- 
ion county,  Oregon. 

15  TOWNSENDI.\.  Hook.  Fl.  ii,  16    1. 119. 

Depressed  or  low  many-stemmed  herbs  with  from  linear  to 
^palulate  entire  leaves  and  comparatively  large  heads,  of  from 
violet  or  rose  purple  to  white  ray-flowers.  Involucie  broa»1, 
many-flowered,  imbricate:  the  bracts  lanceolate,  with  scarious 
margins  and  tips,  outer  usually  shortei-  and  inner  more  mem- 
branaceous. Keceptacle  lu'oad,  merely  areolate,  flat.  Style-a|>- 
pendages  lanceolate.  Achenes  olxjvate  or  oblong  much  com- 
pressed and  with  thickish  or   mostly  callous    njargins,    those   of 


306  COMPOvSITiE  .         townsendia 

SERICOCARPUS 

the  ray  >ometimes  trinnijular.  Pappus  a  single  series  of  long 
awns  oi-  of  coarse  and  rigid  biistles  or  in  the  ray  reduced  to 
S(iuamclhe  or  palea^ 

T.  i  arryi  Eaton  Am  \at.  viii,  212.  Stems  erect,  stout,  naked  and 
peduneuliform  a  ove,  2-B  inches  high,  the  taller  forms  sometimes  branch- 
ing: lefires  mostly  spatulate  :  bracts  of  the  very  broad  involucre  lanceolatv:j, 
thinnish,  v\ith  rather  soft  attenuate  tips  or  llie  outer  barely  acuminate: 
achenes  narrowly  obovate  canestently  pubescent  the  liairs  simple  or  many 
of  them  2-dentate  at  tip.  i  appus  of  ray-flowers  phirisetose,  like  that  of 
the  disk.      Idaho  to  V\  yoming  and  Montana 

T.  florifer  GrayProc.  Am.  Acad  xvi,  84.  (Inereous-hirsute :  stems 
rather  slender,  4-10  inches  long,  leafy:  leaves  linear  or  the  lowest  lanceo- 
late-spatulate,  acute,  mostly  apiculate-acuminate:  heads  rather  large,  pe- 
dunculate :  bracts  of  the  involucre  linear-lanceolate  not  prominently  acum- 
inate nearly  equal :  achenes  oblong-obovate,  pubescent:  pappus  of  numer- 
ous setose  barhelhilate  bristles.  On  sandy  banks  and  arid  plains  of  th^* 
Columbia. 

16  8ER  CoCARPUSNt-es  Ast.  148. 

Perennial  lieibs  with  alternate  commonly  entire  and  set-sile 
leaves,  and  small  heads  of  white  Howers  usually  fascicled  in  a 
terminal  compact  cyme.  ;  eads  l^-lo-dowered,  the  rays  ab)Ut 
5,  distant.  Bracts  of  the  obovate-oblong  or  turbinate-cylindri- 
cai  involucre  closely  imbricated  in  several  series,  nerveless  or 
obscurely  1-nerved,  the  lower  portion  cartilaginous,  appreSsed, 
the  apex  herbaceous,  often  spreading.  Keceptacle  small,  alveo- 
late, the  alv  ola  toothed  or  lacerate  ciliate.  Apendages  of  the 
style  lanceolate-subulate,  minutely  hispid,  longer  than  the  stig- 
matic  portion.  Achenes  ubpyramidal,  short,  densely  silky. 
Pappus  simple,  composed  of  rather  numerous  and  rigid  unequal 
scabrous  bristles,  some  of  them  thickened  U])ward. 

S  rigidns  l.indl,  Hook.  Kl.  ii,  14.  Minutely  scabrous:  stems  slender, 
1-2  feet  high,  mostly  simple,  leafy:  leaves  rigid,  oblong  spatulate  obtuse, 
often  mucronate,  entire,  somewhat  3-nerved,  the  margins  ciliate-scabrous 
10-12  lines  long:  heads  about  15  flowered,  clustered  in  small  compact  c<  ry. 
mbs:  uracts  of  the  turbinate  involucre  narrowly  oblong  or  linear,  l-nerved, 
the  inner  ones  about  equalling  the  disk,  somewhat  ^carious;  the  outer 
shorter  and  with  somewhat  squarrofce  greenish  tips:  raj-s  but  little  if  at  all 
exserted  achenes  when  mature  about  half  as  long  as  the  white  pappus, 
slender,  not  very  densely  silky.  On  c.ry  ridges  Oregon  and  Washington  to 
the  k^ierra  JSevadasin  California. 

S.  OregonensiR  ^'utt.  Trans.  Am.  Khil.  Soc.  vii,  802  Nearly  glab- 
rous: stems  rather  stout,  2-0  feet  high,  corymbosely  branched  above: 
leaves  broadly  lanceolate,  acutish  entire  1-nerved,  scabrous  1-2  inches 
long  by  6  lines  broad,  thickish,  narrowed  below:  beads  about  In-flowered, 
clustered  in  small  compact  corymbs  :  bracts  of  the  tm'binate  in volucr<' ob- 
long-linear 1-nerved:  rays  conspicuously  exserted:  achenes  slender,  fully 
half  as  long  as  the  white  pappus,  slender,  not  very  densely  silky.  On  dry 
or  gravelly  plains  western  Oregon  and  Washington. 


ASTEE  COMPOSITE  307 

17,  ASTER  Tourn.  Inst.  174.  L.  Gen.  n.  954. 

Perennial,  or  rarely  annual  herbs  with  alternate  entire  or  ser- 
rate leaves  and  racemose  paniculate  or  corymbose  heads  of 
flowers  with  white,  purple  or  blue  ray,  and  yellow,  often  chang- 
ing to  purple,  disk  corollas.  Heads  many  flowered;  the  ray- 
flowers  in  a  single  series,  not  very  numerous,  pistillate ;  those  of 
the  disk  tubular,  perfect.  Bracts  of  the  involucre  more  or  less  im- 
bricated, usually  with  herbaceous  or  foliaceous  tips .  Receptacle 
flat  or  convex,  naked.  Appendages  of  the  style  (in  the  disk- 
flowers)  lanceolate  or  subulate,  acute,  rarely  triangular.  Pappus 
simple;  of  numerous,  often  unequal,  scabrous  capillary  bristles. 
Achenes  usually  compressed. 

*  Involucre  well  imbricated:  the  bracts  appressed  and  coriaceous 
with  short  and  abrupt  mostly  obtuse  herbaceous  or  foliaceous,  spread- 
ing tips:  achenea  narrow,  5-10-nerved :  raj' s  showy,  blue  or  violet: 
leaves  of  firm  texture,  more  or  less  scabrous. 

A.  radulinns  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  viii,  38S.  Rough-pubescent 
throughout :  stems  rather  stout,  6-20  inches  high,  branching  above  and 
bearing  an  open  corymb  of  middle  sized  heads:  leaves  rigid  and  coriaceous, 
oblong  or  the  lower  obovate-spatulate,  sharply  serrate  above,  tapering  be- 
low into  a  narrow  entire  base,  prominently  reticulate-veiny,  scabrous  both 
sides,  the  midrib  very  prominent  beneath :  peduncles  short:  involucre  ob- 
conical,  4-5  lines  long,  its  bracts  rigid, appressed,  lanceolote  or  oblong,  ob- 
tuse to  abruptly  pointed  or  mucronate,  more  or  less  glandular-pubescent, 
the  tips  mostly  green :  rays  15-18,  white  to  purple :  achenes  minutely  pub- 
escent.   Dry  open  ground,  British  Columbia  to  California  and  Idaho. 

A.  conspicuous  Lindl.  Hook.  FI.  ii,  7.  Scabrous:  stems  1-3 feet  high, 
stout,  rigid,  bearing  several  or  numerous  corymbosely  cyn^ose  heads,  leaves 
rigid,  ovate,  oblong,  or  the  lower  obovate,  acute,  ample,  often  4-6  inches 
long,  by  1-4  inches  broad,  acutely  serrate,  reticulate-venulose  as  well  as 
veiny:  involucre  broadly  campanulate,  about  equalling  the  disk,  5-6  lines 
high,  its  bracts  in  several  series, minutely  glandular-puberulent  or  viscidu- 
lous,  lanceolate,  acute ;  the  greenish  tips  a  little  spreading  :  rays  half  inch 
long,  violet :  achenes  minutely  pubescent.  In  the  mountains  of  Eastern 
Washington  and  Idaho,  to  British  Columbia  and  the  Saskatchewan. 

*  *  Involucreand  usually  branchlets  viscidly  or  pruinose-glandular, 
either  well  imbricated  or  loose :  rays  showy,  violet  to  purple :  achenes 
mostly  several-nerved  and  narrow :  pubescence  not  sericeous :  leaves  all 
entire  or  the  lower  with  few  and  rare  teeth,  cauline  all  sessile  or 
partly    clasping. 

A.  integrifolius  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  n.  s.vii,  291.  Stems  stout, 
simple  6-12  inches  high  or  more,  villous-pubescent,  the  summit  and  the 
simple  corymb  glandular  and  viscid  :  leaves  of  firm  texture,  oblong  or  spat- 
ulate,  or  the  upper  ones  lanceolate,  the  larger  ones  4-7  inches  long,  some- 
times obsoletely  repand-serrulate,  apiculate,  traversed  by  a  strong  midrib- 
venulose-reticulated,  glabrate,  half-clasping:  lowest  tapering  into  a  long 
stout  wing-margined  petiole  with  clasping  base  :  heads  fully  half  inch  high, 
hemispherical:  involucre  and  brancblets  viscid-glandular:  its'  bracts 
few-ranked,  linear,  ascending,  not  squarrose ;  the  outer  sometimes  short 
and  rather  close,  commonly  larger  and  more  foliaceous,  nearly  equalling 
the  inner;  these  equalling  the  disk:  rays  15-25,  bluish-purple,  half-inch 
long:  achenes  compressed-fusiform,  S-nerved,  and  sometimes  with  inter- 
mediate nerves,  feparsely  pubegcettt :  pappus  decidedly  rigid.  Open  and  moiet 


808  COMPOSITE  ASTER 

Bubalpine  woods  and  meadows  in  the  Cascade  mountains,  Washington  to 
California  and  Montana. 

A  campestris  Nutt.  1.  e.  293  Priiinose-puberulent  and  viscidulous; 
stems  10-15  inches  high,  branching :  leaves  linear,  about  an  inch  long  by 
2-4  lines  broad  or  the  lower  lingulate-spatulate,  mostly  glabriate,  same  ob- 
scuiely  3-nerved:  involucre  3-4  lines  high  hemispherical,  of  rather  few- 
ranked  and  little  unequal  linear,  acute  bracts  pruinose-glandular :  rays 
3-4  lines  long,  light  violet  or  purple.  Low  grounds  and  plains  British 
Columbia  to  California,  Idaho  and  Montana. 

A.  modestns  Lincl.  Hook.  Fl.  ii,  8.  Merely  pubescent  or  glabrate: 
stems  rather  slender,  2-3  feet  high,  simple,  very  leafy:  leaves  thinnish, 
lanceolate  or  broader,  1-4  inches  lonjr,  sparringly  and  acutely  serrate  or 
denticulate, very  acute,  mostly  narrowed  to  a  sessile  or  partly  clasping,  but 
not  auriculate  base :  heads  hemispherical,  numerous  and  usually  thyrsoidly 
or  cymosely  congested  at  the  summit  of  the  stem :  bracts  of  the  involucre 
loose  and  more  or  less  herbaceous  almost  from  the  base,  linear,  attenuate, 
all  equalling  the  disk:  rays  numerous  and  narrow,  pale  blue  to  violet:  style 
appendages  lanceolate :  acbenes  hirsute.  Along  mountain  streams,  Brit- 
ish Columbia  to  Oregon.  Saskatchewan  and  Pembina. 

*  *  Heads  and  infloresence,  various,  radical  leaves  all  acute  or  at- 
tenuate at  base,  not  glandular  nor  viscid  nor  eilky-canescent :  achenes 
compressed,  few  nerved. 

A.  Geyeri.  A.  Isevia  Var.  Gey eri  Gray.  Whole p 'ant  very  smooth  and 
glabrous :  stem  stout,  a  foot  or  two  high,  rigid :  leaves  from  ovate  or  ob- 
long to  lanceolate,  4  or  5  inches  long,  decreasing  upward  to  subulate 
bracts ;  radical  and  lowest  cauline  contracted  below  into  a  winged  petiole; 
upy  er  all  with  auriculate  or  subcordate  partly  claepfng  base :  heads  sparse- 
ly thyrsoid-paniculate,  on  short  and  rigid  branchlets :  involucre  campanu- 
late,  the  whitish  subcoriaceous  bracts  mostly  attenuate-acnte,  with  ob- 
scure green  tips:  rays  20-30,  broadish,  sky-blue  to  violet:  achenes  glabrous 
or  nearly  so,  4-6  ribbed.  Valleys  of  Idaho  to  the  Rocky  mountains. 

A.  commntatus  Gray  Syn.  Fl.  i,  Pt.  2, 185.  Stems  rather  slendi^r, 
1-2  feet  high,  with  divergent  branches,  cinereous  or  green :  leaves  small, 
all  linear  and  entire  scarcely  narrowed  at  the  abrupt,  closely  sessile  or 
partly  clasping  base,  uppermost  of  the  branchlets  passing  into  involucral 
ijracts,  thee  mostly  with  obtuse  tips:  heads  numerous,  racemosely  dis- 
posed, 3-4  lines  high  and  broad :  involucre  of  equarrose  or  at  least  spread- 
ing herbaceous  obtuse  or  merely  pointed  tips :  rays  20-30,  white :  achenes 
canescent-hirsute.  On  plains  and  river  banks  Eastern  Oregon  and  Wash- 
ington to  Utah  and  Dakota. 

A. .  chammlssonls  Gray  Bot.  Wilkes  341.  Glabrous  or  above  Fomewhat 
hirsute :  stems  2-5  feet  high  paniculately  branched :  leaves  lanceolate,  acute 
entire  or  the  larger  obscurely  serrate,  2-5  inches  long,  scabrous  with  sparse 
appressed  pubescence,  or  glabrous,  those  of  the  flowering  branchlets  be- 
coming small  or  minute  and  squarrose-spreading:  heads  loosely  panicled, 
5-6  lines  high :  involucre  broadly  campanulate  or  somewhat  obconical ;  its 
bracts  numerous  and  imbricated  in  several  ranks,thickish,linear-spatulate, 
with  short  and  rounded  green  tips,  the  outer  successively  shorter :  rays 
20-25  purple  or  violet,  nearly  halt  inch  long:  achenes  sparsely  and  mi- 
nutely pubescent.    In  moist  thickets  of  Southern  Oregon  to  California. 

A,  menziesii  Lindl.  Hook.  Fl.  ii,  12.  Minutely  hoary  with  a  fine 
pubescence,  or  glabrate  below;  1-2  feet  high  :  stems  and  branches  virgate, 
rigid:  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  acute,  entire,  or  the  lower  obtusely  ser- 
rate, rather  rigid,  1-2  inches  long  by  2-4  lines  broad :  heads  racemo'ie  err 
panicled,  4-5  lines  high :  involucre  campannlatej  its  bracts  nmnerous  and 
imbricated  iu  several  ranks,  thickishi  lineaf ,  with  Short  usually  .somewhat 


ASTER  UOMPOSltiE  309 

dilated  and  obtuse  green  tips,  appreseed,  the  outer  successively  shorter: 
rays  about  20,  purple  or  violet,  nearW  half-inch  long :  achenes  compressed 
minutely  pubescent .     In  Southern  Oregon  to  California. 

A.  Hallll  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  viii,  388.  Stems  slender,  strict,  1-2 
feet  high,  leafy  to  the  top,  bearing  numerous,  short  racem  msely  disposed 
flowering  branches,  these  minutely  pubescent ;  leaves,  1-2  inches  long  by 
1-2  lines  broad,  entire,  scabrous-ciliate,  othei'wise  smooth  and  glabrous, 
neither  dilated  nor  contracted  at  base:  heads  numerous,  3-4  lines  high, 
somewhat  racemosely  paniculate  and  crowded:  involucre  carapanulate, 
glabrous ;  the  bracts  subspatulate-linear,  with  oval  or  oblong  green  tips, 
rather  close  and  erect :  rays  white  or  whitish,  2-3  lines  long.  Along  ditches 
and  embankments,  Willamette  Valley,  Oregon. 

A.  Fremonti  Gra^  Syn.Fl.  1,  Pt.  2, 191.  Stems  plender,  erect,l-2  feet 
highjglabrous  or  the  upper  parts  soft-pubescent:  leaves  thinnish,  the  mar- 
gins either  quite  naked  and  smooth  or  obscurely  ciliolate- scabrous,  radi- 
cal and  lowest  cauline  oblong  or  oblanceolate,  or  somewhat  obovate,  1-3 
inches  long,  tax)ering  into  a  slender  margined  petiole ;  cauline  from  ob- 
long lanceolate  to  linear,  commonljr  half-clasping  at  base:  heads  solitary 
in  tbe  smaller  specimens,  several  m  the  larger,  4-6  lines  high,  somewhat 
naked-peduncled :  bracts  of  the  involucre  narrowly  linear,  obtuse  or  acut- 
ish,  or  the  inner  acute,  some  of  the  outer  shorter,  all  loose  and  similiar: 
ravs  numerous,  4-6  lines  long.  In  wet  mountain  meadows.  Cascade  moun- 
tains near  Mt.  Hood  to  the  Rocky  mountains. 

A.  occidentalis.  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  ii,  164.  Smooth  and  glabrous,  or 
minutely  pubescent  below  the  heads,  slender,  1-2  feet  high;  small  plants 
simple,  bearing  several  to  numerous  corymbose  or  paniculate  heads: 
leaves  mainly  linear  and  narrow ;  cauline  1-3  inches  long  by  1-3  lines 
broad,  rarely  lanceolate  and  larger;  radical,  sometimes  lanceolate-spatu- 
late,  with  long  tapering  base :  heads  4-  6  lines  high :  involucral  bracts  nar- 
rowly- or  Bubulate-linear  acute  or  acutish,  thinnish,  loose,  obviously  im- 
bricated of  two  or  three  lengths :  rays  light  violet, 4-5  lines  long.  In  moist 
meadows  in  Eastern  Oregon  and  Washington  to  the  Rocky  mountains. 

Var.  intermedins  Gray  Syn.  Fl.  i,  Pt.  2,  192.  Stems  slender,  1-2 
feet  high  rather  rigid;  somewhat  sparingly  leafy,  with  paniculate  flower- 
ing branches :  radical  and  sometimes  cauline  leaves  lanceolate :  short  outer 
bracts  of  the  involucre  often  (juite  obtuse.  On  edge  of  wet  mountain 
meadows  of  Washington  to  California. 

A  Oreganns  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl.  ii,  164.  Nearl)^  glabrous :  stem  rather 
slender,  2  feet  high,  paniculate  branched  at  summit  or  bearing  several  to 
many,  paniculate  heads :  leaves  hnear-lanceolate,  entire :  heads  about  3 
lines  high;  bracts  of  the  involucre  loose,  the  outer  ones  herbaceous,  lanceo- 
late, acute,  not  longer  than  the  thin  and  narrow  inner  ones:  rays  about 
2  lines  long  white  or  purplish.  On  wet  banks  of  streams,  Oregon  and 
Washington  to  Idaho. 

A.  Uouglasii  Lindl.  DC.  Prodr.  v,  239.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so: 
stems  2-6  feet  high  with  erect  or  ascending  branches,  bearing  several  or 
numerous  paniculate  heads:  leaves,  lanceolate, 2-6  inches  long,  tapering  to 
both  ends,  more  or  less  petioled,  commonly  serrate  along  the  middle  by 
acute  and  appressed  or  erect  teeth :  heads  numerous,  5-6  lines  high :  bracts 
of  the  involucre  linear,  acute,  loosely  imbricated,  the  small  green  tips 
commonly  spreading  outer  foliaceous  ones  few  and  not  dilated,  often  want- 
ing: rays  20-30,  violet  to  purple,  6-8  lines  long:  achenes  smooth.  Com- 
mon along  streams  and  river  bottoms  of  Northern  California  to  British 
Columbia. 

A.  foliaceas  Lindl.  DC.  Prodr.  v,  228.  Smooth  and  glabrous  or 
the  upper  part  of  stem  tomentulose  or  pubescent :  leaves  from  broadly 


310  QOMPOSIT^  ASTER 

lanceolate  to  oblong  ofr  the  lowet  spatulate,  eatJre  or  nearly  so,  2-6 
inches  long :  hoads  ^6  lines  high,  often  solitary :  bracts  of  the  involucre 
lanceolate  to  linear.,  nearly  equal,  the  outer  conspicuously  foliaceous  and 
spreading  or  sometimes  more  imWicated  and  squarrose:  rays  violet  to 
purple,  6-10  lines  long.  Along  streams  and  in  wet  mountain  meadows, 
Alaska  to  California  and  the  Rocky  mountains.  The  following  varieties  are 
perhaps  good  species  but  material  is  not  now  at  hand  for  a  thorough  study 
of  their  character. 

Var.  frondeus  Gray  Syn.  Fl.  i,Pt.  2, 193.  Stems  simple  or  with  spar- 
ing erect  flowering  branches,  sparsely  leaved:  leaves  comparatively  am- 
ple, 4-5  inches  long,  the  lower  tapering  into  winged  petioles,  upper  often 
with  clasping  base:  heads  solitary  or  few,  naked-pedunculate,  broad:  in- 
volucral  bracts  linear-lanceolate,  loose  and  not  imbricate,  all  equalling  the 
disk  occasionally  the  outermost  broader  and  leaf-like.  Subalpine  in  the 
Cascade  and  Rocky  mountains. 

Var.  apricus  Gray,  1.  c.  Stems  clustered,  ascending  from  tufted  root- 
stalks,  10-18  inches  high,  bearing  solitary  or  2-3  broad  heads:  leaves 
thickish;  involucral  bracts  all  alike,  somewhat  spatulate-linear,  obtuse  or 
acutish :  rays  deep  blue-violet.  On  dry  ridges,  of  Mount  Adams,  "Washing- 
ton, at  6000  feet. 

A.  Barkei  A.  feliaceous  var.  Burkei,  Gray,  1.  c.  A  foot  or  two  high, 
rather  stout,  simple  or  branched  above,  leafy  to  the  top :  leaves  thickish, 
very  smooth,  ample;  upper  cauline  mostly  oblong,  and  with  broadly  half- 
clasping  usually  auriculate  base :  heads  solitary  or  several  very  broad :  in- 
volucre of  oblong  or  spatulate  and  obtuse,  loosely  imbricated  bracts,  the 
outei  commonly  shorter,  or  outermost  sometimes  more  foliaceous  and 
equaling  the  disk.  On  Simcoe  mountains,  Washington,  to  the  Rocky 
mountains  and  New  Mexico. 

A.  Eatoni.  A  foliaceous  var.  Eatoni  GrayA  c.  Rather  tall,  2-3  feet 
high,  branching  :  heads  numerous,  ratner  small,  paniculate  or  glomerate: 
leaves  rather  narrow  lanceolate:  involucre  loosely  imbricate,  outer  and 
sometimes  inner  bracts  foliaceous,  erect  or  squarrose-spreading.  In  open 
j?round  or  woods  and  along  streams  of  British  Columbia  to  California, 
Montana  and  Nevada. 

A.  militarins  Greene.  Minutely  tomentose,  at  least  on  the  underside 
of  the  leaves  and  the  inflorescer  ce :  stems  rather  slender,  1-2  feet  high: 
leaves  narrowly  lanceolate,  1-6  inches  long,  acute,  narrowed  below  to  a 
broad  petiole,  those  of  the  branchlets  small  and  passing  into  bracts : 
heads  numerous,  in  close  panicles,  about  6  lines  high,  its  linear-lanceolate 
or  almost  subulate  bracts  in  several  ranks,  the  outer  successively  shorter 
and  passing  into  the  ordinary  bracts  of  the  branchlets,  all  acute,  the  inner 
with  distinct  white  margins:  Rays  6-8  lines  long,  purple:  achenes 
sparsely  hirsute :  pappus  rather  copious,  sorded.  Along  ditches  and  small 
streams.  Rogue  River  Valley,  Oregon. 

A.  Cnsickii  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xvi,  99  Soft-pubescent  through- 
out or  sometimes  approaching  to  glabrous:  stems  1-2  feet  high,  simple  or 
corymbosely  branched,  leafy  to  the  summit:  leaves  thin,  nearly  entire, 
oblong-lanceolate  or  oblong;  upper  ones  moderately  contracted  above  the 
deeply  cordate  clasping  base;  lower  ones  with  naore  elongated  narrow 
lower  portion  or  winged  petiole,  with  dilated  but  smaller  auriculate  clasp- 
ing insertion :  heads  large  and  broad,  ter-minating  the  stem  or  short  leafy 
branches:  involucre  very  foliose-tubtended  and  loose,  the  larger  and 
broader  lanceolate  outer  bracts  fully  equalling  the  inner :  rays  numerous, 
narrowly  linear,nearly  half-inch  long,pale  violet :  achenes  glabrous.  Along 
subalpine  streams  of  Eastern  Oregon  and  Idaho. 

Var.  Lyalli    Gray  Syn.  Fl.  195.    Villous  with  soft  pubescence:  atema 


AStER  COMPOStT^  Sll 

BUCEPHALUS 

over  2  feet  high,  rather  stout-,  cauline  leaves  mostly  liarrowed"  below  iddS 
iTith  mor6  or  lees  aariculate  half-clasping  base :  the  lower  5  inches  long  tiy 
an  inch  broad,  not  petiolar-contracted :  heads  terminating,  simple  leafy 
branches :  rays  8-9  lines  long.  Between  Kootenay  and  Pend  Orielle,  Wash- 
ington. 

A.  Henderson!  Fernald.  Stems  rather  slender,  loosely  tomentoae 
above,  branching  near  the  top,  leafy :  upper  leaves  lanceolate,  more  or 
leas  acuminate,  entire,  one-nerved,  glabrous  except  the  midrib,  auriculate, 
clasping  by  a  broad  base,  2-4  inches  long  :  heads  numerous,  in  an  ample 
panicle:  bracts  of  the  involucre  linear,  acute,  green  or  the  inner  wi  h  whi- 
tish base,  all  of  nearly  equal  length,  equalling  or  surpassing  the  disk,  4-5 
lines  long:  rays  numerous,  8-10  lines  long  by  a  line  broad,  bright  purple. 
Eastern  Washington  to  Idaho. 

18  BUCEPHALUS  Nutt.  trans.  Am.  Phil,  Soc.  vii,  298. 

Perennial  leafy-stemmed  herbs  without  radical  leaves  and 
solitary  or  panic  led  heads  of  purple,  blue  or  white  ray-flowers 
in  a  single  series,  not  very  numerous,  pistillate:  disk  flowers 
tubular  and  perfect.  Bracts  of  the  turbinate  campanulate  in- 
volucre regularl}^  imbricated  in  3-4  series,  dry  and  chartaceous, 
ovate,  concave,  somewhat  carinate,  the  innermost  about  the 
length  of  the  disk,  the  outer  successively  shorter  but  similar.  Al- 
veola of  the  receptacle  lacerate.  Appendages  of  the  style  lanceo- 
late, acute.  Achenes  oblong,  compressed.  Pappus  copious, 
rather  longer  than  the  corolla:  the  bristles  unequal;  the  longest 
ones  sometimes  thickened  upwards.  Stems  very  leafy, the  lower 
leaves  being  reduced  to  bract-like  scales,  or  bristles. 

E.  elegans  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  vii,  298.  Aster  eUgans 
T.  &  G.  Stems  slender,  1-3  feet  high,  mostly  scabro  puberu- 
lent,  leaves  thickisn,  lancec>l?te,  1-2  inches  long,  erect,  closely  sessile,  the 
upper  apiculate-mucronate :  heads  several  at  the  summit  of  simple  stems 
or  branches,  4-5  lines  high:  bracts  of  the  involuce  a'l  close  and  conspicu- 
ously woolly-ciliate,  barely  acute,  outer  ovate,  none  with  pointed  tips : 
rays  rather  few,  about  4  lines  long:  style  appendages  linear- subulate, 
hardly  acute,  equaling  the  stigma  ic  portion  :  achenes  flat,  hirsute,  becom- 
ing glabrate  at  maturity.  On  mountains  of  Eastern  Oregon  and  Wash- 
ington to  Montana,  Wyoming  and  Nevada. 

E.  Engelmannii  Greene  Pitt,  iii,  54.  Aster  Engelmanii  Gray 
Commonly,  rather  tall  and  robust,  green,  slightly  puberulent 
to  glabrous :  leaves  thin,  ovate-oblong  to  broadly  lanceolate, 
2-4  inches  long, loosely  veined,  the  larger  sometimes  with  a  fe«e 
small  acute  teeth,  the  upper  commonly  tapering  at  apex  into  a  slender  or 
cuspidate  acnmination:  heads  fully  half  inch  high,  hemispherical,  either 
racemosely  disposed  on  slender  axillary  peduncles  or  somewhat  thyrsoid- 
cymose  :  bracts  of  the  involucre  mostly  acute  or  acuminate  :  some  outer 
ones  loose,  narrow  and  partly  herbaceous,  or  with  loose  pointed  tips;  in- 
ner ones  purp  ish  rays  about  6  lines  long :  style, appendages  attenuate-sub- 
ulate :  achenes  obovate-oblong  with  narrowish  summit.  In  the  higher 
mountains  of  Oregon  and  Washington  to  the  Rocky  mountains. 

E.  serrnlatns  Greene  1.  c.  55.  ''Stoutish  and  rather  tall,  vivid  green 
and  scabrous,  the  leaf  margins  even  serrulate- scabrous  under  a  lens : 
leaves  linear-lanceolate,  2  incties  long,  acute,  marked  by  a  very  strong  and 
conspicuous  white  mid-vein  and  some  reticulation  of  the  surface :  heads 
few,  large  as  in  the  preceeding,  but  bracts  very  different,  being  narrow 


312  COMPOSlTilC  BUCEPHALUS 

OREASTBUM 

and  almost  woolly  herbaeeons  and  taper  pointed  tHe  marginB  serrulate- 
scabrous,  not  woolly  ox  ciliate.  Mt.  Adams,  Washington.  Siiksdorf  No. 
IS63.** 

E.  ledophyllus  Greene  1.  c.  Aster  Engelmannii  var.  ledophyllus  Gray, 
Stems  1-2  feet  high,  rather  strict:  leaves  lanceolate,  mucrona'e-apiculate. 
entire  or  lower,  with  a  few  apiculate  teeth  toward  the  apex  1-2  inches 
long,  cotton V  torn entulose  beneath,  at  least  when  young,  the  lower  often 
obtuse:  heads  solitary^  or  few  in  a  simple  paniculate  cyme:  bracts  of  the 
involucre  lanceolate  to  linear,  very  acute  or  acuminate,  the  outer  succes- 
sively shorter  but  similar:  rays  purple,  10--12  lines  long:  achenes  hirsute 
at  the  summit.    On  the  highest  parts  of  the  Cascade  mountains. 

E.  tomentellus  Greene  1.  c.  Sericocarpus  tomentellua  Greene  Pitt,  i,  2S3. 
Strict,  erect  2-3  feet  h?gh,  paniculately  branched  above,  leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acute  or  acutish  barely  apiculate,  entire,  1-2  inches  long,  to- 
mentulose  beneath,  smooth  above:  heads  small  and  narrow:  involucral 
bracts,  strict  with  loose  tomentose  tips,  in  several  ranks,  the  outer  succes- 
sively shorter  and  passing  into  ordinary  leaves:  rays  usually  wanting 
rarely  1  or  2:  achenes  minutely  appressed-hirsute.  On  dry  ridges  eastern 
base  of  the  Coast  mountains  near  Waldo,  Oregon. 

E.  glabratus  Greene,  Pitt,  iii,  56.  Stems  strict,  1-2  feet  high :  glab- 
rate  throughout:  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  to  lanceolate, acute 8-18  lines  long, 
entire,  conspicuously  reticulate  veiny :  heads  rather  few,  small  and  nar- 
row: bracts  of  the  involucre  linear,  abruptly  acute,  in  several  ranks,  the 
outer  successively  shorter  and  mor,e  lanceolate :  rays  none  :  achenes  hirsu- 
tulous.     On  dry  ridges  of  the  Siskiyou  mountains. 

E.  glancescens  Greene  1.  c.  Aster  Engelmanni  var.  glancescens  Gray 
Herbage,  pale  green  and  smooth  throughout :  stems  mostly  slender,  1-3 
feet  high:  leaves  somewhat  glaucous,  lanceolate,  often  acuminate,  2-3 
inches  long,  2-7  lin  s  broad,  entire:  heads lartje,  one  to  several  in  an  open 
terminal  cyme :  bracts  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  often  acuminate  in  few 
ranks,  the  outer  successively  shorter :  rays  15-20,  8-12  lines  long :  achenes 
appressed-pubescent.    On  Mt.  Adams,  Washington  and  vicinity. 

E.  paucicapitatns  "Greene  1.  e.Aster  pducicapitatu»  Robinson.  Sim- 
ple, monacephalous :  stems  decumbent  at  base,  6-18  inches  high:  herbage 
glandular-puberulent  even  somewhat  scabrously  so,  only  the  margins  of 
the  oblong-lanceolate  obtuse  thinnish  leaves  minutely  woolly-ciliate :  bracts 
of  the  broad  involucre  not  very  unequal  or  much  imbricated,  lanceolate 
and  herbaceous  though  with  a  distinct  carinate  mid-vein :  rays  few,  their 
color  doubtful:  pappus  rather  copious  and  fine,  the  bristle  in  no  degree  di- 
lated upwards:  achenes  sparsely  appressed-pubescent.  Olympic  moun- 
tains, Washington.    Piper. ^* 

E.  Covillei  Greene  Pitt,  iii,  162.  "Tufted  stems  more  than  a  foot  high, 
somewhat  flexuous,  racemous-corymbose  from  near  the  middle,  these  and 
the  lower  face  of  the  leaves  sparingly  tomentulose :  leaves  oblong-lance- 
late,  acute,entire :  bracts  of  the  narrowly  campanulate  involucre  granular- 
puberulent,  well  imbricated,  herbaceous  and  scarcely  carinate,  lanceolate 
and  oblong-lanceolate:  rays  few  (5-7),  long  and  narrow,  deep  violet.  Near 
Crater  Lake,  Oregon.  Coville.** 

19  OREASTRUM  Greene  Pitt,  iii,  146. 

Acaulescent  perennials  with  narrow  sub-coriaceous  entire 
leaves  and  scapiform  monacephalous  branches  from  a  stout  some- 
what fusiform  and  not  freely  branching  taproot.  Bracts  of  the 
involucre  narrow,  Bub-equal  in  about  2  series.  Rays  rather  nu- 
merous, elongated,  purple.    Disk  carollas  tubular-funnel  form, 


OREASTRUM       jojj.cTig  COMPOSIT.E  313 

MACH^RANTHRA 

5  toothed  and  the  teeth  erect.  Style -branches  filiform  to  subu- 
late-linear, strongly  hirsutulous.  Achenes  subterete,  distinctly 
5-8costate.  Pappus  a  single  series  of  brownish  barbellate-scab- 
rous  and  rather  fragile  or  deciduous  bristles. 

0.  alpigenum  Greene  1.  c.  147.  Aster  alpigenus  Gray  Aster  pulchel- 
lus  Eaton  f .  Scapiform  stems  spreading  and  as  urgent, 2-4  inches  long  to- 
mentose  at  the  summit :  radical  leaves  from  lingulate-spatulate  to  narrowly 
linear,  glabrous,  obtuse,  nerveless,  1-8  inches  long, 3-4  lines  wide  near  the 
apex :  heads  broad,  fully  6  Tin es  high  and  broad:  bracts  of  the  involucre 
not  very  unequal,  usually  pubescent,  lineir,  acute:  rays  purple,  6-8  lines 
long,  style  appendages  linear-subulate :  achenes  linear,  striate  plabrate  be- 
low, hirsute  near  the  top.  On  the  highest  peaks  of  the  Cascade  moun- 
tains, 

0.  Andersoni  Greene  1.  c.  Aster  Andersoni  Gray.  Scapiform  steins 
erect,  8-14  inches  high  :  radical  leaves  Ungulate-linear  or  slightly  broader 
upward,  grass-like,  mostly  acute,  2-10  inches  long,  2-3  lines  broad ,nervo6e 
when  dry  glabrous ;  upper  cauline  reduced  to  scattered  subulate  bracts : 
heads  broad,  fully  half  inch  high  and  wide:  bracts  of  the  involucre  linear, 
acutish,  rather  loose,  often  tomentulose  wh»'n  young :  style  appendages  fili- 
form: rays  rather  numerous,  purple  or  violet:  achenes  oblong-linear,  soft 
villous.  In  wet  mountain  meadows.  Coast  mountains,  near  Waldo,  Ore- 
gon, and  along  the  whole  length  of  the  Sierra  Nevadas. 

19  a  lONACTIS  Greene  Pitt,  iii,  245. 

Low  tufted  perennials,  often  lignescent  at  base,  never  stolonif- 
erous,  or  with  radical  leaves.  Stems  clothed  equally  with  nar- 
row, rigid,  one  nerved  and  veinless  leaves  and  terminating  in  one 
or  more  showy  heads  with  violet  rays.  In  volucre  of  well  imbri- 
cated bracts  of  coriaceous  texture  without  herbaceous  tips,  ap- 
pressed  even  to  the  tips.  Achenes  narrow,  villous.  Pappus 
double  the  more  copious  inner  series  bristly,  the  outer  short  and 
setulose. 

1.  alpina  Greene  1.  c.  Aster  Scopulorum  Gray.  Stems  several  from  a 
suffrutescent  base,  simple  tomentose-pubescent,  naked  at  the  summit  3-4 
inches  high:  leaves  crowded,  erect,  linear-oblong,  mucronulate,  rather 
rigid  scabrous,  1-nerved,  flat,  with  cartilaginous  minutely  serrulate-scab- 
rious  margins,  about  5  lines  long,  by  1-2  lines  broad :  heads  solitary,  4-6 
lines  high ;  bracts  of  the  hemispherical  involucre  linear,  acute,  1-nerved, 
with  scabrious  margins,  pubescent,  imbricated  in  about  3  series  :  rays  vio- 
let, 12-15 :  exterior  pappus  of  rather  numerous  setaceous  bristles.  Style 
appendages  subulate-linear  as  long  as  the  stigmatic  portion  :  ach«^nes  com- 
pressed, silky-villous.  On  high  rocky  ridges  of  Southeastern  Oregon  to 
the  Rocky  mountains. 

I.  stenomeres  Greene  1.  c.  Aster  stenomeres  Gray.  "More  slender,  6-10 
inches  high,  green,  minutely  scabrous:  solitary,  naked  Deduncnlnte head 
larger:  leaves  all  linear,  (half  to  lull  inch  long,  a  line  wide),  acutely  mu- 
cronate,  hardly  margined  :  involucre  broad  ;  its  bracts  barely  in  two  mod- 
erately unequal  series,  linear,  acute  or  acuminate,  thinnish,  often  pubes- 
cent: rays  pale  violet,  over  half  inch  long;  outer  pappus  setulose.  style-ap- 
pendages elongated,  subulate-linear  or  narr^vTcr:  aahenes  flat,  with  strong 
marginal  nerves.    On  Rocky  mountains  of  Montana  and  Idaho  " 

20  MACH^RANTHRANees.  Ast.  224. 

Annual  bii^nnial)  oi'  p'erennial  divaricately  branched  herbs  with 


314  COMPOSITiE  MACHiEBANTHRA 

BRACHYACTIS 

pinnatifid  or  rarely  entire  leaves  and  solitary  or  corymbosely  or 
racemosely  disposed  heads  of  purple-rayed  flowers.  Heads  many 
flowered,  the  rays  numerous,  in  a  single  series,  pistillate;  those 
of  the  disk  tubular  and  perfect,  with  5  short  erect  teeth.  Bracts 
or  the  obovoid  or  turbinate  involucre  closely  imbricated  for  the 
most  part  in  several  series,  linear  rigid,  somewhat  carinate,  un- 
equal, with  herbaceous  squarrose-spreading  or  recurved  tips  :  re- 
ceptacle flat,  somewhat  alveolate ;  the  alveoli  toothed  or  lacerate. 
Style-appendages  filiform  subulate  or  linear-lanceolate,  minutely 
hirsute.  Achenes  turbinate  or  t3uneiform,  often  compressed, 
pubescent  or  silky.  Pappus  of  numerous  scabrous  and  rather 
rigid  very  unequal  bristles. 

M.  Shastensis  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  vi,  539.  Aster  Shastensis  Gray. 
Canescmt  with  a  close  scurfy  tomentam  :  st^^ms  slender,  4-8  inches  high 
from  a  perennial  root,  paniculately  branched :  leaves  linear-spatulate  to 
linear,  1-2  inches  long  with  a  few  teeth  near  the  middle :  heads  rather  nu- 
merous, scattered,  5-6 lines  high: bracts  of  the  involucre  linear,  acute:  the 
outer  ones  shorter  and  often  with  spreading  tips :  rays  12-20,  violet  3-6 
lijies  long:  style  appendages  tlender-subulate:  pappus  simple  and  soft: 
achenes  narrow,  hardly  at  all  compressed,  silky-pubescent.  {Southeastern 
Oregon  (Camp  Polk)  to  Northeastern  Caliiornia. 

M.  eradiata  Aster  Shastensis  var.  erndiatus  Gray.  Whole  plant  some- 
what glaucous  and  canescently  puberulent :  stems  stoutish,  6-10  inches 
high  from  a  stout  perennial  root:  leaves  oblanceolate  1-2  inches  long,  2-6 
lines  broad,  attenuate  below  to  a  margined  petiole,  obtuse  oracutish  min- 
utely apiculate,  entire  or  sparsely  serrate :  head?  rather  numerous,  4-5 
lines  high:  bracts  of  the  involucre  linear,  acute,  in  3-4  ranks,  the  outer 
successively  shorter  and  more  subulate:  rays  wanting:  achenes  sparsely 
pubescent.     On  high  rocfey  ridge  of  the  Siskiyou  and  Scott's  mountains. 

M.  attenuata.  Whole  plant  cinereous :  stems  stoutish,  1-2  feet  high 
from  a  large  perennial  root :  cauline  leaves  linear,  reduced  above  to  sub- 
ulate bracts,  all  acute  and  apiculate :  heads  numerous  terminating  in  the 
branchlets :  involucre  hemispherical,  its  linear  bracts  well  imbricated  in 
several  series,  the  outer  successively  shorter  and  passing  into  the  ordinary 
bracts  of  the  branchlets,  the  inner  ones  attenuate  above  to  a  slender  bris- 
tle: rays  dark  purple,  numerous  5-6  lines  long:  style  appendages  slender* 
subulate:  pappus  simple,  of  soft  capillary  bristles:  young  achenes  silky- 
canescent.     On  sandy  plains  and  banks  near  The  Dalles,  Oregon. 

20  d   BEACH YAGTIS  Ledeb.  Fl.  Ross,  ii,  495. 

Annual  or  perennial  low  herbs  with  mostly  entire  leaves  and 
solitary  or  racemose-paniculate  heads  of  inconspicuous  flowers. 
Heads  many-flowered  heterogamous ;  the  rays  very  numerous 
and  occu])ying  more  tlian  one  series,  fertile.  Involucre  loosely 
im])ricated,  in  few  series  of  lierbacoous  bracts  or  the  innermost 
somewhat  scabrous.  Receptacle  flat,  naked.  Style  appendages 
lanceolate.  Aphenes  more  or  less  compressed.  Pappus  simple  of 
copious  fine  and  soft  capiHary  bristles. 

B.  froudosa  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  viii,  647.  AMfrfroiidnsus  G.  t%  T. 
Glabrous  or  nearly  so:  stems  3-12  inches  high  or  more  from  an  annual 
t^DOi  brsttiching  from  the  base :  leaves  spatulate  linear,  1-2  inches  lone,  the 
tipf)ermc)St  passing  into  the  involuei'al  bracts,  th^  IbWef  attenuate  bel6w 


fiBACHVACTlS  COMPOSITE  315 

EBIQERON 

into  winged  petioles,  often  ciliate:  heads  numerous,  hemiepherical,  4  lines 
high :  bracts  of  the  involucre  oblong,  obtuse,  herbaceous:  rays  a  line  long, 
pinkish-purple  exceeding  the  involucre  but  shorter  than  the  pappus ; 
achenes  narrow,  appressed -pubescent.  Muddy  saline  flats  and  margins  of 
ponde,  Washington  to  California,  New  Mexico  and  the  Rocky  mountains. 

21  ERIGERON  L.  Gen.  n,  951. 

Herbs  or  rarely  suiFrutescent  plants  with  entire,  toothed  or 
lobed  leaves  and  solitary,  corymbose  or  paniculate  heads  of  vari- 
ous colored  ray-flowers.  Heads  mostly  hemispherical,  many 
flowered  :  the  ray  flowers  very  numerous  and  usually  in  more 
than  one  series  (sometimes  wanting),  pistillate  those  of  the  disk 
tubular,  perfect,  or  some  of  the  exterior  filiform-tubular  and  trun- 
cate, pistillate.  Bracts  of  the  involucre  mostly  equal,  narrow,  in 
a  single  oi*  somewhat  double  series.  Receptacle  flat,  naked, 
punctate  or  scrobiculate.  Appendages  of  the  style  very  short 
and  obtuse.  Achenes  compressed,  usually  pubescent,  commonly 
with  2  lateral  nerves.  Pappus  a  single  series  of  capillary  scab- 
rous bristles,  rather  few  in  number,  often  with  minute  setae  inter- 
mixed or  forming  an  indistinct  outer  series,  or  sometimes  with 
a  distinct  and  short  squamellate-subulate  or  setaceous  exterior 
pappas,  the  inner  rarely  wanting  in  the  ray. 

§  1  EuERiGERON  DC.  Gray  Syn.  Fl.  Pt.  2,  207.  Rays 
elongated  and  conspicuous,  or  in  a  few  species  uniformly  want- 
ing, in  one  or  two  occasionally  abortive :  no  rayless  pistillate 
flowers  between  the  proper  ray  and  disk. 

*  Perennials,  commonly  dwarf,  from  a  multicipital  caudex,  alpine  or 
alpestrine  with  comparatively  large  and  mostly  solitary  heads :  invol- 
ucre loose  or  spreading,  and  copiously  lanate  with  long  multiseptate 
hairs. 

E.  nniflorns  L.  Fl.  Lapp.  t.  9,  f.  3.  Stems  1^2  inches  high  or  more 
strictly  monocephalous,  few- leaved,  often  naked  and  pedpnculiform  at 
summit :  radical  leaves  spatulate  or  oblanceolate,  1-2  inches  long :  cauline 
lanceolate  to  linear:  involucre  usually  hirsute  as  well  as  lanate  occasion- 
ally becoming  naked,  the  linear  acute  bracts  rather  close,  or  merely  the 
short  tips  spreading:  rays  purple  or  sometimes  white,  2-4  lines  long.  In 
Labrador  to  the  Arctic  coast  and  Unalaska,  south  to  the  Sierra  Nevadas, 
California  and  the  Rocky  mountains. 

E.  lanatas  Hook.  Fl.  ii,  17,  t.  121.  Stems  8-10  inches  high  from  a  mul- 
ticipital caudex,  scapiform  or  few-leaved,  monocephalous:  radical  leaves 
spatulate  to  obovate,  about  half-inch  long  tapering  into  a  narrowed  base 
or  into  a  slender  margined  petiole ;  some  primary  ones  occasionally  pal- 
mately  3-lobed ;  cauline  one  or  two  small  andlaner,  or  hardly  any:  involu- 
cre densely  soft-lanate :  the  linear  acute  bracts  rather  close  or  merely  the 
short  tips  spreading:  rays  3  lines  long,  white^  In  the  Cascade  mountains 
of  Washington  to  the  northern  Rocky  mountains. 

E.  grandiflorns  Hook.  Fl.  ii,  18,  t.  123.  Stems  8-20  inches  high, 
rather  stout,  usually  several-leaved  and  monacephalous :  radical  leaves  ob- 
ovate-spatulate*  1-3  inches  long;  cauline  oblong  to  lanceolate,  4-6  lines 
long:  involucre  half  inch  high,  very  woolly,  its  linear  and  attenuate-acumi- 
nate bracts  squarroses-sprejuling  or  the  tips  recurved :  rays  violet  or  pur- 
ple, 4-6  lines  long.    Rocky  mountains  from  British  Columbia  to  Colorado. 


316  COMPOSITE  ERiGEiioN 

*  *  Submari  time  perennial:  heads  full  one  inch  in  diameter:  involu- 
cre rather  loose,  villous  with  long  multiseptate  hairs :  rays  about  100, 
rather  broad,  aster  like:  pappus  simple:  leaves  obovate  or  spatulate, 
ample,  mostly  entire. 

E.  glaucns  Ker.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  10.  A  span  to  a  foot  high,  viscidulous 
and  m  ,re  or  less  pubescent,  produc  ng  a  tuft  of  radical  leaves  from  a  rather 
fleshy  crown  and  some  ascending  monocephaloua  or  occasionally  branch- 
ing stems;  leaves  glaucescent  or  pale  green  but  hardly  glaucous,  somewhat 
succulent ;  larger  radical  3-4  inches  long  by  an  inch  wide,  rarely  2-3-toothed ; 
upper  cauline  few,  spatulate-oblong,  obtuse,  sessile,  10-18  lines  long:  rays 
halt-inch  long,  bright  violet:  achenes  4-nerved.  Ou  banks  or  bluffs  of  the 
Pacific  coast  within  the  influence  of  salt  water,  Oregon  to  southtrn  Califor- 
nia. 

*  *  *  True  perennials  from  rootstocks  or  a  caudex,  neither  stolon- 
iferous  surculose  nor  flagelliferous :  involucre  from  hisp'^  or  villous 
t }  glabrous  but  not  lanate,   in   the  first  species  loose  and  spreading. 

+-  Comparatively  tall  and  large,  a  foot  or  more  high,  except  in  al- 
pine or  depauperate  forms,  leafy-stemmed,  glabrous  to  soft-hirsute : 
leaves  ratuer  ample,  entire  or  sometimes  few-toothed:  heads  pretty 
large  with  usually  very  numerous  rays. 

-f+  Aster-like;  the  rays  comparatively  broad:  heads  solitary  or  on 
larger  plants  few  and  corymbosely  disposed :  pappus  simple. 

E.  salsuglnosus  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xvi,  93.  Rootstocks  short  and 
thickish  :  stems  7-20  inches  high,  the  summit  or  peduncles  lanate-pubes- 
ceni  or  puberulent:  no  bristly  or  hirsute  hairs:  leaves  very  smooth  and 
glabrous  or  glabrate,  thickish ;  radical  and  lower  cauline  leaves  spatulate 
to  nearly  obovate,  with  base  attenuate  into  a  margined  petiole,  1-3  inches 
long ;  upper  cauline  ovate-oblong  to  lanceolate,  sessile,  mucronate  or  apic- 
nlate-acuminate;  uppermost  small  and  bract-like:  bracts  of  the  involucre 
loose  or  6 \  en  spreading,  linear-subnlate,  or  attenuate,  viscidulous  or  pu- 
berulous  (or  at  some  northern  stations  sometimes  pubescent) :  disk  over 
half-inch  in  diameter:  rays  50-70,  purple  or  violet,  half-inch  or  more  long. 
Wet  ground,  Kotzebue  Sound  and  Unalaska  and  along  the  higher 
mountains  to  California  and  the  Racky  mountains. 

E.  peregrinus  Greene  Pitt,  in,  166  Aster  peregrinus  Pursh,  Tomentose- 
pu Descent  and  glabrate:  stems  slender,  erect,  usually  solitary,  1-2  feet 
high,  leafy:  rootstock  slender,  creeping:  lower  cauline  and  radical  leaves 
oblong-lanceolate,  attenuate  below  to  a  margined  petiole,  2-3  inches  long, 
upper  cauline  lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  entire  or  shapely  denticulate : 
head  solitary,  or  rarely  2,  half -inch  or  more  high,  terminating  the  simple 
stem:  bracts  of  the  involucre  linear,  acuminate,  5-7  lines  long,  tomentose- 
pubescent  or  villous,  not  at  all  viscid  or  glandular:  rays  20-30,  6-8  lines 
long,  pale  to  dark  purple  or  violet.  Wet  meadows,  Arctic  coast  and 
Alaskan  Islands  to  the  mountains  of  Northern  Washington  and  Idaho. 

E.  Howellii  Gray  Syn.  FH.  Pt.  2,  209.  Rootstocks  slender:  stem 
12-20  inches  high,  leafy:  leaves  membranaceous,  glabrous  and  smooth; 
radica^  slender,  petioled,  with  oval  or  obovate  blade;  cauiine  mostly  ovate 
with  b  oad  half  clasping  base,  1-2  inches  long  by  an  inch  broad  ;  mucronate- 
acuminae:  peduncle  puberulent:  heads  solitary,  8-10  lines  broad:  bracts 
of  the  involucre  subulate,  the  inner  ones  acuminate :  rays  only  30-35,  8-10 
lines  long,  often  2  lines  wide,  white.  Moist  rocky  banks  along  the  Coluria- 
bia  river  near  the  Cascades. 

E.  cervinns  Greene  Pitt,  iii,  163.  Stems  slender,  8-12  inches  high,  from 
s'out  ascending  rootstocks,  leafy  at  base,  the  whole  herbage  glabrous, 
only  the  peduncles    and  involucre  glandular  and    slightly   puberulent: 


ERIGERON  COMPOSITE  317 

leaves  thin,  the  lowest  with  obovate  to  oblanceolate  blade,  less  than  an 
inch  long  and  slender  petiole  2  inches  or  more  long;  cauline  leaves 
oblanceolate  to  spatulate,  1-2  inches  long,  sessile:  Heads  solitarv  or  2-8, 
slender-peduncled :  involucre  about  3  lines  high  and  3-4  broad,  the 
bracts  equal,  broad-subulate,  attenuate-acuminate :  rays  25-30,  5-6  I'nes 
long,  white  to  pale  purple.  Wet  banks,  at  the  head  of  Cheney  Creek, 
Josephine  Co-,  Oregon. 

E  spatulifolius.  Stems  numerous  from  a  thick  multisepital  caudex, 
slender,  leafy,  somewhat  hirsute  toward  the  top,  monocephalous,  4-8  inches 
long,  erect  or  ascending:  radical  leaves  spatulate,  attenuate  below  to  a 
broad -winged  petiole,  rounded  at  the  summit,  entire,  or  sparingly  dentate 
toward  the  apex,  1-3  inches  long,  glabrous  both  sides;  cauline  leaves 
several,  rather  crowded,  oblong  to  ovate,  sessile  by  a  broad  somewhat 
clasping  base:  heads  half-inch  high  and  broad:  bracts  of  the  involucre 
linear,  acute:  rays  30-40,  purple:  pappus  nearly  simple  of  rat^)er  few 
bristles :  achenes  smooth.  On  rocky  banks  Pansy  Camp,  Cascade  moun- 
tains, Oregon.  -^ 

E.  AliceaB  Rootstock  slender,  stem  18-30  inches  high,  erect,  sparingly 
branched  near  the  top:  whole  herbage  pubescent  with  soft  spreading 
hairs :  radical  and  lower  cauline  leaves  lanceolate,  entire,  the  blade"  2-3 
inches  long,  4-8  lines  broad,  on  slender  petioles  as  long  or  longer  than  the 
blade:  upper  cauline  lanceolate,  sessile,  often  attenuate-acuminate  :  heads 
solitary,  terminating  the  slender  branches,  6-7  lines  broad:  bracts  of  >he 
involucre  subulate  acuminate,  nearly  equal,  tomentose  with  rather  long 
white  wool :  rays  50-60,  purple  or  violet.  In  open  damp  woods,  Siskiyou 
mountains  near  the  Oregon  line.    Distributed  in  1887  as  E.  CouUeri. 

E.  amplifolins.  Stems  erect,  20-30  inches  high  from  a  somewhat 
surculose  rootstock,  leafy,  glabrous  or  sparingly  pubescent  toward  the  top: 
lower  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  8-15  lines  broad,  attenuate  below  to  a  long 
slender  petiole:  upper  ones  lanceolate  or  oblong  and  sessile:  heads  one  lo 
several,  large,  hemispherical:  bracts  of  the  involucre  linear,  acute  or 
acuminate,  rather  numerous,  imbricated  in  2  or  3  ranks:  rays  50-60, 
rather  broad,  blue  or  violet,  10-12  lines  long:  pappus  simple  or  nearly  so: 
achenes  obovate,  2-nerved,  sparingly  pubescent.  On  oi-en  hillsides  near 
Table  Rock,  Clackamas  County,  Oregon. 

•f^-  •^^-  Less  Aster-like:  rays  100  or  more  and  narrow:  involucre 
closer :  pappus  more  or  less  double,  but  the  exterior  minute,  setulose 
or  subulate -squamellate:  stems  chiefly  erect,  tufted,  generally  leafy 
to  the  summit  and  bearing  few  or  several  heads :  leaves  entire. 

E.  speciosns  DC.  Prodr.  v,  284.  Sparingly  and  loosely  hirsate  or  with 
a  few  scattering  hair:  stems  20-30  inches  high,  very  leafy  to  the  top;  leaves 
lanceolate,  acute  3-8  lines  wide,  sparsely  ciliate;  lowest  more  or  less  spatu- 
late:  involucre  hirsute-pubescent,  or  sometimes  almost  glabrous:  rays 
half-inch  to  almost  an  inch  long,  violet.  Dry  ridges  and  edges  of  prai  ies. 
British  Columbia  to  western  Oregon. 

-*-  ■*-  Low,  rarely  a  foot  high,  conspicuously  hispid  o'  hirsute  with 
spreading  bristly  hairs:  leaves  entire,  narrow,  involucre  close  :ra^\  s 
numerous  occasionally  wanting:  pappus  conspicuouhly  double. 

f*-  Sparingly  branched,  stems  several  or  numerous  from  the  cr  wn 
of  a  tap  root,  more  or  less  leafy :  heads  middle-sized :  disk  a  third  to 
half  inch  in  diameter:  involucre  hispid:  rays  50-80  long  and  narrow, 
soon  deflexed  occasionally  wanting. 

E.  concinnus  T.  &  G.  Fl.  ii,  174.  Very  hirsute  throughout  with  long 
spreading  white  haifs:  stems  several  from  the  same  root  or  caudex,  6-10 
inches  high,  slender,  leafy,  branching,  above,  the  branches  terminated  by 


318  COMPOSITE  EBIGERON 

single  heads :  leaves  narrowly  linear,  elongated,  entire,  attenuate  at  the 
base,  the  lowermost  tapering  into  a  slender  petiole:  heads  5-6  lines  in 
diameter:  bracts  of  the  involucre  linear,  ver^  acute,  densely  hirsute:  rays 
numerous,  6  lines  long,  white  to  purple.  Arid  plains  between  the  Cascade 
and  Rocky  mountains,  British  Columbia  to  California  and  New  Mexico. 

■M.  *♦.  Tufted,  stems  very  short  and  densely  leafy,  bearing 
simple  and  monocephalous  scapiform  or  few-leaved  flowering  stems : 
leaves  narrowly  spatulate-linear :  heads  large:  rays  25-50  not  very 
narrow,  3-4  lines  long. 

E.  Poliospermns  Gray  Syn.  Fl.  i,  Pt.  2,  210.  Soft-hispid  throughout 
with  white  hairs :  stems  numerous,  from  a  branched  rootstock,  an  inch  or 
le«s  long,  very  leafy:  leaves  spatulate  to  lanceolate,  2-6  lines  long,  on 
slender  petioles  1-2  inches  long :  scapose  peduncle  2-4  inches  long :  heads 
half-inch  or  more  in  diameter :  bracts  of  the  involucre  eeiaceous,  densely 
hispidulous:  rays  20-30,  blue- violet  to  almost  white:  achenes  densely 
white-villous :  outer  pappus  slender-squammellate,  fully  as  long  as  the 
breadth  of  the  achene  covered  by  the  copious  white  silky  hairs  of  the 
achene.  On  dry  rocky  ridges  along  the  Columbia  rivcr  from  The  Dalles 
eastward. 

E.  Chrysopsidis  Gray  1.  c.  Chrysop&ig  hirtella  DC»  Hirsute  with 
white  spreading  hairs,  stems  scape-like,  leafy  at  the  base,  2-4  inches  high : 
leaves  spatu  ate,  mostly  obtuse,  including  the  petiole  1-3  inches  long, 
usually  about  a  line  wide  at  the  summit:  heads  solitary,  terminal:  in- 
volucre open -companul ate,  its  bracts  narrow,  numerous  3-5  lines  long, 
hirsute:  rays,  4J-50,  golden  yellow,  6-8  lines  long:  achenes  barely  pubes- 
cent or  birsutulous :  outer  pappus  merely  setulose.  On  high  stony  ridges, 
Eastern  Oregon  in  the  John  I)?y  country. 

^  ^-  -V-  Dwarf,  cespitose  from  a  multicipital  candex,  with 
monocephalous  flowering  stems,  often  scapose :  radical  leaves  dissected : 
pappus  simple. 

E.  compositus  Pu^sh  Fl.  ii,  535.  Herbage  hirsute  to  glabrate  and 
more  or  less  viscidulous :  stems  very  short,  from  a  somewhat  woody  creep- 
ing base,  densely  leafy :  leaves  fan-shaped  in  outline,  usually  1-3'ternately 
parted  into  linear  or  short  and  narrow  spatulate  lobes,  2-6  lines  long,  on 
iong  slender  hispid-ciliate  petio'es;  the  few  on  the  erect  flowing  stems  3- 
lobed,  or  entire  and  linear :  involucre  3-4  lines  high,  sparsely  hirsute :  rays 
40-60  not  very  narrow,  white  purple  or  violet  mostly  3-4  lines  long.  On 
cliffs,  Artie  seacoast,  Greenland,  and  Spitzbergen  to  the  higher  moun- 
tains of  Washington,  Oregon  and  California  and  the  Rocky  mountains. 

Var.  dlscoidens  Gray.  Am.  Jour  Sci.  Ser.  2,  xxxi'i,  237.  Rays  want- 
ing or  abortive :  head^  commonly  smaller.  Some  range  as  the  radiate 
form,  often  growing  with  it, 

^  ^  +-  +.  Dwarf  or  low  species,  alpine  or  alpestine,  entire- 
leaved,  cespitose  from  multicipital  caudex,  no  fine  or  cinereous 
pubescence,  monocephalous :  leaves  few  on  the  simple  stem  at  least 
the  radical  broader  than  linear :  rays  rather  numerous  and  not  very 
narrow :  pappus  simple  or  nearly  so, 

■M.  Involucre  hirsute  or  pubescent,  greenish :  herbage  not  etrigulose 
nor  cinereous. 

E.  radicatas  Hook.  Fl.  ii,  17.  "A  span  high  or  less,  densely  tufted: 
leavea  all  spattilate-linear  or  somewhat  wider  (broadest  only  a  line  or  two 
wide),  hirsute  or  hireiitely  ciUate,  or  sometimes  almost  naked,  then 
glabrbuB ;  Ho  glandular  roughness :  involucre  mtore  or  less  villous-pubes- 
cent  (barely  3 lines  high) :  rays  white  or  purplish,  2  or  3  lines  long."    Al- 


ERIGERON  COMPOSITE  319 

pioe  or   subalpine  in   the   Blue   mountains   of   Oregon  to    the    Rocky 
mountains  and  northward. 

E.  paciflcus  Hirsute  with  white  hairs,  s'ems  seveal  from  a  simple  or 
more  or  less  multicipital  somewhat  woody  perennial  root,  ascending,  2-4 
inches  long,  leafy  monocephalous:  lower  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate  to  al- 
most linear,  1-2  inches  long ;  cauline  leaves  similar  but  smaller:  heads 
4-5  lines  high ;  bracts  ol  the  involucre  linear-lanceolate,  acute  or  acumin- 
ate, hirsute:  rays  30HK>,  blue  to  purple,  6  lines  long:  pappus  of  ray- 
flowers  manifestly  double,  the  outer  very  short  or  a  mere  crown,  the  inner 
about  equalling  the  disk-flowers,  soon  deciduous:  achenes  minutely 
pubescent.  On  grassy  slopes  of  the  Cascade  mountains  near  Table  Rock, 
Clackamas  County,  Oregon. 

^-  •*-+■•*-  -t-  Various  species  with  entire  leaves,  none  truly 
alpine,  none  hispidly  hirsute  except  very  rarely  some  spreading 
bristly  hairs  fringing  the  base  of  the  leaves :  involucre  close,  disposed 
to  be  somewhat  imbricated  and  rigid:  rays  not  very  nume.ous,  in 
several  species  uniformly  wanting. 

**•  Either  low  or  comparatively  tall,  leafy- stemmed  or  subscapose: 
achenes  compressed,  2-nerved,  rarely  3-nerved. 

=  Heads  radiate :  leaves  all  narrowly  linear  to  filiform,  the  broad- 
est not  over  a  line  wide:  pubescence  either  cinerous  or  obscure. 

a.  Involucre  only  2-3  lines  high  of  unequal  and  somewhat  imbricated 
bracts . 

E.  fllifolins  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil  Soc.vii,  328.  Canescent  or  cinereous 
throughout  with  very  fine  close  pubescence,  no  loose  hairs :  stems  slender, 
10-20  inches  biah  from  a  lignescent  slender  base  or  branched  rootstock 
leafy,  usually  panioulat^ly  branched  and  bearing  several  or  rather  numer- 
ous heads:  leaves  linear-filiform  or  quite  filiform,  some  lower  ones  some- 
times dilated  upward  and  flat :  involucre  canescent :  rays  30-50,  rarely  over 
80,  purple,  violet  or  white,  3-4  lines  long :  achenes  slightly  pubescent  or 
glabrate:  pappus  simple,  of  fragile  and  indistinctly  scabrous  bristles. 
Rocky  or  dry  sandy  ground.  Eastern  Oregon  to  British  Columbia  and 
Idaho. 

E.  peucephyllus  Gray  Syn.  Fl.  i,  Pt.  2,  213.  Hoary  with  a  minute 
appressed  pubescence :  stenas  slender,  4-12  inches  high,  usually  sparingly 
branched :  leaves  narrowly  linear,  1-2  inches  long  by  half  of  a  line  wide, 
flat:  involucre  3-4  lines  high;  its  narrowly  lanceolate  bracts  unequal, 
hirsute :  rays  20-30,  4-6  lines  long,  bright  yellow :  pappus  double,  the  outer 
squamellate :  achenes  smooth  or  nearly  so :  Dry  hills  Eastern  Oregon  and 
Washington  near  the  Cascade  mountains.  Dr.  Gray  evidently  had  two  or 
three  species  mixed  in  his  description  of  E.  peucephylluSf  the  above  des- 
cription is  for  the  yellow-flowered  one  only. 

b.  Involucre  3-4  lines  high,  of  equal  bracts :  rays  of  equal  length. 

E.  ochrolencns  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  vii,  309.  Cinereous- 
pubescent  to  glabrate:  stems  10-18  inches  high,  somewhat  cespitose, 
usually  simple,  naked  above  and  monocephalous,  occasionally  with  one  or 
two  additional  heads :  leaves  rather  rigid,  narrowly  linear,  the  radical  2-3 
inches  long,  often  a  line  wide  at  the  upper  part,  not  rarely  sparsely 
hirsute-ciliate  below :  involucre  tomentose  or  hirsute  pubescent :  rays  40-60, 
ochroleucous,  white  or  purplish:  outer  pappus  setulose.  Gravelly  hills 
and  plains,  Idaho  to  Montana  and  Wyoming. 

=     =    Heads  ray l^ss;  leaves  filiform  lo  narrowly  spatulate-linear, 

chiefly  from  the  multifnipital  caudex :  stems  more  or  less  scapiform  and 

monocephalous. 

E.    Bloomeri  Gray  Proc.  Am;  Aicad.  vi;  40.  Densely  cespitose,  cinereous- 


320  COMPOSITE  EEIGERON 

puberulent  to  glabrate:  stems  2-6  inches  high:  radical  leaves  1-3  inches 
long,  the  larger  dilated  upward,  sometimes  to  a  line  or  more  wide;  cauline 
few  and  nearly  filiform:  heads  almost  half  inch  high:  bracts  of  the 
involucre  linear  lanceolate,  equal,  soft-villous  or  canescent:  rays  wanting: 
achenes  glabrate,  cblong-linear,  flat:  pappus  whitish ,  simple.  Stony  ground 
Idaho  to  Eastern  Oregon  and  California. 

E.  nndatns  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xx,  297.  Glabrous  throughout 
or  the  involucral  bracts  sparingly  puberulent,  cespitose:  stems  scapiform, 
2-6  inches  high,  monocephalous:  leaves  linear-spatulate  to  almost  filiform, 
1-2  inches  long,  rarely  a  line  wide :  involucre  nearly  half-inch  high,  of  thick- 
ish  and  green  lanceolate  bracts:  achenes  obovate-oblong, sparsely  pubes- 
cent: pappus  whitish,  simple.  Rocky  hillsides  about  Waldo,  Josephine 
Co.,  Oregon. 

=  =  =  Heads  radiate :  leaves  from  narrowly  linear  to  oblong : 
stems  leafy  and  disposed  to  branch  but  sometimes  monocephalous: 
pubescence  cinereous :  outer  pappus  setulose,  sometimes  rather  mani- 
fest, sometimes  obscure  or  none. 

E.  corymbosns  Nutt.  1.  c.  Stenis  erect  from  a  creeping  rootstock  often 
afoot  or  two  high,  soft-cinereous  or  sometimes  hispidulous  with  mosth' 
spreading  short  pubescence :  radical  leaves  narrow-lanceolate  or  spatulate- 
lanceolate,  largest  3-4  inches  long,  3-4  lines  wide,  3  nerved ;  cauline  linear 
and  narrow :  heads  sometimes  solitary,  usually  several  and  corymbosely 
disposed  on  short  slender  peduncles*:  involucre  3  lines  high,  canescently 
pubescent:  rays  30-50,  mostly  narrow  and 3-5 lines  long,  blue  or  violet,  ap- 
parently sometimes  white.  Mountains  of  eastern  Oregon  and  Washing- 
ton to  Montana. 

E.  conflnus  Howell  Eryth.  iii,  35.  Stems  simple,  one  to  several  from 
a  woody  perennial  root,  4-8  inches  high,  very  leafy:  leaves  narrowly 
spatulate-linear,  an  inch  long  or  more:  heads  usually  solitary  at  the  ends 
of  the  stem ,  but  often  several  together :  involucre  hemispherical,  its  linear 
acuminate  bracts  in  few  ranks  nearly  equal,  3-4  lines  long :  rays  numer- 
ous, rather  broad,  6-10  lines  long,  purplish;  pappus  a  single  series  of 
barbel  late-scabrous  bristles  :  achenes  sparingly  pubescent.  On  high  rocky 
ridges  of  the  Siskiyou  mountains. 

E.  decumbens  Nu^t.  1.  c,  309.  Strigulose-pubescent  or  puberulent  or 
glabrate:  stems  slender,  commonly  low  or  spreading,  6-18  inches  high, 
leafy,  branched  above:  leaves  linear  or  sometimes  linear-spatulate; 
radical  2-6  inches  long  by  1-3  lines  broad:  involu  re  minutely  hirsute  or 
pubescent:  rays  20-40,  white  purplish  or  violet  tinged.  From  the 
Willamette  Valley,  Oregon,  to  Montana  and  Utah. 

=  =  ==  =  Heads  wholly  rayless:  stems  leafy  to  the  summit: 
pappus  simple. 

E.  inornatus  Gray.  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xvi,  88.  Commonly  glabrous 
throughout  and  smooth.  Or  with  some  spase  hirsute  pubescence:  stem 
10-20  inches  high,  erect:  leaves  from  bn.adly  to  narrowly  linear,  1-2 
inches  long  by  1-2  lines  wide  :  heads  usually  seve>al  and  crymosely  disposed 
at  the  summit  of  the  stem,  short-pedunc!ed,  3  lines  high:  involucre  cam- 
panulate,  its  bracts  somewhat  imbricated,  very  glabrous  unequal.  _  Com- 
mon in  dry  open  woods  from  Mount  Adams  Washington  to  California. 

*  *  *  *  Perennials  with  membranaceous  commonly  serrate  or 
dentate  leaves  and  middle-sized  or  small  heads  with  glabrate  in- 
Tolucre :  rays  numerous :  pappus  quite  simple. 

f    Rays  not  very  narrow,  not  more  than  60  or  70. 

E.    Oreganns  Gray.  Proc,  Am.  Acad,  xix,  2.    Pubescent  throughout: 


BRiGERON 


COMPOSITE  321 


stems  numerous  in  a  ro^ulate  tuft,  from  a  thick  perennial  root,  prostrate, 
9-12  inches  long,  leafy  to  the  top,  bearing  solitary  or  few  rather  small 
heads :  leaves  spatulate  or  the  radical  cuneate-obovate,  these  1-3  inches 
long,  6-8  lines  wide,  cr.arseJy  3-5-toothed  or  incised;  cauline  more  entire, 
1-2  inches  long :  involucre  4-6  lines  high  its  bracts  somewhat  unequal, 
attenuate-acuminate,  the  outer  often  passing  into  leaves:  rays  60-70,  pale 
purplish  or  pink,  4-6  lines  long:  pappus  rather  scanty,  shorter  than  the 
corolla:  achenes  terete  or  nearly  so,  sparsely  pubescent.  Under  over- 
lianging  cliffs  along  the  Columbia  river  near  the  Cascades. 

+-  +-  Rays  very  narrow,  100  or  more,  disk  only  3-4  lines  broad: 
stems  erect,  either  from  a  biennial  root  or  from  a  biennial  or  winter 
annual  offset. 

E.  Philadelphicus  L.  Sp.  ii,  863.  Soft-pubescent,  or  sometimes  near- 
ly glabrous :  stems  rather  slender,  strict,  mostly  branched  above,  1-3  feet 
iiigh:  lower  leaves  spatulate  or  obovate,  obtuse,  dentate,  1-3  inches  long, 
narrowed  into  short  petioles;  upper  cauline  leaves  clasping  and  often 
cordate  at  base,  obtuse  or  acute,  dentate  or  entire:  heads  several  or 
numerous  corymbose-paniculate,  5-12  lines  broad,  slender-peduncled : 
peduncles  thickened  at  the  summit :  involucre  depressed-hemispheric,  its 
bi^acts  linear,  usually  scarious  margined :  rays  100-150,  2-6  lines  long,  rose- 
purple  or  pink :  achenes  puberulent,  Along  streams  and  moist  meadows 
throughout  North  America. 

*****  Annuals  or  sometimes  biennials,  leafy-stemmed  and 
branching :  heads  conspicuously  radiate. 

■*-  Rays  of  the  small  or  barely  middle-sized  heads  very  numerous, 
narrow,  with  pappus  like  the  disk-flowers;  the  inner  of  rather  scanty 
bristles ;  the  outer  of  short  subulate  squamellse :  leaves  from  entire  to 
sparingly  lobed. 

E.  divergens  T.  &  G.  Fl.  ii,  175.  Cinereous -pubescent  or  hirsute: 
stems  diffusely  branched  and  spreading,  10-20  inches  high :  leaves  linear- 
spatulate,  or  the  upper  hnear  and  the  lowest  broader,  1-2  inches  long : 
heads  slender-peduncled,  6-8  lines  broad,  usually  numerous:  involucre 
hemispheric,  its  bracts  linear,  acute,  hirsute  or  canescent:  rays  about  100, 
purplish  or  violet,  to  nearly  white,  2-6  lines  long,  pappus  double,  the  short 
outer  row  of  bristles  subulate ;  achenes  narrow,  little  compressed,  with  a 
broad  and  whitish  truncate  apex.  Low  plains  and  river-banke,  British 
Columbia  to  California,  Texas  and  Nebraska. 

H-  +-  Rays  of  the  small  heads  not  very  numerons  nor  very  narrow ; 
the  bristles  of  their  pappus  commonly  wanting  or  very  few ;  outer  pappus 
a  short  crown  of  distinct  or  partly  united  slender  squamellae,  persistent 
after  the  fragile  inner  pappus  has  fallen :  leafy-stemmed  annuals  or 
biennials. 

E.  annnns  Pers.  Syn.  ii,  431.  Annual;  sparingly  pubescent  with 
spreading  hairs:  stems  erect,  corymbosely  branched,  1-4  feet  high:  leaves 
thin,  the  radical  and  lower  cauline  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  mostly 
obtuse,  petioled,  usually  coarsely  dentate,  2-6  inches  long  by  1-2 
inches  wide;  upper  cauline  lanceolate,  oblong  or  linear-lanceolate,  acute 
or  acuminate,  mostly  dentate  in  the  middle,  sessile  or  short-petioled ; 
those  of  the  branches  narrower  and  often  entire :  Heads  rather  numerous, 
5-7  lines  broad,  mostly  short  pedunclea :  bracts  of  the  hemispheric 
involucre  somew  hat  hispid :  rays  40-70  white,  or  commonly  tinged  with 
purple,  2-4  lines  long.  In  fields  and  open  ridges,  Oregon  to  the  Atlantic 
states. 

E.  ramosus.  B.  S.  P.  Prel.  Cat.  N.  Y.  27.  E.  Strigosus  Muhl, 
Pubescence  appressed,  either  sparse  and  strigose  or  close  and  minute: 
stem  1-2  feet  high :  leaves  lanceolate,  the  upper  entire ;  the  lower  from 


322  COMPOSITE  fiftiGBfiOK 

BACCHAR[i 

spatulate-Unceolate  to  oblong,  often  sparingly  iefrate:  heads  ratber 
numerous,  small,  involucre  with  few  or  no  bristley  hairs.  Dry  open 
grounds,  British  Columbia  to  California  and  across  the  continent. 

§  2  Trimorph^:a,  Gray  Sy.  Fl.  i,  Pt.  2,  219.  Rays  incon- 
spicuous or  slender,  numerous,  sometimes  not  exceeding  the 
disk  :  within  them  a  series  of  ray  less  filiform  pistillate  flowers  : 
leaves  entire  or  nearly  so . 

E.  acris  L.  Spc.  ii,  863.  More  or  less  hirsute-pubescent :  stems  10-14 
inches  high  from  a  biennial  or  perennial  root,  the  larger  plants  branching 
and  bearing  seieral  or  numerous  somewhat  janiculately  d  sposed  heads: 
leaves  pubescent  or  glabrate,  entire  the  radical  and  lower  cauline  spatula te, 
mostly  obtuse,  1-3  inches  long,  petioled:  upper  cauline,  mostly  oblong  or 
oblanceolate,  obtuse  or  acutish,  ses-sile:  involucre  hemispheric,  its  bracts 
linear,  hirsute;  rays  numerous,  purple  equalling  or  exceeding  the  brownish 
pappus:  tubular  pistillate  flowers  filiform,  nuriierous:  pappus  simple  or 
nearly  so,  copious.    Alaska  to  Oregon,  the  Rocky  mountains  and  Labrador. 

Var.  Drcebachensis  Blytt.  Norg.  Fl.  561.  Somewhat  glabrous  or 
even  quite  so,  involucre  green,  at  most  hirsute  only  at  base,  often  minute- 
ly viscidulous :  rays  slender  somewhat  slightly  exserted  sometimes 
minute  and  filiform  and  shorter  than  the  pappus.  Katzebue  Sound  to 
Oregon  and  New  Brunswick, 

Var.  debllis  Gray  Syn.  Fl.  1,  Pt.  2,  220.  Sparsely  pilose :  Ftems  3-12 
inches  high  from  an  apparency  perennial  root,  slender:  leaves  bright  green ; 
radical  obovate  or  oblong;  cauline  spatulate  to  lanceolate,  short:  heads 
1-3  in  a  terminal  cluster,  4-5  lines  high:  brae's  Of  the  involucre  sparsely 
hirsute  below,  the  smooth  attenuate  tips  spreading :  rays  in  flower  rather 
conspicuously  supassing  the  disk.  On  moist  Cliffs,  higher  parts  of  the 
Casciade  mountains  to  Hudson's  Bay  and  Labrador., 

§  3.  CjENOtus,  Nutt.  Gen.  ii.  148.  Rays  of  the  small  and 
narrow  semingly  discoid  heads  inconspicuous,  little  if  at  all 
surpassing  the  disk  or  pappus ;  the  narrow  ligule  always  shorter 
than  its  tube :  disk-flowers  sometimes  few,  with  usually  4-toothed 
corollas:  pappus  simple. 

E.  canadensis  L.  Sp.  ii,  863.  From  sparsely  hispid  to  almost 
glabrous:  stems  strict,  1-10  feet  high,  with  numerous  narrowly  paniculate 
heads,  or  in  depauperate  plants' only  a  few  inches  high  and  with  few 
scattered  heads :  leaves  linear,  entire  or  the  lower  spatulate  and  incised  or 
few-toothed,  commonly  more  or  less  hispid-ciliate :  heads  usually  very 
numerous  about  2  lines  wide:  rays  whie  usually  a  little  exerted  and  sur- 
paesing  the  style  branches.  Common  in  waste  places  and  fields  through- 
out North  A.merica. 

22  BACCHARIS  L.  Gen.  n.  949. 

Dioecious  shrubs  with  alternate  leaves  and  small  paniculate  or 
corymbose  heads  of  tubular  flowers.  Involucre  regularly  imbri- 
cated, of  squamaceous  bracts.  Receptacle  mostly  flat  and  naked, 
rarely  chafly.  Flowers  of  the  staminate  heads  with  tubular- 
funnelform  5-cleft  carollas,  subulate  style -branches  with  the 
stigmatic  portion  obsolete  and  overy  abortive ;  corolla  of  the 
pistillate  flowers  reduced  to  a  slender  truncate  or  minutely 
toothed  tube,  shorter  than  the  filiform  style.  Achenes  5-10- 
striate.     Pappus  of  the  satminate  flowers  of  a  series  of  scabrous 


COMPOSITiE  323 

and  often  tortuose  and  more  or  less  clavellate  bristles:  of  the 
pistillate  of  usually  more  numerous  and  fine  bristles. 

Trib.  Hi,  Inuloideas  Cass.  An.  Sci.  Nat.  1829,  20.  Heads 
Jieterogamous,  radiate  or  discoid  with  fertile  flowers  filiform  or 
Ugulate;  or  sometimes  homogamous  and  tuhuliflorous.  Anthers 
sagittate^  and  the  base  of  the  lobes  produced  into  more  or  less  of  a 
tail  (caudate)  or  other  appendage.  Style-branches  of  the  herma- 
phrodite flowers  filiform  or  fiattish  not  appendaged:  the  stigmatic 
lines  running  to  or  vanishing  near  the  roundish  or  truncate  tip, 
which  is  at  most  papillose  or  somewhat  penicillate.  Style  of  stam- 
inate-sterile  flowers  commonly  entire.  Pappus  usually  capillary  or 
none.     Involucre  commonly  dry  or  scarious,  rarely  foliaceous. 

SUBTRIBE  I  FiLAGiNEiE.  Bracts  of  the  involucre  mostly  thin 
and  scarious.  Receptacle  with  scales  of  various  texture,  enclos- 
ing or  subtending  the  fertile  flowers  or  achenes :  pistillate  flowers 
with  filiform  truncate  or  2-3-toothed  corollas. 

*  Achenes  gibbous  and  compressed :  corolla  and  style  lateral ;  pap- 
pus none. 

25  Micropns  Fertile  flowers  few  and  in  a  single  series  on  the  short  recep- 
tacle, included  in  the  laterally  compressed  very  gibbous  scale  of  the 
receptacle  which  strictly  encloses  the  achene. 

*  *  Achenes  straight  or  slightly  oblique :  corolla  and  style  terminal. 

•*-  Chaff  loosely  enclosing  the  aehene :  central  flowers  sterile 

86  Stylocline  Fertile  flowers  5-10  or  more,  in  two  or  more  series  on  a 
cylindrical  or  columnar  receptacle,  their  chaff  thin,  saccate  or  boat- 
shaped:  pappus  of  few  caducous  bristles  to  the  sterile  flowers  or  none. 

27  Psilocarphus  Fertile  flowers  numerous,  in  several  series,  on  a  globu- 
lar receptacle,  each  in  an  obovate  turgid  membranaceous  and  reticu- 
lated chaff :  pappus  none. 

+-  +-     Chaff  more  open,  hardly  enclosing:  the  achenes :  fertile  flowers 
in  more  than  one  series ;  central  flowers  sometimes  fertile. 

28  Hesperevax  Receptacle  villous,  its  centre  elongated  into  a  narrow 
column :  achenes  pear-shaped,  flattened  parallel  to  the  subtending 
chaff :  pappus  none. 

SUBTRIBE  II  GNAPHALiE^.  Bracts  of  the  involucre  all  thin  and 
scarious,  often  pearly,  persistent.  Receptacle  naked.  Floccose- 
woolly  herbs. 

29  Antennaria  Heads  completely  dioecious,  the  staminate  with  undivi- 
ded style,  and  bristles  of  the  pappus  thickened  or  barbellate  at  the 
apex :  pappus  of  the  pistillate  flowers  slenvier  and  united  at  the  base. 

80  Anaphalis  Heads  incompletely  dioecious:  staminate  heads  with  a 
few  hermaphrodite  but  sterile  flowers  in  the  centre:  bristles  of  the 
pappus  all  separate,  those  ot  the  sterile  flowers  little  thickened  upward. 

81  Gnax)haliiim    Heads  all  heterogamous :  pistillate  flowers  very  numer- 

ous, in  more  than  one  series ;  hermaphrodite  fertile  ones  fewer,  in  the 
centre :  bristles  of  the  pappus  slender,  not  thickened  upward. 

SUBTRIBE  III  EUiNULE^     Outer  bracts  of  the   involucre  herba- 


324  COMPOSITE  mickopus 

ceous.     Receptacle  naked.     Tall  herbs. 

82  INULA  Heads  heterogamous,  radiate,  with  all  the  flowers  fertile :  pap- 
pus of  capillary  bristles. 

SUBTRIBE  IV  ADENOCAULE^  Bracts  of  the  involucre  herbaceous, 
few,  in  a  single  series.  Receptacle  not  chaffy.  Heads  few-flowered  : 
both  pistillate  and  hermaphrodite  sterile  flowers  with  similar  di- 
lated tubular  corollas,  the  former  rather  fewer  and  with  enlarged 
exsertsd  achenes 

3S  Adenocanlon  Achenes  club-shaped  and  several  times  longer  than  the 
involucre,  beset  with  some  stipitate  glands :  pappus  none. 

SUBTRIBE  V  DiMERESE^  Bracts  of  the  involucre  herbaceous, 
few,  in  a  single  series.  Receptacle  not  chaffy.  Flowers  few,  her- 
maphrodite, fertile.     Pappus  of  rather  few  bristles. 

34  Bimeresia  Heads  2- flowered :  involucre  of  2  slightly  united  bracts, 
each  almost  enclosing  a  flower :  pappus  of  20  slightly  united  bristles 
that  are  early  deciduous. 

Suhtrihe  1  Filaginese  Fenzl  Fl.  ii  729.  Heads  hHerogamous^ 
mostly  androgynous^  discoid.  Involucre  of  few  srarious  or  firmer 
bracts  Receptacle  chaffy,  a  chaff  or  involucral  bract  enclosing  or 
sudtending  each  pistillate  flower  or  achene.  Corolla  of  the  pistillate 
Howers  a  filiform  tube,  shorter  than  the  style;  of  the  hermaphrodite 
commonly  sterile  flowers  regularly  4'toothed;  their  anthers  sometimes 
only  acutely  sagittate  or  auriculate  at  base,  and  the  short  style-bran- 
ches or  undivided  stvU  not  truncate.  Achenes  mostly  smooth  and 
even,  small  and  seed-like^  the  very  thin  pericarp  destitute  of  nerves 
X)r  other  markings. 

2b    MICROPUS  Gaertn.  Fr.  t.  164. 

Low  floccose-woolly  annuals  with  entire  leaves  and  small 
heads  of  inconspicuous  flowers  in  sessile  clusters.  Heads  discoid, 
several- flowered ;  the  pistillate  flowers  with  filiform  corolla  forming 
a  single  series,  each  wholly  enclosed  in  a  conduplicate  infolded 
and  laterally  compressed  very  gibbous  chaff  or  scale,  which  be- 
comes firm-coriaceous  or  cartilaginous  in  fruit,  and  falls  at  ma- 
turity with  the  completely  enclosed  achene,  inclined  at  length  to 
dehisce  into  two  valves;  the  hermaphrodite  but  sterile  flowers 
with  4-5-toothed  tubular  corolla  few  and  naked  in  the  centre. 
Involucre  of  few  scarious  bracts.  Receptacle  small  and  short. 
Achenes  obovate  and  gibbous  laterally  compressed,  smooth,  its 
apex  lateral.     Pappus  wanting. 

M.  Californicns  F.  &  M.  Ind.  sem.  Petrop  1835,  42.  Stems  slender, 
4-16  inches  high,  loit^ely  white-woolly,  simple  or  sparingly  branched  above, 
leafy  to  the  top:  leaves  linear -oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate,  entire,  6-8  lines 
long,  densely  tomentose  with  a  fine  somewhat  silky  white  wool,  the  largest 
near  the  centre  of  the  stem  :  heads  in  lateral  and  terminal  clusters  which 
are  inclined  to  be  spicate :  fructiferous  scales  very  woolly,  under  the  wool 
smooth,  half-obcordate,  with  a  suberect  beak  terminating  in  a  somewhat 
dilated  scarious  apex.    Common  on  dry  open  hillsides,  southwestern  Ore- 


STYLOCLINB  COMPOSITE  325 

PSILOCARPHUS 

gon  and  California. 

23  STYLOCLIXE  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  viii,  338. 

Low  floccose-woolly  annuals  with  entire  alternate  leaves  and 
small  heads  of  inconspicuous  flowers  in  glomerate  clusters. 
Heads  many-flowered ;  the  pistillate  flowers  with  filiform  corolla, 
several  or  many,  in  two  or  many  series  on  the  columnar  receptacle^ 
each  with  the  ovary  and  achene  loosely  enclosed  in  the  base  or 
body  of  an  ovate  broadly  boat-shaped  chaff"  or  scale  of  the  recepta- 
cle, of  scarious  or  firmer  membranaceous  texture  :  the  hermaphro- 
dite but  sterile  flowers  few  in  the  centre,  on  the  narrow  summit  of 
the  receptacle,  involucrate  but  not  enclosed  by  the  4or  5  merely 
concave  scales  of  the  receptacle,  their  tubular  corollas  4-5-toothed. 
Bracts  of  the  involucre  hyaline  and  inconspicuous  or  hardly  any. 
Achenes  obovate  or  oblong  with  a  narrow  ba^e,  slightly  oblique 
or  straight,  the  areola  terminal.  Pappus  none  to  the  achenes, 
commonly  a  few  caducous  scabrous  bristles  around  the  sterile 
flowers. 

Ours  of  §  ANciSTROCARPHUS  Gray.  Fertile  flowers  5-10,  their 
chaffy  scales  in  not  more  than  two  series,  boat-shaped  and  invol- 
ving the  achene,  of  firm-membranaceous  texture,  and  with  a 
hyaline  tip;  the  5  uppermost  scales  sterile  and  larger,  forming 
an  involucre  around  the  sterile  flowers,  open,  tapering  into  a 
rigid  incurved  hooked  cusp,  persistent,  and  at  length  stellately 
spreading. 

S.  fllaginea  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  viii,  652  Canescent  with  a  fine 
and  appres>ed  wool :  stems  slender,  1-10  inches  higti,  erect,  or  diffuse  and 
and  branching  from  the  base :  leaves  narrowly  linear  or  somewhat  dilated 
upward,  6-8  lines  long :  involucre  outside  of  the  woolly  fructiferous  scales 
obscure  or  none  :  pappus  to  sterile  flowers  none,  On  dry  stony  hillsides, 
southwestern  Oregon  and  California. 

27  PSILOCARPHUS  Nutt.  1.  c. 

Low  floccose-woolly  annuals  with  entire  mostly  opposite  leaves 
and  small  heads  of  inconspicuous  flowers  in  terminal  capitate 
clusters  and  in  the  forks  of  the  branching  stems,  involucrate  by 
the  upper  leaves.  Heads  discoid,  many-flowered  ;  the  pistillate 
flowers  with  filiform  corolla,  numerous,  in  several  series  on  the 
depressed-globose  receptacle,  each  loosely  enclosed  in  an  obovate 
or  semicordate  hooded-saccate  visiccular  or  inflated  chaff  or  scale 
of  membranaceous  texture  clothed  with  soft  wool,  its  apex  in- 
trorse  and  more  or  less  beaked  with  a  hyaline  scale ;  the  her* 
maphrodite  but  sterile  flowers  few  and  naked  in  the  centre,  with 
tubular  4-5-toothed  corolla.  Bracts  of  the  involucre  few,  small, 
scarious-  Achenes  oblong  or  cylindraceous  and  moderately  com- 
pressed, straight,  small  and  loose  in  the  sack  of  the  scale,  which, 
is  more  or  less  open  down  the  inner  face.     Pappus  none. 

*  Leaves  all  tapering  below  ;  the  midrib  not  prominent?  canescent 
with  close  wool  throughout:  fructiferous  bracts  not  over  a  line  long. 


^26  COMPOSITiE  psil  ocabphus 

HESPEREVAX 

T.  tenellns  Nutt.  1.  c.  Canescently  tomentose  throughout  with  fine 
oppressed  wool  which  soon  detaches  from  the  stem :  stems  at  length  much 
<iepressed  aud  branched,  1-3  inches  long:  leaves  spatulate,  3-6  lines  long: 
heads  very  numerous,  2-3  lines  in  diameter:  achenes  half-line  long,  obo- 
vate-oblong.     In  low  grounds,  Washington  to  California. 

P.  Oregranus  Nutt.  1.  c.  Silky-lanate :  stems  erect,  2-6  inches  high, 
branching  from  near  the  ground :  leaves  nearly  linear,  attenuate  below,  4- 
6  lines  long :  heads  humerous,  4-6  lines  in  diameter ;  achenes  oblong-cylin- 
draceous;    Low  grounds  and  roadsides,  Oregon  and  Washington. 

*  *    Leaves  little,  and  those  subtending  the  heads  seldom  at  all  nar- 
rowed at  base :  herbage  and  especially  the  heads  loosely  floccose-woolly 

P.  elatior  Gray  Syn.  FJ.  i,  pt.  2,  Supp.  448.  P.  Oreganus  var.  elatior  Gray. 
Erect  and  caule-cent,  or  at  length  with  spreading  branches,  3-6  inches 
Mgh,  robust:  leaves  lanceolate  or  subspatulate- linear,  6-12  lines  long : 
heads  4-6  lines  broad,  very  leafy-subtended,  loosely  arachnoid-woolly,  the 
the  wool  of  the  fructiferous  bracts  shorter  and  mostly  close :  achenes  cylin- 
<lraceous.    Low  places,  Willamette  and  Columbia  river  valleys. 

P.  brevisslmus  Nutt.  1.  c  Stems  very  short,  mostly  simple:  leaves  ob- 
long or  lanceolate,  2-5  lines  long,  seldom  surpassing  the  leaves:  heads  sol- 
itary or  very  few,  very  woolly :  achenes  cylindrical  or  slightly  clavate. 
^'Plains  of  the  Oregon'*  Nuttall,  to  California. 

28  HESPEREVAX  Gray  Pac.  R.  Rep.  iv  101,  t.  ii. 

Low  annuals  with  mostly  opposite  leaves  and  small  heads  of 
inconspicuous  flowers.  Heads  discoid,  many-flowered ;  the  pis- 
tillate flowers  with  filiform  corolla  in  several  series  on  a  convex 
villous  and  centrally  elevated  columnar  receptacle,  each  subtend- 
ed by  an  ovate  barely  concave  chartaceous  chaffy  scale  :  herma- 
phrodite but  sterile  flowers  several  on  the  apex  of  the  columnar 
receptacle,  involucrate  by  a  whorl  of  3-7  coriaceous  open  bracts. 
Bracts  of  the  involucre  resembling  the  chaff  of  the  receptacle. 
Pappus  none. 

H.  brevifolia  Greene  Fl.  Fr.  102?.  Evax  caulescens  Gray  in  part.  Floc- 
cose-woolly:  stems  4-12  lines  high,  simple,  or  1  ranching  from  the  base, 
often  depressed  :  leaves  lanceolate,  4-6  lines  long,  tapering  into  a  slender 
petiole:  leads  inconspicuous,  in  sessile  terminal  or  axillary  clutters, 
or  solitary,  a  line  or  two  long :  chaffy  scales  of  the  receptacle,  becoming 
rigid,  those  subtending  the  sterile  flowers  thicker  and  woolly  inside : 
achenes  obovate-oblong  with  a  narrowed  base,  straight,  more  or  less  com- 
pressed parallel  to  the  subtending  chaff,  very  smooth.  Dry  barren  spots 
in  prairies,  southwestern  Oregon  and  Calitornia. 

Subtribe  ii  Gnaphalex  Less.  Syn.  269.  Heads  discoid^  heteroga- 
tnous  or  androgynous  or  dioeciously  homogamous;  the  hermaphro' 
dite  or  staminat*-  flowers  when  in  the  same  head  much  fewer  than 
the  pistillate  ones;  pistillate  flowers  with  filiform  tubular  corolla 
shorter  than  the  style;  the  staminate  flowers  with  style  or  style-bran- 
ches mostly  truncate,  all  usually  with  capillary  pappus.  Recepta- 
'cle  withotit  bracts  or  chaff.  Bracts  of  the  involucre  numerous,  more 
or  less  scnrious  or  with  s^arious  and  often  colored  or  petaloid  sum. 
mils.     Anthers  with  slender  tails. 


ANTENNARIA.  COMPOSITiE  327 

29  ANTENNARIA  G^rtn.   Fruct.  &  Sem.  ii,  410,  t.  167. 

Dioecious  or  polygamo-diuscious  perennial  herbs  with  alternate 
leaves  and  many-flowered  heads  of  inconspicuous  flowers.  Heads 
discoid  ;  the  pistillate  flowers  with  filiform  truncate  corolla  shor- 
ter than  the  2-cleft  style;  staminate  with  tubular  5-lobed  corolla 
and  style  with  undivided  truncate  apex.  Involucre  of  imbrica- 
ted, scarious,  persistent  bracts,  at  least  their  tips  white  or  colored". 
Receptacle  flat  or  convex,  naked.  Achenes  small,  nearly  terete 
or  flattish,  mostly  glabrous.  Pappus  a  single  series  of  capillary 
bristles,  those  of  the  fertile  flowers  very  slender,  connate  at  base, 
and  so  falling  from  the  achene  in  a  body;  those  of  the  sterile  of- 
ten crisp,  mostly  thickened  at  the  apex. 

§  1  Bristles  of  the  pappus  of  the  staminate  fioweas  hardly  at 
all  thickened,  but  minutely  barbellate  near  the  apex  :  achenes 
obscurely  2-3-nerved,  pubescent,  the  short  hairs  with  2-lobed 
and  at  length  biuncinate  tips.  Bracts  of  the  campanulate  or 
somewhat  turbinate  involucre  brownish. 

A.  dimorpha  T.  &G.  Fl.  ii,  431.    Depressed,  cespitose,  forming  dense 
matted  tufts  from  a  few  inches  to  a  foot  or  more  in  diameter  and   only  an> 
inch  or  two  high  :  the  thickish  rootstocks  creeping:  stems  1-2  inches  high,, 
very  leafy  :  leaves  spatulate,  attenuate  below  to  a  petiole,  6-12  lines  long 
whitish-tomentose  both  sides :  heads  solitary,  3-4  lines  high :  bracts  of  the 
involucre  well  imbricated,  the  outer  successively  shorter  and  obtuse,  the- 
inner  acute  or  acuminate ;  of  the  fertile  heads  narrow  with  hyaline  acum- 
inate tips:  achenes  oblong,  pubescent:  pappus  of  the  fertile  flowers  copi- 
ous, of  soft  and  very  slender  bristles  that  are  not  at  ail  thickened  upwards 
Common  on  dry  plains  east  of  the  Cascade  mountains,  Brit.   Columbia  to 
California  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

A.  flagellaris  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xvii,  212  Silky-lanate :  stem  sol-- 
itary,  6-20  lines  high,  from  a  slender  rootstock :  lower  leaves  subulate- 
from  a  very  broad  and  somewhat  clasping  base,  producing  from  their  axils 
slender  wiry  stolons  2-6  inches  long,  with  a  tuft  of  leaves  and  a  bud  at 
their  apices  which  root  and  form  new  piants :  cauline  It^aves  linear,  10-14 
lines  long,  not  at  all  narrowed  at  base :  heads  solitary,  3-4  lines  high  : 
bracts  of  the  involucre  in  few  ranks,  but  little  unequal,  acute  or  the  inner 
ones  shortly  acuminate.  On  barren  rocky  ridges  m  the  mountains  of  eas- 
tern Oregon  and  Washington. 

A,  stenophylla  Gray  1.  c.  "Stems  erect  from  a  subten  anean  caudex, 
slender,  4-6  inches  high,  without  stolons,  leafy,  terminated  by  a  capituli- 
form  glomerule  of  2-4  heads :  leaves  very  narrowly  linear  or  almost  filiform, 
attenuate  to  both  ends  (the  larger  3  inclies  long),  silvery- woolly :  heads 
barely  3  lines  long :  involucral  bracts  in  both  sexes  broadish  and  obtuse, 
dark  brown,  or  in  the  male  the  inner  ones  with  white  tips :  achenes  (two 
thirds  of  a  line  long),  minutely  hirtellous-scabrous :  female  pappus  scanty, 
only  a  line  long :  *  *.    High  hills  Union  Co.  eastern  Oregon  Cusick.  " 

§  2  Bristles  of  the  staminate  pappus  stout,  with  clavate  or 
scarious-dilated  tips. 

*    Not  surculose  by  stolons,  6-12  inches  high :  pistillate  heads  nar- 
row, cylindraceous  or  clavate :  achenes  glandular. 

A.  Geyeri  Gray  PI.  Fendl.  107.  Pubescence  appressed  eilky-canescentr 
stems  numerous  from  a  lignescent  branched  base,  3-8  inches  high :  leaves 


328  COMPOSITE  antennaria 

spatulate  or  oblanceolate,  3-12  lines  long,  mostly  acute :  heads  numerous, 
3-4  lines  high,  cylindraceous,  or  the  staminate  campanulate,  in  terminal 
spicately  or  cymosely  disposed  glomerules:  involucre  very  woolly  at  base; 
of  the  pistillate  heads  commonly  4  lines  long,  of  the  staminate  shorter,  the 
inner  in  both  with  ronspicuous  rose-purple  or  ivory-  white  tips  which  in 
the  latter  are  obtuse,  in  the  former  narrower  and  acute.  In  dry  open 
woods,  eastern  Washington  to  California,  not  common. 

*  *  Not  surculose-stoloniferous :  stems  simple  from  the  subterranean 
branching  caudex,  rather  strict,  leafy,  naked  at  the  summit,  and 
bearing  a  mostly  cymose-compound  cluster  of  heads :  inner  bracts  of 
the  staminate  involucre  all  wi'h  conspicuous  ivory-white  obtuse  tips; 
those  of  the  pistillate  hwit  hardly  any  tips:  herbage  silvery-lanate: 
larger  lower  leaves  3-nerved. 

A.  luzuloides  T.  &  G.  Fl.  ii,  430.  "Closely  silky-woolly :  stems  slender 
8-12  inches  high  :  leaves  all  narrowly  linear  or  some  of  the  lowest  narrowly 
lanceolate-spatiilate,  small,  uppermost  linear-subulate:  heads  small  (2 
lines  or  the  pistillate  baTcly  3  lines  long),  several  or  numerous:  involucre 
glabrous  nearly  or  quite  to  the  base ;  its  inner  bracts  in  the  pistillate  heads 
obtuse :  achenes  glandular ;  the  spatulate  and  a«it  were  petaloid  tips  of  the 
staminate  pappus  obtuse."  Brit.  Columbia  to  Oregon  and  Wyoming,  east 
of  the  Cascade  mountains. 

A.  argentea  Benih.  PL  Hartw.  319.  Silvery  lanate  with  a  very  fine 
and  Eomewhat  strigose  pubescence:  stems  slender,  10-20  inches  high, 
leafy,  leaves  linear-lanceolate  or  broader  to  linear,  1-  4  inches  long,  atten- 
uate below  to  a  margined  petiole  with  a  dilated  and  somewhat  clasping 
base,  more  or  less  prominently  3-nerved:  heads  small  numerous,  panicl- 
ed:  involucre  glabrous,  1-2  lines  high,  its  bracts  obtuse  or  acutish  :  tips  of 
the  staminate  pappus  dilated.     Dry  grounds,  Washington  to  California. 

A.  laiiata  Greene  Pitt,  iii  288.  A.  Carpathica  R.  Br.  as  to  the  Ameri- 
can plant.  Densely  white-woolly:  stems  simple,  8-12  inches  high  :  lower 
leaves  spatulate-lanceolate,  1-3  inches  long,  attenuate  below  to  a  slender 
petiole,  the  upper  linear,  with  conspicuous  scarious  tips  :  heads  several  to 
many,  in  a  close  capitate  terminal  cluster:  involucre  2-3  lines  high,  dense- 
ly woolly  at  base,  the  inner  bracts  with  conspicuous  white  tips;  of  the  sta- 
minate flowers  broad  and  obtuse,  of  the  pistillate  linear  and  acute  :  achenes 
glabrous:  pappus  of  the  staminate  flower ••  of  moderately  dilated  bristles. 
On  high  mountains,  Brit.  Columbia  to  eastern  Oregon. 

*  *  *  Surculose-proliferous  by  either  subterranean  or  humifuse  and 
leafy  shoots  or  stolons. 

-<-   Involucre  woolly  at  base. 

A.  media  Greene  1.  c.  286.  A.  alpina  of  authors  as  to  the  American 
plant.  Somewhat  cespitose:  radical  shoots  not  very  numerous,  short: 
densely  silky- woolly :  flowering  stems  1-6  inches  high :  radical  leaves  broad- 
ly spatulate  to  obovate,  4-10  lines  long;  cauline  linear-spatulate  to  linear: 
heads  few  to  several;  the  pistillate  sessile  in  a  close  capitate  cluster,  with 
brown  narrow  lanceolate  acute  involucral  bracts ;  the  staminate  heads  oft- 
en somewhat  panicled,  with  oblong  mostly  obtuse  bracts  with  scarious 
white  tips:  pappus  but  little  if  at  all  thickened  upward.  On  the  highest 
mountains,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

A.  rosea  Greene  1.  c.  281 ;  A.  dioica  var.  rosea  Eaton.  Loosely  surculose: 
silvery-canescent  and  floccose:  stems  stoutish,  2-12  inches  high,  leafy: 
leaves  of  the  sterile  shoots  oblanceolate  to  spatulate,  an  inch  or  more 
long ;  of  the  flowering  stems  linear-lanceolate  to  linear,  1-13^  inches  long : 
heads  usually  numerous,  in  a  close  panicle :  bracts  of  the  involucre  rose- 
color  to  red^  about  2  lines  long,  lanceolate,  mostly  obtuse :  staminate  plant 
not  seen.    On  the  highest  mountains,  from  Brit.  Columbia  to  California. 


ANTENNARIA  COMPOSITiE  329 


A.  pedicellata  Greene  1.  o.  175  "  Slender,  more  than  a  foot  high,  the 
stems  with  scattered  spreading  and  rather  conspicuous  leaves  instead  of 
upright  bracts :  lowest  leaves  on  short  ascending  branches  hardly  to  be 
called  stolons  or  surciili,  small,  oblaiiceolate,  acute,  nerveless,  prominently 
tomentose  on  both  ace* and  thin:  heads  on  slender  pedicels  of  3^-1  inch 
in  length,  thus  forming  a  lax  subcorymbose  cyme:  involucres  short  and 
subaampanulate,  tlieir  bracts  in  only  about  3  series,  the  tips  of  the  inner 
narrow,  acutisli  or  obtuse:  achenes  obscurely  5  angled  as  well  as  very 
imnutely  and  sparingly  glandular.     Blue  mountains  of  Oregon,  CusicJc.''* 

A.  umbrinella  Rydberg.  Canescent  with  a  very  short  silky  wool  which 
becomes  floccose  upon  the  stem  and  upper  leaves :  flowering  stems  slender, 
4-10  inches  high  from  a  shrubby  branching  base :  leaves  of  the  short  sterile 
branches  cuneate  to  spatulate,  without  any  distinction  of  blade  and  petiole, 
4-6  lines  long  1-3  lines  broad  at  the  summit,  permanently  canescent  on 
both  sides,  persistent  for  several  years ;  leaves  of  the  flowerinar  stems 
oblong  or  narrower,  erect,  3-8  lines  long :  heads  few,  sessile  in  a  small  cap- 
itate cluster :  involucre  campanulate,  2-3  lines  high,  its  bracts  broad  and 
obtuse,  the  inner  with  conspicaous  white  tips:  staminate  plant  not  seen. 
On  dry  foothills  of  the  Cascade  mountains  on  the  east  side.  Distributed 
by  the  author  as  A.  dioica  in  1881. 

A.  suflfrutescens  Greene  1.  c.  277.  Low  evergreen  nndershrub,  the  rig- 
id procumbent  branches  leafy  throughout,  1-3  inches  long :  leaves  of  the 
branchlets  cuneate  to  spatulate,  2-6  lines  long,  obtuse  and  often  emargin- 
ate,  densely  white-tomentose  beneath,  green  and  glabrate  above;  flower- 
ing stems  slendi^r,  3-6  inches  long,  with  linear  to  subulate  leaves  and  1-5 
comparatively  large  heads  at  the  summit :  involucre  campanulate,  4-5  lines 
high  :  bracts  of  the  pistillate  involucre  narrowly  lanceolate,  the  inner  with 
white  acuminate  hyaline  tips  those  of  the  staminate  more  ample,  with  ob- 
tuse or  emarginate  to  acute  white  tips :  bristles  of  the  pappus  in  the  stam- 
inate flowers  with  evident  though  narrow  and  surrulate  dilated  tips.  On 
rocky  slopes  of  the  Coast  mountains  in  Josephine  Co.  Oregon. 

A.  Howellii  Greene  1.  c.  174.  A.  plantaginifoHa  of  authors  as  to  the 
Pacific  Coast  plant.  Freely  surculose  by  slender  stolons,  the  offsets  bien- 
nial: flowering  f-tems  slender,  6-18  inches  high,  loosely  woolly,  bearing 
linear  or  lanceolate  leaves  and  a  cluster  of  several  heads :  radical  leaves 
broadly  spatulate  to  oblanceolate,  acute  or  acutish  and  apiculate,  attenu- 
ate below  to  a  short  petiole,  1-2  inches  long,  somewhat  fleshy,  canescent 
beneath,  green  and  glabrate  above:  involucre  campanulate,  about  4  lines 
long,  its  bracts  linear-lanceolate,  the  inner  with  very  acute  almost  hyaline 
white  tips :  achenes  oblong,  pappillose-granular.  Common  in  dry  open 
grounds,  western  Oregon  to  Brit.  Columbia. 

-«-  +-  Heads  loosely  paniculate :  involucre  almost  glabrous. 

A.  racemosa  Hook.  Fl.  i,  329.  Freely  surculose  by  long  and  slender, 
sparsely  leafy  stolons,  lightly  woolly,  becoming  glabrate:  flowering  stems 
6-20  inches  high,  slender  sparsely  leafy,  bearing  few  or  numerous,  racem- 
ously  or  paniculately  disposed  heads,  nearly  all  slender-peduncled :  leaves 
thin,  the  radical  broadly  oval,  acute  at  each  end,  slender-petioled,  includ- 
ing the  petiole  1-3  inches  long,  obscurely  3nerved  at  basft,  rather  veiny, 
densely  tomentose  beneath,  green  and  glabrate  above:  cauline  leaves  sim- 
ilar but  smaller  and  sessile,  lanceolate :  involucre  campanulate,  about  3 
lines  high;  its  bracts  green  or  brownish;  of  the  staminate  heads  obtuse, 
the  inner  obscurely  white-tipped ;  of  the  pistillate  heads  narrow  and  most- 
lyacute,  with  scarious  white  tips:  Moist  woods  and  rocky  banks,  Oregon 
to   Brit.  Columbia  and  the  Rocky  mountains. 


3S0  COMPOSITE  ANAPHALIS 

GNAPHALIUM 

30  ANAPHALTS  DC.  Prodr.  vi,  241. 

While-tomentose  woolly  perrenial  herbs  with  leafy  erect  stems 
entire  leaves  and  numerous  small  discoid  heads  ofyeJlowdisk 
flowers.  Heads  dioecious  but  usually  with  a  few  hermaphrodite 
flowers  in  the  centre  of  the  pistillate  heads.  Bristles  of  the  pap- 
pus of  the  staminate  flowers  but  little  if  at  all  thickened  at  the 
apex;  of  the  pistillate  flowers  not  united  at  base  but  falling  sep- 
arately. 

A,  margaritacea  B.  &  H.  Gen.  ii,  303.  Stems  stout,  1-2  feet  high, 
tuHed,  very  leafy,  the  white  fioccope  wool  rarely  becoming  tawny :  leaves 
from  rather  broadly  to  linear  lanceolate,  2-6  inches  long,  wliite-woolly  be- 
neath, soon  glabrate  and  green  above,  the  broadei  ones  indistinctly  3- 
nerved:  heads  numerous,  corj'mbosely  cymose:  involucre  globnlar,  its 
numerous  bracts  almost  wholly  pearly-whie:  acheoes  oblong.  Common 
on  dry  ridges  in  forests,  Alaska  to  California  and  across  the  continent. 

30  GNAPHALIUM  L.  Gen.  n.  943.    Cudweed. 

Floccose-woolly  herbs  with  sessile,  and  sometimes  decurrent 
leaves  and  commonly  numerous  heads  of  s  mall  fiowers  in  cym- 
ose  clusters  or  glomerules.  Heads  heterogamous,  discoid,  fertile 
throughout,  of  few  or  many  series  of  pistillate  flowers  surround- 
ing a  smaller  number  of  hermaphrodite  ones.  Involucre  pluri- 
serial,  imbricated,  the  scarious  and  commonly  partly  woolly 
bracts  with  or  without  colored  papery  tips  or  appendages.  Style 
of  hermaphrodite  flowers  2-cleft.  Pappus  of  numerous  merely 
scabrous  capillary  bristles  in  a  single  series.  Achenes  terete  or 
flattish,  mostly  nearly  nerveless. 

§  1  EuGNAPHALiUM  DC.  Prodr.  vi,  122.  Bristles  of  the  pap- 
pus not  at  all  united  at  base,  falling  separately. 

*  Involucre  woolly  only  at  base,  mainly  scarious :  heads  paniculately 
or  corymbosely  cymose,  or  glomerate  at  the  fcu  mm  it  of  the  leafy  gem 
and  branches. 

Gr.  microcephalnm  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  vii,  404  Densely 
white-woolly  throughout:  stems  slender,  1-2  feet  high,  from  a  biennial  or 
more  enduring  root :  leaves  linear  or  the  lower  spatulate-lanceolate,  with 
slenderly  decurrent  base,  persistently  white-woolly,  1-2  inches  long :  heads 
small,  in  small  paniculate  glomerules :  involucre  from  turbinate  to  cam- 
panulate,  1-2  lines  high,  woolly  at  base,  its  ovate-lanceolate  bracts  mostly 
unequal,  acute,  pearly-white.  On  dry  bars  and  bluffs  along  water-courses, 
Brit.  Columbia  to  California. 

G.  Sprengelii  H.&A.  Bot.  Beech.  150.  Stems  stout  and  strict,  1-3  feet 
high  from  a  biennial  root :  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear  or  the  lowest  narrow- 
ly spatulate,  densely  white-w  oolly  or  sometimes  more  thinly  floccose,  the 
short  decurrent  base  or  adnate  auricles  rather  broad :  heads  numerous,  in 
single  to  numerous  glomerules,  terminating  the  stem  or  few  branches:  in- 
volucre hemispherical,  3  lines  high,  white  or  yellowish,  becoming  slightly 
rusty  in  age,  its  bracts  thin,  oval  and  oblong,  obtuse.  Common  on  moist 
river-banks,  Brit  Columbia  to  California. 

G.  decnrrens  Ives  Am.  Journ,  Sci.  i,  380,  t.  1.  Stems  strict,  2-3  feet 
high,  corymbosely  branched  at  the  top  and  bearing  cymulosely  disposed 


GNAPHALIDM  COMPOSITE  331 

glomerules  of  rather  broad  heads :  leaves  very  numerous,  lanceolate  or  the 
upper  linear,  white- woolly  beneath  or  rarely  glabra! e:  involucre  broadly 
campanulate,  white,  usually  becotning  rusty  tinged,  the  thin  scarious 
bracts  ovate  and  oblong,  acutish,  only  the  innermost  linear-lanceolate  and 
acute.    Rather  open  and  dry  grounds  ,  Brit.  Columbia  to  Washington. 

*  *  Involucre  less  imbricated,  more  woolly,  the  scarious  tips  of  the 
nearly  equal  bracts  not  very  conspicuous,  dull-colored :  heads  glomerate 
and  leafy-bracteate,  only  a  line  or  so  high :  low  branching  annuals. 

G.  palustre  Nutt.  1.  c.  403.  Loosely  floccose  with  long  wool :  stems  erect 
or  diffusely  branching  from  the  base,  2-8  inches  high  :  leaves  spatulate  to 
lanceolate  or  linear.  (5-12  lines  long:  heads  very  numerous,  in  small  glom- 
erules terminating  the  stem  or  branches  '.involucre  campanulate,  its  bracts 
linear  with  glabrous  white  acute  tips.  Edges  of  ponds  and  damp  places^ 
Brit.  Columbia  to  California  and  the  Rocky  mountains. 

G.  ULiGiNosuM  L.  Fl.  Dan.  859.  Appressed-woolly :  stems  2-6  inches 
high,  soon  diffusely  branched,  leafy:  leaves  spatulate-linear  or  the  lower 
spatu'ate-oblanceolate,  6-12  lines  long:  heads  numerous,  in  racemosely 
disposed  glomerules:  involucre  narrow,  1-2  lines  long,  its  linear-lanceolate 
or  subulate  bracts  brown  or  soon  becoming  so.  On  moist  banks  and  flats^ 
Brit.  Columbia  to  California  and  the  eastern  States:  introduced  from  Eu. 

§  2  Gamoch^ta  Webb  Chlor.  And.  i,  151,  as  genus  Bristles 
of  the  pappus  united  at  base  into  a  ring  and  deciduous  together 
from  the  achene.  Heads  spicately  or  capitalely  glomerate,  the 
lower  glomerules  leafy-bracteate.  Involucre  brownish,  purple  or 
sorded. 

0.  purpureum  L.  Pp.  is  854.  Canescent  with  close  and  dense  silvery 
wool:  stems  simple,  stoutish,  5-12  inches  high,  from  a  perennial  root: 
leaves  spatulate,  1-2  inches  long,  often  becoming  green  and  glabrate  above; 
heads  numerous,  in  an  oblong  or  cylindraceous  or  spiciform  inflorescence : 
involucre  campanulate,  about  2  lines  long,  its  ovate  or  lanceolate  bracts 
brownish  or  purplish.  Common  in  fields  and  open  places,  throughout 
North  America. 

Sublrihe  Hi,  Euinula  DC-  Prodr  v,  463.  Heads  lielerogam- 
ous,wWi  the  pislillale  flowers  all  ligulale  and  radiate,  and 
the  disk-flowers  all  hermaphrodiU  and  fertile.  Receptacle 
naked.  Slyle-hranehes  of  the  hermaphrodite  flowers  linear, 
rounded  at  the  apex.    :^chenes  mostly  coriaceous. 

32  INULA  L.  Gen.  n.  956. 

Tomentose  or  woolly  perennial  herbs  with  alternate  leaves  and 
large  heads  of  yellow  flowers.  Heads  radiate,  many- flowered. 
Involucre  imbricated,  the  outer  bracts  herbaceous.  Receptacle 
flat  or  nearly  so,  not  chaffy.  Achenes  more  or  less  4-costate. 
Pappus  of  scabrous  capillary  bristles. 

1.  HELENiuM  L.  Sp.  881.  (elecampane.)  Stcms  tufted  from  |large  thick 
roots,  simple,  or  rarely  somewhat  branched,  2-6  feet  high,  densely  pubes- 
cent above :  leaves  large,  broadly  oblong,  rough  above,  densely  pubescent 
beneath,  denticulate,  the  radical  ones  acute  at  each  end  long-petioled,  10-20 
inches  long  by  4-8  broad ;  cauline  sessile  or  cordate-clasping  at  the  base, 
acute  at  the  apex,  smaller:  heads  solitary  or  few,  terminal,  stout-peduncl- 
ed,  2-4  inches  broad :  involucre  hemispherical,  nearly  1  inch  high,  its 
stout  bracts  ovate,  foliaceous,  pubescent :  rays  numerous,  linear :  aclienes 


332  COMPOSITJE  adenocaulon 

DIMERESIA 

glabrous,  4-8ided.    iloadsides  and  wast  places :  introduced  from  Europe. 

SuMrihe  iv  MenocauUce  Gray  Syn.  Fl.  i,  pt  2,  59. 
Heads  liehrogamous,  discoid;  holh  pisiillaie  and  herviaphro- 
diU  flowers  wilh  iuhular  viort  or  less  ampliale  4-5-ioolhed 
or  'lohed  corolla:  involucre  not  scarious:  receptacle  naked: 
iichenes  elongated,  striate  or  nerved:  pappus  none, 

33  ADENOCAULON  Hook.  Bot.  Mlse.  i,  119,  t.  15. 

Perennial  herbs  with  slender  stems  alternate  and  dilated  leaves 
on  long  margined  petioles,  and  very  small  heads  of  whitish  flow- 
ers. Heads  several  to  many-flowered ;  the  marginal  ones  pistil- 
late only;  the  more  numerous  central  ones  hermaphrodite-sterile. 
Involucre  of  few  thin  herbaceous  bracts.  Receptacle  flat,  naked. 
Corollas  all  somewhat  alike ;  of  the  sterile  flowers  broadly  fun- 
nelform  and  deeply  4-5 -cleft ;  of  the  fertile  ones  less  ampliate, 
either  regularly  4-lobed.  or  bilabiate  with  the  outer  lip  3-lobed. 
Style  of  the  sterile  flowers  undivided ;  of  the  fertile  ones  with 
short  and  broad  stigmatic  branches.  Anthers  sagittate,  the  au- 
ricles minutely  but  evidently  caudate,  connate.  Achenes  obovate- 
oblong  or  clavate,  very  obtuse,  very  much  exceeding  the  involu- 
cre, the  upper  part  beset  with  stout  stipitate  glandsi 

A.  blcolor  Hook.  1.  c.  Stems  1-3  feet  high,  leafy  below:  leaves dilated- 
cordate,  1-3  inches  long  by  nearly  as  broad,  coarsely  sinuate-dentate  or 
repand  or  slightly  lobed,  early  glabrate  and  green  above,  white  with  thin 
cottony  wool  beneath :  bracts  of  the  involucre  4-5,  in  a  single  series,  ovate, 
reflexed  in  fruit :  fertile  corollas  regularly  4-lobed :  achenes  club-shaped,  2-3 
lines  long.  Common  in  forests  and  woods,  Alaska  to  California  and  east 
to  Lake  Superior. 

Suhtrihe  v.  Dimeresese.  Heads  homogamous,  flowers  all  herma- 
qhrodite  and  fertile.     Corollas  tubular  and  regular,  5-toothed. 

34  DIMERESIA  Gray  Syn.  Fl.  i,  pt.  2,  Supp.  448. 

Low  annuals  with  opposite  leaves  and  2-flowered  heads  in 
dense  terminal  glomerules.  Heads  discoid,  homogamous,  the 
flowers  hermaphrodite  and  fertile.  Involucre  of  2  herbaceous 
oblong  concave  bracts,  a  little  united  at  base,  each  subtending 
and  almost  enclosing  a  flower.  Corolla  tubular,  regular,  5-tooth- 
ed. Anthers  sagittate  at  base,  the  narrow  auricles  but  little  ex- 
tended. Style -branches  narrowly  linear,  obtuse,  not  appendaged, 
the  bordering  stigmatic  lines  extending  to  and  around  the  naked 
apex.  Achenes  clavate-pyriform,  glabrous,  many-striate,  with 
small  epigynous  areola,  bearing  a  pappus  of  stout  plumose  bristles 
in  a  single  series  which  are  united  at  base  in  a  ring  and  early 
deciduous  together. 

^  B.  Howellii  Gray  1.  c.  449.  Stems  stoutish,  minutely  floccose-woolly, 
simple  or  branched,  6-18  lines  long,  from  a  long  annual  taproot :  leaves  ob- 
ovate  or  oval,  including  the  broad  petiole  10-14  lines  long,  thiuly  white- 
woolly  beneath,  soon  glabrate  and  green  above :  heads  numerous,  subses- 
sile,  in  dense  terminal  glomerules :  corollas  purplish  or  flesh-color :  pappus 


COMPOSITE  333 

of  20  long-plumose  bristles.    On  high  stony  hills,  near  Stein  mountain 
southeastern  Oreg'  n. 

Tribe  iv  Helianthoidese  B.  &  H.  Gen.  ii,  166.  Heads  heterog- 
amous  and  the  pistillate  flowers  ligulate  and  radiate,  or  rarely  with 
corolla  wanting,  and  then  sometimes  monoecious:  or  sometimes  homo- 
gamous  by  the  absence  of  the  ray-flowers:  disk-flowers  all  with  regular 
4-5-toothed  tubular  corolla.  Receptacle  usually  with  paleae  or  chaff 
subtending  either  all  the  flowers  or  the  marginal  ones  only.  Anthers 
at  most  sagittate,  not  caudate  at  base.  Style-branches  of  the  herma- 
phrodite  or  sterile  flowers  truncate  or  continued  into  a  hairy  conical 
to  subulate  appendage.  Pappus  various  or  none:  never  of  truly  cap- 
illary bristles. 

SuBTRiBE  I  IvE^.  Heads  androgynous,  having  few  fertile 
flowers  at  the  margin. 

35  Iva  Fertile  flowers  1-5,  with  or  without  the  tube  or  cup  representing 
a  corolla 

SuBTRiBE  II,  Ambrosie^.  Heads  homogamous,  monoecious : 
the  fertile  ones  with  1-4  apetalous  flowers  in  a  closed  bur-like  or 
achene-like  pointed  involucre ;  the  sterile  with  numerous  flowers 
in  an  open  involucre. 

*  Involucre  to  the  staminate  flowers  5-12  lobed  or  almost  truncate 

36  Ambrosia  Fertile  involucres  1-flowercd,  achene-like,  bearing  no  more 
than  one  row  of  tubercles  or  short  spines. 

37  Oaertneria  Fertile  involucres  1-4-flowercd,  1-4-celled,  armed  with 
more  than  one  row  of  tubercles  or  prickles. 

*  *    Involucre  of  the  staminate  heads  of  a  few  distinct  scales 

38  Xanthiuin  Fertile  involucres  bur-like,  2-celled,  2-flowered,  beset  with 

with  numerous  hooked  prickles. 

Subtribe  III  Verbesine^  Heads  radiate  with  either  neutral 
or  pistillate  ray  flowers  or  rayless :  the  disk-flowers  perfect  and 
fertile.  Receptacle  chaffy.  Achenes  thick  and  3-4-angled  or 
those  of  the  disk  laterally  compressed. 

*  Receptacle  elongated,  becoming  columnar. 

39  Rndbeckia  Rays  neutral  or  rarely  wanting :  achenes  quadrangular 
and  compressed. 

*  *    Receptacle  flat ,  concave  or  rarely  conical; 

+-   Rays  pistillate  and  fertile. 

40  Balsamorhiza  Pappus  none :  achenes  of  the  ray  obcompressed ;  of  the 

disk  prismatic-quadrangular  or  somewhat  compressed. 

41  Wyethia  Pappus  a  chaffy-coriaceous  crown  or  cup,  continuous  with 
the  broad  summit  of  the  achene . 

■*-  ■*-    Rays  neutral,  rarely  wanting. 

42  Heliauthella  Achenes  flat,  the  thin  edges  more  or  less  wing-like : 
pappus  a  pair  of  persistent  awns  or  chaffy  teeth  and  a  crown  of  inter- 
mediate chaffy  rcales. 


334  COMPOSITE 

43  Helianthus  Achenes  thick,  quadrangular-compressed  or  with  the 
sides  convex  and  the  angles  obtuse:  pappus  a  pair  of  caducous  chaffy 
scales  or  awns. 

SuBTRiBE  IV,  BiDENTiAE^  Heads  radiate,  the  rays  neutral  or 
pistillate.  Receptacle  chaffy  with  flat  or  barely  concave  decidu- 
ous chaff.  Achenes  all  obcompressed  Pappus  of  2-4  teeth  or 
awns  from  the  angles,  or  none. 

44  Coreopsis    Achenes  never  rostrate-attenuate  nor  with  retrorsely  barb- 

ed awns. 

45  Bidens    Achenes  neither  winged  nor  beaked,  2-5 -awn ed  with  retrorse- 

ly barbed  persistent  awns. 

SuBTRiBE  V,  Galinsoge^  Heads  heterogamous  with  the  ray- 
flowers,  when  present,  fertile ;  disk- flowers  either  perfect  and 
fertile  or  sterile,  Achenes  neither  compressed  nor  obcompressed. 
Pappus  in  both  ray-  and  disk-flowers  few  to  numerous  chaffy 
scales. 

46  Blepharipappus    Heads  radiate ;  the  rays  pistillate :  pappus  of  12-2(> 

thin  scales  with  a  stout  midrib. 

SuBTRiBE  VI,  Madie^  Hcads  hetcrogamous;  ray-flower8,  when 
present,  fertile ;  disk-flowers  either  perfect  and  fertile,  or  sterile. 
Involucre  a  series  of  bracts,  each  subtending  and  more  or  less  en- 
closing a  ray-achene.  Receptacle  chaffy  only  at  the  margin,  the 
chafl  f  )rming  a  sort  of  inner  involucre  or  else  subtending  some  or 
all  of  the  disk  flowers 

*  Achenes  all  laterally  compressed ;  those  ef  the  ray  wholly  enclosed 
in  the  carinate  strongly  infolded  bracts  of  the  involucre. 

47  Anisocarpns    Rays  conspicuous  and  mostly  numerous,  fertile;  disk- 

flowers  numerous,  sterile  or  tne  exterior  ones   fertile ;  with  pubescent 
corolla  and  a  pappus  composed  of  fimbriate  or  plumose -lacerate  scales. 

48  Madaria    Rays  numerous  and  conspicuous :  disk-flowers  without  pap- 

pus, either  all  or  only  the  central  ones  sterile. 

49  Madia    Rays  1-12  or  none,  short  and  more  or  less  inconspicuous :  disk- 

flowers  numerous  or  few,  all  fertile,  destitute  of  pappus. 

50  Harpsecarpus  Rays  4-8,  very  short  and  inconspicuous ;  disk-flower 
solitary,  fertile,  enclosed  in  a  3-5-toothed  herbaeeous  cup :  pappus  none. 

*  *    Achenes  of  the  ray-flowers  turgid,  more  or  less  oblique  or  incurv- 
ed, never  laterally  compressed  but  mostly  so (newhat  obcompressed; 
bracts  of  the  involucre  each  investing  an  achene,  rounded  on  the  back. 

51  Hemizonella  Involucre  stronglg  4-5-sulcate  by  the  complete  enwrap- 
ing  of  the  4  or  5  achenes :  disk-flower  solitary  in  a  son  of  inner  invo- 
lucre :  pappus  none. 

52  Hemizonia  Achenes  of  the  ray-flowers  obovate-triangular,  with  de- 
pressed terminal  areola;  disk -flowers  numerous,  with  abortive  achenes : 
pappus  none. 

53  Calycadenia  Achenes  of  the  ray-flowers  obovoid,  the  terminal  areola 
little  if  at  all  oblique,  triangular;  of  the  numerous  disk-flowers  well 
formed,  and  sometimes  truly  fertile,  surrounded  by  a  circle  of  herba- 
ceou  bracts ;  paj  pus  of  conspicuous  chaffy  scales. 


iVA  COMPOSITtE  335 

54  Centromadia    Achenes  of    theray-flowers  very  oblique,  the  srr  all  ter- 

minal areola  from  the  summit  of  the  inner  angle  or  face,  on  a  narrow 
beak :  receptacle  convex  or  co ideal,  chaffy  throughout,  the  chaff  distinct. 

*  *  *  Bay-achenes  obcompressed  or  clavate,  completely  enclosed 
in  the  involucral  bracts  which  are  flattish  on  the  back  at  base  and  their 
thin  margins  abruptly  infolded. 

55  Lagophylla    Heads  few-flowered :  ray  achenes  about  5,  obovate,  much 

obcompressed,  smooth:  disk-flowers  sterile:  pappus  none. 

66  Layia  Heads  many-flowered:  rays  8-20,  with  obovate  or  somewhat 
clavate  smooth  ach2aes;  disk-flowers  mostly  fertile,  their  similar  or 
narrower  achenes  often  pubescent:  pappus  composed  of  bristles  or  sub- 
ulate pointed  scales  or  none. 

57  Achyrachaena    Heads  many-f  owe  red ;  the  flowers  all  fertile :  achenes 
linear-cuneate  or  clavate,  10-ribbed,  some  or  all  of  the  ribs  tuberculate- 
scab»  ous ;  those  of  the  disk  with  a  pappus  of  blunt,  silvery-scarious 
scales  in  2  series. 

Suhtribe  i  Ivese  Heads  androgynous^  hearing  few  pistillate  flowers 
at  the  margin;  the  more  numerous  staminate  ones  all  or  most  of  them 
subtended  by  slender  chaffy  bracts.  Anther-tips  short  and  obtuse, 
rarely  pointed.  Involucre  open.  Achenes  usually  large  for  the  size 
of  tne  head  J  free. 

35    IVA  L.  Gen.  n.  1059. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  with  entire  or  dentate  or  dissected  leaves,  at 
least  the  lowest  ones  opposite,  and  small  spicately  or  racemosely 
or  paniculately  disposed  or  scattered  and  commonly  nodding  heads 
of  inconspicuous  flowers.  Fertile  and  sterile  flowers  in  the  same 
heads:  the  former  1-5.  marginal,  with  a  small  tubular  corolla;  the 
latter  7-20  (rarely  only  2  or  SJj  with  tubular-campanulate  or  fun- 
nelform  5-toothed  corolla.  Bracts  of  the  campanulate  or  hemi- 
spherical involucre  3-5,  in  a  single  series  and  more  or  less  united 
into  a  cup.  Receptacle  chaffy  with  linear  or  spatulate  scales  sub- 
tending the  sterile  flowers.  Anthers  nearly  distinct.  Style  in 
the  fertile  flowers  deeply  2-cleft:  of  the  sterile  ones  undivided. 
Achenes  obovate,  thick,  often  granulate  without  a  disk  at  the 
apex.     Pappus  wanting. 

I.  axillaris  Pursh  Fl.  743-  Herbaceous  from  somewhat  woody  creep- 
ing rootstocks;  the  stems  or  branches  nearly  simple,  ascending,  10-20 
inches  high:  leaves  obovate  or  oblong  to  nearly  linear,  obtuse,  entire,  ses* 
sile,  rarely  over  an  inch  long,  even  the  uppermost  usually  much  surpassing 
the  mostly  solitary  heads  in  their  axiles:  bracts  of  the  hemispherical 
involucre  connate  into  a  4-5-lobed  or  sometimes  parted  and  sometimes 
merely  crenate  cup :  bracts  of  the  receptacle  reduced  to  filiform  chaff.  In 
saline  or  sandy  places,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California  New  Max.  and  the 
Saskatchewan. 

I.  xauthifolia  Nutt.  Gen.  ii,  185  "  Tall  and  coarse  (  3-5  feet  high),  pu- 
bescent, at  least  when  young:  leaves  mainly  opposite,  long-petioled,  broad- 
ly ovate,  ample  coarsely  or  incisely  serrate,  acuminate,  3-ribbed  at  base, 
pubescently  scabrous  above  and  when  young  canescent  beneath :  heads 
nearly  sessile,  crowded  in  narrow  spiciform  clusters  which  are  aggregated 
in  axillary  and  terminal  panicles :  involucre  depressed-hemispheric,  biser- 
ial,  the  outer  of  5  broadly  ovate  herbaceous  bracts;  inner  of  as  many  mem- 


336  COMPOSITE  ambrosia 

G-ERTNEKIA 

branaceous  dilated-obovate  or  truncate  ones  which  are  strongly  concave 
at  maturity  and  half  embrace  the  obovate-pyriform  and  glabrate  akenes." 
Idaho  and  eastward. 

Subtribe  ii,  Ambrosiese  DC.  Prodr,  Vy  522,  Heads  unisexual, 
monoecious;  the  Jertile  with  solitary  or  2-4  completely  apetalous  or 
nearly  apetalous  pistillate  flowers  in  a  closed  nut-like  or  bur-like  invo- 
lucre, only  the  style-branches  ever  exserted:  the  sterile  of  numerous 
staminate  greenish  or  yellowish  flowers  with  obconical  corollas  in  an 
open  involucre,  the  heads  in  a  raceme  or  spike  of  centripetal  evolu^ 
tion.     Achenes  turgid-obovoid  or  ovoid.     Pappus  wholly  wanting. 

*  Involucral  bracts  of  the  staminate  head  united.  Receptacle  low. 

36    AMBROSIA  Tourn.    L.  Gen.  n.  1057. 

Coarse  branching  monoecious  or  rarely  dioecious  herbs  with 
mostly  lobed  or  dissected  opposite  and  alternate  leaves  and  small 
heads  of  greenish  flowers  the  staminate  heads  racemose  or  spicate 
without  subtending  bracts,  the  pistillate  below,  commonly  in 
small  clusters  in  the  axils  of  leaves  or  bracts.  Involucre  of  the 
pistillate  heads  globose-ovoid  or  top-shaped,  closed,  1-flowered, 
usually  armed  with  4-8  tubercles  or  spines  :  corolla  none.  Stamens 
none:  style -branches  filiform :  of  the  staminate  heads  mostly 
hemispheric  or  saucer-shaped,  5-12-lobed,  open,  many-flow^ered. 
Receptacle  nearly  flat,  naked  or  with  filiform  chaff.  Corolla 
funnelform,  5-toothed.     Style  undivided,  penicillate  at  the  apex. 

A.  artemisiaefolla  L.  Sp.  987.  Pubescent,  puberulent  or  hirsnte  pan- 
iculately  branched  annual,  1-6  feet  high  :  leaves  thin,  bipinnatifid  or  pin- 
nately  parted  with  the  divisions  irregularly  pinnatifid,  or  sometimes  nearly 
entire,  on  the  flowering  branches  often  undivided ;  racemes  of  sterile  heads 
very  numerous,  1-6  inches  long,  the  involucres  hemispheric,  crenate,  the 
receptacle  chaffy :  fertile  heads  obovoid  or  subgloboae,  mostly  clustered, 
1-2  lines  long,  short-beaked,  4-6-spined  near  the  summit,  sparingly  pubes- 
cent. Dry  plains  and  fields,  eastern  Washington  to  Brit.  Columbia  and 
the  eastern  States. 

37    G^RTNERIA  Medicus  Act.  Pal.  iii,  244. 

FRANSERIA  Cav. 

Herbs  or  woody  plants  with  chiefly  alternate,  lobed  or  divided 
leaves  and  small,  monoecious  rayless  heads  of  greenish  flowers  :  the 
staminate  numerous,  in  terminal  spikes  or  racemes  :  the  pistillate 
solitary  or  clustered  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  lea-ves.  Involucre 
of  the  pistillate  heads  ovoid  or  globose,  closed,  1-4-celled,  1-4- 
beaked,  armed  with  several  rows  of  spines  and  forming  a  bur  in 
fruit :  corolla  none  or  rudimentary  ;  style  deeply  bifid,  its  branch- 
es exserted ;  stamens  none ;  achenes  obovoid,  thick,  solitary  in  the 
cells  :  pappus  none.  Staminate  heads  sessile  or  short-peduncled, 
their  involucres  broadly  hemispheric,  open,  5-12-lobed ;  recepta- 
cle chaffy:  corolla  regular,  the  tube  short,  the  limb  5-lobed:  style 
undivided  :  anthers  scarcely  coherent,  mucronate  tipped. 

G.  acanthocarpa  Brit.  Mem.  Torr.  Club  v,  332.  Franseria    Hookeriana 


GJ5RTNERIA  COMPOSITjE  337 

XANTHIDM 

Nutt.  Stems  1-3  feet  high,  from  an  annual  or  biennial  root,  diffusely 
branched  from  the  base,  hirsute-pubescent  or  hispid,  sometimes  canescent 
with  strigose-sericeous  pubescence  when  young:  leaves  of  ova'e  or  round- 
ish outline,  1-3  inches  broad  bipinnatifid  or  the  upper  oblong  and  only 
pinna' ifid:  staminate  racemes  solitary  or  paniculate:  pistillate  involucres 
armed  with  flat  and  thin  lanceolate-subulate  smoo  h  and  glabrous  long 
and  straight  spines,  3-4  lines  long,  commonl^^  1-flowered.  On  sandy  plains 
and  river-banks,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California  and  Nevada. 

G.  bipinnatiflda  O.  Ktz.  Rev.  Gen.  i,  339.  Franseria  hipinnatifida  NntL 
Herbaceous  perennial  with  stout  procumbent  stems  2-3  feet  long,  some- 
what hirsute :  leaves  ovate  in  outline,  1-2  inches  long,  2-3-pinnately  parted 
into  oblong-linear  divisions  and  sma'l  oblong  lobes,  canescent  with  soft 
tomentum  or  fine  hirsute-sericeous  pubes  ence:  stammate  heads  rather 
large,  in  dense  spikes  or  ra3emes;  pistillate  heads  ovate-faeiform,  armed 
wi'h  rather  short  and  thick  but  flattish  tubercle-like  spines,  their  acute 
tips  sometimes  incurving.  On  sandy  beaches  along  the  coast,  Brit.  Colum- 
bia to  California. 

€r.  Chamissonis  O.  Ktz.  1.  c.  Franseria  Chamissonis  Less.  Stems  pro- 
cumbent, 2-3  feet  long,  from  a  perennial  root :  leaves  cuneate-obovate  or 
oblong-ovate  with  a  cuneate  base,  3-5-nerved  at  base,  obtusely  serrate,  the 
lower  often  iaciniate-incised :  staminate  spikes  or  racemes  dense,  of  rather 
large  heads ;  pistillate  heads  ovate,  armed  with  rather  short  and  t^ick  but 
flattish  canalicu'ate  tubercule-like  spines.  Sandy  sea-beaches,  Brit- Co- 
lumb  a  to  California.   Not  common. 

*  *  Involucre  of  the  staminate  heads  of  few  distinct  bracts  Re- 
ceqtacle  cy'indraceous. 

XA.NTHIUM  Tourn.  L.  Gen.  n.  1056-   (cockle-bur) 

Coarse  annuals  with  branching  stems,  alternate  and  usually 
lobed  or  toothed  leaves,  and  mostly  clustered  heads  of  greenish 
or  yellowish  flowers,  in  terminal  or  larger  axillary  clusters  of 
both  sexes,  the  staminate  uppermost.  Involucre  of  the  globu- 
lar sterile  heads  1-2  series  of  small  narrow  bracts.  Receptacle 
distinctly  paleaceous,  a  cuneate  or  linear-spatulate  chaffy  bract 
partly  enclosing  each  sterile  flower.  Filaments  monadelphous. 
Anthers  distinct  but  connivent,  the  inflexed  apical  appendage 
mucronate.  Sterile  style  unappendaged.  Fertile  head  a  closed 
and  ovoid  bur-like  2-celled  and  2-flowered  involucre,  1-2-beak- 
ed  at  the  apex,  the  surface  clothed  with  uncinate-tipped  prickles : 
each  flower  a  single  pistil,  maturing  a  thick  ovoid  achene,  the 
two  permanently  enclosed  in  the  indurated  prickly  involucre. 

*  Leaves  cordate  or  ovate,  3-ribbed  from  the  base,  with  dentate 
margins,  and  often  incised  or  lobed,  on  long  petioles :  axiles  unarmed : 
fruiting  involucre  with  2  prominent  beaks. 

X#  STRUMARiuM  L.  Sp.  987.  Rough  :  stems  1-6  feet  high  :  leaves  slender- 
petioled,  broadly  ovate  to  orbicular,  3-ribbed  and  moie  or  less  cordate  at 
base,  the  lower  often  10  inches  broad,  irregularly  dentate  and  more  or 
less  2-5- lobed:  fruiting  involucre  6-9  lines  long,  glabrous  or  pubernlent; 
the  beaks  straight  and  rarely  at  all  hooked  at  maturity.  In  waste  places. 
Naturalized  from  Europe. 

X,  Canadense  Mill.  Diet.  ed.  8,  No  2.  Stems  stout,  1-2  feet  high,  often 
punctate  with  bro-nn  spots :  leaves  ample,  broadly  ovate,  coarsely  and  irreg- 


338  COMPOSITE  xanthium 

RUDBECKIA 

ularly  serrate:  fruiting  involucre  about  an  inch  long,  densely  beset  with 
rather  long  prickles,  the  stout  beaks  at  maturity  usually  hooked  at  the  tip 
or  incurved,  the  surface  and  base  of  the  prickles  more  or  less  hispid,  some- 
times glabrate.  Sandy  shores  and  waste  places  Brit.  Columbia  to  Califor- 
nia and  the  eastern  State?. 

*  *  Leaves  attenuate  at  both  ends,  short^petioled ;  their  axils  triply 

spinescent. 

X.  spiNOSDM  L  sp.  987.  Stems  stout.  1-2  feet  high,  much  branched: 
leaves  ovate-lanceolate  with  cuneate  base,  the  larger  3-lobed  or  incisely 
pinnatifid,  green  and  glabrate  above,  white-tomentose  beneath,  with  long 
and  slender  3-parted  yellow  spines  in  the  axils :  fruiting  involucre  solitary 
or  few,  in  upper  axils,  cylindraceous,  half -inch  Idng,  obtuse,  armed  with 
short  weak  prickles,  inconspicuously  1-2  beaked  or  pointless 

Subtribe  iiij  Verbesineas  Less.  Rays  ligulate  and  either  fertile 
or  neutral,  not  rarely  wanting,  the  ligule  not  becoming  papery  and 
persistent  on  the  fruit,  but  sometimes  marcescent.  Disk-flowers  her- 
maphrodite and  fertile  or  often  some  of  the  inner  ones  sterile,  sub- 
tended and  sometimes  enwraped  by  the  chaff  of  the  receptacle.  An- 
thers often  blackish.  Achenes  various  but  those  of  the  disk  never 
obcompressed.  Pappus  cupulate  or  coroniform,  or  of  teeth  or  awns 
from  the  principal  angles^  or  of  some  squamellae,  or  of  a  few  stout 
bristles,  or  none. 

39  RUDBECKIA  L.  Gen.  n.  980. 
P  Mostly  perennial  herbs  with  alternate  leaves  and  rather  large 
^nd  showy  heads  terminating  the  stem  or  branches.  Heads 
many-flowerd;  the  ray-flowers  neutral,  in  a  single  series,  those 
of  the  disk  tubular  and  perfect.  Bracts  of  the  involucre  folia- 
ceous,  in  about  two  series,  spreading.  Receptacle  conical  or 
often  more  or  less  elongated  and  spiciform.  Disk-corollas  with 
a,  short  but  usually  manifest  proper  tube  and  erect  or  spreading 
teeth.  Style-branches  tipped  with  an  acute  or  obtuse  hispid 
appendage.  Achenes  4-angled,  prismatic,  in  som^e  species 
quadrangular-compressed.  Pappus  a  coriaceous  or  firm-scari- 
ous  and  often  4-toothed  crown,  sometimes  deep  and  cupulif  orm . 
sometimes  obsolete,  or  none. 

R.  Californica  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  357.  Stem  simple,  2-6  feet 
high  3-5-leaved,  the  long  and  naked  peduncle-like  summit  bearing  a  single 
large  head:  leaves  finely  soft-pubescent,  3-10  inches  long,  ovite  to  oblong- 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  pinnately  veined  somewhat  toothed;  the  middle 
ones  sometimes  with  a  pair  of  lateral  lanceolate  lobes  at  base,  uppermost 
■sessile,  lower  tapering  into  a  slender  petiole :  bracts  of  the  involucre  linear : 
rays  2-3  inches  long,  narrowyl  oblong,  yellow :  disk  columnar  1-2  inches 
long,  disky  brown:  achenes  compressed-prismatic,  2  lines  long,  crowned 
with  a  pappus  of  4  irregular  thickish  chaffy  teeth,  more  or  less  united  at 
base  into  acup.  Wet  meadows  and  cold  spring  runs,  soutliwestern  Oregon 
to  California. 

R.  occidentalls  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  soc.  vii,  355.  Nearly  glabrous 
and  smooth,  or  somewhat  scabrous-puberulent :  stems  stout,  2-8  feet  high, 
nearly  simple :  leaves  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  entire  or  irreg- 
ularly and  sparingly  dentate,  4-8  inches  long,  upper  ones  sessile  by  a 
rounded  or  eubcord?te  base,  lower  ones  abruptly  contracted  into  a  short 


BAMAM0BRHI2A  COMPOSIT:^  '339 

winged  petiole :  heads  few,  on  long  peduncles ;  rays  wholly  wanting ;  disk 
brownish,  ovoid  to  oblong,  becoming  1-2  inches  long;  its  chaffy  bracts 
puberulent  at  tip :  achenes  2  lines  long,  with  conspicuous  coroniform  sca- 
rious  pappus.  Woods  along  streams,  Oregon  to  California  and  the  Rocky 
Mountains. 

40  BALSAMORRHIZA  Hook.  Fl.  i,  310  (under  Heliopm). 

Low  perennial  herbs  with  scape-like  stems  from  thick  tere- 
binthine  roots.,  mostly  radical  leaves  and  rather  large  mostly 
solitary  heads  of  yellow  flowers,  Heads  many-flowered,  hete- 
rogamous,  with  fertile  ray-  and  perfect  disk-flowers.  Involucre 
hemispherical  or  broader,  ol  more  or  less  imbricated  bracts,  the 
outer  loose  and  herbaceous,  or  often  foliaceous.  Receptacle 
flat  or  barely  convex,  with  linear-lanceolate  chaff  subtending 
and  partly  embracing  the  achenes.  Bays  oblong  or  lanceolate, 
with  short  tube;  disk-corollas  cylindrical.  Siyle-branches  of 
perfect  flowers  slender,  hispid,  at  least  on  the  filiform  appen- 
dages. Achenes  of  the  ray  flattened  parallel  with  the  bracts, 
oblong;  of  the  disk  prismatic-quadrangular  or  more  or  less 
compressed.     Pappus  none. 

§  Kalliactis  Gray  PI.  Fendl.  81.  Ligules  becoming  thin- 
papery,  and  persistent  on  or  very  tardily  deciduous  from  the 
canescently  pubescent  achenes. 

B.  Careyana  Gray  1.  c.  "  Cinereous-pubescent,  slightly  scabrous: 
flowering  stems  a  foot  high,  bearing  3  or  4  small  lanceolate  leaves  and  2  to 
7  racemosely  disposed  heads:  leaves  subcoriaceous,  entire,  re'iculated;  the 
radical  cordate-lanceolate,  a  span  or  more  in  length :  involucre  half-inch  or 
more  high  :  ligules  oval,  hardly  inch  long,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  very 
short  but  distinct  tube:  style-branches  of  the  disk-flowers  subulate  and 
very  hispid  throughout,  bandy  plains  on  the  Clearwater  Idaho,  and  on 
the  Wallawalla  Washington. 

§  2  Artorhiza  Nutt.  1.  c.  350  Ligules  deciduous.  Achenes 
glabrous.  Heads  1-3.  Leaves  entire  or  merely  serrate,  the 
principal  ones  cordate  or  with  cordate  base  and  long  petioled. 

B.  sagittata  Nutt.  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Hoc.  vii,  350.  Silvery-tomeatulose 
or  canescent,  and  the  involucre  white- woolly :  stems  numerous  from  the 
crown  of  the  thick  root,  6-20  inches  high,  erect  or  ascending,  with  a  pair 
of  small  linear  to  spatulate  leaves  near  the  middle:  radical  leaves  from  cor- 
date oblong  to  hastate,  entire  or  nearly  so,  4-10  inches  long,  the  base  2-6 
inches  wide,  on  longer  petioles :  rays  1  to  nearly  2  inches  long.  British 
Columbia  to  California  and  the  Rocky  Mountains; 

B.  deltoidea  Nutt.  1.  c.  More  or  less  pubescent  or  glabrate:  stems 
numerous  from  the  crown  of  the  thick  root,  erect  or  ascending,  5-20  inches 
high,  with  a  pair  of  small  lanceolate  leaves  near  the  centre:  radical  leaves 
broadly  cordate  to  cordately  ovatQrlanceolate,  sometimes  nearly  deltoid, 
from  irregularly  serrate  to  entire,  5-10  inches  long  acute  or  shortly  acu- 
minate, very  long  petioled:  involucre  woolly  or  tomentose  at  base;  the 
bracts  in  2  series,  longer  than  the  disk,  linear-lanceolate,  the  outer  lar- 
gest, foliaceous,  spreading :  rays  12-20.  1-2  inches  long.  Open  ridges,  Wil- 
lamette Valley  to  California. 


340  COMPO/SITiE  balsamoerhiza  - 

WYETHIA 

§  3  EuBALSAMORRHizA  Nutt.  1.  c.  Ligules  deciduous.  Ach- 
enes  glabrous.  Stems  monocephalous .  Leaves  varying  from 
laciniately  dentate  to  pinnatelyor  bipinnately  divided. 

B.  terebinthacea  Nutt.  1.  c.  349.  Slightly  and  minutely  if  at  all  can- 
escent:  stems  several  froaa  the  crown  of  the  rather  small  thick  root,  at 
length  10-12  inches  long  and  prostrate,  usually  with  a  pair  of  small  opposite 
linear  leaves  below  the  middle :  leaves  from  green  and  glabrate  to  minutely 
h'spidulous-scabrous,  at  length  rigid  and  reticulate-veiny,  oblong-lanceolate 
with  cuneate  or  truncate  base,  4-8  inches  long,  spinulosely  dentate  or 
some-times  crenate-dentate  or  laciniate-incised  or  even  pinnatifid :  invo- 
lucre lanate-tomentose,  about  an  inch  high,  of  numerous  narrow  linear- 
lanceolate  and  attenuate  loose  and  nearly  equal  herbaceous  bracts  On 
high  stony  ridges,  eastern  Washington  and  Oregon  to  Idaho. 

B.  Hookerl  Nutt.  1.  c.  Canescent  with  fine  sericeous  or  more  tomen- 
tose  pubescence,  but  not  at  all  hirsute :  stems  4  inches  to  at  length  a  foot 
long :  leaves  lanceolate  or  elongated-oblong  in  outline,  pinnately  or  bipin- 
nately parted  into  lanceolate  or  linear  divisions,  or  lobes,  or  some  of  them 
only  pinnatifid  or  incised,  nearly  equalling  the  stems:  involucre  from 
canescently  puberulent  to  lanate;  its  bracts  from  linear-  to  oblong-lan- 
ceolate, either  unequal  and  well  imbricated  or  some  of  the  outermost 
ones  foliaceous  and  loose.  On  stony  ridges,  Washington  to  California 
and  Nevada. 

B.  incana  Nutt.  1.  c.  350.  Densely  white-tomentose  throughout :  stems 
4-8  inches  high:  leaves  oblong-  or  deltoid-lanceolate  in  outline,  pinnately 
<  r  bipinnately  parted  or  lobed,  the  divisions  oval  or  oblong :  bracts  of  the 
involucre  lanceolate  to  linear,  8-10  lines  long,  imbricated  in  2  or  3  series : 
rays  12-14,  more  than  an  inch  long:  chaff  of  the  receptacle  much  shorter 
than  the  flowers.  On  high  rocky  ridges,  eastern  Washington  to  California 
and  the  Eocky  Mountains. 

B.  hirsuta  Nutt-  1.  c.  Roughish-hirsute  or  hispidulous,  not  tomentose 
nor  canescent :  stems  10-16  inches  high,  with  a  pair  of  opposite  leaves  below 
the  middle :  leaves  lanceolate  in  outline,  4-8  inches  long,  short-petioled, 
pinnately  parted  or  divided,  the  divisions  incisely  toothed  or  again  pinnat- 
ifid, soon  rigid:  involucre  8-12  lines  high,  its  bracts  with  ovate  base  and 
long  attenuate  tip  or  linear-lanceolate,  hirsute-ciliate.  Dry  plains  British 
Columbia  to  California,  east  of  the  Cascade  Mountains. 

41    WYETHIA  Nutt.  Journ.  Acad.  Philad.  vii,  30. 

Coarse  perennial  herbs  with  usually  simple  stems,  alternate 
mostly  entire  leaves  and  large  heads  of  yellow  flowers.  Heads 
many-flowered.  Bracts  of  the  campanulate  involucre  loosely  im- 
bricated in  two  or  three  series,  nearly  equal,  foliaceous.  the  inner- 
most smaller  and  resembling  the  chaff.  Receptacle  slightly  con- 
vex; the  chaff  lanceolate,  carinate,  acute,  as  long  as  the  flowers 
and  embracing  them.  Rays  large,  pistillate,  sometimes  with  ster- 
ile filaments.  Disk-corollas  cylindrical,  elongated,  with  a  short 
proper  tube^  5-toothed.  Style-branches  in  the  ray-flowers  glab- 
rous: in  the  disk  elongated,  filiform,  revolute,  strongly  hispid  on 
the  inner  faces.  Achenes  stout,  elongated,  4-5-angled,  terminated 
with  a  coroniform  5-10-toothed  or  laciniate  pappus,  one  or  more 
of  the  teeth  usually  prolonged  into  a  rigid  persistent  awn. 

V  W.  helianthoides  Nutt.  1.  c.   Stems  leafy,  6-18  inches  high,  simple  and 


WYETHtA  COMPOSITiE  341 

HELIANTHELLA 

bearing  a  single  large  head  or  rarely  3  or  4:  leaves  from  oval  to  broadly 
lanceolate,  denticulate  or  entire,  mostly  narrowed  at  base  to  a  short  margined 
petiole,  4-8  inches  long:  bracts  of  the  involucre  numerous,  narrowly  lanceo- 
late, hispid-ciliate,  usually  with  more  or  leas  colored  tips:  rays  pale  yellow 
to  white,  nearly  2  inches  long:  achenes  4  lines  long,  either  prismatic-quad- 
rangular or  flattish,  12-nei"ved:  pappus  shorter  than  the  width  of  the  achene, 
sometimes  minute,  chaffy-coroniform  and  cleft  into  few  or  several  t-eeth. 

W.  amplexicaulis  Nutt.  1.  c.  Glabrous  and  smooth  throughout,  balsamic - 
viscid:  stems  stout,  1-2  feet  high,  simple:  leaves  mostly  lanceolate-oblong, 
entire  or  denticulate;  radical  7-15  inches  long  by  3^  broad,  contracted  be- 
low to  a  short  winged  petiole;  upper  cauline  2-6  inches  long,  partly  clasping 
by  a  rounded  or  subcordate  base:  heads  solitaiy  or  several,  short-peduncled: 
involucre  campanulate,  about  an  inch  high:  its  bi-acts  broadly  lanceolate, 
acute  or  obtuse  often  some  of  the  outer  ones  larger  and  foliaceous:  rays  5-20, 
1-2  inches  long,  dark  yellow;  achenes  3-5  lines  long:  pappus  unequally  3-8- 
toothed.  one  or  twD  of  the  teeth  often  prolonged  into  awns,  Common  in  wet 
places,  British  Columbia  to  Nevada  ajid  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

W.  lanceolata.  Smooth  and  glabrous  throughout:  st^ms  assurgent,  6-12 
inches  long,  bearing  a  single  large  head:  leaves  lanceolate,  2-6  inches  long, 
entire  or  obscurely  dentate,  all  on  short  petioles  or  the  uppermost  barely- 
sessile:  bracts  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  10-12  lines  long,  acute,  or  the  in- 
nei-most  acuminate;  rays  bright  yellow,  1^-2  inches  long,  pappus  a  cup  or 
crown  with  very  in-egular  laciniately  cut  teeth.  In  damp  ground  ,  Blue 
Mountains  of  Oregon. 

W.  robusta  Nutt.  1,  c.  W.  angustifolia  of  authors  as  to  the  Oregon  plant. 
More  or  less  villous  hirsute:  stems  stomtish,  1-3  feet  high  mostly  erect,  leafy, 
liearing  a  single  large  head:  radical  le§.ves  narrow-lanceolate,  6-20  inches  long, 
petioled,  often  spai'ingly  sinuate-toothed;  cauline  lanceolate,  acute,  enth-e, 
tapering  to  the  base,  the  lowest  petioled:  bracts  of  the  involucre  lanceolate, 
very  hirsute,  especially  on  the  margins:  pappus  of  5-10  irregular  stout  teeth 
and  mostly  1-4  stout  awns.  Common  in  damp  soil,  western  Oregon  and 
Washington. 

42    HELIANTHELLA  T.  &  G.  Fl.  ii,  333. 

Perennial  herbs  with  mostly  simple  stems,  entire  scattered 
and  sessile  leaves  and  solitary  heads  with  yellow  ray  and  yellow 
or  purplish-brown  disk-flowers.  Heads  many-fiowered,  the  ray- 
flowers  neutral :  those  of  the  disk  perfect.  Bracts  of  the  involucre 
in  about  two  series,  loose,  somewhat  foliaceous.  Chaff  of  the  re- 
ceptacle persistent,  embracing  the  achenes.  Corolla  of  the  disk 
cylindrical,  elongated,  5-toothed,  with  a  very  short  proper  tube. 
Branches  of  the  style  very  hispid,  more  or  less  obtuse.  Ovaries 
compressed,  with  one  or  both  margins  slightly  winged  and  pro- 
duced at  the  summit  into  a  short  auriculate  and  lacerate  per- 
sistent appendages  or  into  an  awn,  sometimes  with  intermediate 
squamella?. 

H.  uniflora  T.  &  G.  1.  c.  ''Minutely  pubescont  or  somewhat  scabrous  or 
glabrate,  1-2  feet  high:  leaves  more  commmonly  opposite,  sometimes  all  at- 
teinate,  oblong-oblanceolate,  2-6  inches  long;  fower  short-petioled :  involu- 
cre pubescent  or  slightly  hirsute :  rays  a  full  inch  long:  achenes  more  or  less 
cilia te :  pappus  a  pair  of  long  awns  and  rather  conspicuous  squameUi^.  EftS' 
tern  Oregon  to  the  Bocky  Mountains,'* 


342  COMPOSITiB  hemanthcs 

H.  Dou^lasii  T.  &  G.  1.  c.  Stems  hirsute  with  spreading  hairs,  at  least 
above,  1-4  feet  high,  striate-angl«d,  leafy:  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  a^utish, 
nearly  sessile,  triple-nerved,  rough-pubescent,  2-4  inches  long:  bracts  of 
the  involucre  linear-lanceolate  to  subulate,  6-9  lines  long :  rays  an  inch  long: 
disk  neai'ly  an  inch  broad:  achenes  obovate,  more  or  less  ciliate, fringed:  pap- 
pus a  pair  of  elongated  awns  with  more  or  less  chaffy  dilated  base,  or  some- 
times reduced  to  this  base,  and  with  mostly  conspicuous  squamellae.  Dry 
gi-ounds  eastern  Oregon  to  British  Columbia. 

43    HELIANTHUS    L.  Gen.  n.  979.     (sunflower.) 

Erect  annual  or  perennial  herbs  with  simple  leaves  and  large 
heads  of  yellow  flowers,  or  those  of  the  disk  sometimes  brown 
or  purple.  Involucre  hemispherical  or  depressed;  its  bracts 
imbricated  in  several  series.  Receptacle  flat  to  conic,  chaffy: 
the  chaff  subtending  and  more  or  less  embracing  the  achenes. 
Ray-flowers  neutral :  those  of  the  disk  perfect  and  fertile ,  with 
short  proper  tube  and  5-toothed  limb.  Anthers  entire  or  min- 
utely 2-toothed  at  the  base.  Style-branches  tipped  with  hir- 
sute appendages.  Achenes  thick,  oblong  or  obovate,  compress- 
or somewhat  4-angled.  Pappus  of  2  scales  or  awns,  or  some- 
times with  2-4  additional  ones,  deciduous. 

§  1  Annuals.  Involucre  spreading,  its  bracts  attenuate  to 
a  point.  Disk-flowers  brownish  or  dark  purple.  Receptacle 
flat  or  nearly  so.  Leaves  petioled,  3-ribbed  from  or  near  the 
base,  all  but  the  lower  usually  alternate. 

H.  annnns  L.  Sp.  ii,  904.  Stems  hispid  or  scabrous,  stout,  branched 
above,  2-6  feet  high,  or  in  cultivated  forms  sometimes  15  feet  high :  leaves 
all  but  the  lowest  alternate,  broadly  ovate,  petioled,  3-nerved ,  dentate  or  den- 
ticulate, acute  at  the  apex,  rough  on  both  sides,  sometimes  pubescent  beneath 
cordate  at  base,  2-12  inches  long:  bracts  of  the  involucre  hispid  and  hispid- 
ciliate,  the  outer  ovate  and  abruptly  attenuate  to  a  stout  bristle;  the  inner 
lanceolate  and  attenuate :  rays  lanceolate,  1-2  inches  long :  disk  an  inch  or 
more  or  in  cultivated  plants  4-10  inches  in  diameter :  chaff  of  the  receptacle 
3-cleft:  achenes  obovate-oblong,  appressed-pubescent  to  nearly  glabrous.  On 
sandy  banks  and  plains,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California  and  Minnesota. 

H.  petiolaris  Nutt.  Journ.  Acad.  Philad.  ii,  115.  Stem  strigose-hispid  or 
hirsute.  1-3  feet  high,  simple  or  branched:  leaves  all  but  the  lowest  alternate, 
petioled,  oblong  or  ovate  to  lanceolate,  rough  on  both  sides,  usually  paler 
beneath,  1-3  inches  Jong,  entire  or  denticulate,  mostly  narrowed  at  the  base 
to  a  long  and  slender  petiole:  bracts  of  the  involucre  lanceolate  or  oblong-lan- 
ceolate, with  acute  and  mucronate  or  sometimes  more  attenuate  tips,  seldom 
at  all  ciliate;  rays  oblong,  12-18  lines  long:  disk  6-10  lines  in  diameter :  chaff 
of  the  receptacle  3-toothed,  not  longer  than  the  corollas:  achenes  villous- pu- 
bescent. On  dry  praiiies,  Washington  to  Ai'izona  Minnesota  and  the  North- 
west Territory. 

H.  exilis  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  vi,  545,  More  or  less  hirsute:  stems 
slender,  1-2  feet  high,  branching:  leaves  linear-oblong  or  lanceolate,  nearly 
entire,  obscurely  3-nerved  at  base,  tapering  into  a  short  petiole :  head*  imall, 
on  slender  sometimes  leafy-bracted  peduncles:  involucre  loosely  hirsute,  its 
bracts  linear-lanceolate,  attenuate-acuminate:  rays  5-8:  chaff  of  the  receptacle 
produced  into  an  awn-like  cusp  which  equals  or  surpasses  the  <lark-pui-ple 
corollas:  achenes  nearly  glabrous:  pappus  of  2  ovate-lanceolate  chaffy  scales. 


H  BL  lANTHOS  COMPOSITE  ^ 

COREOPSIS 

In  moist  meadows,  southern  Oregon  and  northern  California, 

§  2  Perennials.  Receptacle  convex  to  low-conical.  Lower 
leaves  almost  always  opposite.  Disk-flowers  yellow  with  dark 
anthers. 

H.  Xuttallii  T.  &  G.  Fl,  ii,  324.  Stems  slender,  1-4  feet  high,  cpromon: 
ly  simple:  leaves  lanceolate  or  the  upper  linear,  broader  toward  the  base 
and  tapering  to  an  acute  or  acuminate  apex,  serrulate  or  entire,  3-6  inches 
long  by  3-9  lines  broad,  short- petioled  or  subsessile,  scabrous  both  sides,' 
in  small  plants  not  rarely  all  opposite:  heads  half-inch  high  or  more: 
bracts  of  the  involucre  naked,  or  somewhat  hirsute  at  base,  lanceolate-sub- 
ulate, attenuate,  fully  equalling  the  disk,  herbaceous,  loose  or  soon  squarr- 
ose-spreading :  rays  about  an  inch  long:  palese  of  the  pappus  long  and  nay- 
row.  In  damp  places,  eastern  Oregon  to  Brit.  Columbia,  and  the  Rocky 
Mountains. 

H.  Cusickli  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xxi,  413.  Stems  numerous  from  a 
thick  perpendicular  resiniferous  root,  forming  clumps,  at  length  resting  on 
the  ground  in  an  entangled  mass,  about  a  foot  long:  leaves  mostljr  altern- 
ate, linear-lanceolate,  entire,  obtusish,  attenuate  at  base  but  sessile :  invo- 
lucre about  balf-inch  high,  its  linear-lanceolate  bracts  hairy-ciliate,  acu- 
minate, lax:  rays  1-1 3^  inches  long:  achenes  glabrous:  paleae  of  the  pap- 
pus oblong-lanceolate.  On  dry  hills  and  sage-brush  plains,  eastern  Oregon 
and  Washington. 

H,  TUBEROSA  L.  Sp.  ii,  906.  (Jerusalem  artichokf  ).  Stems  usually 
pubescent  or  hirsute,  5-10  feet  higb,  branching  at  the  top :  leaves  mosWy 
alternate  on  the  branches  and  on  the  upper  part  of  the  stem,  ovate  or  sub- 
cordate,  sometimes  oblong,  acuminate,  thickish-membranaceous,  dull  green 
minutely  pubescent  and  occasionally  cinereous  beneath,  soon  scabrous 
above :  bracts  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  attenuate-acuminate,  hirsute,  at 
least  the  margins  toward  the  base :  rays  12-20,  often  1%  inches  long :  chaff 
of  the  receptacle  hirsute-pubescent  on  the  back :  achenes  more  or  less  pu- 
bescent :  horizontal  rootstocks  enlarging  at  the  apex  into  tubers  which  are 
sweet  and  edible.  Escaped  from  cultivation  and  becoming  common  along 
Rail  Roads. 

Subtribe  iv,  Bidentidese  Less.  Syn.  ^29.  Achenes  obcompressedor 
sometimes  terete  and  the  subtending  chaffy  bracts  flat  or  barely  con- 
cave. Ray-flowers  ligulate,  neutral,  or  wanting;  disk-flowers  herma- 
dite  and  fertile.  Style-tips  of  the  disk  flowers  produced  into  a  cusp 
or  cone  or  sometimea  truncate. 

44  COREOPSIS  L.  Gen.  n.  931. 
Annual  biennial  or  perennial  herbs  with  mostly  opposite  leaves 
and  long-peduncled  heads  of  yellow  pink  or  brown  ray -flowers. 
Involucre  usually  hemispheric,  its  bracts  in  2  distinct  series,  all 
united  at  base,  those  of  the  outer  series  commonly  narrower  and 
shorter  than  the  inner.  Receptacle  flat  or  slightly  convex,  chaffy, 
the  chaff  flat  or  concave,  Ray -flowers  neutral ;  those  of  the  disk 
perfect,  fertile,  their  corollas  with  slender  tube  and  broader  ^r 
toothed  limb.  Anthers  mostly  entire  at  base.  Style-tips  trun- 
cate or  subulate.  Achenes  flat,  orbicular  to  oblong,  winged  ar 
wingless, 

C,  Atkinsoniana  Dougl.  Lindl.  Bot.  Ree.  1. 1379.  Glabrous  throughaut : 
bieimial :  stems  stoutish,  1-4  feet  high,  with  numerous  opposite  branches: 


844  COMPOSITE  coreoppis 

BIDENS 

leaves  usually  all  opposite,  the  lower  bipinnately  parted  or  divided,  with 
linear  lobes ;  the  upper  trifoliolate,  with  entire  linear  leaflets,  or  the  upper- 
most linear  and  entire :  heads  numerous,  in  open  cymes :  bracts  of  the  in- 
voltlcte  more  or  less  scarious-margined,  the  outer  lanceolate  to  subulate, 
about  a  line  long ;  the  inner  broad-ovate  and  3-4  lines  long :  rays  8-10  lines 
long  by  hal!  as  broad,  yellow  with  brown  base,  obtusely  3-lobed  at  tbe 
stltiamit;  disk-flowers  dark  purplish-brown:  achenes  elliptical,  distinctly 
n^ihgea,  crOwned  with  2  short  subulate  often  deciduous  teeth.  Damp 
meadows  along  rivers,  Oregon  to  Brit.  Columbia. 

45    BIDENS  Tourn.    L.  Gen.  n.  932. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  with  opposite  lower  leaves  and  mostly 
large  heads  of  yellow  flowers,  Involucre  campanulate  or  hemi- 
spheric, its  bracts  in  2  series,  distinct  or  united  at  base,  the  outer 
often  foliaceous  and  much  larger  than  the  inner.  Receptacle  flat 
or  nearly  so,  chaffy,  the  chaff  subtending  the  disk-tlowers  Rays 
when  present,  neutral,  mostly  entire.  Disk-flowers  perfect,  fertile, 
with  tubular  5-toothed  corollas.  Anthers  entire  or  minutely 
sagittate  at  base.  Style-branches  with  short  or  subulate  tips. 
Achenes  flat,  quadrangular  or  nearly  terete,  cuneate,  oblong  or 
linear.     Pappus  of  2-6  teeth  or  subulate  barbed  or  hispid  awns. 

B.  frondosa  L.  Sp.  852.  Glabrous  or  somewhat  hairy  annual :  stems 
erect,  2-8  feet  high,  branching:  leaves  pinnately  3-5-divided  into  lanceolate 
or  broader  sharply  serrate  and  pinnately  veiny  commonly  petiolulate  leaf- 
lets, or  the  uppermost  undivided:  heads  usually  numerous,  ped uncled, 
about  8  lines  high:  involucre  campanulate  becoming  hemispheric,  its 
oilter  bracts  more  or  lesr>  foliaceous,  often  much  exceeding  the  ovate-lance- 
olate scarious-margined  inner  ones  :  rays  none,  or  rudimentary  and  incon- 
spicuous: achenes  flat,  oval  or  obovate,  ciliate,  with  2  slender  downwardly 
barbed  awns.  Moist  places  mostly  along  streams,  Oregon  to  Brit.  Colum- 
bia and  across  the  Continent. 

B,  cernua  L.  Sp.  832.  Annual :  stems  glabrous  or  setulose-hispid,  1-3 
feet  high  :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  coarsely  and  irregularly  sharply  ser- 
rate, 3-6  inches  long,  sessile  and  commonly  somewhat  connate- perfoliate 
fit  base:  heads  numerous,  6-8  lines  broad,  nodding  after  or  during  flower- 
ihg:  rays  6-12,  3-8  lines  long,  or  more:  involucre  depressed-hemispheric, 
its  outer  bracts  commonlv  ciliate,  often  large  and  foliaceous  and  ranch 
e±ceeding  the  broad  yellowish -margined  membranaceous  inner  ones: 
achenes  flat,  cuneiform^  usually  4-awned  the  margins  and  awns  retrorsely 
barbed.     In  wet  places,  California  to  Brit.  Colunbia  and  across  the  Con't. 

B»  Beckii  Torr.  in  Spreng.  Neue  Entdeck.  ii,  135.  Aquatic  perennial; 
submersed  stems  much  elongated  in  deep  water,  simple  or  little  branched : 
submersed  leaves  sessile,  1-2  inches  long,  repeatedly  divided  into  numer- 
ous capillary  segments ;  emersed  ones  few,  sessile,  opposite  or  sometimes 
in  3*8,  lanceolate  or  olDlong,  acute,  serrate  or  laciniate,  6-18  lines  long : 
hieads  solitary  or  few,  short-peduncled :  involucre  hemispheric,  its  bracts 
oval  or  oblong,  obtusish,  glabrous,  the  outer  somewhat  shorter  than  the 
inner :  rays  6-10,  obovate  or  oblong,  obtuse,  golden  yellow :  achenes  nearly 
terete,  truncate  at  both  ends,  half- inch  long:  pappus  of  3-6  rigid  persistent 
aWiis  which  are  smooth  below,  the  upper  part  downwardly  barbed.  In 
pOnds  and  slow  flowing  streames,  Canada  to  New  Jersey  and  Missouri :  re- 
{iOrted  from  Green  Lake  King  Co.  Washington  by  Mr.  C.  V  .Piper,  perhaps 
introduced. 

Suhtrihe  r,  Madieas  J)C»    Bay-flowers  ligulatc  and  fertile  (rarely 


BLEPHARIPAPl»tJS  COMPOSITiE  345 

wanting),  each  subtended  hy  a  bract  of  the  usually  uniserial  involu- 
lucre  which  partly  or  completely  encloses  its  achene.  Disk-flowers 
hermaphrodite y  but  mostly  some  or  all  of  them  sterile.  Receptacle 
chaffy  throughout  or  of  only  a  more  or  less  united  ring  between  the 
ray-  and  disk-flowers. 

*  Scales  of  the  receptacle  distinct,  chaffy-membranaceous  or  scari- 
ouSj  mostly  deciduous  with  the  fruit.  Bracts  of  the  involucre  merely 
concave. 

46    BLEPHARIPAPPUS  Hook.  Fl.  i,  316  in  Part. 

Low  corymbosely  or  paniculately  branched  annuals  with  nar- 
row alternate  leaves  and  rather  small  heads  of  white  or  purplish 
flowers.  Heads  heterogamous,  with  3-6  pistillate  broad-cuneiform 
3-lobed  ray-  and  6-12  perfect  5-toothed  disk-flowers,  or  some  of 
the  central  ones  sterile.  Bracts  of  the  involucre  nearly  in  a  sin- 
gle series,  nearly  flat  and  almost  equal.  Receptacle  convex, 
chaffy  throughout,  the  chaff"  thin  and  membranaceous,  deciduous 
with  the  fruit.  Style  in  the  disk-flowers  long,  thickened  upward, 
hairy,  2-cleft  [only  at  the  apex ;  the  branches  obtuse  and  not  ap- 
pendaged,  or  in  the  central  sterile  ones  nearly  entire.  Achenes 
turbinate,  silky-villous.  Pappus  of  10-12  linear  or  aristiform 
palese  with  hyaline  margins  which  are  mostly  lacerate-fimbriate 
so  as  to  appear  plumose. 

B.  scaber  Hook.  1.  c.  Puberulent  and  scabrous,  and  with  some  hispid 
hairs  above:  stems  stoutish,  4-12  inches  high,  loosely  branched:  leaves 
linear,  sessile.  3^-2  inches  long  with  entire  revolute  or  involute  margins  : 
heads  short-peduncled,  terminating  the  paniculate  branches :  bracts  of  the 
involucre  lanceolate,  acute,  4-5  lines  long,  more  or  less  hirsute:  rays  much 
exceeding  the  involucre,  deeply  3-lobed,  always  inrolling  and  becomipg 
inconspicuous  when  the  sun  shines  on  them :  anthers  brownish-purple. 
Dry  plains  and  mountains,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California  and  Idaho,  east 
of  the  Cascade  Mountains. 

B.  laevis  Gray  Bot.  Gaz.  xiii,  73.  Stems  slender,  6-12  inches  high, 
smooth,  branched :  leaves  linear,  2-10  lines  long,  sessile,  the  lower  ones 
spreading,  those  of  the  branches  closely  appressed :  heads  small»  termina- 
ting the  filiform  branchlets :  bracts  of  the  involucre  linear-lanceolate,  2-3 
lines  long,  scabrous :  rays  3-4  lines  long,  not  closing  in  sunshine,  deeply 
3-lobed,  often  with  dark-purple  veins.  On  dry  plains  aud  hill-sides, 
southern  Oregon  to  California. 

*  *  Scales  of  the  receptacle  always  present  between  the  ray-  and 
disk-flowers,  usually  more  or  less  united  into  a  cup.  Bracts  of  the 
involucre  conduplicate-infolded  and  embracing  the  laterally  com- 
pressed  achenes. 

47    ANISOCARPHUS    Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.    Soc,  vii,  388. 

Villous-hirsute  perennial  herbs  with  linear  to  lanceolate  entire 
or  denticulate  sessile  leaves  and  numerous  paniculate  or  corym- 
bose heads  of  flowers  with  yellow  rays  that  do  not  close  in  sun- 
shine. Heads  many-flowered;  the  ray-flowers  abont  12,  ligulate, 
pistillate,  those  of  the  disk  tubular,  staminate  and  pistillate  but 


il^HlSOCARPHUS  "WH^iMffjIE  ^6 

MADABIA 

gterile.  Bracts  of  the  subglobose  involucre  as  many  as  the  rays, 
carinate-complicate  and  enclosing  the  achenes.  Keceptacle  some 
what  convex,  naked  and  smooth  except  the  margin  which  is 
furnished  with  a  single  series  of  more  or  less  united  chaffy  scales 
between  the  ray-  and  disk-flowers.  Branches  of  the  style  in  the 
disk-flowers  subulate,  very  acute,  minutely  hispid.  Achenes  of 
the  ray  oblong,  obcom pressed,  somewhat  incurved,  glabrous,  with- 
out lateral  nerves  or  angles,  crowned  with  a  small  sessile  disk, 
destitute  of  pappus;  of  the  disk  obovate,  with  a  pappus  of  5-8 
small  fimbriate-lacerate  membranaceous  scales. 

A.  madioides  Nutt  1.  c.  Madia  NuttallU  Gray.  Stems  slender,  1-3 
feet  high,  pubescent  with  white  spreading  hairs,  glandular  and  paniculate- 
ly  branched  above:  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  2-8  inches  long,  remotely  ser- 
rate, all  but  the  lowest  opposite:  heads  not  very  numerous,  slender-pedun- 
cled,  about  4  Unes  high:  bracts  of  the  involucre  8-12,  with  short  incon- 
spicuous tips,  densely  glandular  and  hispid :  rays  8-12,  fan-shaped,  deeply 
3-lobed,  4-6  lines  long :  achenes  obovate-falcate,  much  compressed,  with 
their  sides  many-striate.  Common  on  dry  ridges  in  forests,  Brit  Columbia 
to  California. 

48    MAD  ARIA.  DC.  Mem.  Soc.  Genev.   vii,  280. 

'Erect  aitinuals  with  mostly  opposite  leaves  and  rather  large 
heads  of  showy  yellow-rayed  vespertine  flowers.  Heads  many- 
flowered:  the  ray-flowers  10-20,  ligu late,  pistillate,  in  a  single 
series:  those  of  the  disk  tubular,  perfect  but  sterile  by  the  abortion 
of  the  ovary.  Bracts  of  the  subglobose  involucre  as  many  as  the 
rays,  complicate  and  enclosing  their  achenes,  flattish  on  the  back 
and  with  long  somewhat  spreading  tips.  Receptacle  somewhat 
convex,  fimbriate-hirsute  except  the  margin  which  is  furnished 
with  1  or  2  series  of  chaffy  scales  between  the  ray-  and  disk-flow- 
ers. Corollas  pubescent  or  hairy  at  base,  the  rays  very  conspicu- 
ous but  closing  in  sunshine.  Achenes  of  the  rays  oblong-obovate, 
nearly  straight,  compressed,  glabrous,  without  pappus. 

'  M.  elegans  DC.  1.  c.  Madia  elegmns  Don.  Stems  stout,  1-6  feet  high, 
pubescent  with  almost  pilose  spreading  hairs,  glandular  above:  leaves 
linear-lanceolate  2-4  inches  long,  usually  more  or  less  serrate,  sessile,  by  a 
broad  base,  the  lower  crowded  in  a  somewhat  rosulate  tuft,  the  others  op- 
posite or  scattered  and  becoming  smaller  upward :  heads  numerous,  in  an 
open  cyme:  bracts  of  the  involucre  hirsute,  the  linear  tips  nearly  as  long 
as  the  body :  rays  12-20,  8-10  lines  long,  sharply  3-lobed,  yellow,  often  with  . 
a  red  oi*  brown  spot  near  the  base :  achenes  rather  thin  and  fiat.  On  dry 
hillsides,  western  Oregon  to  California. 

M,  corymbosa  DC.  1.  c.  Stems  slender,  6-18  inches  high,  simple  up  to 
the  inflorescence,  pubescent  with  soft  spreading  hairs  ^  glandular  above: 
leaves  linear,  mostly  opposite,  remotely  serrate,  1-4  inches  long :  heads 
rather  few,  in  an  opnen  corjrmb ;  bracts  of  the  involucre  somewhat  pilose 
and  glandular,  the  linear  tips  not  as  long  as  the  body.  On  dry  hills  and 
ptdines,  southern  Oregon  to  California.  Blooming  early. 

49    MADIA  Molina  Chil. ;  Cav.  Ic.  iii,  50,  t.  298. 

^    Medium-sized  viscid  and  heavy-scented  annuals  with  oblong  or 
linear  entire  or  denticulate  sessile  leaves  and  sessile  or  short^pe 


MADIA  COMPOSITiE  347 

duncled|heads  of  yellow  vespertine  flowers.  Heads  few-  to  many- 
flowered  ;  the  ray-flowers  1-12,  rarely  none,  ligulate,  pistillate,  in 
a  single  series ;  disk-flowers  tubular  and  perfect.  Bracts  of  the 
involucre  in  a  single  series,  carinate  and  conduplicate,  each  en- 
closing an  achene,  their  free  herbaceous  tips  erect  or  involute. 
Receptacle  flat,  with  a  single  series  of  scales  between  the  ray-  and 
disk-flowers,  which  are  usually  more  or  less  united  into  a  cup, 
otherwise  naked.  Achenes  linear-oblong  or  clavate,  compressed, 
nearly  straight,  glabrous.     Pappus  none. 

M.  satira  Molina  Chili  ed.  i,  136.  Commonly  robust,  1-3  feet  high, 
pubescent  with  slender  somewhat  viscid  hairs  and  beset  with  pedicillate 
glands :  leaves  from  broadly  lanceolate  to  linear :  heads  commonly  short- 
peduncled,  5-6  lines  high :  rays  5-12,  2-4  lines  long :  disk-achenes  cuneate- 
oblong,  quadrangular,  prominently  1-nerved  on  the  faces,  about  2  lines 
long ;  those  of  the  ray  somewhat  falcate,  obovate,  1-nerved  on  the  sides. 
Oregon  and  California  to  Chili. 

M.  racemosa  T.  &  G.  Fl  ii,  405.  Stems  rather  slender,  1-4  feet  high, 
pubescent  but  not  glandular,  except  toward  the  top,  paniculately  branch- 
ed above :  leaves  lanceolate  to  linear,  1-^  inches  long :  heads  short -pedun- 
cled or  sessile,  somewhat  racemosely  disposed,  3-5  lines  high  :  rays  2-10, 
2-3  lines  long :  disk-achenes  flattish,  not  prominently  nerved  on  the  sides ; 
those  of  the  ray  somewhat  falcate,  not  at  all  nerved  on  the  sides.  Com- 
mon on  plains  and  hillsides,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California  and  Idaho. 

M«  capitata  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  vii,  387.  M.  sativa  var.  con,' 
gesta  T.  &0.  Stems  stout,  2-4  feet  high,  simple,  or  branched  above,  pu- 
bescent with  soft-hispid  spreading  hairs  arid  glands :  leaves  linear-lanceo- 
late to  linear,  1-6  incnes  long,  pubescent  and  hispid-ciliate :  inflorescence 
very  viscid-glandular :  heads  sessile,  in  close  capitate  clusters,  6-8  lines 
high :  rays  6-12,  2-3  lines  long :  achenes  of  the  disk  almost  Hnear,  some- 
what quadrangular;  of  the  rays  oblique-pyriform.  In  fields  and  waste 
places  western  Oregon  to  California. 

M.  dissitiflora  T.  &  G.  Fl.  405.  '*  A  slender  twiggy  plant  6-15  inches 
high :  stems  as  well  as  the  lanceolate-linear  leaves  hirsute-pubescent;  the 
branches  g'andular  :  heads  scattered  few-flowered,  scarcely  3  lines  in  diam- 
eter, with  inconspicuous  rays :  bracts  of  the  involucre  5-8,  very  glandular : 
disk-flowers  3-6 :  achenes  all  flat  and  scarcely  or  not  at  all  angled  on  the 
sides.    Blue  Mountains  and  plains  of  Oregon. '* 

M.  glomerata  Hook.  Fl.  ii,  24.  Stems  rather  slender,  1-2  feet  high, 
simple,  or  branched  near  the  top,  pubepcent  with  coarse  somewhat  spread- 
ing hairs,  glandular  only  near  the  top :  leaves  linear-lanceolate  to  linear, 
1-3  inches  long,  often  sparingly  denticulate,  ciliate  near  the  base,  pubescent 
both  sides  with  fine  appressed  hairs :  heads  small,  inclose  glomerules,  very 
viscid-glandular;  rays  1-5  or  sometimes  none,  not  surpassing  the  3-5  disk- 
flowers  :  achenes  narrow,  2  lines  long  or  more ;  those  of  the  disk  4-5-angled ; 
of  the  ray  flat  somewhat  curved  and  1-nerved  on  each  face.  Common  from 
Brit.  Columbia  to  California  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

M.  citriodora  Greene  Bull.  Torr.  Club  ix,  63.  Hemizonia  citriodora 
Gray,  Stems  simple,  with  short-pedunculate  corymbosely  panicled  heads 
or  loosely  branched  and  the  heads  more  scattered,  cinereously  villous-hir- 
sute  and  above  with  small  glands  interspersed:  leaves  narrow,  mostly  en- 
tire :  rays  8-9  exserted,  greenish-yellow  :  scales  of  the  receptacle  lightly 
united  into  a  cup :  achenes  rounded  on  the  back  and  with  a  ventral  angle. 
From  Hood  River  Oregon  to  northern  California. 


348  COMPOSITE  harp^xjabpus 

HEMIZONELLA 

50    HARP^CARPUS  Nutt.  1.  c. 

Small  annuals  with  entire  narrow  leaves  and  numerous  small 
heads  of  inconspicuous  flowers.  Heads  few-flowered ;  ray-flow- 
ers 3-8.,  pistillate,  in  a  single  series,  each  enclosed  in  one  of  the 
carinate-com plicate  and  lunate  bracts  of  the  involucre ;  disk- 
flower  solitary,  tubular,  perfect  and  fertile,  surrounded  by  a  5- 
angled  and  5-toothed  cup  formed  of  the  united  scales  of  the  rece- 
ptacle. Corollas  glabrous ;  of  the  ray  scarcely  exceeding  the  in- 
volucre, tubular  below,  cleft  anteriorly ;  of  the  disk  funnelform, 
5-toothed.  Branches  of  the  style  in  the  disk-flower  short,  lan- 
ceolate-oblong with  barbellate-hispid  margins.  Acbenes  glabrous 
much  compressed,  without  pappus;  of  the  rays  obo vat e-lunate, 
gibbous,  the  incurved  summit  produced  into  a  short  ascending 
beak,  when  mature  falling  with  the  bracts  of  the  involucre  that 
enclose  them;  that  of  the  disk  semiobovate,  straight,  with  a  trun- 
cate terminal  areola,  enclosed  by  the  united  chaff. 

H.  madarioides  Nutt.  1.  c.  Madia  filipes  Gray.  Stems  slender,  4-12 
inches  high,  hirsute,  glandular  above,  paniculately  branched :  leaves  alter- 
nate, narrowly  linear,  1-2  inches  long:  heads  numerous,  1-2  lines  high,  on 
long  filiform  peduncles :  bracts  of  the  involucre  4-8,  lunate  and  strongly 
carinate  in  fruit,  almost  destitute  of  free  tips,  hispid  and  glandular:  bracts 
of  the  receptacle  united  into  a  3-5-toothed  cup.  Common  in  open  woods, 
Brit.  Columbia  to  California. 

51  HEMIZONELLA  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  ix,  189. 
Little  annuals  with  mostly  opposite  leaves  and  numerous  small 
heads  of  inconspicuous  flowers.  Heads  few-flowered,  heterogam- 
ous ;  the  rays  4-5,  pistillate ;  the  disk-flower  solitary,  or  rarely 
2  or  3,  perfect  and  fertile.  Bracts  of  the  involucre  herbaceous,  as 
many  as  ray-flowers,  each  infolded  and  completely  enclosing  its 
achene  but  rounded  on  the  back  and  usually  flattish  on  the  inner 
face.  Chaff"  of  the  receptacle  an  herbaceous  3-5-toothed  cup  en- 
closing the  disk-flowers.  Corollas  glabrous  or  merely  glandular  : 
rays  very  short.  Achenes  obovate  or  fusiform,  more  or  less  ob- 
compressed  and  thoS3  of  the  rays  incurved,  the  small  terminal 
areola  oblique,  either  sessile  or  raised  on  a  short  beak.  Pappus 
wanting. 

H.  Durandii  Gray  1.  c.  Hirsute  with  white  hairs  and  glandular  above: 
stems  1-6  inches  high,  diffusely  much  branched :  leaves  linear,  about  6  lines 
long:  earliest  heads  usually  in  the  forks  of  the  branches,  slender-pedunc- 
led ;  the  later  ones  racemose,  2-bracted  at  base,  short-peduncled :  achenes 
slightly  hairy;  those  of  the  ray  obovate-oblong  and  obcompressed,  tipped 
with  a  short  inflexedbeak.  On  dry  hills  and  gravelly  bars,  Oregon  to  Cali- 
fornia and  Nevada. 

52    HEMIZONIA  DC.  Prodr.  v,  692. 

Low  annuals  with  alternate  often  crowded  leaves  and  middle- 
sized  heads  of  yellow  or  white  ray-flowers.  Heads  several  to 
many-flowered:  rays  5-20,  ligulate,  2-3-lobed,  pistillate  :  those  of 
the  disk  tubular,  perfect  but  sterile,  5-toothed,  the  teeth  mostly 


HEMioNZAT  COMPOS  ITiE  849 

CALYCADSNIA 

glandular-bearded.  Bracts  of  the  involucre  in  a  single  series,  ob- 
long or  lanceolate,  concave  or  convolute  and  partly  enclosing  the 
ray-achenes.  Receptacle  flat,  chaffy  throughout,  the  scales  of  the 
outer  series  united.  Style-appendages  of  the  disk-flowers  linear 
or  subulate,  acute,  very  hispid.  Achenes  glabrous  :  those  of  the 
ray  obovoid,  gibbous  or  slightly  obcompressed,  convex  on  the 
back,  slightly  stipitate,  the  apex  mostly  oblique  and  terminated 
with  a  small  often  papillose  exserted  or  beaked  areola;  of  the  disk 
sterile  or  abortive,  oblong,  5-7-nerved.     Pappus  none. 

H.  luzulse folia  BO.  I.  c.  Tomentose-canescent:  stems  erect,  6-18 
inches  high,  corymbosely  branched  above,  the  branches  and  involucre  hir- 
sute and  somewhat  viscid :  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  silky-villous,  not 
glandular,  1-5  inches  long  by  2-4  linea  broad,  the  lower  elongated,  tapering 
to  the  base,  denticulate,  3-5-nerved,  sometimes  opposite :  heads  numerous, 
3-4  lines  broad,  many-flowered:  involucre  hemispherical,  its  bracts  rather 
shorter  than  the  disk,  with  short  and  broadish  herbaceous  tips :  rays  5-10, 
rather  large,  white  to  pinkish :  scales  of  the  receptacle  united  into  a  cup. 
Open  grounds  and  fields,  southern  Oregon  and  California. 

H.  Clevelaudi  Greene  Bull.  Torr  Club  ix,  109.  Stems  stoutish,  10-20 
inches  high,  branching  from  near  the  base,  villous  with  long  spreading 
hairs,  glandular  above:  leaves  norrowly  linear,  1-nerved,  silky  beneath : 
heads  racemosely  or  spicately  disposed  along  the  slender  branches :  rays 
white.    In  fields  and  open  places,  southern  Oregon  and  California. 

53    CALYCADENIA  DC,  Prodr.  v,  695. 

Slender  annuals  with  rigid  chiefly  alternate  narrowly  linear  or 
subulate  1-nerved  leaves  with  revolute  margins,  the  upper  ones 
usually  terminated  by  a  large  saucer-shaped  gland.  Heads 
many-flow^ered ;  the  ray-flowers  3-5,  pistillate,  3-lobed  or  3-parted, 
with  slender  tube ;  disk-  flowers  tubular,  perfect  but  mostly  inter- 
tile.  Involucre  leafy-bracteate  at  base,  its  bracts  in  a  single  series, 
concave,  partly  enclosing  the  ray-achenes.  Receptacle  small,  flat, 
with  a  single  series  of  distinct  or  united  chaff  between  the  ray- 
TJnd  disk-flowers.  Disk-flowers  funnelform,  5-toothed,  their  style- 
branches  with  long  filiform  hirsute  appendages.  Achenes  some- 
what hairy:  those  of  the  ray  obo void-triangular,  without  pappus  : 
of  the  disk  quadrangular,  tapering  to  the  base,  infertile,  with  a 
pappus  of  5-10  chaffy  and  mostly  awned  scales. 

C.  tmijcata  DC.  1.  c.  Hemizonia  truncata  Gray.  Very  smooth  and 
glabrous :  stems  1-2  feet  high,  simple  or  spa  ing!y  branched  adove :  leaves 
linear,  1-3  inches  long,  the  lower  ones  opposite:  heads  campanulate;  4  or 5 
lines  high:  bracts  of  the  involucre  ovate  oblong,  boat-shaped:  ray-flowers 
5-8,  3  lobed,  the  middle  lobe  smallest :  chaff  of  the  receptacle  7-9,  lightly 
united  at  the  top  into  a  truncate  cup,  at  lengtli  separable:  disk- flowers  10- 
20,  with  a  pappus  of  7-10  oblong  and  somewhat  erose  fimbriate  pointless 
palese  much  shorter  ihan  the  achene,'s  metiraes  obsolete.  On  dry  plains, 
southern  Oregon  to  California. 

C.  ninltiglaudulosa  DC.  1.  c.  Stem  simple  or  diffusely  much  branch- 
ed, 1-2  feet  high,  strigose  hirsute:  leaves  mostly  scattered,  linear,  mostly 
with  resolute  margins,  hirsutely  ciliate;  sessile :  heads  numerous,  terminal 
on  short  lateral  branchlets,  campanulate,  4  lines  high:  bracts  of  the  invo- 
lucre linear,    bristly-ciliate,  with  numerous  tack-ehaped  glands  on  their 


350  COMPOSITE  CENTROMADIA 

LAGOPHTLLA 

backs :  rays  white,  fan- shaped  3-lobed,  their  achenes  glabrous  or  glabrate 
short :  j  appus  of  the  disk-flowers  shorter  than  the  achenes,  of  10-12  unequ, 
al  palese,  5  of  them  oblong  to  lanceolate.  On  dry  plains,  southern  Oregon- 
to  California. 

54    CENTROMADIA  Greene  Man.  196. 

Rigid  branching  annuals  with  some  of  the  loT7er  leaves  pin- 
natifid  and  the  uppermost  clustered  around  the  sessile  heads. 
Upper  leaves  or  their  lobes  pungently  pointed.  Heads  many- 
flowered;  ray-flowers  pistillate,  numerous  and  in  more  than  one 
series  ;  disk-flowers  perfect  but  mostly  sterile.  Bracts  of  the  in- 
volucre rounded  on  the  back,  concave  and  partly  enclosing  the 
ray-achenes,  acuminate  and  pungently  pointed.  Receptacle  coni- 
cal or  convex,  chafly.  all  the  disk-flowers  being  subtended  by 
narrow  and  mostly  quite  distinct  chaffy  scales.  Ray-achenes 
turgid,  obovate-triangular,  very  oblique,  the  terminal  areola  from 
the  summit  of  the  inner  angle  or  face,  and  by  gibbosity  common- 
ly intraapical,  raised  on  a  little  apiculation* 

C.  Fitchil  Greene  1.  c.  Villous  hirsute,  somewhat  viscid,  above  hesei 
with  small  scattered  tack-shaped  glands:  stems  stoutish,  6-20  inches  high, 
branching:  leaves  linear  or  subulate,  2-3  inches  long,  acute  and  pungently 
pointed,  some  of  the  lower  ones  once  or  twice  pinnately  parted :  heads 
numerous,  terminating  the  branches :  bracts  of  the  involucre  subulate : 
rays  yellow,  narrow,  their  achenes  obovate- triquetrous :  chaff  of  the  convex 
receptacle  soft  and  pointless,  villous  :  disk-achenes  sterile,  with  a  pappus 
of  8-12  linear  palese  fringed  or  bearded  at  tip,  somewhat  united  at  base. 
Dry  plains,  southern  Oregon  to  California. 

55  LAGOPHYLLA  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  vii,  390 
Slender  much  branched  annuals  with  narrow  leaves  and  mid- 
dle-sized heads  with  yellow,  white  or  pink  ray-flowers.  Heads 
jew-flowered;  rays  about  5,  pistillate;  disk-flowers  5  or  6,  perfect 
but  sterile.  Bracts  of  the  involucre  as  many  as  ray-flowers,  her- 
baceous the  margins  infolded  and  enclosing  their  achenes.  Re- 
ceptacle flat,  fimbrillate-hirsute  in  the  centre,  chaffy  at  the  mar- 
gin between  the  ray-  and  disk-flowers,  the  chaffy  scales  5-6,  in  a 
single  series,  distinct.  Achenes  smooth,  without  pappus:  of  the 
rays  oblong-cuneiform,  obcompressed,  straight,  nearly  flat  and 
obscurely  angled  on  the  back. 

L.  ramosissima  Nutt.  1.  c.  Stem  slender,  paniculately  much  branched, 
6-30  inches  high :  leaves  entire,  canescent  with  soft  silky  pubescence ;  rad- 
ical and  lowest  cauline  obovate-spatulate ;  upper  lanceolate  or  linear,ob- 
tuse!  the  short  ones  subtending  the  crowded  heads  linear-oblong,  densely 
ciliate  with  very  soft,  villous  hairs:  heads  3  lines  high,  crowded  in  small 
and  at  length  rather  scattered  irregular  clusters :  bracts  of  the  involucre 
3-4  lines  long,  comose-ciliate :  rays  yellow,  closing  in  sunshine :  achenes  ob- 
oyate-oblong,  carinate  down  the  inner  face.  Common  on  dry  plains  and 
hill-sides,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California  and  Idaho. 

56    LAYIA  H.  &  A.  Bot.  Beech,  148. 

Low  annual  or  biennial  herbs  with  mostly  opposite  leaves  and 
middle-sized  heads  of  yellow  or  white  flowers,.  Heads  many- 
flowered  :  the  ray-flowers  10-15,  pistillate :  those  of  the  disk  tubu- 


LAYiA  COMPOSITE  351 

ACHYBACHiENA 

lar,  perfect.  Bracts  of  the  involucre  equal,  in  a  single  series,  the 
base  convolute  and  enclosing  the  ray-achene,  foliaceous  above, 
Receptacle  flat,  pubescent,  with  a  row  of  chaffy  scales  between  the 
ray-  and  disk-flowers.  Style-branches  of  the  disk-flowers  filiform, 
very  acute,  hairy  above,  at  length  exserted  and  recurved.  Achenes 
of  the  ray  glabrous,  linear-oblong,  more  or  less  obcompressed, 
somewhat  incurved,  crowned  with  a  small  protuberant  areola,  des- 
titute of  pappus:  of  the  disk  linear-clavate,  angled,  appressed- 
pubescent  or  villous,  with  a  pappus  of  10-20  equal  bristly  or 
subulate  awns  which  are  naked  and  scabrous-serrulate  above 
aiid  plumose  or  villous  with  long  weak  hairs  toward  the  base. 

L.  glandulosa  H.  &  A.  1.  c.  358.  Stems  4-12  inches  high,  diffusely 
branched,  hispid  or  hirsute  and  with  dark  stipitate  glands  above:  leaves 
linear-lanceolate,  1-2  inches  long,  the  lower  ones  often  more  or  less  pinnati- 
fid :  heads  solitary  at  the  end  of  the  branches,  campanulate,  6  lines  high ; 
its  bracts  linear-oblong :  rays  8-14,  bright  white,  6-8  lines  long,  3-lobed : 
chaff  ot  the  receptacle  lanceolate,  equalling  or  exceeding  the  disk-flowers : 
pappus  10-20  stout  bristles,  copiouly  villous.  Sandy-banks  and  barren 
grounds,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California  and  Idaho,  east  of  the  Cascade  Mts. 

L.  Douglasii  H.  &  A.  1.  c.  "  Low,  sparsely  hirsute  or  hispid,  a  few 
small  stipitate  glands  on  the  upper  leaves  and  involucre :  radical  leaves  pin- 
natifid-dentate ;  upper  linear  and  entire :  rays  rather  short,  broad,  3-cleft ; 
lobes  of  disk-corola  hirsute  outside :  akenes  narrow,  those  of  the  disk  vill- 
ous-pubescent :  pappus  of  about  10  minutely  scabrous  linear-subulate  flat 
paleae,  nearly  equalling  disk-coroUas ;  their  margins  toward  the  base  scan- 
tily beset  with  long  and  straight  villous  hairs.  Gravelly  banks,  between 
the  Dalles  and  Great  Falls  of  the  Columbia  River,  Douglas.  " 

57    ACHYRACH^NA  Schauer.  Del.  Sem.  Hort.  Vratsil  1838. 

A  low  annual  with  chiefly  alternate  leaves  and  middlesized 
heads  of  yellow  flowers  terminating  the  branches.  Heads  many- 
flowered;  the  ray-flowers  6-10.  with  3-cleft  ligule  much  shorter 
than  its  filiform  tube,  little  surpassing  the  disk;  disk-corollas 
slender,  5-toothed.  Involucre  oblong-campanulate,  of  lanceolate 
thin-herbaceous  bracts  :  chaff*  of  the  receptacle  similar  but  thin- 
ner, only  between  the  disk-  and  ray-flowers,  distinct.  Achenes 
all  clavate,  with  attenuate  base,  symmetrical,  10-costate ;  those  of 
theray  slightly  obcompressed.  rounded  at  apex  and  with  slightly 
protuberant  areola;  those  of  the  disk  mostly  fertile,  the  truncate 
apex  bearing  a  large  pappus  of  10  elongated-oblong  obtuse  silvery- 
scarious  paleae,  the  5  inner  as  long  as  the  corolla  and  achene,  the 
alternate  outer  ones  shorter. 

A.  mollis  Shaurer  1.  c.  Villous- pubescent  and  slightly  glandular-viscid : 
stems  erect,  6-18  inches  high  branching:  leaves  alternate,  or  the  lowest 
opposite,  narrowly  linear,  2-4  inches  long,  sessile,  entire,  or  the  lower  la- 
ciniate:  heads  solitary,  long-ped uncled,  terminating  the  stem  and  fastigiate 
branches,  an  inch  or  lees  long :  pappus  3  lines  long,  in  fruit  when  dry 
spreading  and  forming  a  globular  silvery-chaffy  head.  In  fields  and  open 
places,  southern  Oregon  and  western  California. 

Tribe  V  HELENIOIDEJE  B.  &  H.  Gen.  ii,  167.  Heads  hete^ 
rogamous  and  the  ligulate  ray-flowers  mostly  fertile,  or  homogamous/ 


352  COMPOSITtE 

the  disk-flowers  hermaphrodite  and  fertile,  rarely  some  infertile,  with 
regular  4-^' toothed  tubular  corolla.  Receptadle  naked,  orfimhrillate. 
Bracts  of  the  involucre  herbaceous  or  membranaceous,  not  scarious. 
Style-branches  of  the  hermaphrodite  flowers  with  either  truncate  or 
appendiculate  tips.  Pappus  paleaceous  or  aristiform,  or  sometimes 
plurisetose,  but  the  bristles  when  capillary  always  more  or  less  rig'id. 

SuBTRiBE  I  Jaumie^    Involucre  of  broad  bracts,  imbricated  in 
two  or  more  series. 

58  Jaumea  Involucre  campanulate:  leaves  opposite,  connate  at  base, 
narrow,  fleshy. 

SuBTRiBE  II  Helenie^e     Iiivolucre  hardly  at  all  imbricated  : 
its  bracts  when  broad  nearly  equal  or  in  a  single  series. 

*  Achenes  linear  or  linear-cuneate,  4-angIed  or  compressed,  but  not 
with  cartilaginous  margins. 

•*-  Receptacle  conical  or  convex,  rarely  flat:  involucre  of  fewr  or  sev- 
eral erect  appressed  or  united  herbaceous  bracts. 

•M-     Rays  few,  very  short  and  included,  rarely  conspicuous,  or  none. 

59  Lasthenia  Receptacle  conical:  bracts  of  the  involucre  united  into  a 
IO-15-toothed  cup :  pappus  none. 

-»*•  ■«■  R^ys  exserted  and  spreading.    . 

60  Baeria  Receptacle  high-conical,  minutely  muricate :  bracts  of  the  in- 
volucre distinct,  flat,  in  a  single  series. 

61  Eriophyllum  Receptacle  flat  to  conical :  involucre  many-flowered,  its 
bracts  strictly  erect,  not  membranaceous,  more  or  less  carinate- concave 
in  fruit  and  partly  embracing  the  subtending  achene :  pappus  of  nerve- 
less and  mostly  pointless  palese. 

62  Bahia  Receptacle  small,  mostly  flat;  involucre  12-20-flowered,  its 
bracts  not  colored  nor  scarious-tipped,  plain  or  merely  concave,  not 
embracing  achenes :  pappus  of  several  scarious  palese  with  callous- 
thickened  opaque  base. 

63  Hymenopappus  Receptacle  flat :  Involucre  many-flowered;  its  bracts 
mostly  appressed,  with  scarious-membranaceous  and  usually  colored 
tips :  pappus  of  10-20  mostly  hyaline  obtuse  palese. 

•*-  ■*-    Receptacle  flat:  bracts  of  the  involucre  narrow,  chiefly  linear 

•"•     Heads  with  regular  ligulate  and  pistillate  rays 

64  Bigiopappus  Involucre  campanulate,  rather  many-flowered:  rays 
short  and  inconspicuous :  pappus  of  4-5  rigid  paleaceous  awns. 

++  ♦+   Rays  wanting  but  the  marginal  corollas  sometimes  enlarged 

65  Cheemactis  Involucre  campanulate  or  hemispherical :  pappus  of  blunt 
hyaline  scales,  rarely  wanting. 

■M-  -M-  ++     Ray-flowers  ligulate  and  pistillate,  mostly  conspicuous. 

66  Hulsea  Involucre  hemispherical,  very  many-flowered,  of  very  num- 
■     ■  erous  linear  bracts :  pappus  of  4  short  hyaline  blunt  and  nerveless  palese. 

*  *    Achenes  turbinate  or  obpyramidal :  disk-flowers  all  fertile. 

+-    Involucre  bracts  erect  or  appressed :  achenes  hirsute  or  villous. 


jAtJMEA  COMPOSITiE  353 

LASTHENIA 

67  Actinella    Rays  8-12,  pistillate :  involucre  of  numerous  bracts :  recep- 
tacle conical  or  convex  :  pappus  of  5-1 2  hyaline  entire  palese. 

■*-  ■*-    Bracts  of  the  involucre  or  their  tips  spreading  or  reflexed : 
rays  cuneate,  3-5-lobed :  pappus  of  hyaline  usually  awn-pointed  palese, 

68  Helenium    Rays  commonly  fertile :  receptacle  wholly  naked. 

69  Gaillardia    Rays  neutral :  receptacle  with  some  rigid  awns  among  the 
flowers :  achenes  involucrate  with  villous  hairs. 

Subtrihe  i  Jaumiex.  Involucre  of  broad  bracts  imbricated  in  two 
or  more  series.  lAgules  not  persistent,  achenes  5-angled  or  terete, 
several-nerved.  Many-flowered  heads  in  ours  radiate  and  the  rays 
fertile. 

58    JAI3MEA  Pers.  Syn.  PI.  ii,  367. 

Herbs  or  sufFruticose  plants  with  opposite  entire  leaves  and 
terminal  pedunculate  heads  of  yellow  flowers.  Involucre  cam- 
panulate,  its  bracts  fleshy  or  membranaceous,  the  outer  shortest. 
Corollas  glabrous.  Receptacle  naked.  Style-branches  pappillose 
or  hairy,  lanceolate  or  short-conical  at  tip.  Achenes  all  alike, 
linear,  10-nerved,  more  or  less  angled.  Pappus  in  exotic  species 
narrow  pointed  or  awned  1-nerved  paleae,  in  ours  none. 

J.  carnosa  Gray  Bot.  Wilkes  360.  Glabrous  perennial :  stems  procum- 
bent or  ascending,  herbaceous,  leafy  6-18  inches  long :  leaves  spatulate- 
linear,  almost  terete,  very  f  eshy,  about  an  inch  long,  sessile  and  connate 
at  base :  heads  erect,  on  short  peduncles,  6  lines  high  :  rays  6-10,  linear, 
not  surpassing  the  disk:  receptacle  conical,  smooth  and  fleshy: achenes 
glabious,  destitute  of  pappus.  In  salt  marshes  along  the  coast,  Brit.  Co- 
lumbia to  California. 

Subtribe  ii,  Helenieas.  Cass.  Involucre  hardly  at  all  imbricated; 
its  bracts  when  broad  nearly  equal,  or  in  a  single  series.  Ligules  not 
persistent.  Disk*Jlowers  numerous,  with  5  or  rarely  4  teeth  or  lobes. 
Achenes  few-nerved  or  angled,  or  more  numerously  striate-angled 
only  when  turbinate  or  pyriform. 

*  Receptacle  conical  beset  after  the  achenes  have  fallen  by  project- 
ing points.  Bracts  of  the  involucre  herbaceous,  in  one  or  rarely  two 
series,  commonly  broad,  sometimes  cupulate -connate.  Achenes  nar- 
row, from  oblong  to  linear,  usually  tapering  to  the  base,  few -nerved 
and  angled  or  nerveless,  not  callous- margined. 

59    LASTHENIA  Cass. 

Glabrous  and  smooth  annuals  with  opposite  entire  sessile 
leaves  and  rather  small  heads  of  yellow  flowers  terminating  the 
branches.  Heads  radiate,  or  discoid  by  diminution  of  the 
ligules;  disk-flowers  all  fertile.  Involucre  a  single  series  of 
herbaceous  bracts  united  by  their  edges  into  a  5-15-toothed  cup. 
Disk-corollas  4-5-lobed,  with  rather  slender  tube  and  dilated 

k throat.  Achenes  linear  or  narrowly  oblong,  compressed,  slight- 
ly 2-3-nerved  or  nerveless,  nearly  marginless.  Pappus  of  5-10 
subulate  firm  paleae,  or  none. 


354  COMPOSITE  baeria 

ERIOPHYLLUM 

L.  glaberrima  DC.  Prodr.  v,  664.  Somewhat  fleshy :  stems  ascending, 
6-12  inches  long :  leaves  elongated-linear :  heads  on  long  peduncles  which 
are  enlarged  at  the  summit,  nodding  in  flower :  involucre  about  15-toothed : 
corollas  all  shorter  than  the  minutely  puberulent  oblong-linear  achenes : 
pappus  of  5-10  rigid  palese,  two  or  three  of  them  with  subulate  or  short- 
awned  points,  the  others  erose  or  laciniate.  In  salt  marshes  along  the  coast 
of  Oregon  and  California. 

60    BAERIA  F.  &  M.  Ind.  Sem.  Hort.  Petrop.  t.  7. 

Low  plants  with  opposite  sessile  leaves,  and  slender-peduncled 
heads  of  yellow  flowers.  Heads  mostly  many -flowered,  with  5-15 
conspicuous  rays.  Bracts  of  the  campanulate  or  hemispherical 
involucre  as  many  as  rays,  plain  or  becoming  somewhat  carinate, 
at  least  below.  Receptacle  subulate  to  conical.  Tips  of  the  style 
truncate-capitate,  with  or  without  a  central  apiculation,  to  ovate, 
sometimes  with  a  cuspidate  appendage.  Disk-corollas  with  slen- 
der tube  as  long  or  longer  than  the  campanulate  5-lobed  limb. 
Achenes  clavate-linear  to  linear-cuneate.  Pappus  a  few  paleae  or 
paleaceous  awns  or  both,   often  wanting. 

B.  aristosa.  B.  gracilis  var.  aristosa  Gray.  Slender  annual  3-10  inches 
high,  strigose-pubescent :  leaves  linear,  entire,  mostly  opposite:  involucre 
3-4  lines  high,  of  8-10  broadly  lanceolate  to  ovate  acute  bracts :  rays  as 
many  as  bracts,  ligulate,  lanceolate  obtuse:  achenes  linear-oblong,  with 
pappus  of  4-5  small  palese  with  awns  gradually  and  slightly  widened  down- 
ward and  as  long  ?s  the  achene.  dry  open  places,  southern  Oregon  and 
California. 

*  *  Receptacle  flat  or  convex.  Achenes  from  linear  to  ohpyra- 
midal,  rarely  5-angled.     Flowers  {with  few  exceptions'),  all  fertile, 

61    ERIOPHYLLUM  Lag.  Nov.  Gen.  &  Spec.  28. 

Floccose-tomentose  or  rarely  glabrate  herbs  (rarely  suffr  •  ti- 
cose),  with  alternate  or  partly  opposite  leaves,  peduncled  or 
sometimes  sessile  heads  of  mostly  yellow  flowers.  Involucre 
many-flowered,  from  hemispherical  to  oblong,  commonly  equl 
ailing  the  disk,  of  one  or  sometimes  two  series  of  oblong  or 
narrower  firm-herbaceous  or  coriaceous  permanently  erect 
bracts,  distinct  or  sometimes  partially  united  into  a  cup:  at 
least  in  fruit  concave  in  the  centre  and  partially  enclosing  the 
subtending  achenes.  Eay-flowers  usually  with  broad  ligules, 
very  rarely  none.  Disk-corollas  with  distinct  and  sometimes 
slender  proper  tube.  Style-tips  truncate,  obtuse  or  obscurely 
capitellate -conical.  Achenes  narrow,  from  clavate-linear  to 
cuneate-oblong,  mostly  4:-angled.  Pappus  of  nerveless  and 
mostly  pointless  palese. 

E.  stsBchadifolium  Lag.  1.  c,  Canescent  with  close-pressed  pannose 
tomentum,  at  length  partly  denudate,  1  to  4  feet  highfiom  a  woody  base : 
leaves  once  or  twice  pinnately  parted  into  oblong  or  linear  divisions,  or  the 
upper  ones  sometimes  entire,  about  an  inch  long,  soon  glabrate  and  green 
above :  heads  3-4  lines  high,  in  rather  loose  paniculate  clusters ;  involucre 
cvlindraceous -campanulate,  of  8-10  linear-spatulate  to  narrowly-oblong 
thinnish  bracts :  rays  6-8,  only  a  line  or  so  long,  roundish-oval :  receptacle 


ERIOPHYLLUM  COMPOSITE  355 

BAHIA 

convex,  alveolate-toothed :  pappas  of  8-12  oblong-linear  palese  much  shorter 
than  the  linear  smooth  achene.  Along  the  coast  from  Chetco  Oregon  to 
southern  California. 

E.  caespitosnm  Dougl.  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1167.  Floccosely  white- wool- 
ly herbaceous  perennial ;  many -stemmed  from  spreading  rootstocks,  6-24 
inches  high :  leaves  from  spatulate  to  cuneate  or  roundish  in  outline,  from 
incisely  3-5-lobed  to  pinnately  parted,  or  the  upper  verging  to  linear  and 
entire,  upper  face  often  glabrate  in  age:  involucral  bracts  8-12,  oblong  or 
oval,  often  more  or  less  united :  rays  6-12,  6-8  liiies  long:  tube  of  the  disk- 
corollas  mostly  hirsute-glandular  and  longer  than  the  oblong  scales  of  the 
pappus.    Common  from  Alaska  to  California  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

E.  achillaeoides  Greene  Man.  207.  E.  csespitosum  var  achillspoides  Gray. 
Stems  slender,  1-2  feet  high :  leaves  pinnately  parted  or  cleft  into  3-5  nar- 
row laciniately  incised  or  pinnatifid  divisions :  heads  somewhat  corymbose- 
ly  collected  and  rather  short-pednncled :  involucre  hemispherical,  3-4  lines 
high,  of  9-13  narrow  bracts :  rays  9-13,  6-8  lines  long,  usually  narrow : 
achenes  sparsely  pubescent  or  glabrate.     Southern  Oregon  to  California. 

E.  leacophyllnm  Bahia  leucophyllum  DC.  Lanuginose-toraentose 
throughout :  stems  6-12  inches  high,  branching  from  the  base,  naked  above : 
leaves  oblanceo'ate  or  oblong-spatulate,  3-cleft  or  lobed  at  the  apex,  or 
somewhat  pinnately  incised  or  the  upper  linear  and  entire: heads  solitary, 
long-ped uncled ;  involucre  campanulate,  4-5  lines  high,  of  about  8  oblong 
brai  ts ;  rays  oblong :  achenes  glabrous :  pappus  of  4  oblong  or  lanceolate 
acutish  scales  and  as  many  alternate  smaller  ones.  Dry  plains,  Alaska  to 
California. 

E.  lanceolatum.  Surculose-stoloniferoue:  stems  slender,  8-12  inches 
high,  simple,  bearing  a  single  large  head  or  few-flowered  cyme,  floccose- 
wooUy :  leaves  lanceolate  and  entire,  or  the  lower  ones  spatulate  and  spar- 
ingly dentate  toward  the  apex,  6-12  lines  long,  densely  white-tomentose 
when  young:  involucre  5-6  lines  high,  very  densely  white-tomentose,  of 
10-15  lanceolate  bracts :  paleae  of  the  pappus  acute,  fimbriate-laciniate.  In 
marshy  place?,  Siskiyou  Mountains  near  Ashland  Oregon. 

E.  integrifolinm  Greene  Fl.  Fr.  444  Bahia  integrifolia  DC.  Low,  often 
dwarf,  cespitose,  3-10  inches  high  :  leaves  from  narrowly  spatulate  and  en- 
tire to  more  dilated  and  3-lobed,  floccosely  hoary;  heads  rather long-pedun- 
cled;  involucre  cylindrical,  of  6-8  narrowly  oblong  bracts:  achenes  glabr- 
ous, rarely  somewhat  glandular-atomiferous  near  the  summit :  paleae  of  the 
pappus  mostly  of  the  same  length,  about  equalling  the  very  g'andular  but 
not  hirsute  corolla-tube.  Brit.  Columbia  to  California  and  the  Rocky 
Mountains :  usually  only  on  the  highest  mountains. 

E.  gracile  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xix,  25.  Loosely  floccose-woolly : 
stems  slener,  9-15  inches  high :  leaves  narrowly  linear  and  entire :  heads  on 
long  slender  peduncles :  involucre  nearly  4  lines  high,  campanulate,  of 
about  10  oblong  bracts :  rays  about  8 :  receptacle  nearly  flat,  alveolate-den- 
tate :  achenes  slender,  glandular,  2  lines  long :  paleae  of  the  pappus  oblong 
or  quadrate.    Southern  Idaho  on  Snake  river. 

62    BAHIA  Lag.  Nov.  Gen  &  Spec.  30. 

SufFruticose  or  herbaceous  plants  with  opposite  or  alternate, 
and  small  or  middlesized  heads  of  yellow  flowers  terminating  the 
branches.  Involucre  hemispherical  or  obovate,  lax  or  open  in 
fruit,  many  flowered :  the  plain  wholly  herbaceous  bracts  distinct, 
in  a  single,  or  rarely  double  series.  Keceptacle  small,  mostly  flat. 
Lobes  or  teeth  of  the  corolla  short.    Style- tips  truncate  or  obtuse. 


356  COMPOSITE  hymenopappus 

RIGIOPAPPDS 

Achenes  narrow,  quadrangular.  Pappus  of  several  scarious  scales 
with  callous- thickened  opaque  base,  rarely  wanting. 

B.  oppositifolia  Nutt.  T.  &  G.  Fl  ii,  376.  Herbaceous  perennial ;  stems 
densely  cinereous,  much  branched,  4-12  inches  high,  very  leafy :  leaves 
opposite,  or  the  uppermost  alternate,  6-18  lines  long,  palmately  2-5-parted 
into  linear  obtuse  or  obtusisb ,  entire  segments,  finely  cinereous  on  both 
Bides :  heads  short-peduncled :  involucre  campanulate,  or  becoming  hemi- 
spheric, its  bracts  oblong,  obtuse,  densely  tomentose:  rays  5-7,  short: 
achenes  linear-oblong,  glandular-pubescent:  pappus  of  4-8  spatulate  to 
lanceolate  palese  with  thickened  bases.  Dry  plains,  eastern  Oregon  to 
Nebraska  and  New  Mexico. 

B#  nndicaulis  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xix,  27.  "  Cinereous-puberiilent 
and  glabrate,  upper  part  of  the  scapiform  stem  and  involucre  minutely 
glandular,  a  span  or  two  high :  leaves  nearly  all  radical,  oval  or  spatulate- 
oblong,  (an  inch  or  more  long),  tapering  into  a  slender  petiole :  heads  soli- 
tary, or  few  and  somewhat  corymbosely  paniculate,  nearly  half-inch  high : 
involucre  hemispherical,  of  about  10  oblong  bracts :  rays  6-9,  oblong :  pap- 
pus fully  half  the  length  of  the  cuneate  linear  sparsely  hairy  achene;  the 
thin  margins  of  the  palese  of  the  pappus  erose  and  the  short-excurrent  awn 
barbellate-hispidulous.  Wind  River  Mountains  N.  W.  Wyoming.  ,,  To 
be  looked  for  in  Idaho. 

63  HYMENOPAPPUS  L'Her.  Michx.  Fl.  ii,  103. 

Perennial  or  biennial  herbs  with  sulcate-angled  erect  stems, 
alternate  mostly  once  or  twice  pinnatifid  or  parted  leaves,  and 
corymbosely  cymose  or  solitary  pedunculate  heads  of  yellow  or 
white  flowers.  Involucre  campanulate,  many-flowered,  of  6-12 
mostly  appressed  bracts  with  scarious-membranaceous  usually 
colored  tips.  Rays  none.  Disk-corollas  numerous,  all  alike, 
with  narrow  tube,  abruptly  dilated  throat  and  reflexed  or  widely 
spreading  lobes.  Style- branches  with  short  and  thick  conical 
appendages  Achenes  obpyramidal,  4-5-angled,  with  attenuate 
base,  the  faces  1-3-nerved.  Pappus  of  10-20  thin-scarious  and 
mostly  hyaline  obtuse  scales ;  sometimes  very  short  or  obsolete. 

H,  fllifolins  Hook.  Fl.  i,  .S17.  Perennial  from  a  deep  woody  root :  stems 
usually  tufted,  10-24  inches  high,  woolly  when  young,  densely  leafy  toward 
the  base,  usually  naked  and  sparingly  branched  above ;  leaves  rather  rjgid 
once  or  twice  or  the  radical  thrice  pinnatifid  into  very  narrowly  linear  or 
filiform  divisions  their  margins  soon  revolute :  heads  few  or  solitary,  4-6 
lines  high ;  bracts  of  the  involucre  oblong,  usually  densely  woolly,  with 
whitish  or  purplish  tips :  corollas  white  to  yellow,  its  reflexed  lobes  very 
much  shorter  than  the  throat :  achenes  densely  villous :  palese  of  the  pappus 
short.  Brit.  Columbia  to  California  New  Mexico  and  Nebraska,  east  of 
the  Cascade  Mountains. 

64  RIGI0PAPPU8  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  vi,  548. 

Small  slender  annual  with  opposite  leaves  and  small  heads  of 
yellow  flowers  terminating  the  branches.  Heads  inconspicuously 
radiate.  Involucre  turbinate-campanulate,  of  numerous  narrowly 
linear  rather  rigid  herbaceous  bracts  which  are  somewhat  invo- 
lute at  maturity ;  many-flowered.  Receptacle  flat.  Ray-flowers 
5-15,  the  corolla  with  slender  tube  and  oblong  entire  or  2-tooth- 


CH^NACTis  COMPOSITiE  357 

HDLSEA 

ligule,  not  surpassing  the  disk.  Disk-flowers  more  numerous, 
their  corollas  small,  with  short  proper  tube,  elongated  narrow 
throat  and  3-5  short  erect  teeth.  Anthers  included.  Style- 
branches  with  short  and  linear  glabrous  stigmatic  portion,  and 
larger  slender-subulate  hispidulous  appendage.  Pappus  nearly 
similar  in  ray  and  disk,  of  3-5  rigid  and  wholly  opaque  paleace- 
ous naked  awns,  rarely  obsolete 

R.  leptocladvs  Gray  1.  c  Stem  slender,  6-12  inches  high,  paniculately 
or  subcorymbosely  branched:  branches  commonly  filiform,  elongated  and 
leafless  below,  smooth,  bearing  solitary  heads :  leaves  all  alternate  very 
narrowly  linear,  sessile,  erect,  entire,  those  of  the  branches  near  the  heads, 
small  and  subulate :  involucre  3  lines  high  :  flowers  yellow  but  often  chang- 
ing to  purple  or  whitish :  palese  of  the  pappus  two-thirds  the  length  of  the 
achene,  3-5,  rarely  only  2  or  1  or  none.  Dry  plains  east  of  the  Cascade 
Mountains,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California. 

65    CH^NACTIS  DC.  Prodr.  v,  659. 

Herbaceous  or  rarely  suffrutescent  plants  with  alternate  most- 
ly pinnately  dissected  leaves  and  pedunculate  solitary  or  some- 
times cymosely  disposed  heads  of  yellow  white  or  flesh-colored 
flowers.  Head  discoid,  but  the  marginal  flowers  commonly 
with  enlarged  limb  to  the  corolla.  Involucre  many-flowered,  cam- 
panulate  or  hemispherical,  its  bracts  linear,  erect,  equal,  herba- 
ceous to  the  tip.  Receptacle  flat.  Corollas  with  short  tube,  long 
and  narrow  throat,  and  short  teeth ;  or  in  the  marginal  ones  of 
some  species  with  larger  lobes  or  even  imperfect  palmate  ligules 
forming  a  kind  of  ray.  Anthers  mostly  partly  exserted.  Style- 
branches  pubescent  nearly  throughout,  filiform  or  with  attenu- 
ate-subulate tips.     Ppappus  of  hyaline  nerveless  paleae  or  none. 

C.  Nevii  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xix,  30.  Slender  winter  annual  4-10 
inches  high,  puberulent  throughout:  leaves  6-12  lines  long,  once  or  twice 
pinnately  parted  into  linear-oblong  divisions :  heads  rather  short-peduncled: 
involucre  campanulate,  4-6  lines  high,  of  12-20  lanceolate  acute  or  acum- 
inate herbaceoug  bracts :  corollas  yellow,  the  marginal  ones  but  little  larger 
than  the  others :  achenes  terete,  clavate,  surmounted  by  a  short  and  thick 
obscurely  denticulate  crown,  which  is  an  epi^nous  disk  rather  than  pap- 
pus.   Near  Muddy  Station,  John  Day  valley  Oregon. 

C.  Cusickii  Gray  Syn.  Fl.  i,  pt.  2,  Supp.  452,  Very  low,  diffusely 
branched,  floccose-tomentose,  soon  glabrate :  leaves  rather  fleshy,  all  entire, 
spatulate-linear :  peduncles  short :  bracts  of  the  involucre  broadly  linear, 
midrib  obscure :  flowers  white,  the  marginal  ones  enlarged :  pappus  of  10 
Unear-oblong  nearly  equal  palese  about  the  length  of  the  tube  of  the  corolla. 
Sandy  hills  of  the  Malheur  valley.  Baker  Co,  Oregon. 

C.  stevioides  H.  &  A.  Bot.  Beech.  353,  Floccose-tomentose.  glabrate 
in  age,  seldom  a  foot  high,  freely  and  loosely  branched}  bearing  numerous 
somewhat  cymosely  disposed  heads  of  white  flowers  on  short  slender  ped- 
uncles :  leaves  once  or  twice  pinnately  parted  into  short  linear  lobes,  the 
uppermost  rarely  entire )  bracts  of  the  involucre  narrowly  linear,  obtuse, 
with  obscure  midrib :  marginal  corollas  with  moderately  enlarged  unequal- 
ly 5-lobed  limb,  not  surpassing  the  disk :  palese  of  the  pappus  scarcely 
thickened  at  base,  those  of  the  inner  flowers  oblong-lanceolate  and  shorter 
than  the  corolla,  of  the  outer  ones  ovate  or  oblong,  often  unequal,  some- 
times much  shorter.    Southern  Idaho  to  Nevada  and  Utah. 


m  COMPOSITE  HUL8EA 

ACTINELLA 

C.  Bonglasii  H.  &  A.  1.  c.  354.  Pabescent  with  a  fine  somewhat  floc- 
cose  or  pannose  tomentum,  or  sometimes  early  glabrate :  stems  stout,  6-18 
inches  high,  paniculately  branched:  leaves  mostly  of  broad  outline,  and 
bipinnately  parted  into  crowded  short  obtuse  divisions  and  lobes :  heads 
6-9  lines  high,  in  large  plants  numerous  and  corymbosely  cymose, :  bracts 
of  the  involucre  linear  or  spatulate,  obtuse :  marginal  corollas  not  distinctly 
larger  nor  different  from  the  others :  palese  of  the  pappus  from  linear-ligu- 
late  to  narrowly  oblong,  4-6  lines  long.  Rocky  hillsides  and  dry  plains, 
Brit.  Columbia  to  California  Montana  and  New  Mexico. 

Var.  alpina  Gray  Syn.  Fl.  i,  pt.  2,  341.  ''  Dwarf,  3-5  inches  high, 
consisting  of  a  rosette  or  thick  tuft  of  leaves  with  very  close  divisions,  and 
naked  or  scapiform  stems,  bearing  mos*iy  solitary  heads  surmounting  the 
subterranean  branches  of  a  multicipital  perennial  caudex  or  root  stock. 
Alpine  region  of  the  Rocky  and  Cascade  Mountains.  " 

66    HULSEA  T.  &  G.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  98. 

Viscid-pubescent  and  balsamic-scented  herbs  with  alternate 
mostly  sessile  leaves  and  solitary  or  scattered  large  heads  of  yel- 
low flowers,  or  the  rays  sometimes  purple.  Involucre  many- 
flowered,  hemispherical,  its  thin  herbaceous  bracts  in  2-3  series. 
Receptacle  flat.  Rays  numerous,  ligulate  but  sometimes  short 
and  inconspicuous;  disk-corollas  with  proper  tube  slender,  but 
shorter  than  the  cylindraceous  throat.  Style-branches  short  and 
with  thickened  obtuse  tips.  Achenes  linear-cuneate,  compressed 
or  somewhat  tetragonal,  soft- villous.  Pappus  of  mostly  4  truncate 
wholly  hyaline  scales. 

H.  nana  Gray  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  vi,  76,  t  13.  Villous-hirsute  when  young: 
stems  stoutish,  bearing  a  single  large  head,  2-8  inches  high,  from  a  long 
branching  rootstock:  leaves  mostly  radical,  1-2  inches  long,  oblong-spatu- 
late,  pinnatifid  or  incised,  mostly  tapering  below  to  a  margined  petiole : 
involucre  6-8  lines  high,  of  lanceolate  acute  bracts:  rays  about  30,  broadly 
linear,  6-8  lines  long :  scales  of  the  pappus  usually  longer  than  the  breadth 
of  the  achene,  incisely  or  fimbriately  lacerate.  In  valcanic  ashes  and  scoriae. 
Mount  Adams  Washington  to  Mount  Shasta  California. 

67    ACTINELLA  Pers.  Syn.  ii,  469. 

Mostly  low  herbs  with  alternate  narrow  or  narrowly  lobed  leaves 
and  slender-peduncled  heads  of  yellow  flowers.  Heads  (in  ours), 
radiate.  Involucre  many-flowered,  campanulate  or  hemispherical, 
its  bracts  in  two  or  more  series,  somewhat  herbaceous  or  coriace- 
ous, often  rigid,  the  outer  ones  sometimes  united.  Receptacle 
from  conical  to  convex,  naked.  Rays  fertile.  Style-branches  of 
disk-flowers  dilated,  truncate  and  somewhat  penicillate  at  tip. 
Pappus  of  5-12  thin  and  mostly  hyaline  scales  with  more  or  less 
manifest  costa,  or  none. 

A.  Richardson!  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  vii.  379.  Stems  tufted 
from  a  multicipital  perennial  caudex,  8-12  inches  high,  obscurely  puberu- 
lent  or  nearly  glabrous,  woolly  in  the  axils  of  the  radi<  al  leaves :  upper 
leaves  mostly  once  and  the  lower  twice  ternately  parted  into  long  and  sim- 
ple filiform-linear  rather  rigid  lobes :  involucre  campanulate,  2-3  hues  high, 
6-9-angled,  the  6-9  outer  bracts  strongly  carinate,  united  below :  ra^rs  cu- 
neate,  2-4  lines  long :  scales  of  the  pappus  attenuate-acuminate.  Plains  of 
eaatern  Oregon  to  Nevada  Utah  and  the  Saskatchewan. 


HBLENIUM  COMPOSITE  359 

GAILLAKDIA 

68    HELEKIUM  L.  Sp.  886. 

Erect  herbs  with  alternate  simple  leaves  and  pedunculate  heads 
of  usually  yellow,  flowers.  Heads  many-flowered.  Bracts  of  the 
involucre  subulate  or  linear,  herbaceous,  spreading  or  soon  reflex- 
ed,  usually  some  inconspicuous  short  scarious  interior  ones.  Re- 
ceptacle more  or  less  elevated,  naked.  Disk-corollas  usually  with 
short  or  almost  obsolete  proper  tube  and  4-5-toothed  limb :  the 
teeth  obtuse,  glandular-pubescent.  Achenes  turbinate,  8-10-cos- 
tate.     Pappus  of  usually  4-6  thin  scarious  scales. 

§  1.  OxYLEPis  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad  ix,  205.  Rays  fertile, 
numerous,  long  and  narrow.  Disk-corollas  with  moderately  long 
proper  tube.     Bracts  of  the  involucre  numerous,  in  2  series. 

H.  Uoopsii  Gray  Proc.  Acad.  Philad.  1863,  95.  Slightly  tomentoee  or 
pubescent  when  young,  soon  glabrate :  stem  stout,  1-3  feet  high,  fr  m  a 
strong  perennial  root,  leafy  bearing  several  or  sometimes  solitary  large 
heads :  leaves  thickish,  entire,  oblong-lanceolate,  or  the  lower  spatulate 
with  long  tapering  base,  somewhat  nervose :  rays  beeomine  inch  long, 
tardily  reflexed :  disk  half  to  three-fourths  inch  high,  hemispherical :  recep- 
tacle in  fruit  ovoid-hemispherical :  scales  of  the  pappus  ovate-lanceolHte, 
long  attenuate  acuminate,  a  little  shorter  than  the  corolla.  Eastern  Ore- 
gon to  California  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

§  2  EuHELENiUM  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  ix,  205.  Involucre 
comparatively  simple  and  small,  of  slender  linear  or  subulate  of- 
ten unequal  bracts,  soon  reflexed.  Rays  fertile,  rarely  sterile  or 
wanting,  soon  drooping.  Disk-corollas  with  proper  tube  very 
short  or  reduced  to  a  mere  ring. 

H.  antumnale  L.  Sp.  ii,  866.  Nearly  glabrous  or  minutely  pubescent : 
stems  rather  stout,  2-6  feet  high,  corymbosely  branched  above,  narrowly 
winged  by  the  decurrent  bases  of  the  leaves :  leaves  lanceolate  to  ovate-ob- 
longs acute  or  acuminate,  2-5  inches  long,  dentate,  narrowed  below  to  the 
sessile  base :  heads  numerous,  on  long  peduncles :  bracts  of  the  involucre 
densely  canescent :  rays  10-18,  drooping,  as  long  or  longer  than  the  globose 
yellow  disk,  fertile,  3-cleft :  achenes  pubescent  on  the  angles :  pappus-scales 
ovate,  acuminate  or  aristate,  often  lacerate  or  toothed.  Wet  grounds  and 
meadows,  Oregon  to  Brit.  Columbia  and  the  eastern  States. 

Var.  grandiflornm  Heads  larger :  rays  8-12  lines  long:  scales  of  the 
pappus  narrower  and  longer  awned.  Common  in  wet  meadows,  Washing- 
ton to  California,  west  of  the  Cascade  Mountains. 

H.  Bigelovii  Gray'Pacif.  R.  Rep.  iv,  107.  Almost  glabrous:  stems 
simple  or  loosely  branched,  2-3  feet  high,  conspicuously  winged:  leaves 
from  narrowly-  to  oblong-  lanceolate,  entire,  2-6  inches  long ;  the  radical 
oblong-spatulate,  long-petioled:  heads  solitary,  on  very  long  peduncles ; 
rays  10-15,  8-10  lines  long,  spreading,  longer  than  the  depressed  globose 
yellow  disk  :  scales  of  the  pappus  ovate-lanceolate  or  subulate,  awn-pointed, 
shorter  than  the  corolla.    In  marshes,  southwestern  Oregon  to  California. 

69    GAILLARDIA  Fougeroux  Mem.  Acad.  Sci.  Par.  1786,  5,  t.  1. 

Erect  herbs  with  alternate  leaves  and  long-peduncled  heads  of 
showy  flowers.  Involucre  broad,  the  bracts  in  2  or  3  series,  all 
but  the  inner  series  largely  foliaceous  or  herbaceous  and  lax. 
Rays  neutral,  rarely  styliferous  and  fertile  or  none.    Disk-corollas 


360  COMPOSITiE  gaillabdia 

with  short  narrow  tube,  enlarged  cylindraceous  throat  and  5  ovate- 
triangular  to  subulate  teeth  or  lobes  which  are  beset  with  jointed 
hairs,  tttyle-branches  with  a  penicillate  tuft  at  the  summit  of 
the  stigmatic  portion,  thence  produced  into  a  filiform  or  shorter 
appendage.  Receptacle  convex  to  globose,  beset  with  setiform 
or  subulate  or  rarely  small  dentiform  timbrillse  among  the  flowers. 
Achenes  turbinate,  5-costate,  covered  with  long  villous  hairs 
which  usually  rise  only  from  its  base.  Pappus  conspicuous,  lon- 
ger than  the  achene,  of  5-10  hyaline-scarious  scales,  with  a  costa 
mostly  excurrent  into  an  awn. 

G.  aristata  Pursh  Fl.  ii,  573.  Pubescent  with  jointed  hairs :  stems  1-2 
feet  high,  few  to  many  from  the  crown  of  a  thick  perennial  root :  leaves  of 
firm  texture,  lanceolate  or  broader,  or  the  lower  spatulate,  from  entfre  to 
laciniate-dentate  or  sinuate-pinnatifid  mostly  obtuse,  2-5  inches  long: 
bracts  of  the  involucre  lanceolate  or  narrower,  callous  at  base,  more  or  less 
hirsute;  rays  all  yellow,  in  the  larger  heads  18  lines  long,  neutral;  disk- 
corollas  brown,  the  subulate  acute  lobes  t  pped  with  a  seta  or  cusp,  extern- 
ally beset  with  long  hairs;  scales  of  the  pappus  slender-awned:  fimbrillae 
of  the  receptacle  setiform,  surpass  ng  the  villous  achenes.  Stream-banks 
and  plains,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California  and  Minnesota. 

Tribe  vi.  ANTHEMIDE^  Cass.  Opusc,  m,  161.  Heads  homo- 
gamous  with  the  flowers  all  tubular  and  hermaphrodite  or  more 
commonly  heterogamous  with  the  pistillate  flowers  ligulate  and  radiate 
or  sometimes  with  corolla  reduced  to  a  tube,  or  obsolete.  Receptacle 
either  naked  or  with  some  chaffy  bracts.  Bracts  of  the  involucre  im- 
bricated, wholly  or  partly  dry  and  scarious  or  scale-likCj  not  foliace- 
ous,  seldom  herbaceous.  Anthers  without  tails  at  base.  Style-bran- 
ches of  the  hermaphrodite  flowers  truncate,  and  sometimes  with  obscure 
conical  tips.  Achenes  usually  small  and  Bhort,  with  no  pappus,  or 
a  paleaceous  crown,  or  a  circle  of  squamellae. 

*  Receptacle  with  chaffy  bracts  subtending  some  or  all  of  the  disk- 
flowers:  heads  radiate  or  the  rays  wanting  in  certain  species :  involucre 
of  comparatively  small  imbricated  bracts,  the  outer  successively  shor- 
ter :  receptacle  convex  to  oblong :  style-branches  truncate-penicillate 

70  Anthemis    Involucre  broad :  rays  large :  achenes  4-5- angled  or  8-10- 
ribbed, 

71  Achillea    Involucre  narrow:  rays  small:  achencG  ohcompressd. 

*  *    Receptacle  without  chaff  or  bracts  among  the  flowers. 

+-  Heads  comparatively  large,  radiate,  or  rarely  discoid,  pedunculate 
and  solitary  at  the  summit  of  tlie  branches. 

72  Matricaria    Flowers  in  our  species  all  alike  and  perfect :  receptacle 
high-conical :  achenes  angled,  truncate  at  the  apex. 

73  Chrysanthemum    Rays  numerous  and  conspicuous :  receptacle  flat  or 
convex :  achenes  several  ribbed  or  angled. 

+-  ■*-  Heads  sessile,  discoid,  heterogamous ;  pistillate  flowers  most 
numerous,  apetaloas,  their  achenes  pointed  with  an  indurated  persis- 
tent style. 

74  SoLivA    Rays    none:  receptacle  flat:  achenes   obcompressed,   with 


ANTHEMI8  COMPOSITiE  961 

ACHILLEA. 

rigid  wings  or  callous  margins,  sessile. 

•4-  -♦-  +-  Heads  slender-peduncled,  discoid,  heterogamous :  pistillate 
flowers  apetalous :  style  deciduous. 

76    CoTULA    Rays  wanting :  receptacle  flat  or  convex :  achenes  raised  on 
pedicels. 

+--«-+-+-  Heads  discoid,  heterogamous,  the  few  pistillate  flowers 
with  tubular  2-3-toothed  or  lobed  corolla,  or  sometimes  homogamoua: 
style  deciduous. 

76  Tanacetuni  Heads  corymbosely  cymose  or  glomerate^  many-flowered : 

achenes  5-ribbed  or  3-5  angled,  with  broad  truncate  summit :  anther- 
tips  broad  and  mostly  obtuse. 

• 

77  Artemisia    Heads  paniculately  disposed,  small :  achenes  obovate  or 
oblong,  mostly  with  a  small  epigynous  disk :  anther-tips  pointed. 

70    ANTHEMIS  L.  Sp.  893. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  with  pinnatifid  or  dissected  alter- 
nate leaves  and  usually  large  heads  of  both  tubular  and  ligulate 
flowers  on  peducles  terminating  the  branches.  Involucre  hem- 
ispherical, many-flowered,  of  comparatively  small  imbricated 
bracts  the  outer  successively  shorter.  Receptacle  convex  to  ob- 
long, chaffy  at  least  toward  the  summit .  Rays  pistillate  and 
fertile  or  neutral.  Disk-flowers  perfect,  fertile,  yellow,  their 
corollas  with  5-cleft  limb.  Anthers  obtuse  and  entire  at  base. 
Achenes  terete,  4-10-angled  or  ribbed,  glabrous,  the  truncate 
summit  naked,  or  with  a  very  short  coroniform  or  dentiform 
pappus. 

A.  CoTULA  L.  Sp.  894.  Unpleasant-scented  annual,  1-2  feet  high,  diffu- 
sely branched :  leaves  finely  tri-pinnately  dissected :  receptacle  conical, 
with  bristly  bracts  only  near  the  centre :  rays  mostly  neutral,  white : 
achenes  10-ribbed,  rugose  or  tuberculate*  Common  along  roadsides  and 
waste  places.    Naturalized  from  Europe. 

A  ARVENSis  L.  Sp.  894.  Annual  or  sometimes  biennial,  not  fetid:  stems 
usually  much  branched,  about  a  foot  high,  the  branches  decumbent  at  base : 
leaves  once  or  twice  p  nnately  parted  into  linear-lanceolate  acute  lobes: 
heads  rather  long-peduncled :  bracts  of  the  involucre  obtuse,  whitish-scari- 
ous:  receptacle  conical,  its  bracts  acuminate-lanceolate:  rays  white: 
achenes  oblong,  obtusely  4-angled :  pappus  a  mere  crown.  In  fields  and 
waste  places.    Naturalized  from  Europe. 

71    ACHILLEA  L.  Sp.  898, 

Perennial  herbs  with  erect  leafy  stems,  alternate  leaves  and 
small  radiate  heads  corymbose  at  the  ends  of  the  stem  and 
branches.  Involucre  campanulate  or  obovoid,  of  small  imbri- 
cated bracts,  the  outer  shortest.  Receptacle  conical  to  oblopg; 
chaffy.  Ray-flowers  pistillate,  fertile,  short  and  broad.  Style- 
branches  truncate.  Anthers  obtuse  and  entire  at  base  Achenes 
oblong  or  obovate,  obcompressed,  callous-margined,  glabrous. 
Pappus  none. 

A.  Millefoliam  L.  Sp.  899.  From  villous-lanate  to  glabrate:  stems 
simple  or  corymbosely  branched  above,  1-2  feet  high :  leaves  narrowly 


362  COMPOSITiE  matricarca 

CHRYSANTHEMUM 

oblong  or  lanceolate  in  outline.  2-10  inches  long,  bipinnately  dissected  into 
numerous  small  linear  to  setaceous-subulate  divisions:  heads  numerous, 
crowded  in  a  fastigiate  cyme ;  involucre  oblong,  its  bracts  pale  or  some- 
simes  fuscous-margined  ^r  wholly  brownish  :  rays  4-6,  2-3  lines  long  and 
broad,  white  to  rose-color :  receptacle  at  length  elevated.  Very  variable, 
perhaps  as  here  defined  includes  several  species.  Common  from  Alaska  to 
California  and  across  the  Continent. 

72    MATRICARIA  L.  Sp.  890. 

Herbs  with  finely  once  to  thrice  dissected  alternate  leaves 
and  pedunculate  heads  ol  yellow  flowers  with  white  rays  when 
present.  Heads  small  to  rather  large,  radiate,  or  discoid  and 
nomogamous  by  the  absence  of  ligulate  pistillate  flowers.  Re- 
ceptacle conical  or  ovoid,  rarely  lower  when  young,  without 
bracts  among  the  flowers.  Achenes  glabrous.  3-5-ribbed  or 
nerved  on  the  face  or  sides,  rounded  on  the  back.  Pappus 
none,  or  a  mere  coroniform  border. 

M.  discoidea  DC.  Prodr.  vi,  50,  Glabrous  annual:  stems  4-18  inches 
high  diffusely  branched,  very  leafy :  leaves  2-3-pinnately  di&sected  into 
short  linear  acu'e  lobes:  heads  numerous,  all  short- peduncled :  bracts  of 
the  involucre  oval,  witti  broad  white  scarious  margins  and  green  centre, 
much  shorter  than  the  disk:  receptacle  high -conical :  achenes  oblong, 
somewhat  angled,  with  an  obscure  coroniform  margin  at  the  summit.  In 
yards  and  waste  places  Alaska  to  California  and  the  Eastern  States. 

73    CHRYSANTHEMUM  L.  Sp.  888. 

Perennial  or  annual  herbs,  with  alternate  dentate  incised  or 
dissected  leaves  and  large  heads  of  both  tubular  and  ligulate 
flowers.  Involucre  hemispheric  or  depressed,  its  bracts  ap- 
pressed,  imbricated  in  several  series,  the  outer  shorter.  Re- 
ceptacle flat,  convex  or  hemispheric,  naked.  Rays  pistillate, 
fertile.  Disk-flowers  perfect,  their  corollas  with  terete  or  2- 
winged  tubes  and  4:-5-cleft  limb.  Achenes  5-10-ribbed,  or 
nerved,  terete,  or  of  the  ray  3-angled.  Pappus  none  or  a  scaly 
cup. 

C.  Leucanthemdm  L.  Sp  888.  Glabrous  or  sparingly  puberulent :  stems 
1-3  feet  high,  from  a  creeping  perennial  rootstock,  simple  or  sparingly 
branched :  radical  leaves  ovate  to  spatulate,  coarsely  dentate  or  incised, 
narrowed  below  to  long  slender  petioles;  cauline  spatulate,  the  upper  grad- 
ually narrower,  becoming  small  and  linear,  pinnately  dentate  or  incised, 
partly  clasping  at  base :  heads  long-peduncled,  broad  and  flat :  rays  white, 
an  inch  long :  pappus  none.  Becoming  common  in  meadows  and  waste 
places.    Naturalized  from  Europe. 

74    SOLIVA  Ruiz.  &  Pav.  Prodr.  113,  t.  24. 

Small  depressed  herbs  with  mainly  alternate  petioled  pinnate- 
ly dissected  leaves  and  small  heads  of  greenish  flowers  sessile 
in  the  axils  or  forks  of  the  branches.  Heads  discoid,  hetero- 
gamous;  the  apetalous  pistillate  flowers  most  numerous;  a  few 
hermaphrodite  but  mostly  sterile  ones  with  a  short  and  thick 
2-6-loDed  corolla  in   tha  centre.     Involucre  of   5-12   nearly 


soLiVA  COMPOSITE  363 

COTDLA 

equal  bracts  in  not  more  than  2  series.  Receptacle  flat,  naked. 
Achenes  obcompressed,  with  rigid  wings  or  callous  margins 
which  are  commonly  spinulose -pointed  at  summit  and  the 
apex  armed  by  the  spiniform  persistfut  style.     Pappus  none. 

S.  sessilis  Ruiz  &  Pav.  1.  c.  Villous  or  the  leaves  glabrate :  stems 
slender,  2-4  inches  high,  branched  :  leaves  thrice  divided,  primary  divisi- 
ons 2-5,  petiolate,  parted  into  3-5  narrow  lanceolate  lobes :  heads  depressed  . 
achenes  broadly  obovate,  Ihin-winged,  spinulose-pointed  at  the  summit,  in 
some  the  wings  reduced  to  an  acute  margin:  style  persistent,  long  and 
stout.     Moist  ground  near  the  coast,  Chetco  Oregon  to  California  and  Chili. 

75    CJTULA  L.  Gen.  n.  968. 

Low  herbs  with  alternate  lobed  or  dissected  leaves  and  slender- 
peduncled  heads  of  yellow  flowers.  Heads  many-flowered,  dis- 
coid, heterogamous.  Bracts  of  the  involucre  greenish,  in  about 
2  ranks.  Pistillate  flowers  in  1-2  rows,  apetalous,  with  deciduous 
style;  disk-flowe»s  with  4-toothed  corollas.  Achenes  raised  on 
pedicels  at  matui'ity,  obcompressed,  commonly  thick-margined 
or  narrowly  winged,  in  our  species  nearly  or  quite  destitute  of 
pappus. 

C.  coRONOPiFOLiA  L.  Sp.  892.  Somewhat  succulent,  nearly  glabrous: 
stems  ascending,  4-12  inches  long :  leaves  lingulate-linear,  laciniate-pin- 
natifid,  or  the  uppermost  entire,  with  clasping  or  sheathing  base:  heads 
much  depressed,  4-6  lines  broad:  pistillate  flowers  a  single  row,  on  flatten- 
ed pedicels  their  achenes  bordered  with  a  thick  spongy  wing,  notched  at 
both  ends ;  disk-achenes  with  win2;s  reduced  to  a  thickened  border.  Wet 
grounds  near  the  coast,  Oregon  and  California.  Naturalized  from  Australia, 

C.  AUSTRALis  Hook.  f.  Fl.  Nov.  Zel.  128.  Somewhat  pubescent:  stems 
slender,  diffusely  branched :  leaves  bipinnately  dissected  into  linear  lobes: 
heads  small;  pistillate  flowers  in  2-3jows,  their  achenes  distinctly  pedicel- 
ed ;  those  of  the  disk  less  so.  Coast  of  California  and  Oregon.  Naturalized 
from  Australia. 

76    TANACETUM  Toutn.  L.  Gen.  n.  944. 

Herbs  or  suffruticose  plants  with  altei-nate  variously  dissected 
leaves  and  solitary  or  corymbose  heads  of  yellow  flowers.  Heads 
many-flowered,  discoid,  the  flowers  all  tubular  and  perfect,  with 
3-5-toothed  corolla,  or  the  marginal  ones  pistillate  with  more  or 
less  oblique  or  imperfectly  ligulate  corolla.  Bracts  of  the  invo- 
lucre imbricated,  in  few  or  several  ranks.  Styles  deciduous. 
Achenes  5-ribbed  or  3-5-angled,  with  broad  truncate  summit, 
bearing  a  coroniform  pappus  or  none. 

§  1  Robust  erect  perennials,  leafy  to  the  top.  Leaves.  2-3- 
pinnately  dissected  into  very  numerous  divisions  and  lobes  often 
with  interposed  small  ones  on  the  main  rhachis.  Receptacle  flat, 
quite  naked.     Pappus  coroniform-dentate. 

T.  vuLGARE  L.  Sp  844.  (Tansy)  Glabrous  or  somewhat  pubescent: 
stems  1-3 feet  high,  usually  simy  le  up  to  the  inflorescence:  leaves  4-12 
inches  long,  pinnately  divided  into  linear-oblong  pinnatifid  or  incised  seg- 
ments, the  lobes  acute,   usually  serfate:  heads  numerous,  crowdeJ  in  a 


364  COMPOSITE  TANACETUM 

ARTEMISIA 

corymbiform  cyme,  2-4  lines  broad,  depressed-hemispheric:  marginal 
corollas  inconspicuous,  terete,  with  oblique  3-toothed  limb.  Roadsides  and 
waste  places.    Escaped  from  gardens, 

T.  Huronense  Nutt.  Gen.  ii,  141.  Villous  when  young,  sometimes 
glabrate :  stems  1-2  feet  high,  from  long  running  rootstocks :  leaves  lanceo- 
late in  outline,  2-8  inches  long,  twice  or  thrice  pinnately  divided  into  lin- 
ear or  oblong  divisions:  heads  large,  the  disk  convex,  4-6  lines  broad; 
marginal  corollas  with  flattish  tube  and  3-5-lobed  limb,  which  often  ex- 
pands into  a  cuneate  ligule.  On  sand  banks  along  the  coast,  Alaska  to 
California,  the  great  Lakes  and  the  coast  of  Maine  to  Hudson  Bay. 

§  2  Low  perennials.  Stems,  slender,  more  naked  above,  bear- 
ing rather  small  globular  heads.  Leaves  less  dissected,  or  entire. 
Receptacle  convex  or  conical.  Achenes  usually  utricular,  with- 
out pappus. 

T.  potentilloides  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  ix,  204.  Silvery-sericeous: 
stems  decumbent  or  ascending,  4-12  inches  long,  herbaceous  to  the  ground , 
the  naked  summit  bearing  a  few  slender-peduncled  heads :  radical  leaves 
numerous,  petioled,  1-3  inches  long,  Idpinnately  or  tripinnately  parted 
into  rather  few  mostly  linear  lobes ;  cauline  leaves  few,  sessile,  more  sim- 
ple :  heads  3-4  lines  in  diameter,  in  small  paniculate  corymbs ;  bracts  of 
the  involucre  roundish -ovate  or  obovate:  receptacle  densely  fimbrillate- 
hirsute.    Alkaline  plains  southeastern  Oregon  to  Nevada  and  California 

T.  canum  Eaton  Bot.  King  179,  t.  19  f.  8-14.  Silvery  with  minute  close 
tomentum  :  stems  erect  from  a  shrubby  base,  6-12  inches  high,  leafy  to  the 
top :  leaves  sessile,  6-12  lines  long,  spatulate  and  entire,  or  some  of  them 
cuneate  and  2-3-lobed :  heads  2  lines  in  diameter,  congested  in  small  ter- 
minal clusters :  involucre  cup-shaped,  of  about  12  ovate  scarious-margined 
concave  bracts  in  2  rows :  receptacle  conical,  not  hirsute.  On  cliffs  and 
rocky  hills,  southeastern  Oregon  to  Nevada  and  California. 

77    ARTEMISIA  Tourn.    L.  Gen.  n.  945. 

Bitter  aromatic  herbs  or  shrubs  with  alternate  leaves  and  small 
paniculately  disposed  commonly  nodding  heads  of  yellow  or 
whitish  flowers.  Heads  few  to  many-flowered,  small,  wholly  dis- 
coid; heterogamous  the  pistillate  flowers  with  small  and  slender 
tubular  corolla,  and  the  hermaphrodite  either  sterile  or  fertile ; 
or  honaogamous  with  the  flowers  all  hermaphrodite  and  fertile. 
Involucre  imbricated  in  few  or  several  rows.  Anthers  commonly 
tipped  with  subulate-acuminate  appendages.  Achenes  obovate 
or  oblong,  mostly  with  small  epigynous  disk  and  no  pappus. 

§  1  Dracunculus  Besser  Bull,  Soc.  Nat.  Mosc.  viii,  97.  Heads 
heterogamous ;  the  disk-flowers  hermaphrodite  but  sterile,  their 
styles  mostly  entire  and  peltate-penicillate  at  tip.  Receptacle 
not  hairy. 

*  Achenes  and  flowers  beset  with  long  cobweby  crisp  hairs ;  spines- 
cent  undershrub. 

A.  spinescens  Eaton  Bot.  King,  180,  t.  19,  f.  15-21.  Stems  stout  and 
densely  branched,  rigid  4-18  inches  high,  white- tomentose :  leaves  2-4  lines 
long,  pedately  3-5-parted,  the  divisions  3-lobed:  heads  globose,  racemosely 
glomerate  on  short  and  leafy  branchlete  which  become  slender  persistent 
spines :  bracts  of  the  involucre  5-6,  broadly  obovate,  obtuse  :  pistillate  flow- 


ARTEMISIA  COMPOSITiE  365 

ers  1-4,  with  truncate  corolla;  the  hermaphrodite  sterile  flowers  4-8,  their 
corollas  ventricose-campanulate  from  a  narrow  base,  5-toothed :  achenes 
oblong-obovate.  On  alkaline  plains,  southeastern  Oregon  to  California 
Wyoming  and  Idaho. 

*  *  Perennial  herbs  without  spines :  heads  many-flowered ;  recepta- 
cle hemispherical  or  ovate:  achenes  nearly  glabrous. 

A.  Canadensis  Michx.  Fl.  ii,  129.  Glabrous,  or  mostly  with  at  least  the 
radical  and  sometimes  all  the  leaves  either  sparsely  or  canescently  silky- 
pubescent  :  stems  1-2  feet  high  from  a  perennial  root :  leaves  mostly  bipin- 
nately  divided  into  linear  or  almost  filiform  divisions:  heads  very  numer- 
ous, 1-2  lines  long,  in  a  compound  oblong  or  pyramidal  virgate  panicle  : 
involucre  greenish,  glabrous,  or  rarely  pubescent.  On  rocky  banks  and 
plains,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California  and  the  Eastern  States. 

A.  Groenlandica  Wormsk.  Fl.  Dan.  t.  1585.  Ste-ns simple,  10-16  inches 
high  from  a  stout  perennial  caudex :  leaves  silky -pubescent,  radical  and 
lower  cauline  1-2-ternately  or  pinnately  divided  into  linear  lobes ;  upper- 
most linear  and  entire  or3-parted:  heads  numerous,  in  a  somewhat  loose 
narrow  thyrsus:  involucre  pilose  or  glabrate,  pale  fuBcous  or  brownish. 
On  wet  banks,  Washington  to  Alaska  and  Hudson  Bay. 

A.  pedatifida  Nutt  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  vii,  399.  Canescent  through- 
out with  a  fine  and  close  pubescence:  cespitose  with  stout  lignescent  cau- 
dftx,  very  dwarf :  leaves  chiefly  crowded  in  radical  tufts  and  on  the  base  of 
the  rather  naked  flowering  stems,  once  or  twice  3-parted  into  narrowly- 
spatulate  or  nearly  linear  obtuse  entire  divisions :  heads  few,  loosely  spicate 
or  racemosely  disposed,  canescently  pubescent,  12-15  flowered;  the  herma- 
phrodite sterile  flowers  with  style  barely  2-lobed  at  summit  and  no  ovary. 
Arid  grounds,  Idaho  and  Wyoming  to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

A.  dracancaloides  Pursh  Fl.  ii,  742.  Glabrous;  stems  2-4  feet  high 
from  a  perennial  root,  virgately  or  paniculately  branched :  leaves  mostly 
entire,  some  of  the  lower  ones  3-cleft  or  more  divided,  linear,  1-4  inches 
long :  heads  very  numerous,  in  a  compound  and  crowded  or  open  and  diff- 
use panicle :  involucre  nearly  hemispheric,  its  bracts  ovate  or  oblong,  green, 
scarious-margined :  receptacle  hemispheric,  naked.  Dry  plains,  British 
Columbia  to  California  Texas  and  Nebraska. 

§  2  EuARTEMisiA  Gray  Syn,  FL  i,  pt.  2,  369.  Heads  heterogam- 
ous ;  the  disk-flowers  hBrmaphrodite  and  fertile,  with  2-cleft  style. 

*  Achenes  obovoid  or  oblong,  wholly  destitute  of  pappus:  receptacle 
beset  with  long  woolly  hairs. 

A.  frigida  Willd.  Sp.  iii,  1838.  Silky-canescent  and  silvery :  herbace- 
ous from  a  suffrutescent  base,  about  a  foot  high;  simple  or  branchine, 
numerous  racemously  disposed  heads  in  an  open  panicle :  leaves  mainly 
twice  ternately  or  quinately  divided  or  parted  into  linear  crowded  lobes, 
and  usually  a  pair  of  simple  or  3-parted  stipuliform  divisions  at  the  base 
of  the  petiole :  heads  globular,  barely  2  lines  in  diameter ;  involucre  pale, 
canescent,  its  bracts  narrow  and  herbaceous :  corollas  glabrous.  Idaho  to 
Nevada  Texas  Minnesota  and  the  Saskatchewan. 

*  *    Achenes  oboveid  or  oblong,  with  small  epigynous  disk,  wholly 
destitute  of  pappus :  receptacle  not  villous. 

A.  biennis  Willd.  Phytogr.  1794,  11.  Annual  or  biennial :  wholly  glab- 
rous and  inodorous:  stems  strict  1-4  feet  high,  with  nearly  erect  branches, 
very  leafy,  bearing  close  glomerules  of  small  heads  in  the  axils  from  near 
the  base  of  the  somewhat  naked  and  spiciform  summit:  leaves  1-3  inches 
long,  1-2-pinnately  parted  into  lanceolate  or  broadly  linear  laciniate  or 
incisely  toothed  lobes ;  or  the  uppermost  small,  sparingly  pinnatifid  and 


366  COMPOSITE 


ARTEMISIA 


less  toothed  :  hea<ls  about  1%  lines  broad,  not  drooping,  sessile  and  very 
numerous.  River  banks  and  yards,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California  Texas  and 
Hudson  Bay. 

A.  Bichardsoniana  Bess.  Supple.  64,  &  DC.  Prodr.  vi,  117.  Stems 
rather  slender,  8-12  inches  high,  from  a  cespitose  perennial  caudex:  leaves 
silvery-canescent  with  fine  very  close -pressed  pubescence;  radical  twice 
ternately  or  quinately  divided  or  parted  into  oblong-linear  or  narrower 
lobes  of  2-3  lines  in  length;  cauline  few,  mostly  trifid  :  heads  2  lines  high, 
several  or  rather  numerous  in  a  strict  simple  racemiform  inflorescence, 
fuscous :  corollas  pilose  or  sometimes  glabrous.  On  Mount  Rainier  Wash- 
ington to  the  Arctic  coast  and  the  northern  Rocky  Mountains. 

A.  Ludoviciaua  Nutt.  Gen.  ii,  143  Canescently  tomentose  throughout, 
or  the  upper  face  of  the  leaves  sometimes  early  glabrate  and  green :  stems 
1-4  feet  high,  simple  or  with  virgate  branches :  leaves  lanceolate  to  oblong, 
mucronate,  remotely  serrate  or  2-3- cleft,  or  irregularly  3-5-parted  into  lan- 
ceolate or  linear  entire  lobes;  the  upper  entire:  heads  gl  nierately  panicu- 
late, not  over  2  lines  hiyh  ;  involucre  campanulate,  or  in  fruit  ovoid,  12-20- 
flowered,  lanate-tomentose.  Common  on  plains  and  banks,  Brit.  Colum- 
bia to  California. 

A.  heteropliylla  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc  vii,  400.  A.  vulgaris  var. 
Californica  Bess.  Stems  erect,  3-5  feet  high,  leafy  to  the  top,  simple : 
leaves  lanceolate  or  broader,  2-4  inches  long,  white  beneath  with  cottony 
tomentum,  entire,  or  often  laciniately  toothed  or  cleft :  heads  numerous, 
in  a  short  and  dense  naked  panicle,  2  lines  high,  glabrate.  On  moist  banks 
along  the  coast,  Alaska  to  California. 

A.  discolor  Dougl.  in  Herb.  Hook.  Bess.  DC.  Prodr.  vi,  109.  Stems 
mostly  slender,  9-12  inches  high,  from  a  slender  lignescent  caudex:  leaves 
1-2-pinnately  parted  into  narrow,  linear  or  lanceolate  entire  or  sparingly 
laciniate  divisions  and  lobes,  white  beneath  with  close  cottony  tomentum, 
glabrate  above :  heads  glomerate  in  an  interrupted  spiciform  or  virgate  pan- 
icle, 1-2  lines  high;  involucre  hemispherical-campanulate,  greenish  and 
scarious,  glabrous  or  soon  becoming  so,  20-30-flowered.  Mountains  of 
Brit.  Columbia  to  Washington  and  Mon'ana. 

A.  incompta  Nutt.  1.  c.  Stems  rather  slender,  1-2  feet  high :  leaves 
once  or  twice  pinnately  parted  into  broadlv  to  narrowly  linear  lobes,  green 
and  glabrate  above,  pale  and  slightly  t  mentose  beneath :  heads  about  2 
lines  high,  in  narrow  spicate  clusters  on  the  upper  parts  of  the  stem  and 
branches;  bracts  of  the  campanulate  involucre  ovate,  scarious-margined, 
nearly  glabrous.  Mountains  of  Washington  to  California  and  the  Rocky 
Mountains. 

A.  Liiidleyana  Bess.  Abrot.  35.  "A  foot  or  tw'"»,  rarely  only  a  span 
high,  slender,  with  thiii  fiocculent  tomentum  soon  deciduous,  or  persisting 
on  the  lower  face  of  the  mostly  entire  leaves  (these  inch  or  less  long,  a  line 
or  much  less  wide,  the  lower  occasionally  with  2  or  3  small  lobes) :  heads 
barely  2  lines  high,  loosely  spicate  on  the  simple  stem  or  paniculate  bran- 
ches of  the  inflorescence :  involucre  sparingly  pubescent  or  glabrate,  pale 
fuscous.     Sandy  banks  ot  the  Columbia  River  and  its  tributaries." 

A.  Prescottiana  Bess.  1.  c.  72.  "  Much  branched  from  the  base,  a  foot 
or  two  high,  slender,  glabrous  or  early  glabrate  :  lower  leaves  cuneate-linear 
and  incised  or  cleft  at  apex,  slightly  tomentose  beneath ;  most  of  the  cau- 
line pinnately  parted  into  5  to  7  delicate  filiform  divisions  (of  an  inch  or 
less  long) :  involucre  glabrous,  hemispherical,  about  15-flowered.  Quick- 
sand River  near  the  Grand  Rapids  of  the  Columbia  Douglas.  " 

§  3  Sertphidium  Bess.  Bull.  Soc.  Nat.  Mosc.  vii,  5.  Low 
shrubs  or  fruticulose  plants.    Canescent  or  silvery  with  very  fine 


ARTEMISIA  COMPOSITE  367 

and  close  tomentum.     Heads  homogamous,  the  flowers  all  her- 
maphrodite and  fertile      Receptacle  not  hairy. 

*  Heads  solitary  in  the  axils,  surpassed  by  the  rigid  leaves. 

A,  ri^ida  Gray  Proc  Am.  Acad,  xix,  49.  '*  A  span  to  a  foot  high  from  a 
thick  woody  base  or  short  stem,  producing  a  profusion  of  rigid  and  slender 
rather  simple  fastigiate  branches,  leafy  to  the  very  top:  leaves  al?o  rigid, 
silvery-canescent,  filiform-linear,  3-5  parted  or  cleft,  or  some  of  the  upper 
and  fascicled  ones  entire  (even  the  lower  rarely  inch  long),  most  of  them 
subtending  a  sessile  head:  involucre  oblong  to  campanulate,  5-12- flowered, 
less  than  2  lines  long :  bracts  oval,  hyaline-margined.  On  high  rocky  ridges, 
N.  E.  Oregon  and  adjacent  Idaho.  '' 

*  *  More  naked -paniculate  or  thyrsoid,  at  least  the  upper  heads  or 
clusters  exceeding  the  subtending  leaves:  heads  comparatively  small, 
and  few-flowered,  mostly  oblong,  1-2  lines  long;  involucral  bracts 
rather  firm  in  texture,  well  imbricated,  the  outer  successively  shorter. 

A.  arbnscnla  Nutt.  I.e.  Dwarf.  8-12  inches  high,  with  a  stout  base 
and  slender  flowering  branches:  leaves  short,  cuneate  or  fan-shaped, 
3-lobed  or  parted  with  the  lobes  obovate  to  spatulate-linear,  sometimes 
again  2-lobed ;  those  subtending  the  heads  usually  entire  and  narrow: 
panicle  strict  and  comparatively  simple  and  naked,  often  spiciform  and  re- 
duced to  few  rather  scattered  sessile  heads:  involucre  5-9-flowered.  High 
mountains  and  plains,  Idaho  and  Wyoming  to  Utah  and  California. 

A.  trideiitata  Nutt.  1.  c.  A  shrub  or  small  tree  2-15  feet  high,  much 
branched  :  leaves  cuneate,  6-18  lines  long,  3-7-toothed  or  lobed  at  the  trun- 
cate summit,  uppermost  cuneate-linear:  heads  very  numerous,  in  large 
dense  panicles ;  involucre  5-8-flowered,  oblong,  its  outer  or  accessory  bracts 
short,  ovate,  obtuse,  tomentose-canescent.  Common  on  dry  plains  and 
mountains,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California  and  Nebraska,  east  of  the  Cascade 
Mountains.     Cotumonly  called  Sage  Brush. 

Var.  angustifolia  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xix,  50.  "  Leaves  all  narrow; 
lower  spatulate-linear,  barely  3  toothed  at  the  roundish  summit;  upper 
entire  and  more  linear,  a  line  or  less  wide :  heads  small :  shruo  3  or  4  feet 
high,  with  foliage  too  like  that  of  the  following  species,  but  involucre  of  A. 
tridentata.  A  id  plains,  8.  Idaho  and  W.  New  Mexico  to  the  Mohave  Des- 
ert and  the  southern  borders  of  San  Diego  Co.  California.  " 

A.  triflda  Nutt.  1.  c.  Silky -canescent :  Stems  6-30  inches  h'gh,  much 
branched:  leaves  3-cleft  toward  the  apex  or  H-parted,  the  lobes  and  en- ire 
upper  leaves  narrowly  linear  or  slightly  spatulate  dilated:  head-"  numerous 
in  ihe  contracted  leafy  panicle,  or  spicately  disposed  on  its  branches:  invo- 
lucre 3-9-flowered,  its  outer  or  accessory  bracts  oblong  to  short-linear  or 
lanceolate.     Elevated  plains,  Wasliington  to  California. 

Tribe  vii,  SENECIONIDEjE  Gray  Syn.  FL  i,  pt.  2  79.  Heads 
heterogamous  or  homogamous.  Involucre  mostly  one  or  two  series  of 
equal  not  scarious  bracts,  sometimes  unequal,  or  even  imbricated, 
with  or  without  short  accessory  ones  at  base.  Receptacle  naked. 
Anthers  without  tails  at  base,  hut  not  rarely  sagittate.  Style-bran- 
ches of  hermaphrodite  flowers  most  commonly  truncate  or  obtuse, 
tipped  with  short  appendages  or  none.  Pappus  of  numerous  capil- 
lary bristles,  som^etimes  caducous. 

*  Heads  suV  dioecious :  style  in  the  tubular  sterile  flowers  undivided 
or  neatly  so. 


368  COMPOSITE  petabites 

78  Petasites  Flowers  white  or  purplish,  the  fertile  ones  pistillate  and 
more  or  less  conspicuousely  radiate. 

*  *  Heads  discoid,  of  wholly  hermaphrodite  fertile  yellow  flowers. 

79  Cacaliopsis    Heads  very  many-flowered:  anthers  entire  at  base. 

80  Luina    Heads  about  lO-flowered :  anthers  sagittate  at  base. 

81  Rainieria    Heads  4-6-flowered :  achenes  prismatic. 

*  *  *    Heads  heterogamous  or  homogamous:  the  tubular  disk. flowers 
perfect  and  fertile,  with  2-cleft  style . 

82  Crocidium  Herbs  with  alternate  leaves:  heads  radiate  many-flower- 
ed: flowers  yellow,  all  fertile,  involucre  hemispherical  or  more  open. 

83  Tetradymia  Shrubs  with  alternate  leaves :  involucre  of  4-6  firm  and 
conca\re  close  and  overlapping  bracts. 

84  Raillardella  Herbs  with  alternate  leaves :  involucre  of  a  single  ser- 
ies of  linear  eqnal  bracts,  their  edges  lightly  connate  below  the  middle  : 
pappus  of  comparatively  few  and  usually  stout  plumose  bristles. 

85  Arnica  Herhs  with  chiefly  opposite  leaves :  involucre  of  several  thin 
herbaceous  equal  bracts :  pappus  a  single  series  of  numerous  capillary 
scabrous  to  barbellate  bristles. 

86  Senecio  Herbs  with  alternate  leaves :  involucre  of  several  erect  her- 
baceous bracts :  pappus  of  soft- capillary  merely  scabrous  bristles. 

*  Style-branches  of  hermaphrodite  fertile  flowers  roundish-obtuse, 
or  at  least  not  truncate,  wholly  without  appendages  or  hispidity  at 
summit.    Receptacle  naked,  flat.    Pappus-bristles  merely  denticulate 

78    PETASITES    G^rtn.  Fr.  ii,  406,  t.  166. 

Perennial  herbs  with  thickish  and  most'y  creeping  rootstocks 
sending  up  scapiformfoliose-bracteate  simple  flowering  stems  and 
ample  radical  leaves  on  long  petioles  in  early  spring.  Heads  ra- 
cemosely  or  corymbosely  disposed,  white  or  purplish-flowered, 
subdioecious  ;  those  of  the  truly  fertile  plant  wholly  or  mostly  of 
pistillate  flowers  with  slender  tubular  and  irregularly  2-5-toothed 
or  distinctly  ligulate  corolla ;  in  the  substerile  with  few  of  these 
in  the  margin  and  numerous  hermaphrodite  infertile  ones  with 
2-cleft  or  2-lobed  style  and  sterile  ovary  in  the  centre.  Involucre 
a  series  of  soft  herbaceous  bracts.  Achenes  narrow,  5-10-costate. 
Pappus  of  soft  and  white  elongated  bristles. 

P.  sa^ittata  Gray  Bot,  Cal.  i,  407.  Scapes  very  scaly,  3-10  inches 
high;  leaves  deltoid-ovate  or  reniform-ovate,  persistently  white- tomentose 
beneath,  glabrous  or  nearly  po  above,  4-10  inches  long,  their  margins  sin- 
uate denticulate,  neither  cleft  nor  lobed:  heads  short-racemose,  becoming 
corymbose:  involucre  campanulate:  flowers  nearly  white,  the  marginal 
ones  of  the  pistillate  heads  ligulate  but  not  surpassing  the  disk.  Wet 
grounds,   northern  Washington  to  Alaska  and  across  the  Continent. 

P.  palmata  Gray  1.  c.  Stems  very  scaly,"  stout,  6-24  inches  high: 
leaves  nearly  orbicular  in  outHne.  6-18  inches  in  diameter,  7-11  cleft  to 
beyond  the  middle  or  deeper ;  the  lobes  oblong-lanceolate  to  oblong-cune- 
ate,  laciniately  dentate,  white-tomentose  beneath,  green  and  glabrate 
above:  heads  rather  numerous,  in  a  fastigiate  panicle,  about  6  lines  high. 


CACALioi>sis  COMPOSITE  369 

LUINA 

Common  along  mountain    streams,  California  to  Alaska  Newfoundland 
Massachusetts  New  York  and  Wisconsin. 

P.  nivalis  Greene  Pitt,  ii,  18.  "Rootsfocks  slender,  matted,  scarcely 
subterranean :  leaves  6-10  inches  high  ;  lamina  3  to  6  inches  long,  of  round- 
reniform  or  broadly  cordate-ovate  outline,  5-parted,  the  sinuses  oblong  and 
closed,  the  segments  of  broadly  cuneate-obovate  circumscription,  deeply 
3-  to  5-lobed,  the  lobes  >nith  a  few  coarse  angular  mucronate  spreading 
teeth ;  lower  face  of  leaves  pilky-tomentose,  upper  glabrous,  deep  green : 
scapes  about  a  foot  high  ;  heads  a  dozen  or  more,  racemosely  arranged  and 
long-peduncled."    Along  streamlets,  Mount  Rainier  Washington. 

79    CACALIOPSIS  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xix^  50. 

Perennial  herbs  with  palmately  lobed  leaves  and  rather  large 
heads  of  yellow  flowers.  Heads  many-flowered,  discoid,  of  wholly 
hermaphrodite  and  fertile  flowers.  Involucre  hardly  herbaceous, 
simple,  of  carinately  1 -nerved  bracts.  Corollas  rather  deeply 
5-cleft,  the  cylindraceous  throat  rather  longer  than  the  slender 
tube.  Anthers  much  exserted,  with  lanceolate  tips  and  entire  base. 
Style  puberulent  for  somp  distance  below  the  slightly  flattish 
branches.  Achenes  linear,  glabrous,  10-striate.  Pappus  very  co- 
pious, soft  and  white,  equalling  the  corolla. 

C.  Jfardosmia  Gray  1.  c.  Floccose-woolly,  at  length  glabrate:  stems 
stout;  2-4  feet  high,  2-3-leaved  and  bearing  several  loosely  paniculate  heads  : 
leaves  alternate,  long-petioled,  round-cordate  to  fan-shaped,  5-9-cleft,  or 
rarely  parted,  the  lobes  or  divisions  rather  broad,  incisely  dentate  or  lobed : 
heads  an  inch  high,  discoid;  bracts  of  the  campauul?te  involucre  12-30, 
lanceolate-linear,  acuminate,  a  little  shorter  than  the  disk :  corollas  yellow. 
Open  Pine  woods,  Washington  to  California. 

80    LUINA    Benth.  Hook.  In.  PI.  t.  1139, 

Low  herbs  with  simple  stems,  alternate  entire  leaves  and  small 
heads  of  yellow  flowers.  Heads  about  10-flowered,  homogamous, 
of  wholly  hermaphrodite  and  fertile  flowers.  Involucre  of  10-12 
dry  and  rather  rigid  1 -nerved  equal  bracts.  Corollas  with  slen- 
der tube  and  funnelform  5-lobed  limb.  Anthers  much  exserted, 
sagittate  at  base.  Style  glabrous,  its  flattened  and  linear  branch- 
es obscurely  pappillose  on  the  back,  very  obtuse.  Achenes  ob- 
securely  10-striate,  glabrous.  Pappus  of  numerous  soft  white 
bristles  equalling  the  corolla. 

L.  hypolenca  Benth.  1.  c*  Stems  simple,  few  or  many  from  a  stout  woody 
rootstock,  white  with  appressed  tomentum,  6-12  inches  high,  leafy  up  to  the 
corjTnbiform  cyme  of  several  small  heads:  leaves  ovate  or  oval,  sessile,  entire, 
an  inch  or  less  long,  rather  coraiceous,  the  upper  face  green  and  glabrate,  the 
lower  densely  white -tomentose:  involucre  4  lines  high,  nearly  equalling  the 
light  yellow  coi'ollas.  On  cliffs  and  rocky  places  in  the  mountains,  Brit.  Co- 
lumbia to  California. 

81    RAINIERIA    Greene  Pitt,  iii,  291. 

"  Stoutish  upright  milky -juiced  perennial,  with  the  aspect  and 
inflorescence  of  a  Nabalis,  but  more  nearly  the  characters  of  Mes- 
adenua.  Heads  racemose,  2  or  3  in  the  axil  of  each  small  bract. 
Involucre  simple,  cylindric,  of  4  to  6  firm  erect  bracts,     Recepta- 


370  COMPOSITE  CROCiDiuM 

TETRADYMIA 

cle  flatj  naked,  bearing  4  to  6  tubular  flowers;  these  with  narrow 
cylindric  proper  tube  rather  longer  than  the  combined  narrow 
throat  and  long  linear  segments.  Achenes  prismatic,  glabrous, 
surmounted  by  a  rather  coarse  pappus  of  firm  sorded  or  brt)wn- 
ish  bristles  which  are  smooth  except  at  the  slightly  thickened 
and  scabrous  apex. '"' 

^.  stricta  Greene  V.  c.  Prenanthes  stricta  Greene.  Luina  Piperi  Robinson. 
"  Perennial,  2  feet  high  from  simple  or  branching  horizontal  rootstocks, 
glabrous,  bright  green,  not  glaucous:  radical  leaves  6-10  inches  long,  oblong- 
lanceolate,  tapering  to  a  winged  petiole,  abruptly  acuminate,  coarsely  and 
repandly  dentate;  cauline  similar  but  smaller,  rather  numerous :  inflorescence 
a  strict  and  dense  simple  raceme  6  inches  long;  heads  erect,  their  short  ped- 
icels single  or  in  pairs;  scales;  of  the  cylindrical  involucre  about  8,  pm'plish 
and  with  some  white  tomentose  pubescence,  calyculate  bracts  oljscure  or  none : 
achenes  equally  and  obtusely  15-ribbed;  pappus  pale-fuscous.  Dry  north- 
ward slopes,  in  rocky  soil  at  the  limit  of  trees  on  Mount  Rainier  Wash.  " 

*  *  Style -branches  of  hermaphrodite  flowers  either  truncate  or 
capitellate  at  tip,  which  is  either  naked  or  penicUlate  or  hirsute  and 
not  rarely  hearing  a  short  conical  or  flattened  appendage. 

-*-  Involucre  lax,  usually  of  much  overlapping  or  unequal  bracts. 

82    CROCIDIUM     Hook.  Fl.  i,  335,  t.  118. 

Small  winter  annual  herbs  with  alternate  leaves  and  yellow 
flowers  on  scape-like  stems  in  early  spring.  Heads  heterogamous, 
radiate,  the  flowers  all  fertile.  Involucre  hemispherical  or  more 
open,  of  8-12  nearly  equal  thin-herbaceous  bracts.  Receptacle 
conical.  Ray-flowers  about  12,  oblong,  with  short  filiform  tube  ; 
disk-flowers  with  slender  tube  and  campanulate  5-toothed  limb 
Anthers  with  deltoid-ovate  acute  tips.  Branches  of  the  style  short 
and  broad,  term  inated  by  large  deltoid  appendages.  Achenes  fusi- 
form-oblong, obscurely  3-5-costate,  beset  with  hyaline  oblong  pa- 
pillae, which  detaching  when  wetted  throw  out  a  pair  of  spiral 
threads.  Pappus  a  single  series  of  equal  white  barbellate  bristles 
which  are  very  deciduous,  commonly  wanting  in  the  ray-flowers. 

C.  mnlticaule  Hook.  1.  c.  Flocculent  woolly  when  young,  soon  most- 
ly glabrate,  producing  many  simple  stems  2-10  inches  long  irom  the  tuft 
of  obovate  or  spatulate  few-toothed  sessile  or  short-petioled  radical  leaves ; 
cauline  leaves  small,  lanceolate  to  linear:  heads  solitary,  slender-peduncl- 
ed  rather  small  but  showy ;  bracts  of  the  involucre  oblong-ovate.  Moist 
places,  Brit,  Columbia  to  California  and  Idaho. 

-*-  -^  Involucre  of  4-6  firm  and  concave  close  and  strongly  over- 
lapping bracts,  4-9  flowered.     Shrubs  with  alternate  leaves. 

83    TETRADYMIA    DC.  Prodr.  vi.  440. 

Low  and  rigid  shrubs  with  alternate  or  fascicled  narrow  entire 
leaves  and  rather  large  cymose  or  clustered  heads  of  3'ellow  flow- 
ers. Heads  homogamous,  the  flowers  all  tubular  and  perfect. 
Involucre  cylindrical  to  oblong  Receptacle  flat.  Corollas  with 
elongated  tube  and  lanceolate  or  linear  spreading  lobes  longer 


> 


TETBADYMIA  COMPOSITE  371 

RAILLARDELLA 

than  the  short  campanulate  throat.  Anthers  wholly  exserted, 
acutely  and  even  caudately  sagittate  at  base ;  the  tips  triangular- 
lanceolate.  Style-branches  flattish,  the  truncate  and  minutely 
penicillate  tips  terminated  by  a  very  short  and  low  obtuse  cone. 
Achenes  terete,  short,  obscurely  5-nerved.  Pappus  of  fine  and 
soft  minutely  scabrous  capillary  white  or  whitish  long  bristles. 

§  1  EUTETRADYMiA  T.  &  G.  Fl.  ii,  447.  Involucrc  4-flowered, 
of  4-5  bracts.  Pappus  extremely  copious.  Achenes  either  very 
villous,  glabrate  or  glabrous,  varying  even  in  the  same  species 

T.  canescens  DC  Prodr.  vi,  540.  A  lioary  sb'- jb  1-2  feet  high,  perm- 
anently canescent  with  a  dense  and  close  tomeni.um,  unarmed,  fastigiately 
branched :  leaves  from  narrowly  linear  to  spatulate-lanceolate,  an  inch 
or  less  long:  heads  6-9  lines  high,  most  of  them  short-pedunculate.  Dry 
hills  and  plains,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California  and  New  Mex.  east  of  the 
Cascade  Mountains. 

T.  glabrata  Gray  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  ii,  122,  t.  5.  Shrub  1-4  feet  high 
with  slender  spreading  branches;  whitened  with  loose  at  length  deciduous 
tomentum  :  leaves  at  length  nake  1  and  green,  primary  ones  slender-subu- 
late, cuspidate,  on  young  shoots  appressed,  6  lines  long;  those  of  the  fasci- 
cles in  their  axils  spatulate-linear,  fleshy,  pointless:  heads  mostly  short- 
pedunculate;  involucre  often  glabrate:  achenes,  so  far  as  known,  very 
villous.     Southeastern  Oregon  to  Eastern  California  and  Utah. 

T.  Xuttallli  T.  &G.  Fl.  ii,  447  Shrub  2-3  feet  high,  much  branched, 
woolly  when  young,  canescent :  primary  leaves  mostly  converted  into  sub- 
ulate soines;  the  others  densely  fascicled  in  their  axils  thickish,  linear- 
spatulate,  obtuse,  half  imh  long,  about  equalling  the  spines:  heads  fasci- 
cled and  in  corymbose  clusters  on  very  short  peduncles.  Southern  Idaho 
and  Utah. 

§  2  Lagothamnus  T.  &  G.  1.  c.  448.  Involucre  5-9-flowered, 
of  5  or  6  broader  bracts.  Proper  pappus  reduced  nearly  or  quite 
to  a  single  series  of  bristles  which  are  covered  by  a  false  pappus 
of  extremely  long  very  soft  and  white  woolly  hairs  which  dense- 
1}^  clothe  the  achenes. 

T.  spinosa  H  &  A..  Bot.  Beech.  360.  Slirub  2-4  feet  high;  at  least  the 
branches  densely  white-tomentose ;  branches  divaricate,  rigid,  bearing 
rigid  straivsht  or  recurved  spines  in  place  of  primary  leaves;  secondary 
leaves  fascicled  in  their  axils,  sma'l,  fleshy,  linear-clavate,  glabrous  or 
glabrate:  heads  scattered,  peduncu  ate,  fully  6  lines  high:  pappus  of  com- 
paratively rigid  capillary  bristles  surpassing  the  wool  of  the  achene.  Dry 
plains,  eastern  Oregon  and  Idaho  to  Utah  California  and  Arizona. 

-*-  ■*—  +-  Involucre  of  several  connivent-erect  herbaceous  equal 
bracts,  many -rflow ere d.     Ours  herbs  with  the  flowers  all  fertile. 

84    RAILLARDELLA  Gray  Proc  Am.  Acad,  vi,  550, 

Acaulfcscent  herbs  with  stout  creeping  rootstocks,  bearing  tufts 
of  entire  radical  leaves  and  a  simple  naked  scape  terminated  by 
a  t- ingle  large  head  of  yellow  flowers.  Head  several-  to  many- 
flowered,  homogamous ;  the  flowers  all  fertile.  Involucre  naked 
at  base ;  of  6-14  linear  equal  bracts  in  a  single  series,  lightly 
united  into  a  cup  to  or  above  the  middle,     Receptacle  naked,  flat 


3?2  COMPOSITE  SAiLLARDELLA 

ARNICA 

or  barely  convex,  Ray-flowers  with  irregular  and  cuneate  deeply 
3-4-cleft  fertile  ligules :  disk  corollas  with  rather  short  proper 
tube,  elongated  and  narrow-funnelform  throat  and  5-toothed  limb. 
Style-branches  elongated,  hispidulous,  and  produced  be3^ond  the 
stigmatic  lines  into  acuminate  tips.  Achenes  linear,  flattish,  stri- 
ate-nerved.  Pappus  a  single  series  of  rather  stout  aristiform 
plumose  bristles. 

R.  argentea  Gray  1.  c.  Rootstock  extensively  creeping,  somewhat  lig- 
nescent:  leaves  silvery  with  silky  tomentum,  1-2  inches  long:  scapes  2-4 
inches  high :  head  narrow,  in  depauperate  specimens  7-8-flowered,  but 
usually  about  15-flowered :  rays  none.  From  Crater  Lake  Oregon  to  the 
San  Bernardino  Mountains  in  California. 

R.  Pringlei  Greene  Bull.  Torr.  Club  ix,  17.  Scapes  12-18  inches  high 
from  a  branching  rootstock  or  prostrate  short  leafy  branches:  leaves  al- 
most linear,  some  of  them  remotely  serrate-toothed,  glabrous,  3-4  inches 
long:  involucre  campanulate,  about  40-flowered,  its  numerous  bracts  but 
slightly  united  near  the  base:  flowers  orange-yellow,  6-10  of  them  conspic- 
uously radiate:  pappus-bristles  15-18.  Subalpine.  in  the  mountains  of 
northern  California,  to  be  looked  for  in  southern  Oregon. 

-»-+  Involucre  of  several  connivent  erect  herbaceous  equal  bracts, 
many-flowered.     Ours  herbs  with  the  flowers  all  perfect. 

85    ARNICA  L.  Gen.  n.  958. 

Perennial  herbs  with  erect  stems,  mostly  opposite  leaves  and 
comparatively  large  heads  of  yellow  flowers.  Heads  many-flower- 
ed, conspicuously  radiate,  or  the  rays  rarely  wanting  Involucre 
campanulate,  of  several  thin-herbaceous  oblong-lanceolate  to 
linear  equal  bracts  in  a  single  or  somewhat  double  series.  Recep- 
tacle flat,  sometimes  fimbrillate  or  villous.  Corollas  of  the  disk- 
flowers  with  a  commonly  elongated  hirsute  tube  and  fun- 
nelform  or  cylindraceous  5-lobed  limb.  Achenes  linear,  more 
or  less  5-lO-costate  or  angled.  Pappus  a  single  series  of  numer- 
ous rather  rigid  capillary  bristles,  from  scabrous  to  barbellate. 

*  Radical  leaves  mostly  cordate  at  base,  on  slender  sometimes 
winged  petioles :  rootstocks  slender  and  creeping. 

■*-  Rays  wanting,  or  rarely  some  rudiments :  cauline  leaves  some- 
times by  disjunction  alternate,  usually  some  of  them  petioled,  irregu- 
larly dentate :  heads  several,  paniculate. 

A.  parviflora  Gray  Prop.  Am.  Acai.  vii,  363.  "  A  foot  high,  slender, 
pubescent,  even  the  peduncles  but  slightly  glandular:  leaves  narrowly 
deltoid  or  oblong,  truncate  or  abrupt  at  base,  an  inch  or  two  long :  involu- 
cre 4  or  5  lines  high,  about  20-flowered ;  its  linear  bracts  sparsely  pubes- 
cent:  achenes  not  pubescent,  minutely  glandular."  From  Crater  Lake 
Oregon  to  Humboldt  Co.  California 

A.  discoidea  Benth.  PI.  Hartw.  319.  More  or  less  villous  and  viscid : 
stems  10-18  inches  high,  rather  stout :  radical  and  lower  cauline  leaves 
from  ovate  with  truncate  or  abruptly  cuneate  base  to  cordate,  not  rarely 
wing-petioled  2-4  inches  long :  involucre  6  lines  high,  30-50-fiowered,  usu- 
ally very  villous  and  glandular;  its  bracts  lanceolate  to  linear :  corollas  all 
tubular:  achenes  pubescent.  Wooded  hills  in  the  Coast  ranges,  Washing- 
ton to  California. 


AKNiOA  COMPOSITE  373 

A.  spatlinlata  Greene  Pitt.  iii.  103.  "A  foot  high  or  more,  stoutish, 
somewhat  vi'cidly  hirsute  and  tomentulose,  very  leafy  below  and  florif- 
erous  from  about  midway  of  the  stem  :  lowest  leaves  3  to  5  inches  long, 
broadly  lanceolate-spatulate,  doubly  toothed,  the  two  or  more  pairs  of 
lower  cauline  more  narrowly  spatulate  but  dilated  just  above  the  inser- 
tion :  peduncles  6  to  10,  the  lowest  with  a  pair  of  ovate-acuminate  eessile 
bracts  in  the  middle :  heads  campanulate,  %  inch  high  ;  involucre  densely 
woolly-hirsute  and  viscidulous ;  rays  none;  disk-corollaa  orchroleucous, 
the  tube  hirsute,  the  teeth  with  a  luft  of  pilose  hairs  at  tip :  achenes 
glabrous,  minutely  resinous-dotted;  pappus  white, barbellulate-scabrous. 
Oregon." 

♦*  *♦    Rays  conspicuous  and  elongated,  rarely  wanting:   cauline 

leaves  all  opposite,  in  1-3  pairs,  broad  and  usually  membranaceous, 

dentate  or  denticulate. 

A.  cordifolia  Hook.  Fl.  i,  331.  Pubescent  or  the  stems  hirsute  and 
the  peduncles  villous :  stems  1-2  feet  h'gh,  or  in  alpine  forms  4-8  inches 
high :  lower  cauline  and  radical  leaves  long-petioled,  deeply  cordate,  or 
sometimes  onlv  ovate;  upper  cauline  small,  sessile:  heads  few,  in  smaller 
plants  solitary :  involucre  8  lines  high,  pubescent  or  villous  :  rays  usually 
an  inch  long:  achenes  more  or  less  hirsute.  Woods  and  high  mountains, 
Brit.  Columbia  to  California  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

rar.  eradiata  Gray  Syn.  FL  i,  pt.  2,  381.    Heads  smaller,  without 
rays:  leaves  oblong-ovate,  at  most  subcordate.     Eastern  Oregon  to  Mont. 

A.  latifolia  Bong.  Veg.  Sitch.  147.  Glabrous  or  minutely  pubescent: 
stems  rather  slender,  6-18  inches  high:  radical  leaves  cordate  or  subcor- 
date and  petioled,  cauline  2-3  pairs  equal  ovate,  or  oval,  usually  sharplv 
dentate,  closely  sessile  by  a  broad  base,  or  lowest  with  contracted  base  : 
heads  one  to  several,  on  slender  peduncles  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves ; 
bracts  of  the  involucre  oblanceolate  with  a  broad  base  and  long  accumi- 
nate  apex ;  achenes  usually  glabrate  or  glabrous.  In  mountainous  districts 
Alaska  to  Oregon  and  the  Rocky  Mountains  of  Colorado 

A.  cernuua  Howell  Glabrous  or  minutely  pubescent;  ^tems  slender, 
usually  solitary,  4-12  inches  high,  bearing  a  single  head  on  a  curved  pe- 
duncle :  leaves  all  more  or  less  petioled,  entire  or  coarsely  dentate,  ovate 
and  subcordate,  or  the  upper  lanceolate  with  a  broad  cuneate  base,  usu- 
ally not  more  than  15  lines  long :  involucre  8-10  lines  long,  of  lanceolate 
but  not  acuminate  bracts :  achenes  short-pubescent.  On  the  serpentine 
formation  of  the  Coast  range,  near  Waldo,    Oregon 

*  *  No  cordate  leaves :  radical  leaves  petioled  tapering  or  some- 
times abrupt  at  base :  root-stock  usually  creeping  and  slender 

•*-  Leafy  to  the  top :  cauline  leaves  very  seldom  less  than  4  pairs 
and  the  upper  not  conspicuously  diminished  :  heads  several  or  few, 
in  small  plants  solitary. 

A.  amplexicanlis  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  vii,  480.  Glabrous  or 
sometimes  pubescent:  1-2  feet  high:  many-stemmed  from  matted  root 
stocks,  rather  stout,  leaves  fronn  ovate  to  lanceolate-oblong,  acute  or  acu- 
minate, all  the  cauline  sessile  by  half-clasping  base,  saliently  and  very 
acutely  dentate ;  achenes  hirsute-pubescent.  Along  small^treams  and  on 
waterfalls  never  where  it  becomes  dry.     Oregon  to  Brit.  Columbia. 

A.  Chamissonis  Less,  in  Linn,  vi,  238.  Few-stemmed  from  short 
running  rootstocks;  from  tomentulose  or  villous  pubescent  to  nearly  glab- 
rous, 1-2  feet  high,  rather  slender:  leaves  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate, 
denticulate  or  dentate,  lowest  tapering  into  a  marginal  petiole,  upper  broad 
at  base  and  somewhat  clasping:  achenes  hirsute-pubescent.  In  the  high 
mountains,  Alaska  to  California,  Utah,  Colorado,  Lake  Superior  and 
Washington. 


374  COMPOS  IT  JE  arnica 

SENECIO 

A.  longifolia  Eaton  Bot.  Kiug  186.  Minutely  scabrous-puberulent : 
stems  14-24  incites  high,  many  from  a  scaly  caudex:  leaves  in  5-6  pairs,  elon- 
gated-lanceolate, acuminate,  7-10  lines  broad,  entire  or  denticulate,  the  very 
lowest  reduced  to  ochreate  scales,  the  upper  pairs  sessile  and  slightly  conna- 
t;e-amplexicaul,  the  lower  with  sheathing  connate  petioles:  heads  1-8,  com- 
monly 5,  not  large;  hivolucral  bracts  lanceolate,  acute:  achenes  minutely 
glandular  but  not  hispid.  In  dense  clumps  among  rocks,  Powder  Biver 
Mountains  Oregon  to  the  Clover  Mountains  Nevada  and  in  the  Uintas  above 
Bear  Eiver  Canyon;  10,000  feet  altitude. 

A.  foliosa  Nutt.  1.  c.  Tomentose-pubescent,  strict,  leaves  lanceolate, 
denticulate,  nervose;  upper  pai'tly  clasping  by  narrowish  base;  lower  with 
tapering  base,  connate:  heads  short-peduncled,  rarely  solitary;  achenes  hir- 
sute-pubescent or  glabrate .  Wet  meadows  and  mountain  sides,  western  Cali- 
fornia to  eastern  Washington  the  Saskatchewan  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

-*-   -^  Heads  rayless  stems  leafy  even  on  the  flowering  branches 

A.  Yiscosa  Gray.  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xiii,  374.  "A  foot  or  less  high,  fas- 
tigiately  branching,  very  viscid-pubescent:  leaves  small  (inch  or  less  long), 
ovate-oblong,  entire,  closely  sessile  but  not  connate  at  base:  involucre  4  lines 
high,  considerably  shorter  than  the  25  or  30  flowers:  corollas  pale  yellow:  ach- 
enes glandular-hirsute.     On  Mt.  Shasta  California",     perhaps  in  Oregon. 

-t-   -»-    Less  leafy:  cauline  leaves  1   or  2  rarely  3    pairs,   the   upper 
mostly  small. 

■»* Heads  rayless,  mostly  3-5  and  rather  short-peduncled  at  the  naked 
summit  of  the  stem. 

A.  Parryi  Gray  Am.  Nat.  viii,  213.  Somewhat  hirsutely  pubescent 
and  above  glandular,8lender,  fiimple,l-2  feet  high :  leaves  membranaceous, 
commonly  denticulate,  radical  oval  or  ovate-oblong,  1-3  inches  long,  ab- 
ruptly or  cuneately  contracted  at  base  into  a  short  margined  petiole;  cau- 
line remote :  involucre  hirsute  and  glandular,  6  lines  or  less  hijrh,  occas- 
ionally some  outermost  corollas  ampliate :  achenes  glabrous  or  with  a  few 
sparse  hairs.    Eastern  Oregon  and  Washington  to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

■»+  -^     Heads  conspicuously  radiate,   solitary  or  very  few,  mostly 
long-peduncled. 

A.  alpina  Olin.  Pubescent,  hirsute  or  at  summit  villous:  stems  18 
inches  high,  strict,  simple, usually  monocephalous :  leaves  thickish.from 
narrowly  oblong  to  lanceolate  or  the  radi  al  oblong-spatulate  and  small, 
uppermost  linear  entire,  or  denticulate,  3-Derved;  base  of  the  cauline  bare- 
ly at  all  connate :  achenes  hirsute-pubescent,  rarely  glabrate.  Oregon  and 
Washington  to  the  Aleutian  Isl&nds,  the  Rocky  and  Sierra  Nevada  Moun- 
tains Labrador  and  the  Arctic  coast 

+-*■+-*■     Pappus  of  soft-capillary   and   merely  scabrous  very   nu- 
merous bristles.     Style-branches  narrow^  truncate  or  capitellate  and 
often  bearing  a  bearded  ring  at  tip  which  sometimes  is  produced  into 
a  short  central  cusp  or  obscure  cone.  Leaves  all  alternate. 
86    SENECIO  Tourn.  L.  Gen.  n.  954. 

Perennial  herbs ;  with  mostly  simple  stems  from  creeping  root- 
stocks,  bearing  solitary  or  few  usually  long-peduncled  and  rather 
large  heads  of  yellow  flowers.  Head  many-flowered,  with  pistillate 
rays ;  or  sometimes  homogamous  by  the  absence  of  the  rays;  the 
flowers   all  fertile.     Involucre   usually  broadly  campanulate  na- 


SENECio  COMPOSITE  375 

ked  at  base:  the  scales  thin-herbaceous,  lanceolate  or  linear, 
equal,  in  one  or  two  series.  Receptacle  flat,  naked.  Rays  elon- 
gated :  disk-corollas  with  distinct  and  usually  elongated  tube  and 
funnelform  or  cylindraceous  5-lobed  limb.  Style-appendnges 
obtuse,  pubescent.  Achenes  linear,  5-anglcd  or  5-10-ribbed, 
somewhat  hirsute  or  nearly  glabrous.  Pappus  a  single  series  of 
rather  rigid  strongly  scabrous  or  barbellate  capillary  bristles. 

§  1  Ours  perennials  with  tomentose  and  usually  floccose  pu- 
bescence or  none,  never  viscid  nor  obviously  hirsute. 

*    Heads  more    than   half-inch  high,   very  many-flowered:   disk 
corollas  merely  5-toothed :  heads  radiate. 

S.  megacephalus  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  vli,  410.  Ahout  a  foot 
high,  loosely  floccose-woolly,  tardi'y  glabrate,  leafy:  leaves  entire,  lanceo- 
late and  tapering  into  a  petiole,  uppermost  cauline  attenuate,  thickish : 
heads  1-3,  short-peduncled,  8-12  lines  high:  involucre  calycnlate  by  some 
very  loose  and  setaceous-subulate  elongated  accessory  bracts:  rays  over 
half  inch  long.     Mountains  of  Idaho. 

*  *    Heads  middle-sized  or  small,  erect,  mostly  radiate. 

■*-  Stems  herbaceous,  numerously  and  equally  leafy  to  the  top: 
leaves  pinnately  veined, not  conspicuously  reticulate,  from  entire  to 
laciniate-dentate  or  dissected,  not  narrowly  linear,glabrous  or  very 
early  glabrate  and  smooth. 

**    Low,  alpine :  beads  few  or  solitary. 

S.  hesperis  Greene.  Pitt,  ii,  166.  Stems  4-10  inches  high  from  short, 
spreading  rootstocks,  leafy  only  at  the  decumbent  base ;  sparingly  floccose- 
tomentose  when  young,  in  age  nearly  glabrous  :  leaves  thickish  and  some- 
what fleshy,  from  round-oval  to  oblong  and  oblong-lanceolate,  6-12  lines 
long,  tapering  or  abruptly  contracted  to  a  short  or  long  petiole,  almost  en- 
tire or  repandly  or  crenately  few-toothed:  head  solitary  half-inch  high, 
with  the  expanded  rays  1  inch  broad:  involucre  campanulate,  the  bracts 
linear,  outer  calyculate  ones  few  or  none:  rays  10-12  deep  yellow,  style  tips 
slightly  penicillate.  On  the  serpentine  formation  of  the  Coast  range  of 
southern  Oregon. 

S.  Fremontli  T.  &  G.  Fl.  ii,  445.  Many-stemmed  from  a  thickish  cau- 
dex,  6-12  inches  high,  leafy  to  the  top:  leaves  thickish,  from  rounded-ob- 
oyate  or  spatulate  to  oblong,  obtuse,  obtusely  or  acutely  dentate,  some- 
times even  pinnatifid-dentate ;  lower  abruptly  contracted  into  a  winged 
petiole ;  uppermost  sessile  by  a  broadish  base :  head  half-inch  high,  short- 
peduncled,  subtended  by  a  few  short  loose  bractlets :  rays  3-5  lines  long. 
Alpine  regions  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  Lassen  Peak  California  and 
the  Blue  Mountains  of  Oregon. 

S.  occidentalis  Greene  Pitt,  iv,  122.  S.  Fremontii  Var  occidsntalis 
Gray.  Stems  many  from  running  rootstocks,  4-12  inches  high,  rather 
slender:  leaves  from  round-obovate  to  spatulate,  6-12  lines  long  those  in 
the  middle  of  the  stem  largest  and  the  lowest  smallest,  coarsely  dentate: 
heads  1-several,  about  6  lines  high:  bracts  of  the  involucre  linear,  1- 
nerved,  scarious -margined,  the  small  accessary  ones  setaceous  to  lanceo- 
late, rays  4-6  lines  long.  On  the  higher  mountains,  Oregon  to  California 
and  the  Rocky  mountains. 

S.  streptanthifolins  Greene  Eryth.  iii,  28.  "Only  a  foot  high,  or  even 
less,  from  clustered  leafy  perennial  rootstocks,  glabrous  throughout,  some- 
what fleshy-coriaceous  and  glaucous :  leaves  1  to  1}4  inches  long,  orbicular 


376  .  COMPORITiE  senecio 

to  obovate  and  oblong-obovate,  rather  long-peduncled,  the  margin  from 
merely  repand-denticulate  to  more  conspicuously  though  sparingly 
toothed:  heads  less  than  %  inch  high,  in  a  loose  unequally-branched 
corymb  terminating  the  remotely  bracted  stem :  both  disk  and  ray  flowers 
very  light  yellow.     On  dry  wooded  banks  in  Beaver  Canon,  Idaho," 

S.  Gibbonsii  Greene  Pitt,  ii,  20.  Stems  stout,  simple,  3  feet  high  or 
more,  leafy  throughout :  leaves  rather  fleshy,  short- petioled,  3  inches  long 
deltoid-lanceolate,  acute,  entire  or  with  a  few  irregular  teeth  near  the  base : 
*heads  radiate,  6  lines  high,  disposed  in  a  lax  somewhat  dichomotous  cyme : 
involucre  campanulate,  calyculate-bracted  at  base.  Salt-marshes  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Columbia  river." 

•«-  ++  Tall  with  corymbosely  cymous  and  radiate  heads :  involucre 
setaceously  few-bracteolate,  campanulate  or  narrower :  leaves  nearly 
membranaceous. 

S.  triangularis  Hook.  Fl.  i,  332.  Rather  stout,  glabrate,  stem  sim- 
ple, 2-5  feet  high  bearing  several  or  somewhat  numerous  heads  in  a  corym- 
biform  open  cyme:  leaves  all  more  or  less  petioled  and  thickly  dentate, 
deltoid-lanceolate  or  the  lower  triangular  hastate  or  deltoid-cordate  and 
the  uppermost  lanceolate  with  cuneate  base:  beads  about  half-inch  high, 
involucre  campanulate,  mostly  25-30-flowered,  the  oblong-linear,  rays  6- 
12.  In  w€t  ground  on  the  high  mountains,  British  Columbia  to  Califor- 
nia and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

S.  subvestitns  Howell  Eryth.  iii,  35.  Densely  floccose-woolly  through- 
out: stem  simple,  1-2  feet  high,  from  short  spreading  rootstocks,  leafy  to 
the  top :  leaves  lanceolate,  obscurely  hastate,  the  lowest  subcordate,  all 
petiolate,  1-2  inches  long,  strongly  denticulate :  heads  several  in  a  close 
cyme,  radiate,  half-inch  high,  involucre  campanulate,  many- flowered  with 
or  without  calyculate  setaceous  bracts  at  base.  In  wet  meadows,top  of  the 
Siskiyou  mountains  near  Waldo,  Oregon. 

S.  serra  Hook  I.e.  Strict,  2-4  feet  high,  very  leafy, sometimes  sim- 
ple and  bearing  rather  few,  somewhat  large  heads,  commonly  branching 
at  summit,  then  bearing  numerous  corymbosely  paniculate  smaller  heads  : 
leaves  4-6  inches  long,  all  lanceolate  and  tapering  to  both  ends,  sessile  by 
a  narrow  base,  or  the  lowest  short  petioled,  usually  with  the  whole  mar- 
gin thickly  serrate  or  serrulate  with  very  acute  salient  teeth :  involucre 
oblong-campanulate,20-30  flowered :  rays5-8,oblong  linear.  Along  streams, 
eastern  Oregon  to  Idaho,  Wyoming  and  Colorado 

Var.  integrinscnlus  Gray  Syn.  Fl.  i,  Pt.  2,  386.  Heads  smaller,  (3  or 
4  lines  high)  and  narrower,  fewer-flowered :  leaves  minutely  serrate  or  den- 
ticulate or  the  upper  entire,  sometimes  all  entire  or  nearly  so  generally 
shorter  and  smaller  or  broader  and  not  acuminate.  Common  from 
Eastern  Oregon  to  California  and  Wyoming. 

+-  -^  Stems  either  few-leaved  or  with  the  upper  leaves  reduced  in 
size;  the  infloresence  therefore  naked :  none  with  linear  leaves. 

•M-  Tall  and  simple-stemmed,  from  a  coarsely  fibrous  cluster  of 
roots :  leaves  fleshy-coriaceous,  all  entire  or  barely  denticulate. 

S.  hydropliyllns  Nutt.  1.  c.  Very  glabrous  and  smooth  sometimes 
glaucous:  stems  robust,  2-4  feet  high,  strict:  leaves  lanceolate  with  strong 
midrib  and  obsolete  veins ;  radical  oblanceolate  and  stout-petioled,  some- 
times a  foot  long  and  nearly  2  inches  wide;  upper  cauline  sessile  or  partly 
clasping:  heads  numerous  in  a  branching corymbiform  cyme,  5  lines  high, 
short  pedicelled:  involucre  narrowly  campanulate,  slightly  bracteolate,  its 
bracts  8-12 :  rays  3-6,  small,  sometimes  none.  In  water  or  wet  places, 
British  Columbia  to  California,  Along  the  Columbia  river  above  the  Dalles. 


SENECio  COMPOSIT^>  377 

■M-  -^  Plants  mostly  in  clumps  or  tufts,  or  from  tufted  or  creeping 
rootstocks :  stems  commonly  robust,  1-5  feet  high,  hearing  mostly 
numerous  heads  in  a  cyme:  leaves  from  entire  to  dentate,  none  really 
cordate,  nor  with  permanent  tomentum  :  usually  more  or  less  woolly- 
pubescent  when  }  oung,  often  quite  glabrate  and  green  at  flowering 
time :  heads  many-flowered  :  rays  8-12,  conspicuous. 

S.  Colnmbianns  Greene  Pitt,  iii,  170.  S.  lugens  in  part  of  authors,  not 
of  Richardson.  Floccose-wcolly  when  young,  at  length  glabrate :  stems 
stout,  2-4  feet  high,  from  a  fascicle  of  coarse  fibrous  looti:  leaves  thick, 
very  variable,  from  oblong  to  lanceolate,  variously  dentate  to  serrulate ; 
the  lower  petioled;  the  upper  sessile  by  a  broad  base:  heads  numerous,  in 
an  ample  cymose  panicle:  involucre  campanulate,  6-8  lines  high;  its  num- 
erous bracts  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  with  or  \\iihout  black  tips: 
rays  yellow,  6-8  lines  long,  ohlong  to  oblanceolate.  Common  on  plains 
and  hills,  Brit.  Columbia  io  California  and  Nebraska. 

S.  exaltatus  Nutt  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  vii,  410.  Sparingly  villous 
when  young,  at  length  glabrous :  stems  stout,  2-3  feet  high,  simple,  naked 
above:  leaves  thick,  equally  crenate-denticulate;  the  radical  and  lower  cau- 
line  broadly  lanceolate-oblong,  obtuse,  on  lon^  petioles ;  the  upper  lanceo- 
late, acute,  partly  clasping,  serrate  :  heads  small,  numerous,  in  a  compound 
fastigiate  cyme:  bracts  of  the  involucre  linear,  with  pubescent  purplish 
or  black  tips :  rays  6-8.  oblong,  short:  achenes  glabrous.  Plains  of  the 
Columbia.  Oregon  and  Washington.  S.  lugens  var.  ochroleucus  Gray  ap- 
pears to  be  a  nearly  white-flowered  form  of  this. 

S.  cordatns  Nutt.  1.  c.  More  or  less  pubescent,  especially  toward  the 
base  of  the  stem :  stem  solitary.  2-6  feet  h'gh,  from  ^  fascicle  of  fibrous 
roots,  sulcate  angled :  lower  leaves  cordate-ovate,  repandly  serrulate  or 
nearly  entire,  obtuse,  on  long  petioles ;  the  upper  lanceolate,  clasping,  ser- 
rate :  heads  numerous,  in  a  nearly  simple  corymb :  bracts  of  the  involucre 
about  15,  linear,  with  pubescent  bla(  k  tips  :*rays  5-6,  oblong.  On  sandy 
hills  Sauvie  Island  near  the  mouth  of  the  Willamette  River 

S.  Orcganus.  Glabrous  throughout:  stems  rather  slender,  2-3  feet 
high,  from  a  somewhat  woody  caudex :  leaves  from  spatulate  to  linear, 
usually  narrowly  lanceolate,  narrowed  below  to  a  slender  petiole  with  a 
dilated  base,  acutish  to  acuminate,  more  or  less  remotely  denticulate; 
the  lowest  ones,  including  the  pet  ole,  4-8  inches  long;  the  upper  ones 
reduced  to  sessile  subulate  or  setaceous  bracts:  heads  8-20,  in  a  close 
umbel  the  rays  of  which  elongate  forming  a  loose  cymose  panicle  in  fruit : 
bracts  of  the  involucre  linear-lanceolate  or  linear,  acuminate,  with  black 
tips :  rays  yellow,  spatulate,  4-6  lines  long :  achenes  about  2  lines  long, 
glabrous.     In  marshes  bordering  Lake  Labish,  Marion  Co.  Oregon. 

S.  fcetidus.  Glabrous:  stems  stout,  2-3  feet  high,  from  a  short  hard 
caudex,  bearing  an  ample  umbellate  cyme  of  middlesized  heads:  leaves 
thin,  lanceolate,  finely  denticulate;  the  lowest  4-8  inches  long  including 
the  petiole,  acute,  tapering  below  to  a  short  petiole;  upper  ones  sessile 
by  a  broad  base,  reduced  upward  to  small  bracts  :  involucre  6  lines  high, 
its  very  numerous  linear  bracts  very  acute,  green  or  yellowish,  often  spar- 
ingly hispidulous :  rays  8-12,  yellow :  achenes  short,  glabrous.  In  swales, 
Klickitat  Valley  Washington.  This  plant  has  a  very  unpleasant  odor, 
and  my  specimens  that  have  been  in  my  herbarium  20  years  have  not 
lost  it. 

■»+  -t-  •♦+  Leaves  crowded  on  the  matted  rootstock  nearly  veinless : 
achenes  glabrous. 

S.  valerianella  Greene  Pitt,  iv,  109.  Glabrous:  stems  slender,  de- 
cumbent at  base,  4-6  inches  long,  from  slender  densely  tufted  rootstocks: 
leaves  from  round-obovoid  to  almost  orbicular,  about  8  lines  in  diameter, 


378  COMPOSITE 


8£NEC[0 


slender-petioled,  thin  and  delicate,  lightly  but  rather  evenly  crenate;  cau- 
line  bracts  very  variable,  from  somewhat  lyrate  to  lanceolate  or  subu- 
late: heads  usually  solitary:  involucre  subcampanulate,  3-4  lines  high, 
of  numerous  broad  thin  bracts  and  one  or  more  rather  broad  and  her- 
baceous bractlets  at  base:  rays  10  or  more,  broad  and  short,  golden-yellow. 
CcBur  d'Alene  Mountains  Idaho. 

^^  ^^.  ^  *>  Stems  6-30  inches  high,  bearing  some  leaves  and  corym- 
bosely  cymose  heads :  involucre  sparingly  calyculate  or  nearly  naked 
at  base. 

=    Leaves  all  entire,  rarely  sparingly  denticulate  or  toothed. 

S.  fastigiatns  Nutt.  1.  c.  Cinereous  with  a  fine  and  close  pannose  to- 
mentum,  or  glabrate:  stems  strict,  simple,  1-2  feet  high,  terminated  by  a 
fastigiate  cyme  of  several  heads,  or  sometimes  with  branches  terminated 
with  single  and  rather  large  heads:  leaves  lanceolate  or  spatulate-lanceo- 
late,  obtuse,  about  2  inches  long,  entire  or  sparingly  dentate;  upper  often 
linear;  lower  cauline,  and  the  sometimes  oblong,  radical  tapering  into 
slender  petioles :  heads  4-6  lines  high  :  rays  conspicuous:  achene*  glab- 
rous.   Plains  of  Oregon  and  Washington  to  Idaho  and  British  Columbia. 

=  =  Leaves  from  entire  or  serrate  to  pinnatifid  in  the  same 
species,  none  pinnately  divided. 

S.  Purshianus  Nutt.  1.  c.  S.  Howellii  Greene.  Densely  white  tomen- 
tose  when  young,  tardily  deciduous  above :  stems  4-10  inches  high  leafy : 
leaves  thickish  the  lower  ones  lanceolate,  from  nearly  entire  to  coarsely 
dentate  or  pinnatifid,  slender-petioled;  upper  leaves  pinnately  lobed  or 
parted  into  oblong  divisions,  all  petioled  or  the  uppern.ost  Eessile :  Heads 
few  to  numerous,  in  a  rather  close  fastigiate  cyme,  6  lines  high  or  more; 
involucre  campanulate  its  numerous  bracts  lanceolate  acute  or  acumi- 
nate, green  with  white  margins,  minutely  puberulent,  the  tips  pubescent: 
rays  6-12,  elongated  oblong,  6  lines  long  or  more:  achenes  glabrous,  light 
colored  prominently  striate,  Rocky  banks  Eastern  Oregon  and  Washing- 
ton to  the  Rocky  mountains. 

S.  aureus  L.  Sp.  870.  Perennial,  glabrous  or  very  nearly  so  through- 
out; stems  rather  slender,  solitary  or  tufted,  12-30  inches  high:  basal 
leaves  cordate-orbicular  or  reniform,  crenate-dentate,  very  obtuse  and 
rounded,  often  purplish,  1-6  inches  long,  with  long  slender  petioles ;  lower 
stem-leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  usually  laciniate,  pinnatifid  or  lyrate, 
the  uppermost  small,  sessile,  somewhat  auriculate  and  clasping:  heads 
several,  8-10  lines  broad,  4-5  lines  high,  slender-peduncled,  in  an  open 
corymb ;  rays  8-12,  golden-yellow ;  achenes  glabrous ;  pappus  white.  In 
wet  places  in  the  high  mountains,  Alaska  to  California  and  across  the  con- 
tinent 

S.  balsamitse  Muhl,  Wild.  Sp.  1999.  Stems  slender,  10-20  inches  high, 
woolly  at  the  base  and  in  the  axils  of  the  lower  leaves:  radical  leaves  slender- 
petioled,  oblong,  rarely  slightly  spatulate,  veiy  obtuse,  narrow  at  the  base, 
mostly  thick,  crenate,  often  pui-plish,  1-3  inches  long,  8-6  lines  wide,  their 
petioles  and  sometimes  their  lower  surfaces  persistently  tomentose  or  woolly, 
or  glabrous  throughout;  lower  stem  leaves  petioled,  lanceolate  or  pinnatifid, 
the  upper  sessile  very  small :  heads  few  or  several,  slender  peduncled,  6-10 
lines  broad,  3-4  lines  high:  rays  8-12:  achenes  usually  hispidulous:  on  the 
angles.  Dry  soil,  British  Columbia  to  Washington,  Texas,  Nebraska  and 
Nova  Scotia. 

S.  subnudns  DC.  Prodi*,  vi^  428.  Very  glabrous  throughout:  stems 
often  decumbent  at  base,  simple,  slender,  6-10  inches  high,  nearly  leafless 
above  and  usually  bearing  a  single  head:  radical  leaves  obovate,  slender- 
petioled,  coarsely  dentate;  cauline  very  few,  sessile,  oblong  to  linear,  incised 


8BNECIO  COMPOSITE  379 

or  somewhat  pinnatifid:  involucre  open-campanulate,  4-5  lines  high,  of  linear 
acute  bracts:  rays  8-12,  elongated  oblong :  achenes  glabrous,  striate.  In 
mai-sby  grounds,  Cascade  and  Rooky  Mountains. 

S.  elongatns  Pursh  Fl  ii,  529.  S.  aureus  var.  borealis  T  &  G.  Stems 
10-20  inches  high:  leaves  thickish;  the  radical  from  roundish  with  abrupt  or 
even  truncate  base  to  cuneat«-obovate  and  cuneate  spatulate,  6-12  lines  long, 
slender-petioled:  cauline  seldom  much  pinnatifid;  heads  numerous  or  few, 
not  rarely  rayless:  achenes  glabrous.  In  the  high  mountains  Brit.  Columbia 
to  California  and  thcj  Rocky  Mountains. 

S.  Adamsi.  Floccose- woolly  below,  glabrous  above  except  the  axils  of 
the  leaves:  stems  4-12  inches  high:  radical  leaves  oborate  or  oblong  to  al- 
most orbicular,  crenately  toothed,  the  blade  6-18  lines  long,  on  slender  pet- 
ioles as  long  or  longer;  caulme  leaves  lanceolate  to  linear  in  outline,  pinnate- 
ly  lobed  or  parted  into  oblong  or  linear  lobes  or  divisions,  sessile  by  a  some- 
what clasping  base:  heads  1-12,  in  a  close  or  at  length  open  cyme:  involucre 
hemispherical,  of  numerous  linear- lanceolate  acute  bracts,  4-5  lines  long: 
rays  12-15,  elongated  oblong:  achenes  glabrous,  about  a  line  long.  By  the 
base  of  cliffs,  Mount  Adams  Washington. 

=  =  =  Leaves  moitly  once  pinnately  divided  or  pai-ted  and  again 
lobed  or  incised . 

S.  Bolanderi  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  vii,  362.  Glabrous  or  early 
glabrate :  stems  weak  and  slender,  6-30  inches  high  from  slender  creeping 
rootstocks :  leaves  thin  and  membraneous,  mostly  petioled :  early  radical 
orbicular,  subcordate,  palmately  5-9  lobed  or  crenate-incised;  others  pin- 
nately divided  into  5-9  distinct  leaflets  or  the  upper  lobes  confluent  with 
rounded  terminal  one,  all  obtusely  incised :  heads  several,  loosely  cymose 
4  or  5  lines  high,  rays  5-8,  rather  long.  Common  along  streams  and 
bluffs  Washington  to  Northern  California  west  of  the  Cascade  mountains. 

***********  Stems  leafy,  numerously  or  somewhat   equably  so 
up  to  the  top 

S.  condensatus  Greene  Pitt,  iii,  298  "  Stems  soHtaiy,  stout  and  low, 
very  leafj-,  4  to  6  inches  or  rarely  almost  a  foot  high:  herbage  somewhat  suc- 
culent, sparsely  flooculent  when  young:  lower  leaves  almost  as  long  as  the 
stem,  spatulate-obovate;  the  upper  oblanceolate,  all  obtu8e,[orenately  or  more 
sharply  dentate:  heads  3  to  6,  more  than  %  inch  high,  closely  sessile  in  a 
large  cluster  among  the  upper  leaves:  bracts  of  the  decidedly  flocculent  in- 
volucre lanceolate,  acuminate:  rays  either  wanting  or  few  and  deep  yellow. 
High  ridges  of  the  Blue  Mountains  Walla  Walla  Co.  Washington,  Piper. 

§  2  Annuals  or  biennials. 

S.  VULGARIS  L.  Engl.  Bot.  t.,  748.  (Groundsel).  Rather  stout,  branch- 
ing and  leafy  to  the  top  glabrate 4-16  inches  high  from  an  annual  root: 
leaves  incisely  pinnatifid  the  long  or  roundish  lobes  and  the  sinuses 
sharply  toothed  :  heads  4-5  lines  high  :  tips  of  the  involucral  bracts  and 
the  short  calyculate  ones  at  base  blackish :  rays  none :  achenes  canes- 
cently  puberulent,  common  in  cultivated  fields  and  moist  places,  flower- 
ing most  of  the  winter  months.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

Tribe  via.  CYNAROIDEjE  B.  &  H.  Gen.  ii,  211.  Heads  hom- 
ogamous  tubiflorous,  the  flowers  all  hermaphrodite  with  equally  or 
sometimes  unequally  5-cleft  corollas,  the  lobes  long  and  narrow,  or 
sometimes  radiatiform  and  heterogamous  by  enlargenunt  of  the  limb  of 
marginal  flowers  which  are  commouly  neutral.     Involucre  much  im- 


380  COMPOS  ITiE  cynaroide^ 

hricnted:  recfptacle  mostly  flat  orconvexed,  often  fimbrillate  or  densely 
setose.  Anthers  with  tails  at  base  and  commonly  with  elongated  and 
connate  cartilaginous  apical  appendages,  their  tips  distinct.  Style- 
branches  destitute  of  appendage,  short,  sometimes  distinct  or  partly 
so,  more  commonly  united  up  to  the  simply  obtuse  tips,  not  hirsute  or 
hispid,  but  sometimes  an  hispidulous  or  pubescent  ring  or  node  below. 
Achenes  thickish  and  hard.  Pappus  se'ose  or  rarely  paleaceous. 
Leaves  alternate  the  teeth  or  margins  often  prickly . 

SuBTRiBE  I  cARDUiNE^iE     Achenes  attached  by  their  very  base. 
Flowers  all  perfect  ,(  except  one  thistle  ). 
*    Filaments  distinct. 

+-  Leavee  never  prickly:  style  slender,  its  branches  partly  distinct: 
filaments  glabrous. 

87  Saussnrea  Involucre  obovoid  to  oblong;  its  bracts  appressed  and  without 

spinose  or  hooked  tips  pappus  double,  the  inner  series  united  at  base  and 
falling  together,  the  outer  distinct  and  falling  separately. 

88  Arctium  Involucre  globular;  its  bracts  spreading  above  the  appressed 

base  and  hooked  at  tip. 

■♦-  •«-  Leaves  more  or  less  prickly:  style-branches  united  to  or  near 
the  tip:  pappus  simple,  its  bristles  united  at  base  and  falling  together; 
filaments  bearded  or  papillose-pubescent:  involuci-e  globose  or  obovoid, 
of  numerous  usually  prickly-tipped  much  imbricated  bracts. 

89  Cardnus  Bristles   of  the  pappus  long   and  soft-plumose:    receptacle 

densely  villous-setose. 

*  *  Filaments  united  below,  glabrous. 

90  Silybum  Involucre  depressed-globose,  its  bracts  prickl^  along  the  mar- 
gins and  tapering  into  a  widely  spreading  spine;  briatles  of  the  pap- 
puai^in  more  than  one  series. 

SuBTRiBE  II  CENTAURiNEiE  Achencs  obliquely  attached  by  one 
side  of  the  base  or  more  laterally.  Involucre  globose  or  ovoid,  its 
bracts  appressed  and  variously  appendaged. 

91  Centanrea  Achenes  more  or  less  compressed  or  quadrangular:  pappus 
of  indefinite  bristles  or  narrow  palese. 

92  Cnicus  Aehenes  terete:  pappus  double,  each  of  10  aristifoi-m  bristles. 

Subtribe  i,  Carduineae  Less.  DC.  Prodr.  vi,  617.  Heads  discoid, 
homogamous,  many-flowered;  the  flowers  all  similar,  perfect  or  di- 
oecious. Bracts  of  the  involucre  imbricated  in  several  series,  often 
spinose  at  the  apex.  Corollas  usually  curved  outward,  the  exterior 
often  deeper  cleft  than  the  others.  Anthers  slightly  or  not  at  all 
caudate.  Achenes  attached  by  their  very  base,  glabrous,  with  a  ter- 
minal areola. 

87    SAUSSUREA  DC.  Ann.  Mus.  Par.  xvi,  107,  t.  10-13. 

Tall  herbs  with  alternate  not  prickly  leaves  and  middlesized 
heads  of  purple  or  dark  violet  flowers.  Heads  many-flowered, 
the  flowers  all  tubular,  similar  and  perfect.     Bracts  of  the  invo- 


8AUS8DBEA  COMPOSITiE  381 

ARCTIUM 

lucre  imbricated  in  several  series,  mostly  not  appendaged.  Re- 
ceptacle flat,  fimbrillate  or  with  persistent  chaff.  Corollas  with 
slender  tube,  inflated  throat  and  5-cleft  limb.  Anthers  with  se- 
tiform  ciliate  or  villous  tails.  Pappus  double,  the  outer  of  a  few- 
short  denticulate  rigid  distinct  bristles;  the  inner  of  a  series  of 
stout  plumose  bristles  which  are  united  at  base. 

S.  Americana  Eaton  Bot.  Gaz.  vi,  283.  Stems  rather  stout,  2-6  feet 
high,  leafy  to  the  top,  lightly  arachnoid  when  young,  soon  glabrate,  bearing 
numerous  oorymbosely  cymose  heads:  leaves  membranaceous,  ovate  and  ob- 
long-ovate, acute,  or  acuminate,  denticulate  or  dentate:  radical  and  lower 
cauline  subcordate,  on  slender  margined  petioles,  4  inches  long  or  more; 
upper  sessile,  with  acute  base;  uppemiost  lanceolate:  heads  6-10  lines  high: 
involucre  somewhat  turbinate,  pubescent;  its  bracts  thin-coriaceous:  in  4-9 
ranks  all  pointless  and  obtuse,  the  outer  successively  shoi-ter:  corollas  blue  or 
purple :  receptacle  naked,  or  bearing  more  or  less  copious  setiform  chaff 
among  the  flowers.  In  moist  places  in  the  high  mountains,  Oregon  and 
Washington. 

^  88    ARCTIUM  L.  Gen.  n.  923.    (Burdock). 

K      Coarse  biennial  herbs  with  broad  alternate  petioled  leaves  and 

B  rather  large  heads  of  purple  or  white  tubular  perfect  flowers,  ra- 

^^^emose,  corymbose  or   paniculate  at  the  ends  of  the  stems  or 

Hpranches.      Involucre  globular ;  its  bracts    slender-subulate  or 

aristiform  and   spreading   above  the    broader    appressed   base, 

hooked   at  tip,   imbricated   in  several    series.     Receptacle   flat, 

densely  setose.     Anthers  sagittate  at  base.     Filaments  glabrous. 

Achenes  oblong,  somewhat  compressed  and  3-angled,  truncate. 

Pappus  of  numerous  short  and  rigid  or  chaff'y  bristles,  separately 

deciduous. 

A.  Lappa  L.  Sp.  816.  Stem  stout,  2-9  feet  high  much  branched,  rough: 
leaves  thin,  broadly  ovate,  pale  and  tomentose  beneath,  obtuse,  entire  re- 
pand  or  dentate,  mostly  cordate,  the  lower  often  18  inches  long:  petioles 
solid,  deeply  fuiTOwed:  heads  clustered  or  corymbose,  sometimes  long-pe- 
duncled,  6-12  lines  in  diameter:  bracts  of  the  involucre  glabrous  or  nearly 
80,  their  spines  spreading,  the  inner  ones  equalling  the  flowers.  Common 
in  waste  places.     Naturalized  from  Europe. 

89    CARDUU8L.  Gen.  n.  925.  (Thistle) 

Stout  herbs  with  alternate  usually  prickly  leaves  and  large  or 
middle-sized  heads  of  purple,  red,  white  or  pale  yellow  flowers. 
Heads  many-flowered ;  the  flowers  all  perfect  and  fertile,  with 
tubular  corollas  with  deeply,  often  more  or  less  unequally,  5- 
cleft  narrow  lobes.  Involucre  globular,  ovoid,  or  at  matur- 
ity sometimes  campanulate,  the  mostly  narrow  bracts  lubricated 
in  many  series,  more' commonly  tipped  with  a  spine  or  cuspidate 
point.  Receptacle  flat,  fleshy,  densely  clothed  with  bristles. 
Filaments  commonly  papillose-hairy,  distinct.  Anthers  sagit- 
tate at  base,  the  auricles  frequently  extended  with  tails.  Style 
filiform,  sometimes  thickened,  or  with  a  ring  or  node  at  the  base 
of  stigmatic  portion.     Achenes  glabrous,  thick-walled,  obovate  or 


382  COMPOSITE  carducs 

oblong,  more  or  less  compressed,  attached  by  their  very  base. 
Pappus  of  copious  and  rather  rigid,  long  and  plumous  bristles  in 
a  single  series,  connected  at  the  very  base  into  a  ring,  so  that  they 
remain  united  after  detaching. 

§  Perennials  with  camparatively  small  dioecious  heads. 

C.  ARVENSis  Robs.  Brit.  Fl.  1Q^.  (Canada  Thistle.)  Stems  1-6  feet 
high  from  creeping  perennial  rootstocks,  coryrabosely  branching,  usually 
glabrate  and  green  :  leaves  lanceolate,  pinnatifid  and  toothed,  furnished 
with  abundant  weak  prickles :  heads  loosely  cymose,  less  than  an  inch 
high,  dioecious,  in  staminate  plants  ovate-globular  with  the  flowers  well 
exserted;  the  pistillate  oblong-campanulate,  the  flowers  less  exserted : 
bracts  of  the  involucre  appressed,  short,  with  very  small  weak  prickly 
points.  A  troublsome  weed  introduced  from  Europe:  becoming  too  com- 
mon in  the  Willamette  Valley 

§  2  Biennials  with  the  flowers  all  perfect. 

*  Bracts  of  the  involucre  more  or  less  unequal,  all  but  the  innermost 
terminating  in  subulate,  spinose  spreading  appendages. 

C.  LANCEOLATUS  L.  Sp.  821.  (C0.MMON  Thistle)  Stcms  stout,  2-4  feet 
high,  much  branched:  more  or  less  villous-hirsute:  leaves  lanceolate, 
deeply  pinnatifid  wth  lanceolate  lobes,  rigidly  prickly,  upper  face  strigose- 
setulose;  the  base  decurrenton  the  stem  into  interrupted  prickly  wings: 
heads  obovoid,  1-2  inches  high,  terminating  the  stems  and  branches: 
bracts  of  the  involucre  arachnoid-woolly,  lanceolate  and  mostly  attenuate 
into  slender  spreading  spines :  corollas  rose-purple.  Pastures  and  waste 
places  throughout  the  northern  United  States.  Naturalized  from  Europe. 

*  *  Bracts  of  the  ovoid  or  hemispherical  involucre  appressed-imbri- 
cate,  the  outer  succcessively  shorter,  all  with  loose  and  dilated  fimbri- 
ate or  lacerate  white-ecarious  tips. 

C.  Americanns  Greene  Proc.  Philar^.  Acad.  Stems  rather  slender,  2-4 
feet  high,  branching  above,  the  branches  bearing  solitary  or  scattered 
naked  heads  leaves  white- tom  en  rose  beneath,  lanceolate  or  broader,  sin- 
uately  pinnatifid  or  some  nearly  dentate,  others  pinnately  parted,  weakly 
prickly:  heads  erect,  one  inch  high;  principal  bracts  of  the  involucre 
naked-edged  or  merely  fimbriate-ciliate  below,  and  the  dilated  scarious 
apex  as  broad  as  long,  fimbriate-lacerate,  tipped  with  barely  exserted  cusp 
or  mucro;  inne>"most  with  lanceolate  nearly  entire  scarious  tips :  flowers 
ochroleucous :  stronger  pappus-bristles  dilated-clavellate  at  tip.  Willam- 
ette Valley  Oregon  to  Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 

*  *  *  Bracts  of  the  involucre  mostly  loose,  not  appressed-imbricate 
nor  rigid,  tapering  gradually  from  a  narrow  base  to  a  slender  prickly 
muticose  apex ;  outer  not  very  much  shorter  than  the  inner,  wholly 
destitute  of  dorsal  glandular  ridge  or  spot. 

■*-  Some  bracts  of  the  involucre  with  acarioua  or  fringed  tip  or  mar- 
gin8,5at  least  the  innermost  slightly  or  not  at  all  prickly-pointed: 
leaves  not  decurrent  on  the  stem,  moderately  prickly. 

C.  remotifolins  Hook.  Fl.  i,  302.  Loosely  arachnoid -woolly  when 
young:  stems  2-8  feet  high:  leaves  from  sinuately  to  deeply  pinnatifid, 
more  or  less  whitened  by  the  loose  tomentum  beneath  even  in  age:  heads 
12-18 lines  high,  pedunculate,  scattered,  naked  or  nearly  so  at  base:  invo- 
lucre lightly  arachnoid  and  glabrate;  the  bracts  attenuate,  the  outer  into 
a  weak  small  prickle;  the  inner  or  some  of  them  with  a  scarious  entire  or 
sparingly  lacerate  tip :  corollas  ochroleucous,  their  lobes  much  shorter  than 
the  throat:  pappus  of  coarse  bristles,  the  strongest  with  conspicuously 


CARDurs  COMPOSITE  383 

clavellate  tips.     Common  on  prairies  Brit.  Columbia  to  California. 

■«-  ■*-  None  of  the  involucral  bracts  with  fimbriate  or  scarious-dila- 
ted  tips,  but  tapering  into  an  almost  innocuous  weak  and  short  prickle 
or  soft  point :  leaves  green  both  sides,  mostly  membranaceous,  not 
decurrent  on  the  stem. 

C.  edulis  Greene  Proc.  Philad.  Acad.  1892,  368.  Stems  robust  and 
somewhat  succulent,  3-10  feet  high,  pubescent,  leafy  to  the  top:  leaves  ob- 
long or  narrower,  from  slightly  to  deeply  sinuate-pinnatifid,  weakly  prick- 
ly-ciliate:  heads  an  inch  h  gh,  scattered,  or  few  m  a  cluster,  usual  lybracte- 
ose  at  base  :  involucre  conspicuously  arachnoid-woolly  when  young,  partly 
glabrate  in  age :  corollas  purple  or  whitish  the  lobes  much  shorter  than  the 
the  throat,  filiform  in  the  dried  state  and  capitellate-callous  at  the  apex. 
Edge  o'  timbered  lands,  Alaska  to  California  west  of  the  Cascade  Mountains. 

C.  Hallii.  Cnicus  Hallii  Gray.  Glabrate  and  green  :  stems  slender,  2-3 
feet  high  leafy  cleaves  pinnatifid;  the  lobes  an'l  teeth  rather  strongly  prick- 
ly: heads  solitary  and  pedunculate  or  2-3  in  a  small  terminal  cluster, 
more  or  less  bracteose  leafy  at  base:  involucre  sparingly  arachnoid  when 
young,  soon  glabrate,  the  attenuate  tips  of  all  but  the  outermost  without 
rigid  spines :  corollas  rose-purple  to  white;  the  lobes  linear,  plane,  obtuise. 
Oregon  to  southern  California  and  Utah.  ♦ 

*  *  *  *  Bracts  of  the  involucre  moderately  unequal,  or  the  lower 
not  rarely  about  equalling  the  upper,  most  of  them  with  more  or  less 
herbaceous  spinescent-tipped  spreading  upper  portion  and  no  glandu- 
lar dorsal  ridge. 

C.  occidentalis  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  vii,  418.  Mostly  stout, 
2-12  feet  high,  very  white  with  a  thick  coat  of  cottony  wool :  leave;^  from 
sinuate-dentate  to  pinnatifid,  not  very  prickly :  involucral  bracts  some- 
times narrow  and  herbaceous  acerose  from  a  little-dilated  base,  sometimes 
with  broader  more  coriaceous  base,  or  the  outer  with  lanceolate-subulate 
tips :  corollas  bright  red  or  crimson :  style  destitute  of  node.  Dry  hillsides, 
southwestern  Oregon  to  California. 

*  *  *  *  *  Bracts  of  the  involucre  regularly  and  chiefly  appressed- 
imbricated  in  numerous  ranks ;  the  outer  successively  shorter ;  not 
herbaceous-tipped  or  appendaged. 

■*-  Heads  oblong  or  cylindraceou^,  showy:  not  at  all  glandular  on 
the  back  ;  inner  ones  all  erect  and  purplish-tinged. 

C.  Anderson!  Greene  1.  c.  Slender,  rather  lightly  and  loosely  woolly : 
leaves  lightly  prickly,  sinuate-pinnatifid,  rather  sparse:  heads  naked-pe- 
dunculate: involucral  bracts  comparatively  loose  and  erect,  all  gradually 
attenuate  from  a  narrow  base :  outermost  tipped  with  small  weak  prickles  : 
corollas  bright  pink-red,  their  slender  lobes  about  equalling  their  throat: 
style  prolonged  above  the  very  obscure  node.  Dry  hills,  southwestern 
Idaho  to  eastern  California. 

-^  ■*-  Heads  broad,  mostly  large  :  involucre  glabrous  or  earl v  glab- 
rate, the  light  arachnoid  wool  caducous,  its  bracts  rather  large,  char- 
taceous  or  coriaceous,  not  at  all  glandular  on  the  back  :  anthdr-tips 
narrow,  very  acute. 

C.  Drnmmondii  Coville  Contr.  Nat.  Herb,  iv,  142.  Green  and  some- 
what villous-pubescent,  or  when  young  lightly  arachnoid-woolly:  either 
stemless  and  bearing  sessile  heads  in  a  cluster  on  the  crown,  or  caulescent 
and  even  2-3  feet  high,  with  solitary  or  several  loosely  disposed  heads: 
leaves  from  sinuate  or  almost  entire  to  pinnately  parted,  moderately 
pricklv  :  larger  heads  fully  half-inch  high :  bracts  of  the  involucre  thin- 
coriaceous  or  chartaceous,    mostly  acuminate,   weak-prickly,   pointed  or 


384  .  COMPOSITE  carduus 

innocuous  with  more  ecarious  and  sometimes  obviously  dilated  and  erose- 
fimbriate  tips :  corollas  white  to  rose-purple,  with  lobes  usually  shorter 
than  the  throat.  From  the  Arctic  sea-shore  to  California  and  the  Rocky 
Mountains. 

C.  foliosas  Hook.  Fl.  i,  303.  Stems  erect,  robust,  striate,  somewhat 
woolly,  leafy  to  the  cluster  of  a  few  sessile  heads,  12-18  inches  high : 
leaves  commonly  elongated,  linear-lanceolate,  laciniately  dentate,  with 
rather  rigid  prickles,  arachnoid-tomentose  beneath  :  heads  broad,  inch  and 
a  half  high  leafy-bracteose :  involucral  bracts  thin-coriaceous :  corollas  pale 
or  white,  with  lobes  equalling  or  longer  than  the  throat.  Idaho  to  the 
Rocky  Mountains. 

•4-  -»-  +-  Heads  large  or  comparatively  small :  involucral  bracts 
closely  appressed,  coriaceous  or  thickish,  commonly  with  a  glandular 
or  viscid  ridge,  short  line,  or  broad  spot  on  the  back  near  the  summit. 

C.  undulatus  Nutt.  Gen.  ii,  130.  Persistently  white-tomentose,  1-4 
feet  high :  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  sessile  or  decurrent,  or 
the  lowest  petioled,  undulate,  lobed  or  pinnatifid  the  lobes  dentate,  trian- 
gular, often  very  prickly :  heads  about  2  inches  broad,  nearly  as  high,  soli- 
tary at  the  ends  of  the  branches :  principal  bracts  of  the  involucre  mostly 
thickened  on  the  back  by  the  broad  glandular-viscid  ridge,  comparatively 
narrow,  tipped  with  short  spreading  prickles :  corollas  rose  color  or  pale 
purple  to  white,  with  lobes  equalling  or  longer  than  their  throats.  Dry 
prairies,  Brit.  Columbia  to  Oregon,  New  Mexico  and  Lake  Huron. 

Var.  megacephallis  Greene  1.  c.    Stouter,  usually  broader-leaved; 
with  broad  heads  2  inches  or  more  high.     Idaho  to  Minnesota  and  Texas. 

C.  Brewcri  Greene  1.  c.  363.  Usually  white-tomentose,  4-10  feet  high : 
leaves  mostly  elongated  lanceolate,  conspicuously  prickly  :  heads  j>anicu- 
late,  sometimes  very  numerous,  subsessile,  an  inch  or  more  high  :  bracts 
of  the  globular  involucre  much  appressed,  firm  coriaceous,  with  an  o»^long 
or  oval  greenish  viscid -glandular  spot  near  the  tip;  outer  ones  ovate  to 
oblong,  abruptly  tipped  with  a  rather  slender  spreading  prickle :  (Jorollas 
pale  purple  or  whitish,  the  lobes  shorter  than  the  throat.  Moist  places, 
southern  and  eastern  Oregon  to  California  and  Nevada. 

90    SILYBUM  Gaertn.  Fr.  ii,  308.     (Milk  Thistle) 

Annual  or  biennial  herbs  with  large  alternate  clasping  sinuate- 
lobed  or  pinnatifid  white-blotched  leaves,  and  large  discoid  heads 
of  purple  tubular  flowers,  solitary  at  the  ends  of  the  branches, 
involucre  broad,  subglobose;  its  bracts  rigid,  imbricated  in  many- 
series,  the  lower  ones  fimbriate-spinulose  at  the  broad  triangular 
summit,  the  middle  ones  similar  but  armed  with  stout  spreading 
or  recurved  spines ;  the  inner  ones  lanceolate.  Receptacle  flat, 
densely  bristly.  Corollas  with  slender  tube  and  deeply  5-c'eft 
limb.  Filaments  united  below,  glabrous.  Anthers  sagittatB  at 
base.  Style  nearly  entire.  Achenes  obovate-oblong,  compressed, 
glabrous,  surmounted  by  a  papillose  ring.  Pappus-bristles  in 
several  series,  flattish,  barbellate  or  scabrous. 

S.  Mariandm  Gsertn.  1.  c.  378.  8tout,  2-4  feet  high,  little  branched, 
glabrate  or  glabrous:  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  prickly,  sinuate  or  pinnati- 
fid, the  lower  often  a  foot  long,  green  blotched  with  white  along  the  veins : 
heads  about  2)4.  inches  broad :  corollas  rose-purple,  deeply  cleft :  pappus- 
bristles  white,  barbellate.  Waste  places  and  road-sides,  Brit.  Columbia  to 
California.    Naturalized  from  Europe. 


CBNTAUREA  COMPOSITE  385 

Subtrihe  ii,  Centauries  DC.  Prodr.  vi.  557.     Achenes  more  or 
less  compressed  or  quadrangular.     Heads  globular  or  ovoid.     Pap- 
pus of  in  definite  f  few  or  many,  bristles  or  narrow  palese. 
91    OENTAUREA  L.  Gen.  n.  984. 

Perennial  or  annual  herbs  with  alternate  leaves  and  large  or 
middlesized  heads  of  tubular  and  various  colored  flowers.  Invo- 
lucre ovoid  or  globose,  its  bracts  imbricated  in  many  series,  ap- 
pressed,  fimbrillate,  or  dentate.  Receptacle  flat,  densely  bristly. 
Marginal  flowers  usually  neutral  and  larger  than  the  central  per- 
fect and  fertile  ones,  or  flowers  all  perfect  in  some  species.  Co- 
rolla-tube slender,  the  limb  regular  or  oblique,  5-cleft  or  5-lobed, 
the  segments  sometimes  appearing  like  rays.  Anthers  sagittate 
at  base.  Style-branches  short,  somewhat  connate,  obtuse. 
Achenes  compressed  or  obtusely  4-angled,  usually  smooth  and 
shining,  obliquely  or  laterally  attached  to  the  receptacle,  sur- 
mounted by  a  disk  with  an  elevated  margin.  Pappus  of  several 
series  of  bristles  or  scales,  rarely  none. 

*  At  least  some  of  the  involucral  bracts  armed  with  a  rigid  spine 
or  prickle  and  also  splnulose  along  its  sides  or  base :  cartilaginous  ap- 
pendages of  the  anthers  commonly  elongated  and  connate. 

C.  CALGiTRAPA  L.  Sp.  917.  (Star  Thistle).  Low,  much  branched, 
diffusely  spreading,  green,  glabrate  or  hairy :  leaves  narrow,  laciniate-pin- 
natifid ;'  uppermost  somewhat  iuvolucrate-crowded  at  the  base  of  the  sessile 
heads:  principal  bracts  of  the  involucre  armed  with  a  widely  spreading 
very  long  and  rigid  spine  which  bears  2  or  3  spinules  on  each  side  at  base : 
corollas  purple  or  pinkish  :  pappus  none.  Vancouver  Island  to  California. 
Sparingly  introduced  from  Europe. 

C.  Mkhtknsis  L.  1.  r.  Stems  erect,  1-4  feet  high,  paniculately  bran- 
ched, cinereous-pubescent,  somewhat  woolly  when  young:  radical  leaves 
lyrate  pinnatifid ;  cauline  lanceolate  or  linear,  mostly  entire,  narrowly 
decurrent  on  the  branches :  heads  sessile  or  1-  or  2-leaved  at  base,  prin- 
cipal bracts  of  the  involucre  bearing  a  slender  spreading  spine  of  about 
their  own  length,  which  is  pectinately  spinulose  toward  the  base;  inner- 
most with  simply  spinescent  tips;  outermost  usually  with  the  central 
spine  reduced  and  the  spinules  palmate:  corollas  yellow:  achenes  lightly 
costate :  pappus  of  very  unequal  rigid  bristles  or  squamellae.  Rather  com- 
mon in  fields  and  waste  places  British  Columbia  to  California  and  Arizona. 
Naturalized  from  Europe. 

+-  •*-  Bracts  of  the  involucre  unarmed,  most  of  them  terminated 
by  a  scarious  discolored  fimbriate-ciliate  or  lacerate  appendage. 

C.  Cyanus  L  Sp.  911.  ("French  Pink,  Blue  Bottle.)  Slender  branch- 
ing annual:  stems  1-6  feet  high,  whitened  when  young  with  fioccose 
wool:  leaves  linear,  entire,  or  the  lower  toothed  or  pinnatifid:  heads  na- 
ked on  slender  peduncles :  involucral  bracts  rather  narrow,  furnished  with 
short  scarious  teeth :  marginal  flowers  neutral,  with  much  enlarged 
radiform  blue  or  white  varying  to  pink  purple  or  brown  corollas :  pappus 
of  unequal  bristles  about  the  length  of  the  achene.  Very  common  in  fields 
Brit.  Columbia  to  California.    Introduced  from  Europe. 

92    CNICUS  L.  Sp.  826.     (Blessed  Thistle.) 

Annual  herbs  with  alternate  sinuate  or  pinnatifid  prickly  leaves, 
and  large  sessile  heads  of  yellow  tubular  flowers  solitary   at  the 


386  COMPOSITE  cnicus 

ends  of  the  branches  subtended  by  the  upper  leaves.  Bracts  of 
the  involucre  imbricated  in  several  series,  the  outer  ovate,  the 
inner  lanceolate,  tipped  by  a  pinnately  branched  spine.  Recep- 
tacle bristly.  Achenes  terete,  striate,  laterally  attached,  the 
horny  margin  10-toothed  at  the  summit.  Pappus  of  2  series  of 
awns,  the  inner  fimbriate,  the  outer  longer,  naked. 

C.  BENEDiCTUs  L.  Sp.  826.  Hirsute  or  pubescent :  stems  low  and  bran- 
ching: leaves  prominently  reticulated,  sinuate-pinnatifid  or  laciniate-den- 
tate,  the  teeth  or  margins  prickly ;  lower  attenuate  at  base ;  upper  narrowly 
oblong,  partly  clasping  by  a  broad  base:  heads  sessile,  inch  and  a  half 
high, equalled  by  the  upper  leaves:  bracts  of  the  involucre  thin-coriaceous, 
in  few  ranks,  all  or  most  of  them  abruptly  tipped  with  a  spinescent  and 
pectinately  prickly  spreading  appendage :  receptacle  densely  setose  with 
long  and  soft  capillary  bristles :  corollas  light  yellow.  In  fields  pouthern 
Oregon  to  California  and  the  Eastern  States.     Naturalized  from  Europe. 

Suborder  II    LIGULIFLOR^E  DC.  Prodr.  vii  74. 

Flowers  all  ligulate  and  perfect,  in  a  homogamous  radiati- 
form  head. 

Tribe  ix,  CICHORACEjE  Juss.  Gen.  168.  Herbs  {or  rarely 
trees)  almost  always  with  milky  bitter  or  acrid  juice,  alternate  or 
all  radical  leaves  and  yellow  pink  blue  or  white  flrwers  in  involucr- 
ate  heads.  Heads  homogamous.  the  flowers  all  hermaphrodite  and 
with  ligulate  corolla.  Receptacle  flat  or  flattish.  Ligules  usually 
5-toofhed  at  the  truncate  apex.  Anthers  sagittate-auriculate  at  base, 
not  caudate:  pollen-grains  scabrous,  dodecahedral.  Style-branches 
filiform,  minutely  papillose,  not  appendaged  but  stigmatic  lines  ev- 
ident only  toward  the  base. 

§  1  Pappus  none.     Receptacle  naked. 

*  Achenes  with  rounded  or  somewhat  contracted  apex  and  small 
areola. 

98    Lapsana    Heads    paniculate:    involucre    erect:  achenes    obscurely 
striate. 

§  2  Pappus  paleaceous  or  partly  so ;  or  aristiform,  or  plumose. 

*  Caulescent  herbs  with  small  or  reduced  leaves  on  the  rigid  stems 
or  branches :  receptacle  not  chaffy :  flowers  never  yellow :  achenes 
usually  short  with  truncate  summit,  not  rostrate. 

94    Cichoriuin    Flowers  blue :  pappus    of  numerous   very  short  and 
blunt  palese  in  2  or  more  series. 

96    Ptiloria    Flowers  pink  or  rose-color:  pappus  a  series  of  plumose 
bristles  or  rarely  chaffy  awns. 

*  *  Receptacle  naked :  achenes  long-rostrate :  pappus  a  series  of 
long-plumose  bristles  or  awns. 

96    Tra^opogon.     Flowers  yellow  or  purple:  pappus  a  series  of  stout 
bristles  somewhat  united  at  base  into  a  ring. 

*  *  *  Involucre  sparingly  imbricated:  receptacle  with  soft  slender 
chaff  among  the  flowers :  achenes  either  truncate  or  the  inner  ones 
rostrate. 


ciCHORiACE^  COMPOSITE  387 

97  Hypochoeris  Flowers  yellow :  pappus  a  series  of  fine  plumose  bristles 
with  or  without  some  naked  and  shorter  outer  ones. 

-*-■*--*--*-  Receptacle  not  chaffy :  achenes  either  truncate  at  sum- 
mit or  upwardly  attenuate,  yet  with  no  distinct  or  prolonged  beak  : 
pappus  of  awned  or  pointed  scarious  palese,  or  of  awns  or  bristles  with 
paleaceous  base,  or  plumose. 

98  Ptilocalais  Perennial  herbs  with  biennial  fusiform  and  more  or  less 
branching  and  leafy  stems :  pappus  of  15-20  white  and  soft  plumose 
bristles  with  paleaceous  base. 

99  Microseris  Annual  or  j  erennial  herbs  with  branching  leafy  stems : 
pappus  of  4-10,  usually  5  paleae  tapering  into  scabrous  awns. 

100  Scorzonella  Glabrous  perennials  with  leafy  stems  from  fusiform 
roots :  pappus  of  5-10  bristles  with  small  paleaceous  base. 

101  Uropappns  Acaulescent  or  su bcaulescent  annuals:  pappus  of  5 
scarious  bidentate  awn-tipped  paleae. 

102  Xothocalais  Acaulescent  perennials:  pappus  of  20-25  linear-lan- 
ceolate silvery-white  palese  in  2  or  more  series. 

§  3  Pappus   of  capillary  bristles  scabrous,  rarely  barbellate, 
never  plumous  nor  rose-tinted :  except  in  Rafinesquia. 

*  Receptacle  with  or  without  some  capillary  bristles  among  the 
flowers. 

103  Malacothrix  Achenes  terete:  pappus  soft  and  white,  promptly  de- 
ciduous, mostly  together. 

*  *    Receptacle  naked. 

■*-  Achenes  not  flattened :  pappus  persistent,  or  the  bristles  tardily 
falling  quite  separately. 

^     Beak  of  the  achene  none,  or  a  mere  attenuation. 

104  Apargidium  Heads  solitary,  terminating  simple  brai  tless  scapes : 
achenes  columnar,  truncate,  not  tapering  at  either  end:  pappus 
brownish,  of  soft  and  rather  fragile  capillary  bristles. 

105  Hieracium  Achenes  oblong  or  columnar,  mostly  10- ribbed  or 
striate :  pappus  tawny,  of  rather  rigid  scabrous  fragile  bristles  in  a 
single  series. 

106  Crepis  Achenes  from  columnar  to  fusiform,  10-20-costate :  pappus 
white  and  soft,  in  2  or  more  series. 

.  107  Nabalus  Achenes  terete  or  4-5-angled,  linear-oblong  or  cylindrical : 
pappus  of  copious  rather  rigid  capillary  bristles. 

108  Lygodesmia  Achenes  terete,  linear  or  slender-fusiform :  pappus  of 
copious  and  usually  unequal  capillary  bristles. 

f*  f+     Beak  of  the  achene  distinct,  usually  slender :  heads  always  erect. 

109  Agoseris  Involucre  more  or  less  imbricated  in  more  than  1  series : 
achenes  10-costate  or  10-nerved. 

110  Taraxacum  Involucre  of  a  single  series :  achenes  4-  or  5-costate  or 
angled  and  usually  with  some  intervening  nerves. 

111  Raflnesqnia  Achenes  terete,  obscurely  few-ribbed:  pappus  of  10-15 
slender  softly  long-plumose  bristles. 

•*-  •*-  Leafy-stemmed  plants  with  more  or  less  paniculate  heads: 
achenes  flattened :  pappus  of  copious  fine  and  soft  capillary  bristles. 


388  COMPOSITiE  lapsana 

CICHORIDM 

112  Lactnca  Achenes  with  a  beak  or  narrowed  summit:  pappus- bristles 
falling  separately. 

113  Sonchus  Achenes  without  beak  or  neck:  pappus  of  very  soft  and 
fine  bristles  which  fall  more  or  less  in  connection,  and  commonly  one 
or  two  stouter  ones  that  fall  separately. 

9.S  LAPSANA  L.  Gen.  n.  919 
Erect  paniculately  branching  annual  herbs  with  alternate 
leaves  and  small  heads  of  yellow  flowers.  Involucre  nearly  cy- 
lindric,  its  principal  bracts  nearly  equal,  and  with  a  few  exterior 
small  ones  at  base :  Receptacle  flat,  naked.  Rays  truncate  5- 
toothed  at  the  apex.  Anther  sagittate  at  base.  Style-branches 
slender.  Achenes  20-30-nerved,  somewhat  flattened,  with 
rounded  apex  and  small  areola.     Pappus  none. 

L.  COMMUNIS  L.  Sp.  811.  Stems  1-4  feet  high,  paniculately  brarjched, 
glabrous  above  more  or  less  hispid-pubescent  below:  lower  leaves  ovate, 
repand-dentate,  obtuse,  thm,  pubescent  or  glabrate,  petioled,  2-4  inches 
long,  often  with  2-6  lobes  on  the  petiole;  the  uppermost  oblong  or  lanceo- 
late, sessile,  acute,  much  smaller,  mostly  entire:  heads  very  numerous,  3- 
6  lines  broad,  loosely  paniculate :  involucre  oblong-cylindric,  2-3  lines  high 
of  about  8  linear  glaucous  connate  principal  bracts  and  several  very  small 
outer  ones  Along  road  ^ides  and  moist  places,  Oregon  and  the  Eastern 
States.    Naturalized  from  Europe. 

94    CICHORIUM  TOURN.  L.  Gen.   n.  921. 

Erect  branching  herbs  with  alternate  and  radical  leaves  and 
large  heads  of  blue,  purple,  pink  or  white  flowers  panicled  or  in 
sessile  clusters  along  the  stem.  Heads  several  to  many-flowered 
Involucre  of  2  series  of  herbaceous  bracts  with  coriaceous  or  in- 
durated base ;  the  outer  somewhat  spreading;  the  inner  sub- 
tending and  partly  enclosing  the  outer  achenes.  Receptacle  flat, 
naked  or  slightly  fimbrillate.  Anthers  sagittate  at  base.  Style- 
branches  slender,  obtusish.  Achenes  somewhat  angled ;  the 
broad  summit  bordered  with  a  crown-like  pappus  of  numerous 
short  and  blunt  palese  in  2  or  more  series. 

C.  iNTYBUS  L.  Sp.  813  (chicory)  Perennial  from  a  long  deep  tap- 
root: stems  1-3  feet  high,  with  stout,  rigid  branches,  more  or  less  hirsute, 
at  least  below :  radical  leaves  spatulate  in  outline,  runcinate-pinnatifid,  3-6 
inches  long,  narrowed  into  long  petioles ;  cauline  oblong  or  lanceolate, com- 
monly dentate,  those  of  the  flowering  branches  mostly  reduced  and  scale- 
like, subtending  solitary  or  clustered  sessile  heads,  or  some  heads  raised 
on  fistulous  peduncles :  flowers  sky-blue,  varying  to  purple  or  white,  open 
only  at  night  or  in  cloudy  weather.     Roadsides  and  waste  places. 

96    PTILORIA  Raf.  Atl.  Journ.  145,   1832. 
STEPHANOMERIA  Nutt. 

Smooth  and  glabrous  herbs  with  branching  or  virgate  often 
rigid  or  rush-like  -stems,  small  or  scale-like  leaves  on  the  flower- 
ing branches,  and  usually  paniculate  small  or  middle-sized  heads 
of  white  to  pink  flowers  that  open  only  at  night  or  on  cloudy  days. 
Heads  3-20-flowered.  Involucre  cylindraceous  or  oblong,  of  sev- 
eral  appressed  and 'equal  plain  bracts  and  some  short  calyculate 


MiLORiA  COMPOSITE  389 

TRAGOPOGON 

oaes,  not  rarely  with  two  or  three  of  intermediate  length.  Recep- 
tacle quite  naked.  Achenes  5-angled  or  ribbed,  sometimes  with 
intermediate  ribs.  Pappus  a  series  of  plumose  bristles  or  rarely 
chaffy  awns,  not  rarely  naked  toward  the  base. 

P  tenuifolia  Raf.  Atl.  Journ.  145,  1832.  Stephanomeria  minoi  Natl. 
Perennial,  1-2  feet  high,  stems  slender,  branches  ascending  hearing  nu- 
merous small  heads  of  pink  flowers  in  long  loose  racemes :  radical  leaves 
runcinate  pinnatifid,  those  of  the  stem  linear  or  filiform,  entire,  or  some- 
times runcinate-dentate,  the  uppermost  reduced  to  small  scales  :  involucres 
narrow,  usually  5-flowered  with  about  the  same  number  of  linear-lanceo- 
late scarious-margined  bracts:  pappus  white,  very  plumose  to  the  base. 
Plains  and  mountains  from  British  Columbia  to  California,  Texas  and  Ne- 
braska, 

P  yirgata  Greene  Pitt,  ii,  130.  Stephanomeria  virgata  Benth. 
Stems  rigid,  1-4  feet  high  Irom  an  annual  root:  lower  leaver  oblong  or 
spatulate,  often  sinuate  or  pinnatifid ;  upper  leaves  linear,  small  and  en- 
tire :  heads  3-4  lines  long,  mostly  subsessile  or  short-peduncled,  spicately 
Or  thyrsoidly  dispot^ed  along  the  naked  upper  part  of  the  virgate  stem  or 
smaller  branches,  sometimes  more  loosely  paniculate  on  open  branchlets: 
involucre  4-8  flowered:  achenes  subclavate  or  oblong,  rugose-tuberculate 
between  the  narrow  ribs:  pappus  moderately  plumose  to  the  base,  white, 
not  paleaceous-dilated.     Oregon  and  California. 

P.  pauiculata  Greene  1.  c.  132.  Stephanomeria  paniculata  Null. 
Stems  erect  from  an  annual  root:  a  foot  or  two  high,  bearing  numerous 
narrow  3-5  flowered  heads  in  an  elongated,  narrow  or  more  open  panicle, 
or  else  more  strictly  disposed  or  virgate  branches :  leaves  linear  or  the 
lower  lanceolate :  achenes  subclavate  or  oblong,  rugose  tuberculate  or  ob- 
long, rugose-tuberculate  between  the  narrow  ribs:  pappus  grayish  or  fus- 
cous,its  bristles  short-plumose  nearly  or  quite  to  the  more  or  less  paleaceous 
or  squamelliferous  base.  Plains  of  Eastern  Oregon  and  Idaho. 

P.  exigua  Greene  1.  c  Stephanomeria  exigua  Nutt,  Stems  panicu- 
lately  and  often  divergently  branched  with  slender  branches  and  branch- 
lets,  1-2  feet  high:  radical  and  lower  cauline  leaves  pinnatifid  or  bipinna- 
tifid,  those  of  the  branches  mainly  reduced  to  short  scales:  heads  scattered: 
involucre  4-5  lines  high,  usually  5-flowered :  achenes  thick-ribbed  and  tuber- 
culate-rugoge  when  mature:  bristles  of  the  pappus  8-18,  their  more  or  less 
dilated  and  paleaceous  or  thickened  base  commonly  a  little  connate  into  4 
or  5  phalanges  and  often  1-2-setose  on  each  side.  Idaho  to  eastern  Cali- 
fornia and  Texas. 

96    TRAGOPOGON  L  Gen.  n.  905. 

Biennial  or  perennial  somewhat  succulent  herbs  with  alternate, 
sessile  and  clasping  leaves,  and  long-peduncled  large  heads  of  yel- 
low or  purple  flowers  opening  in  the  early  morning,  usually  closed 
by  noon.  Involucre  cylindric  or  narrowly  campanulate,  its 
bracts  in  one  series,  nearly  equal,  united  at  base.  Rays  truncate 
and  5-toothed  at  the  apex.  Anthers  sagittate  at  base.  Style- 
branches  slender.  Achenes  linear,  terete  or  5-angled  5-10- 
ribbed,  terminated  by  slender  beaks,  or  the  outermost  beakless. 
Pappus-bristles  in  one  series,  plumose,  connate  at  the  base,  the 
plume-branches  interwebbed. 

T.  poBRiFOLius  L.  Sp.  780.  (Oyster  Plant.  Salsifv.)  Stems  erect,  2-7 
feet  high  from  a  long  fleshv  tap-root :  leaves  entire,  linear- lanceolate, long- 


SdO  COMI^OSIT^  HYPocacEKis 

PTILOOALAIS 

acuminate :  peduncles  very  much  thickened  and  hollow  for  1-3  inches  be- 
low the  heads :  Heads  2-4  inchei*  broad,  very  showy :  bracts  of  the  in- 
volucre linear-lanceolate,  acuminate  usually  much  longer  than  the  purple 
rays :  achenes  sometimes  2  inches  long,  the  outer  ones  covered  with  scale- 
like tubercles  especially  on  the  ribs  below.    Escaped  from  cultivation. 

97    HYPOGHCERIS.   L-  Gen.  n.  918. 

Mostly  perennial  herbs  with  scape-like  often  branching  stems, 
chiefly  radical  leaves  and  large  heads  of  yellow  flowers.  In- 
volucre campanulate  of  somewhat  herbaceous  marginless  bracts 
imbricated  in  several  series.  Receptacle  paleaceous  with  soft, 
narrow  and  scarious  scales  among  the  flowers.  Anthers  sagit- 
tate. Style -branches  slender,  obtusish.  Achenes  oblong  or  fusi- 
form, tapering  upward  at  least  the  inner  ones  into  a  beak.  Pap- 
pus a  series  of  fine  plumose  bristles,  with  or  without  some  naked 
and  shorter  outer  ones. 

H«  radicata  L  Sp  811.  8tems  several  together  from  a  perennial 
root,  slender,l-2  feet  high,  branched  or  rarely  simple, bearing  a  tew  scales, 
leaves  oblanceolate  to  obovate  in  outline,  pinnatitid-lobed  to  dentate,  2-6 
inches  long,  hirsute  on  both  sides :  involucre  oblong-cylindric,  about  an 
inch  high  its  bracts  glabrous,  or  sparingly  pubescent:  achenes  rough,  all 
with  very  slender  beaks  longer  than  the  body.  In  waste  places.  Western 
Washington  to  California.    Naturalized  from  Europe. 

98    PTILOOALAIS  Greene  Bull.    Cal.  Acad,    ii,  59. 
MIC  ROSE  RIS  §  PTILOPHORA    Gray. 

Glabrous  herbs  from  fusiform  biennial  roots  laciniately.  cut 
leaves  and  middlesized  to  large  heads  of  yellow  flowers.  Heads 
nodding  in  bud.  Involucre  campanulate,  its  bracts  imbri- 
cated in  several  series,  the  inner  long-acuminate  the  outer  succes- 
sively shorter  and  acute.  Receptacle  flat,  foveolate.  Achenes 
linear-columnar,  of  the  same  diameter  from  base  to  summit. 
Pappus  bright  white,  soft,  of  15-20  truncate  or  emarginate  paleae 
terminating  in  a  long,  soft-plumose  capillary  bristle  or  awn  and 
often  with  one  or  more  short  external  merely  scabrous  bristle. 

P.  nutans  Greene  1.  c.  Microseris  nutans  Gray.  Stem  slender,  6-18 
inches  high :  roots  either  fascicled  or  solitary :  leaves  from  entire  and 
spatulate-obovate  to  pinnately  parted  into  narrow  linear  lobes :  heads  8-20 
flowered,  slender-peduncled :  involucre  cylindraceous,  of  8-10  linear-lanceo- 
late gradually  acuminate  principal  bracts  and  a  few  short  calyculate  ones 
below,  bristles  of  the  pappus  several  times  longer  than  the  oblong  paleae. 
In  open  pine  woods,  British  Columbia  to  California  and  Montana. 

P.  major  Greene  1.  c.  Microseris  major  Gray,  Stout,  often  more 
than  2  feet  high :  leaves  oblong  lanceolate,  entire  or  sparingly  laciniate 
involucre  sometimes  an  inch  high;  its  lanceolate  bracts  imbricated  in  3 
lengths.    Idaho  to  Utah. 

99    MICROSERIS  Don  Phil.  Mag.  xi.    388. 

Acaulescent  glabrous  annuals  with  entire  or  laciniately  lobed 
or  pinnatifid  leaves  and  rather  small  nodding  heads  of  yellow 
flowers  on  slender  peduncles.     Involucre  oblong-cylindraceous  to 


MicRosERis  COMPOSIT^>  391 

SCORZONELLA 

hemispkerical,  inner  bracts  in  one  or  two  series,  equal,  thin,with 
membraneous  margins  outer,  very  short.  Receptacle  flat.Achenes 
terete,  8-10  costate,  with  a  broad  basal  callosity  which  is  hollowed 
at  the  insertion  and  produced  upward  into  a  sharp  denticulate 
scabrous  collar-like  rim.  Palese  of  the  pappus  4-10,  usually  5, 
mostly  short  and  tapering  into  a  long  or  short  scabrous  awn. 

M.  Donglasii  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  ix  210.  Stems  slender,  3-24 
inches  high:  leaves  chiefly  clustered  at  the  base  of  the  stem,  linear  to 
spattilate,  entire  or  sprarinlgy  laciniate,  1-3  inches  long:  involucre  oblong 
of  4-10  oblong,  obtuse  principal  bracts  and  3-5  very  short  erose  dentate 
calyculate  ones  at  base:  achenes  oblong-turbinate,  contracted  under  the 
summit,  3  lines  long  :  palese  of  the  pappus,  ovate,  2  lines  long,  tapering 
abruptly  into  an  awn.     Southwestern  Oregon  to  California. 

M.  Bigelovii  Gray  1.  c.  Stems  slender,  4-12  inches  high:  leaves  lan- 
ceolate to  linear  in  outline,  entire  to  laciniately  toothed  or  pinnately  part- 
ed into  linear  lobes :  involucre  campanulate,  of  8-10  lanceolate  acute  or 
acuminate  principal  bracts  and  several  smaller  obtuse  or  barely  acute 
ones  at  their  base :  achenes  oblong-turbinate,  not  contracted  under  the 
truncate  summit,  2  lines  long,  outermost  sometimes  villous  :  palese  of  the 
pappus  5,  oblong  to  lanceolate,  gradually  tapering  to  an  awn  twice  or 
thrice  their  length.     Along  the  coast,  Oregon  and  California. 

100    SCORZONELLA  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.   vii,  426. 
MICROSERIS  §  SCORZONFLLA  Gray. 

Glabrous  perennial  herbs  with  fusiform  biennial  roots,  lacini- 
ately cut  leaves  and  long-peduncled  heads  of  yellow  flowers  that 
are  nodding  in  bud.  Involucre  campanulate,  its  bracts  herba- 
ceous, imbricated  in  several  series,  the  inner  long  acuminate,  the 
other  shorter  and  acute.  Receptacle  flat  or  convex,  foveolate  or 
alveolate.  Achenes  linear  or  somewhat  turbinate,  8-10-costate  or 
striate,  truncate  at  summit,  the  basal  callosity  acute  and  not  ex- 
panded, areola  lateral.  Pappus  5  or  10  ovate  or  lanceolate  palese 
tipped  with  a  generally  much  longer,  straight  scabrous  or  barbel- 
lulate  bristle  or  awn. 

S.  procera  Greene  Bull.  Cal.  Acad,  ii,  50.  MicroserwproceraGray. 
Stems  robust,  2-3  feet  high :  leaves  chiefly  oblong  apiculate-acuminate, 
dentate  or  entire,  rarely  iaciniate-lobed;  larger  cauline  6-8-  inches  long, 
radical  larger :  involucre  an  inch  or  more  high  and  broad,  its  bracts  in  2  or 
3  series,  the  outer  ones  ovate,  the  inner  ones  ovate-lanceolate,  all  acumi- 
nate: achenes  nearly  columnar  3  lines  long,  pappus  of  10  brownish  lanceo- 
late palese  with  long  barbellate  awns.  Rather  common  in  open  places, 
Washington  to  California. 

S.  pratensis  Greene  1.  c.  51.  Leafy  at  base  only,  the  scapose  pe- 
duncles 1-2  feet  high  :  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  long-acuminate,  entire, 6-12 
inches  long :  heads  an  inch  high  and  nearly  as  broad,  bracts  of  the  involucre 
in  3  series,  ovate  to  lanceolate,  acuminate :  pappus  of  10  white  or  sorded 
narrowly  lanceolate  palese  with  long  minutely  plumose  awns.  Moist 
meadow  lands  near  Ashland,  Oregon,  and  Yreka,  California 

S.  laciniata  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil  Soc.  vii,  426.  Microseris  laciniata 
Gray  Glaucescent :  stems  rather  stout,  leafy  and  branching,  2-3  feet  high : 
leaves  laciniate  pinnatifid  into  attenuate  lobes,  or  sometimes  entire;  radi- 
cal 4-10  inches  long:  involucre  an  inch  or  less  high,  its  bracts  nearly  all 
with  dilated  base  and  more  or  less  abrupt  acumination.  Achenes  columnar. 


392  COMPOSITE  scorzonella 

UROPAPPUS 

2  lines  long :  paleae  of  the  pappus  deltoid  or  triangular-ovate,  abruptly 
tipped  witn  an  awn  or  bristle  8  or  9  times  longer.  Alluvial  grounds,  Brit- 
ish Columbia  to  Northern  California. 

S.  leptosepala  Nutt.  1.  c.  Microseris  leptosepala  Gray  Stems  slen- 
der, a  foot  or  so  high :  leaves  from  linear  to  lanceolate  and  from  entire  to 
att«nuate-pinnatifid,  all  attenuate:  heads  comparatively  small  and  few- 
flowered;  involucre  6-10  lines  high,  of  6-12  lanceolate  acuminate  principal 
bracts  and  a  few  small,  ovate,  abruptly  acuminate  ones  at  their  base: 
achenes  slender-columnar :  paleae  of  the  pappus  ovate-lanceolate,  or  nar- 
rower, tapering  gradually  from  the  base  :  into  an  awn  or  4  or  5  times  as 
long.     Moist  ground,  Brit'sh  Columbia  to  California. 

S.  Bolanderi  Greene  1.  c  Microseris  Bolanderi  Gray.  Stems  slender, 
1-2  feet  high :  leaves  from  narrowly  linear- lanceolate  to  somewhat  spatu- 
late,  entire  or  with  a  few  small  salient  linear  lobes.  6-12  inches  long:  in- 
volucre 6-9  lines  high,  its  bracts  all  gradually  lanceolate-attenuate  from  a 
broadish  base,  or  some  small  outermost  abruptly  acuminate:  paleae  of 
the  pappus  little  exceeding  the  breadth  of  the'achene,  broadly  ovate, 
mostly  obtuse,  tipped  by  the  long  slender  awn.  In  swamps  near  the 
coast,  Washington  to  Cali  ornia. 

S.  Howelli  Greene  1.  c.  Microsesis  Howellii  Gray.  A  foot  or  mote 
high  from  a  fusiform  root  slender  bearing  solitary  or  2  or  3  heads :  leaves 
elongated-linear  and  attenuate,  some  bearing  a  few  attenuate  refiexed 
lobes:  involucre  half-inch  high,  narrow,  15-20  flowered,  its  bracts  all  acu 
minate;  the  inner  oblong-lanceolate,  aud  all  nearly  equal;  the  outer  much 
shorter  and  mostly  ovate  achenes  3  Hues  long,  narrower  at  base :  pappus  of 
8  or  10  conspicuous  and  firm  lanceolate  paleae  2-3  lines  long,  tipped  with 
a  denticulate-scabrous  awn  of  hardly  greater  length.  Hillsides  about 
Waldo,  southeastern  Oregon. 

101    UROPAPPUS    Nutt.  1.  c.  425. 
MICROSERIS  §  CALAIS  Gray. 

Stibcaulescent  annuals  with  laciniately  lobed  or  pinnatifid 
leaves  and  erect  heads  of  yellow  flowers  on  long  scape-like  strict 
and  erect  peduncles  which  are  thickened  above.  Involucre  cam- 
panulate,  its  numerous  bracts  imbricated  in  2  or  more  series,  the 
outer  successively  shprter,  all  thin  and  scarious  margined.  Re- 
ceptacle tiat,  more  or  less  alveolate-chaffy  in  the  centre.  Achenes 
terete,  8-lO-costate,  glabrous  with  scabrous  costa,  the  basal  call- 
osity not  angled.  Paleae  of  the  pappus  5,  elongated,  fiat,  hispid 
and  short-awned  at  the  apex. 

U.  linearifolins  Nutt.  1.  c.  Microseris  linearifolia  Gray.  Scapes  or 
peduncles  6-24  inches  high:  leaves  linear,  coarsely  few-toothed  or  pinnati- 
fid, 2-6  inches  long,  more  or  less  villous-pubescent  when  young:  achenes 
black,  slender,  tapering  above  almost  to  a  beak.  6-8  lines  long:  paleae  of 
the  pappus  silvery-white,  linear  oblong  4-8  lines  long,  deeply  notched 
above  and  bearing  slender  awns  barely  half  their  length.  Dry  hillsides, 
Brit.  Columbia  to  California  and  New  Mexico. 

U.  macrochsetus  Greene  Pitt,  iii,  137.  Microseris  macrochsnta  Gray, 
*'  Scapes  or  peduncles  sometimes  2  feet  high :  involucre  narrow,  8-10  lines 
h  gh,  its  bracts  attenuate-acuminate  :  paleae  of  the  pappus  thin,  small,  cleft 
quite  to  the  middle  from  the  first,  bearing  a  long  and  weak  awn.  South- 
west Idaho  to  California.  " 


NOTHOCALAIS  COMPOSITE  393 

MALACXDTHBIX 

102    NOTHOCALAIS  Greene  Bull.  Cal.  Acad,  ii,  54. 
MICROSERIS  §  NOTHOCALAIS  Gray, 

Acaulescent  perennial  herbs  with  linear  leaves  and  middle- 
sized  erect  heads  of  yellow  flowers.  Involucre  oblong-campanu- 
late ;  its  bracts  in  two  series,  narrowly  lanceolate,  membranace- 
ous with  somewhat  thinner  h3^aline  margins,  nearly  equal.  Re- 
ceptacle flat,  alveolate.  Achenes  fusiform,  stipitate,  contracted 
or  rostrate-attenuate  at  summit,  10-costate.  Pappus  very  white 
and  soft,  of  10-40  scabrous-margined  narrow  unequal  palese  with 
or  without  some  capillary  bristles. 

N.  Suksdorfli  Greene  1.  c.  More  or  less  pubescent:  scapes  4-10  inches 
high :  leaves  linear,  attenuate  nearly  equalling  the  flowering  scapes,  all 
from  the  crown  of  a  thick  perennial  root :  bracts  of  the  involucre  lanceolate, 
long-attenuate,  6-12  lines  long:  achenes  slender,  5-6  lines  long,  only  half 
filled  by  the  seed:  palese  of  the  pappus  10-12  narrow  and  nearly  equal. 
Plains  of  Klickitat  Co.  Washington  and  adjacent  Oregon. 

N.  troximoides  Greene  1  c.  Microseris  troximoides  Gray.  Scapose 
stems  6-12  inches  high  :  leaves  tufted  on  the  crown  of  a  thick  perennial 
root,  rather  fleshy,  narrowly  linear-lanceolate,  entire  or  undulate,  4-6 
inches  long:  achenes  fusiform,  scarcely  4  lines  long,  its  summit  merely 
contracted,  nearly  filled  bv  the  seed:  palese  of  the  pappus  20-24,  lanceolate 
below,  very  unequal  half -inch  long.  Plains  and  hillsides  eastern  Oregon 
and  Washington  to  California  and  Idaho. 

X.  cnspidata  Greene  1.  c.  Troximon  cuspidatum  Pursh.  Scapes  stout, 
shorter  than  or  equalling  the  leaves:  leaves  linear,  long-acuminate,  thick, 
pubescent  or  glabrate,  4-8  inches  long,  2-5  lines  wide,  somewhat  condupli- 
cate,  their  margins  white-tomentose  and  crisp,  or  entire :  involucre  usually 
qu'te  glabrous,  nearly  1  inch  high  :  achenes  slightly  contracted  at  the  sum- 
mit, about  3  lines  long :  pappus  of  40-50  unequal  palese  and  bristles.  Dry 
soil,  Idaho  to  lUin'  is. 

103    MALACOTHRIX    DC.  Prodr.  vii,  192. 

Leafy-stemmed  or  sometimes  scapose  herbs  with  alternate  or 
all  radical  leaves  and  long-peduncled,  panicled  or  solitary,  heads 
of  yellow  or  white  flowers  that  are  usually  nodding  in  the  bud. 
Involucre  many-flowered,  its  bracts  either  imbricated  or  only 
calyculate.  Receptacle  with  or  without  delicate  capillary  brist- 
les among  the  flowers.  Achenes  not  flattened,  short-oblong  or 
columnar,  glabrous,  terete  and  striately  5-15-costate,  or  4-5-an- 
gled  by  the  prominence  of  the  stronger  ribs,  slightly  if  at  all 
narrowed  either  way  with  broad  truncate  apex  having  an  entire 
or  denticulate  border  or  sharp  edge.  Pappus  a  series  of  soft  and 
scabrous,  or  near  the  base  barbellulate,  bristles  which  are  decid- 
uous more  or  less  in  connection,  and  commonl}^  1-8  outer  and 
stouter  ones  which  are  more  persistent  and  smoother. 

M.  ^labrata  Gray  Syn.  Fl.  i,  pt  2,  422.  Subcaulescent  annual :  erect 
or  with  ascending  branches  from  the  base,  these  leafy,  often  again  branch- 
ing and  bearing  a  few  lateral  as  well  as  terminal  long-peduncled  heads  of 
yellow  flowers :  leaves  once  or  twice  laciniately  pinnatifid  into  narrow  linear 
or  almost  filiform  lobes:  involucre  fully  half-inch  high,  glabrous,  or  the 
outer  bracts  sometimes  canescent  when  young:  achenes  narrow,  lightly 


394  COMPOSITE  apargididm 

HIERACIUM 

restate :  outer  pappus  of  2  persistent  bristles  and  between  them  some  min- 
ute pointed  teeth.    Eastern  Oregon  to  California  and  Arizona. 

M.  Torreyi  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  ix,  213.  Stems  1-12  inches  high 
froui  an  annual  root,  branching  from  the  base:  lower  lea ^res oblong,  rather 
short,  pinnatifid  with  short  and  dentate  lobes,  teeth  and  lobes  callous- 
mucronate:  heads  seldom  less  than  half-inch  high,  broadish-campanulate, 
short  peduncled  on  the  leafy  branches :  bracts  of  the  involucre  lanceolate, 
acuminate:  achenes"  linear-oblong,  5-angled  by  as  many  salient  often 
almost  wing-like  ribs,  a  much  less  prominent  pair  in  each  interval :  outer 
pappus  of  2-8  stout  persistent  bristles,  between  the  thickish  bases  of  which 
are  minute  teeth.    Southeastern  Oregon  to  Nevada  and  Utah. 

104    APARGIDIUM    T.  &  G.  Fl.  ii,  474. 

Low  herbs  with  fusiform  biennial  roots,  all  radical  leaves,  and 
rather  small  heads  of  yellow  flowers  on  slender  scapes.  Heads 
many-flowered,  nodding  in  bud.  Involucre  narrow-campanulate ; 
its  bracts  strongly  1-nerved,  in  2-3  series.  Receptacle  naked. 
Achenes  columnar,  truncate,  smooth.  Pappus  brownish,  of  copi- 
ous rather  rigid  and  fragile  barbellate-denticulate  capillary  bris- 
tles, with  some  outer  and  smaller  ones  nearly  smooth. 

A,  boreale  T.  &  G.  1.  c  Scape  solitary,  slender,  6-12  inches  high, 
bearing  a  single  head:  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  3-6  inches  long,  attenuate 
at  both  ends,  entire,  or  obscurely  undulate:  involucre  6-9  lines  high;  of 
10-15  lanceolate  acuminate  principal  bracts  and  about  as  many  similar 
but  smaller  outer  ones.  Wet  meadows  in  the  high  mountains,  Alaska  to 
California. 

105    HIERACIUM  Tourn.    L.  Gen.  n.  913. 

Perennial  herbs  with  alternate  or  all  radical  leaves  and  small 
to  large  erect  heads  of  yellow,  rarely  white  or  red  flowers  in  pan- 
icles or  corymbs,  or  solitary.  Involucre  several-  to  many-flower- 
ed of  narrow  equal  bracts  and  some  short  calyculate  ones,  or 
sometimes  imbricated,  not  thickened  at  base  nor  with  thickened 
midrib.  Achenes  oblong  or  columnar,  smooth  and  glabrous, 
mostly  10-ribbed  or  striate,  either  terete  or  4  or  5-angled,  slightly 
contracted  at  the  very  base,  commonly  of  the  same  thickness  to 
the  truncate  summit.  Pappus  of  rather  rigid  scabrous  fragile 
bristles,  brown  or  brownish,  rarely  white  and  soft. 

§  1  Archieracium  Fries.  Heads  corymbosely  paniculate. 
Involucre  of  the  comparatively  large  heads  irregularly  more  or 
less  imbricated.  Achenes  columnar.  Pappus  of  numerous  un- 
equal bristles, 

H.  Cauadense  Michx.  Fl.  ii,  86.  Stems  robust,  4-6  feet  high :  leaves 
from  lanceolate  to  ovate-oblong,  acute,  sparsely  and  acutely  dentate,  or 
even  laciniate,  at  least  the  upper  partly  clasping  and  broad  or  broadish  at 
base :  involucre  usually  pubescent  when  young,  occasionally  glandular,  the 
narrow  outermost  bracts  loose :  pappus  sorded.  Dry  open  woods,  Oregon 
and  northward  to  Pennsylvania  and  Canada. 

§  2  Stenotheca  T.  &  G.  Fl.  ii.  476.  Involucre  a  series  of 
equal  bracts   and  a  few  short   calycula'e  ones,  usually    narrow 


fliERAcruM  COMPOSITE  395 

and  few-  to  many-flowered.  Achenes  in  a  few  species  slender  or 
tapering  to  the  summit.  Pappus  of  more  or  less  scanty  equal 
bristles. 

*  Crinite-hirsute  with  long  and  whitish  or  yellowish  shaggy  hairs, 
especially  on  both  sides  of  the  entire  leaves  :  flowers  yellow :  achenes 
columnar  and  short,  not  at  all  narrowed  upward. 

H.  longiberbe.  Whole  plant  sparsely  covered  with  long  Foft  hairs : 
stems  usually  slender  and  ascending  or  suberect,  6-18  inches  long:  leaves 
lanceolate,  entire  or  sparingly  dentate.  3-6  inches  long:  heads  rather  few, 
in  an  irregular  panicle:  involucre  rampanulate,  6  lines  high,  of  10-20  lan- 
ceolate acuminate  principal  bracts  with  smaller  calyculate  ones  at  their 
base,  all  densely  clothed  with  long  spreading  hairs,  not  glandular.  On 
cliffs  along  the  Columbia  river  near  the  Cascades. 

H.  Scouleri  Hok.  Fl.  i,  198.  Sparingly  pubescent  with  long  crisp 
hairs,  pale  and  more  or  less  glaucescent:  stems  1-2  feet  high,  very  leafy: 
leaves  lanceolate,  sessi  e  or  the  lowest  short-petioled,  2-6  inches  long :  heads 
rather  few,  in  a  loose  irregular  panicle:  involucre  6  lines  high;  its  bracts 
linear-lanceolate,  often  acuminate,  imbricated  in  2  or  3  series,  the  outer 
successively  shorter,  all  beset  with  long  bristly  hairs,  and  more  or  lees 
glandular :  pappus  whitish.    Brit.  Columbia  to  Oregon  and  Montana. 

*  *  Crinitely  long -villous  with  soft-woolly  and  blackish  smooth 
hairs  above,  wanting  below :  without  stellate  or  glandular  pubescence  : 
flowers  yellow:  pappus  fuscous. 

H.  triste  Cham,  in  herb.  Willd.  Stems  simple,  4-12  inches  high, 
few-leaved,  bearing  solitary  or  2-4  racemosely  disposed  small  heads: 
radical  leaves  obovate  to  spatulate,  entire,  green  and  glabrate,  or  with 
sparse  pale  hairs ;  cauline  oblong,  upper  ones  and  stem  more  or  less  vill- 
ous-lanate:  heads  half-inch  high,  livid:  involucre  and  peduncle  densely 
clothed  with  long  dark-brown  or  partly  grayish  soft  wool.  Aleutian  Is- 
lands to  northern  Washington. 

*  *  *  Dark -hirsute  and  somewhat  glandular  on  the  involucre:  leaves 
and  lower  part  of  stems  glabrous,  or  at  most  pubescent :  flowers  yellow. 

H.  gracile  Hook.  Fl.  i,  298.  Pale  green  and  more  or  less  pubescent : 
stems  tufted,  slender,  2-18  inches  high :  leaves  mostly  in  radical  cluster, 
obovate  to  oblong-spatulate,  1-3  inches  long,  attenuate  below  to  petioles, 
entire  or  repand-dentate :  hoids  few  to  several,  racemously  disposed,  the 
lower  linear-bracteate :  involucre  about  4  lines  high,  its  numerous  linear 
bracts  all  nearly  equal,  beset  with  short  black  somewhat  hispid  hairs 
and  also  tomentose  and  glandular:  achenes  short-columnar:  pappus  al- 
most white.  In  open  places  on  the  highest  peaks;  Alaska  to  California 
and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

*  *  *  *  Not  crinite  but  at  least  the  radical  leaves  and  base  of  the 
stem  sparsely  or  even  thickly  setose-hirsute  with  spreading  hairs. 

+-  Flowers  white :  stems  leafy,  and  in  large  plants  loosely  branching 

H.  albiflornm  Hook.  1.  c.  Stems  slender,  1-3  feet  high,  bearing  few 
to  numerous  small  heads  in  an  open,  simple  or  compound  paniculate 
cyme:  leaves  oblong  to  broadly  lanceolate,  thin,  1-4  inches  long;  the 
upper  sessile  by  a  broad  base,  the  lower  tapering  into  slender  petioles: 
involucre  campanulate,  4-5  lines  high,  of  several  linear-lanceolate  acute 
bracts,  imbricated  in  2  or  3  ranks,  the  outer  successively  shorter,  glabrous 
or  nearly  so,  not  rarely  with  a  few  bristly  hairs:  achenes  black,  a  line 
long.  Common  in  dry  wooded  districts,  A.laska  to  California  and  the 
Rocky  Mountains, 


396  COMPOSITE  HffiRACruM 

-*-  -*-  Stems  more  or  less  leafy:  involucre  15-30-flowered,  oblong- 
campanulate,  of  rather  numerous  narrow  and  acute  or  acutish  bracts : 
flowers  yellow:  achenes  not  narrowed  upward:  pappus  from  sorded 
to  dull  white. 

H.  cjnoglossoides  Arvet.  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xix,  68.  More  or 
less  pubescent  with  somewhat  hispid  haiis,  and  the  inflorescence  glandu- 
lar: stems  1-2  feet  high,  numerous  from  the  crown  of  a  perennial  root, 
leafy:  leaves  lanceolate,  mostly  acute,  2-6  inches  long;  the  upper  sessile 
by  a  narrow  base ;  the  lower  narrowed  to  a  winged  petiole :  heads  few  to 
several  in  an  open  corymbose  cyme:  involucre  6-8  lines  high  :  its  linear 
acute  bracts  and  short  peduncles  rather  densely  hirsute  with  short  black 
hairs  as  well  as  glandular :  achenes  rather  short.  In  open  woods  British 
Columbia  to  California  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

H.  amplum  Greene  Eryth.  iii,  101.  "Stoutish  2  or  3  feet  high,  amply 
leafy  up  to  the  rather  broad  corymbose  panicle,  but  no  radical  tuft  of  foli- 
age: leaves  oblong-spa tulate,  acutish,  entire,  4-6  inches  long  hirsute  along 
the  margins,  and  with  scattered  appressed  hairs  on  both  faces :  upper  cau- 
line  leaves  and  branches  of  the  inflorescence  pale  and  glaucescent,  seem- 
ingly glabrous,  but  somewhat  tomentose-puberulent  under  a  lens:  involu- 
cres about  5  lines  high,  loosely  calyculate  the  subequal  bracts  dark  with 
black  setulose  stout  bairs  otherwise  glabrous :  ligules  yellow :  achenes  col- 
umnar or  eyen  slightly  widening  to  the  summit :  pappus  white.  On  hill- 
sides at  6000-7000  feet  altitude  Mount  Adams,  Washington,  Suksdorf," 

H.  barbigerum  Greene  Pitt,  iii,  228.  Stems  slender,  tufted,  from  deep 
seated  somewhat  running  rootstocks,  4-10  inches  high,  leafy  only  near  the 
base :  leaves  somewhat  crowded  but  not  rosulate,  lanceolate  to  spatalate, 
short  petioles  and  leaf -margins  hirsute  with  long  spreading  hairs  which 
extend  more  sparsely  to  both  sides  of  the  leaves  and  stem,  the  lower  faces 
of  the  leaves  also  tomentulose  with  branched  hairs  :  heads  1-5,  in  a  loose 
cyme:  involucre  campanulate.  about 6  lines  high  its  linear  bracts  hirsute 
and  tomentulose  like  the  leaves  with  also  a  few  dark  setulose  hairs :  pap- 
pus nearly  white.  On  grassy  elopes  of  Ashland  Butte,  Oregon,  to  Lassen 
county,  California. 

H.  cinereum.  Cinereous  with  a  minute  white  scurfy  tomentum: 
stems  rather  stout,  6-10  inches  high,  from  stout  creeping  rootstocks  form- 
ing large  patches  leafy  only  toward  the  base :  leaves  lanceolate  or  narrow- 
er, acute  or  acuminate,  3-4  inches  long,  sparsely  denticulate  narrowed  be- 
low to  broad  winged  petioles ; -sparsely  hirsute  with  crisp  hairs :  heads  sev- 
eral to  numerous  in  a  close  corymbose  paniculate-cyme :  involucre  5-6  lines 
high,  its  linear  principal  bracts  with  broad  scarious  margins,  the  outer 
and  shorter  ones  subulate  all  sparsely  or  not  at  all  hirsute :  pappus  sor- 
ded.   In  open  places  near  Table  Rock,  Clackamas  county,  Oregon. 

*+  -M-  +>  Leaves  all  at  the  base  of  the  loosely  branching  scape-like 
stem :  flowers  yellow  only  5-15  in  the  narrow  and  diffusely  paniculate 
heads :  achenes  slightly  if  at  all  tapering  to  the  summit. 

H.  Bolanderi  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  vii,  265.  Stem  slender,  6-18 
inches  high,  commonly  solitary,  glabrous:  leaves  nearly  all  in  a  radical 
tuft,  ovate  to  broadly  lanceolate  mostly  obtuse,  sparingly  denticulate  or 
entire  2-3  inches  long,  tapering  below  to  a  winged  petiole,  pale  and  glau- 
cous below,  green  and  beset  with  bristles  above :  heads  few  to  several  in  a 
loose  paniculate  cyme :  involucre  narrow,  5-lines  high,  glabrous  of  5-10 
linear-lanceolate,  very  acute  principal  bracts  and  a  few  smaller  ones  at 
their  base :  achenes  fully  as  long  as  the  pappus. 

H.  Howellii  Gray  Bot.  Gaz.  xiii,  73.  Stems  1-2  feet  high,  hoary  with 
close  stellular  pubescence,  hirsute  below :  leaves  spatulate  to  oblanceolate 
entire  or  some  of  them  sparingly  dentate,  3-4  inches  long,  obtuse,  tapering 


CRBPis  COMPOSITvE  397 

below  to  short  petioles,  or  the  cauline  sessile,  villous-crinite  and  tomen- 
tose-canescent  both  sides :  heads  rather  numerous,  in  an  open  panicle  few- 
flowered  :  inv(»lucr0  about  5  lines  high  cylindrical  of  6-8  linear-lanceolate 
obtuse  principal  bracts  and  a  few  shorter  ones  at  their  base,  all  hoary  with 
close  stellular  pubescence, without  any  setose  bristles :  pappus  white  when 
young.    Open  Rocky  ridges,  Mooney  Mountain,  Josephine  county,  Oregon. 

106    CREPIS    L.  Gen.   n.  9.  14, 

Perennial  or  annual  herbs  with  alternate  or  all  radical  mostly- 
toothed  or  pinnatifid  leaves  and  small  or  middle-sized  heads  of 
yellow  flowers.  Involucre  few-  to  many-flowered,  cylindric,  cam- 
panulate,  or  swollen  at  base,  its  principal  bracts  in  one  series, 
equal,  with  a  number  of  exterior  smaller  ones.  Receptacle  mostly- 
flat,  naked  or  short-fimbrillate.  Achenes  from  columnar  to  fusi- 
form, 10-20-ribbed  or  nerved,  not  transversely  rugose,  narrowed 
at  the  base  and  apex.  Pappus  of  copious  white  and  usually  soft 
capillary  bristles. 

*    Bracts  of  the  involucre  thickening  and  becoming  more  or  less 
rigid  at  base  in  age :  achenes  beakless  or  nearly  so. 

C.  viRENs  L.  Sp.  ed.  2,  1134.  Glabrous  annual;  stems  leafy  1-2  feet 
high  corymbosely  branched  above :  radical  leaves  spatulate  to  lanceolate, 
from  dentate  to  laciniate  pinnatifid,  2-8  inches  long,  narrowed  below  to 
petioles :  cauline  smaller  and  narrower,  clasping  by  a  sagittate  base  the 
upper  usually  very  small  and  entire :  heads  numerous,  slender-peduncled : 
involucre  4-5  lines  high,  oblong,  more  or  less  pubescent  or  glandular,  its 
principal  bracts  lanceolate,  the  outer  mostly  appressed  achenes  oblong, 
10-striate,  smooth  slightly  contracted  at  both  ends.  In  fields  and  waste 
places,  British  Columbia  to  California.    Naturalized  from  Europe. 

*  *    Perennials:  achenes  beakless  or  short-beaked. 

C.  nana  Richards,  App.  Franklin  Journ.  ed.  2,  62.  Glaucescent  and 
wholly  glabrous :  low  and  depressed,  forming  tufts  and  bearing  numerous 
clustered  and  narrow  short  peduncled  heads:  leaves  chiefly  radical,  ob- 
ovate  to  spatulate,  entire,  repand-dentate  or  lyrate,  commonly  equalling 
the  clustered  scapes  or  stems :  involucre  cylindrical  8-14  flowered,  of  8-10 
smooth  and  narrowly  linear  obtuse  bracts  in  a  single  series  and  3  or  4  short 
calyculate  ones  at  base:  achenes  linear,  unec^ually  costate,  obscurely  con- 
tracted under  the  moderately  dilated  pappiferous  disk.  Alaska  to  the 
Wallowa  Mountains  of  Oregon  and  to  California. 

C.  runcinata  T.  tfe  G.  Fl.  ii,  438.  Slightly  if  at  all  glaucous:  stems 
scape-like,  1-3  feet  high,  paniculately  branched  above:  radical  leaves  ob- 
ovate-oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate,  2-Q  inches  long,  from  repand-dentate  to 
runc-nate-pinnatifid,  with  short  lobes  or  teeth;  cauline  none  or  small  and 
narrow  at  the  forks :  involucre  half- inch  high  or  less,  pubescent,  often  hir- 
sute, sometimes  glandular-hispidulous :  achenes  narrowly  oblong,  moder- 
ately narrowed  upward,  somewhat  evenly  10-costate.  In  moist  soil,  south- 
eastern Oregon  to  Manitoba  and  Iowa. 

Var.  hispidalosa.    whole  plant  hispidulous  and  glandular.    Moist 
places,  southeastern  Oregon. 

C.  Anderson!  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  vi,  436.  "  Not  glaucous,  a  foot 
or  more  high  :  leaves  laciniately  pinnatifid  or  dentate,  but  not  runcinate : 
involucre  half  to  three-fourths  inch  high,  cinereous-pubescent,  of  broader 
and  firmer  bracts,  more  imbricated,  outermost  oblong-  to  ovate-lanceolate: 
achenes  fusiform,  usually  8-10- costate,  tapering  into  a  short  but  manifest 
beak.  "    Eastern  Oregon  to  Nevada  and  eastern  California. 


398  COMPOSITE  CREPis 

C.  platyphylla  Greene  Pitt,  iii,  27.  **  Related  to  C.  runcinata,  simi- 
larly acaulescent,  the  corymbosely  panicled  stout  scape  12  to  18  inches  high, 
rather  strongly  hispid  and  somewhat  glandular :  leaves  depressed  or  as- 
cending, oval  and  oblong  to  spatulate-oblong,  subsessile  or  pho-t  petioled, 
mostly  4  to  6  inches  long,  often  Sin  breadth,  obtuse,  coarsely  and  remotely, 
often  somewhat  runcinately  toothed,  green  and  glabrous  above :  involucre 
4  or  5  lines  high,  veiy  hispid,  slightly  glandular:  achenes  dark  brown,  ob- 
long-fusiform, slightly  contracted  toward  the  summit,  sharply  10-ribbed. 
Moist  mountain  meadows  of  southern  Idaho  and  northern  Utah." 

C.  subcarnosa  Greene  1.  c.  107.  "  Stout  and  low,  more  or  less  pubes- 
cent, slightly  succulent,  the  scape  about  a  foot  high,  bearing  at  summit 
few  and  long-peduncled  heads :  leaves  of  spatulate-  oblanceolate  outline, 
obtuse  or  acutish,  saliently  but  not  runcinately  toothed:  peduncles  and 
involucre  glandular-hispid :  slender-fusiform  achenes  tapering ;  pappus  fine 
fragile.  Meadows  along  the  Humboldt  River  at  Deeth  and  elsewhere  in 
eastern  Nevada,  thence  northward  to  southern  Idaho." 

C.  acuminata  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  soc.  vii,  437.  Minutely  cinere- 
ous-pubescent below,  but  green:  stems  slender,  1-3  feet  high,  1-3-leaved, 
bearing  a  fastigiate  or  corymbiform  cyme  of  numerous  small  heads :  leaves 
elongated,  slender-petioled,  oblong-lanceolate  in  outline,  laciniate-pinnati- 
fid,  tapering  to  both  ends,  the  apex  usually  into  a  lanceolate  or  linear  pro- 
longation :  involucre  narrow-cylindraceous,  4-6  lines  long,  rarely  more  than 
6-flowered,  of  5-8  principal  bracts,  glabrous,  or  the  few  minute  bractlets 
tomentulose  :  mature  achenes  fusiform,  considerably  longer  than  the  pap- 
pus, lightly  striate-costate  moderately  attenuate  at  summit.  Dry  ground, 
eastern  Oregon  to  California,  Utah  and  Montana. 

C.  intermedia  Gray  Syn.  Fl.  i  pt  2,  432.  Cinereous  puberulent :  stems 
1-2  feet  high,  1-3-leaved,  terminating  in  a  rather  few-flowered  corymb  or 
paniculate  cyme  :  leaves  elongated,  slender-petioled,  oblong-lanceolate  in 
outline,  laciniate-pinnatifid,  tapering  to  loth  ends,  involucre  half-inch  or 
more  high,  canescently  puberulent ;  its  bracts  in  age  carinate  by  thickening 
of  the  midrib :  achenes  acutely  10-costate  when  mature,  oblong-fusiform, 
slightly  attenuate  upward,  longer  than  or  equalling  the  pappus.  Eastern 
Washington  and  Brit.  Columbia  to  California  and  the  Roiky  Mauntains. 

C.  occidentalis  Nutt.  Journ.  Acad.  Phi  lad.  vii,  29.  Canescent  with 
a  close  scurfy  tomentum ;  stems  usually  4-18  inches  high,  solitary  or  2  or 
3  from  a  single  caudex,  corymbosely  branched  above,  rarely  from  near  the 
base,  often  with  glandular  bristly  hairs  above:  leaves  from  runcinately 
toothed  to  deeply  pinnatifid,  or  somewhat  bipinnatifid;  the  lower  and  rad- 
ical 4-10  inches  long,  narrowed  into  petioles;  the  upper  sessile  and  slightly 
clasping:  heads  few  to  several,  corymbosely  panicled:  involucre  6-8  lines 
high,  cylindraceous,  its  principal  bracts  linear  and  acute,  with  several 
.  small  ovate  to  subulate  calyculate  ones  at  their  base,  all  canescent  with 
close  minute  tomentum,  and  often  with  a  few  short  bristles :  achenes  fusi- 
form, truncate  at  the  apex,  10-18-costate.  On  dry  plains  and  hillsides, 
Brit.  Columbia  to  California  and  Colorado.   East  of  the  Cascade  Mountains. 

C.  monticola  Coville  Cont.  Nat.  Herb,  iii,  562.  Crinitely  pubescent 
with  long  brownish  glanduliferous  hairs:  stems  stout,  usually  solitary, 
freely  branching,  6-12  inches  high:  leaves  oblong  to  broadly  lanceolate 
in  outline,  2-4  inches  long,  acute,  narrowed  below  to  short  petioles  or 
narrow  sessile  base ;  sometimes  with  merely  dentate  margins,  sometimes 
deeply  pinnatifid  with  toothed  or  even  pinnatifid  lobes :  involucre  8-10 
lines  high,  narrow-campanulate ;  its  principal  bracts  narrowly  lanceolate, 
acuminate,  nearly  or  quite  equalling  the  ligules.  Dry  hillsides,  southern 
Oregon  to  California. 

C.    scopniorum  Coville  1.  c.  563.    Scantily  tomentose,  usually  glabrate 


CBEPis  COMPOSITE  399 

NABALUS 

in  age,  and  bearing  toward  the  base  scattered  eglandulose  bristles:  stems 
rather  slender,  10-20  inches  high,  solita»'y  or  rarely  2  from  the  same  cau- 
dex,  bearing  1-5  heads  leaves  broadly  lanceolate  in  outline,  4-8  inches  long, 
pinnately  or  bipinnately  divided  into  linear-lanceolate  lobes :  peduncles 
slender,  usually  'hickened  just  below  the  h'^ads:  involucre  6-8  lines  high  ; 
its  bracts  linear-lanceolate  and  barely  acute,  or  the  shorter  ones  acuminate : 
achenes  4-6  lines  long,  fusiform,  truncate  at  the  apex,  not  costate,  but 
sometimes  obscurely  striate.  Dry  hillsides,  eastern  Oregon  and  Washing- 
ton to  Montana,  Utah  and  Nevada. 

C.  rostrata  Coville  1.  c.  564.  Sparingly  hirsute  with  glan  lless  hairs, 
and  more  or  less  tomentose :  stems  4-15  inches  high,  1-3  from  each  caudex, 
striate-angled,  bearing  1-3  heads :  leaves  oblong  to  broadly  lanceolate  in 
outline,  4-6  inches  long,  pinnately  parted  into  linear-lanceolate  entire  or 
toothed  lobes  :  involucre  6-8  lines  high,  more  or  less  densely  clothed  with 
long  glandless  white  haira :  achenes  4-5  lines  long,  not  costate  the  upper 
part  contracted  into  a  distinct  beak  1-2  lines  long.  Rocky  hillsides,  eas- 
tern Oregon  and  Washington  to  Brit.  Columbia. 

C.  barbi^era  Leiberg,  Coville  1.  c.  565.  Slightly  tomentose  with  a 
minute  somewhat  flocculent  tomentum,  not  at  all  hirsute:  stems  several 
from  the  crown  of  a  thick  perennial  root,  1-2  feet  high,  sparingly  leafy  and 
bearing  an  ample  corymbose  cyme  of  rather  small  heads :  leaves  broadly 
lanceolate  in  outline,  4-10  inches  long,  runcinately  toothed  or  deeply  cut 
into  linear-lanceolate  lobes :  involucre  5-7  lines  high,  of  linear,  mostly  ob- 
tuse principal  bracts  and  a  few  very  small  ovate  or  lanceolate  acute  ones  at 
base,  all  canescent-tomentose  and  more  or  less  bristly  with  setaceous  white 
bristles.     Dry  ridges  and  rocky  banks,  eastern  Oregon  and  Washington. 

107  NABALUS    Ca8S.  Diet.  Nat.  xxxiv,  94. 

Leafy-stemmed  perennial,  herbs  with  alternate  dentate  or  pin- 
natifid  leaves,  and  usually  numerous  small  mostly  nodding  heads 
of  white  yellowish  or  purplish  flowers.  Involucre  5-30-flowered, 
cylindric,  usually  narrow,  unchanged  in  age,  of  1  or  2  series  of 
equal  bracts  and  a  few  calyculate  ones  at  their  base.  Receptacle 
flat,  naked.  Achenes  terete  or  4-5-angled,  usually  striate,  some- 
times striately  pluricostate,  truncate  at  summit.  Pappus  of 
copious  rather  rigid  capillary  bristles. 

X.  alatns  Hook.  Fl.  i,  294,  t.  102.  Prenanthes  alata  Gray.  Glabrous 
or  nearly  so:  stems  1-2  feet  high,  the  larger  plants  branching:  leaves 
hastate-deltoid,  a(;ute  or  acuminate,  sharply  and  irregularly  dentate,  ab- 
ruptly contracted  or  some  of  the  upper  cuneately  decurrent  into  a  winged 
petiole,  or  small  uppermost  narrow  and  sessile  by  a  tapering  liase :  heads 
loosely  and  somewhat  corymbosely  panicled:  involucre  campanulate-ob- 
long,  of  8-10  often  livid  bracts,  nearly  or  quite  destitute  of  scarious  mar- 
gins, imperfectlv  calyculate  by  2  or  3  loose  linear  accessory  ones,  5-15- 
flowered:  corollas  purp  ish :  achenes  slender,  3-4  lines  long,  at  least 
sometimes  with  tapering  summit.     On  moist  cliffs,  Alaska  to  Oregon. 

108    LYGODESMIA  Don  Edinb.  Phil.  Journ.  vi,  305. 

Smooth  herbs  with  usually  rush-like  rigid  or  tough  stems, 
linear  or  scale-like  leaves  and  terminal  or  scattered  erect  heads 
of  pink  or  rose-colored  flowers.  Heads  3-12-flowered.  Involucre 
cylindric,  its  principal  bracts  5-8,  linear,  scarious-margined, 
equal,  slightly  united  at  the  base,  with  several  very  short  outer 
ones.     Receptacle  flat,  naked.     Achenes  terete,  obscurely  striate 


400  COMPOSIT  M  lygodesmia 

AGOSERIS 

Or  angled,  usually  linear  or  slender-fusiform.  Pappus  of  copious 
and  usually  unequal  soft  or  somewhat  rigid  bristles,  from  white 
to  brownish. 

L.  juncea  Don  I.e.  Perennial  by  a  thick  woody  root:  stems  stiff, 
much  branched,  8-18  inches  high,  striate-angled,  not  spinescent:  lower 
leaves  lanceolate,  rigid,  entire,  acute  or  acuminate,  3^-2  inches  long;  the 
upper  similar  but  smaller,  or  reduced  to  subulate  scales :  heads  mostly 
5-flowered,  solitary  at  the  ends  of  the  branches :  involucre  about  half-inch 
high,  its  bracts  usually  gland-tipped :  achenes  narrowly  columnar  or  shortly 
tapering  to  the  summit :  pappus  light  brown.  Dry  plains,  eastern  Idaho 
to  Nevada  and  Minnesota. 

L.  spinosa  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  vii,  444.  Sterna  slender-  and 
rigid,  low,  much  branched  from  an  indurated  and  matted-wpolly  peren- 
nial base,  otherwise  glabrous:  branchlets  divergent,  spinescent,  bearing 
minute  scales  in  place  of  leaves,  and  lateral  very  short-peduncled  heads  : 
lower  cauline  leaves  linear,  entire,  thickish,  above  soon  reduced  to  scales : 
involucre  3-5-flowered ;  its  principal  bracts  not  more  numerous,  rather 
loose,  lanceolate ;  the  unequal  and  more  imbricated  calyculate  ones  com- 
paratively broad  and  large:  achenes  much  shorter  than  the  pappus,  not  at 
all  narrowed  upward,  4-5-costate:  pappus  white,  of  unequal  bristles. 
Gravelly  hills  and  plains,  eastern  Oregon  to  California,  Nevada  and  Idaho. 

109    AGOSERIS  Raf.  Fl.  Loudv.  58. 
TROXIMON  Nuttall,  not  of  Gartner. 

Acaulescent  perennial  or  annual  herbs  with  clustered  radical 
leaves  and  mostly  large  heads  of  yellow  flowers  on  simple  scapes. 
InvDlucre  campanulate  or  cylindraceous,  the  bracts  mostly  lan- 
ceolate, imbricated  in  few  series,  the  outer  loose  and  often  some- 
what foliaceous.  Receptacle  flat,  naked.  Achenes  oblong  or 
linear,  terete,  10-ribbed,  the  apex  contracted  into  a  neck  or  pro- 
longed into  a  beak,  the  broad  base  or  basal  callus  to  a  narrow 
base  more  or  less  hollowed  at  the  insertion.  Pappus  of  copious 
white  or  whitish  merely  scabrous  capillary  bristles,  which  are 
either  persistent  on  or  separately  deciduous  from  the  dilated 
terminal  areola. 

§  1  Achenes  more  or  less  linear,  beakless,  or  tapering  gradually  into 
a  beak  on  which  the  nerves  or  ribs  of  the  body  are  produced  to  the  apex: 
acaulescent  perennials. 

*  No  beak  to  the  achene,  its  moderately  short  continued  summit  of 
the  same  texture  as  the  body  and  equally  10-costate:  involucral  bracts 
somewhat  equal,  all  tapering  to  a  slender  acumination:  the  outer  from 
an  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate  base,  glabrous:  pappus  rigidulous. 

A.  alpestris  Greene  Pitt,  ii,  177.  Troximon  alpentre  Gray.  Glabrous: 
rootstock  or  caudex  elongated;  leaves  narrowly  spatulate  or  lanceolate,  pin- 
nately  lobed  or  incised,  or  parted  into  narrow  linear  divisions;  scapes  2-3 
inches  high,  weak:  involucre  campanulate,  7-8  lines  high,  the  bracts  in 
about  2  series:  achenes  2-3  lines  long,  equalled  by  the  slender  pappus- bristles. 
In  the  Cascade  Mountains  of  Oregon  and  Washington. 

*  *    Achenes  with  apex  tapering  gradually  into  a  rather  stout  and 
nerved  beak  which  is  shorter  than  the  body 

A.    barbellulata   Greene  1.  c.     Troximon  barbellulatum  Greene.    Not 


AGOSERis  COMPOSlTiE  '  401 

glaucous:  scapes  slender,  1-3  inches  high:  linear-lanceolate,  laciniate-pin- 
natifid  into  a  few  short  and  narrow  lobes,  or  some  entire:  involucre  narrow, 
over  half -inch  high,  rather  few-flowered;  its  10  or  12  bracts  nearly  equal,  lan- 
ceolately  acuminate,  glabrous:  flowers  yellow:  achenes  3  lin^s  long,  about  the 
length  of  the  soft  distinctly  barbellulate  pappus.  Grassy  slopes,  high  moun- 
tains of  southern  Oregon  and  northern  California. 

A.  tomentosa.  More  or  less  tomentose  up  to  the  involucre:  scapes 
rather  stout,  4-10  inches  high:  leaves  lanceolate  to  linear  in  outline,  irregu- 
larly and  often  retrorsely  lobed  or  toothed,  or  some  of  the  inner  ones  entire, 
acute,  or  acuminate,  attenuate  below  to  a  short  winged  petiole,  nearly  as 
long  as  the  scapes:  involucre  campanulate,  8-9  lines  high,  of  rather  numerous 
imbricated,  lanceolate  acuminate  scarious- margined  mostly  glabrous  bracts: 
achenes  fusiform,  short-beaked,  much  shorter  than  the  brownish  pappus.  On 
grassy  slopes.  Stein  Mountain  southeastern  Oregon. 

A.  parviflora  Greene  1.  c.  Troximon  parviflorum  Nutt.  Glabrous 
throughout:  scapes  slender,  much  longer  than  the  leaves  5-15  inches  high: 
leaves  narrowly  linear,  acuminate,  entire,  3-8  inches  long:  1-3  lines  wide: 
heads  an  inch  broad  or  less:  involucre  oblong-ovoid,  becoming  nearly  hemi- 
spheric in  fruit,  6-8  lines  high;  its  bracts  lanceolate  and  acuminate:  achenes 
conspicuously  beaked,  about  4  lines  long:  pappus  of  numerous  unequal  very 
slender  bristles.     Plains,  Idaho  to  Manitoba,  Nebraska  and  New  Mexico. 

§  2  Achenes  with  a  slender  and  mostly  filiform  nerveless  beak  and 
soft  pappus:  acaulescent  perennials. 

*  Achenes  acute  or  tapering  at  summit  into  a  beak  but  little  if  at  all 
longer  than  the  cylindraceous  or  narrowly  fusiform  body. 

A.  aurantiaca  Greene  1  c.  Troximon  aurantiacum  Hook.  Nearly 
glabrous,  deep  green  and  not  at  all  glaucous :  leaves  oblanceolate,  obtuse, 
entire,  naiTowed  to  a  slender  petiole:  involucre  7-9  lines  high;  its  bracts 
from  broadly  to  narrowly  lanceolate,  acute,  or  the  outer  and  looser  ones  ob- 
long and  obtuse:  flowers  orange,  drying  brownish  or  purple  achenes  thickish, 
tapering  gradually  to  a  short  stout  beak.  High  mountain  prairies,  Oregon  to 
Alaska  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

A.  purpurea  Greene  1.  c.  Sparsely  lanate  when  young,  in  age  glab- 
rate,  more  or  less  glaucous:  scapes  6-20  inches  high,  enlarged  and  tomentose 
at  the  summit:  leaves  from  linear  to  lanceolate  saliently  or  often  runcinately 
toothed  or  lobed:  bracts  of  the  involucre  moderately  well  imbricated,  4-12 
lines  long,  lanceolate  and  long-acuminate,  or  the  outer  ones  oblong  and  ob- 
tuse: corollas  deep  saffron-color,  drying  purple:  achenes  black,  fusiform, 
with  a  slender  beak  about  as  long  as  the  body:  pappus  white.  Mountain 
meadows,  Oregon  and  Washington  to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

A.  gracilenta  Greene  1.  c.  Troximon  gracilens  Gray  Scapes  slender, 
10-18  inches  high:  leaves  mostly  entire,  from  lanceolate  to  nearly  linear,  or 
some  narrowly  spatulate:  involucral  bracts  narrow:  corollas  deep  orange: 
achenes  fusiform-linear,  3-4  lines  long;  the  very  slender  beak  as  long  or 
longer :  pappus  soft  but  not  flaccid.  In  the  Cascade  Mountains  of  Oregon 
and  Washington  to  Wyoming. 

A.    elata  Greene  1.  c,     Troximon  Nuttallii  Gray.    Robust;  scapes  6-20 

inches  high:  leaves  thickish,  from  lanceolate  to  spatulate,  and  from  spar- 
ingly dentate  to  pinnatifid,  6-12  inches  long,  glaucous:  heads  an  inch  or  more 
high  and  broad:  involucral  bracts  lanceolate,  acute,  more  or  less  pubescent: 
corollas  yellow:  achene  thickish,  3  lines  long,  with  a  beak  as  long  or  longer. 
Moist  ground,  eastern  Oregon  to  California  and  Utah. 


402  COMPORITiE  agoseris 

A.  apargioides  Greene  1.  c.  Troximon  apargioides  Less.  Low  and 
tufted  from  a  multicipital  caudex,  glabrate :  leaves  spatulate,  obtuse.  2-3 
inches  long,  narrowed  below  to  a  slender  petiole,  entire  or  with  a  few 
salient  teeth  or  lobes,  or  pinnatifid  with  sparse  linear  divisions:  scapes  6-12 
inches  high:  heads  half -inch  high:  involucre  campanulate;  the  inner  bracts 
linear-lanceolate,  the  outer  oblong,  acute,  more  or  less  tomentose:  achenes 
and  beak  each  about  2  lines  long:  pappus  soft,  dull-white.  Sandy  soil  along 
the  coast  of  Oregon  and  California. 

*  *  Achenes    oblong  or    short- fusiform,    with  a  filiform  or  almost 
capillary  beak  2-4  times  as  long :  pappus  soft  and  fine:  flowers  all  yellow. 

-*-  Pappus  about  as  long  as  the  beak, 

A.  hirsuta  Greene  1.  c,  Troximon  humile  Gray.  Scapes  8-20  inches 
high,  slender:  leaves  hirsutely  pubescent,  from  lanceolate  to  spatulate  in  out- 
line, and  from  repand-dentate  or  lyrate-pinnatifid  to  pinnately  parted  into 
linear  lobes;  involucre  permanently  villous:  flowers  exserted:  filiform  beak 
only  about  twice  as  long  as  the  whitish  achene.  Near  the  coast.  Washington 
to  California. 

-•-   H-  Pappus  white,  much  shorter  than  the  almost  filiform  beak. 

A.  laciniata  Greene  1.  c.  Troximon  laciniatum  Gray.  Smooth  and 
glabrous  or  with  sparse  soft  pubescence:  scapes  1-2  feet  high:  leaves  elonga- 
ted-lanceolate, laciniate-dentate  or  commonly  deeply  pinnatifid  with  linear 
lobes:  involucre  glabrous  or  glabrate,  or  the  base  of  the  outer  of  the  lanceo- 
late bracts  tomentose  :  achenes  2,  and  beak  5-7  lines  long.  In  low  ground, 
Vancouver  Island  to  California, 

A.  grandiflora  Greene  1.  c.  178.  Troximon  grandiflorum  Gray. 
Scapes  stout,  1-2  feet  high:  leaves  hirsutely  or  cinereous-pubescent,  or  glabr- 
ate: spatulate  to  lanceolate,  sinuate-dentate  to  laciniate-pmnatifid  or  even 
pinnately  parted:  involucre  broad,  usually  well  imbricated:  its  bracts  lanate 
or  tomentose  when  young,  often  glabrate  in  age:  heads  in  fruit  1-1  >^  inch 
high:  achenes  2,  and  capillary  beak  6-8  lines  long.  Plains  and  moist  hill- 
sides, Washington  to  California. 

A.  retrorsa  Greene  1.  c.  Troximon  retrorsum  Gray.  Villous-tomen- 
tose  when  young:  scapes  stout,  12-18  inches  high:  leaves  pinnatelj-  parted 
into  liaear-lanceolate  usually  retrorse  lobes,  the  tenninal  lobe  long  and  nar- 
row; all  callous-tipped:  involucre  narrowly  oblong,  13^-2  inches  high  when 
mature:  its  linear-lanceolate  bracts  hardly  surpassed  by  the  soft  white  pap- 
pus: ligules  short:  achenes  3  lines  long:  abruptly  contracted  at  summit;  their 
filiform  beaks  10-12  lines  long.  Open  pine  woods,  southern  Oregon  to 
California  and  southern  Idaho. 

§  3  Achenes  fusiform,  with  filiform  nerveless  beak  and  soft  pappus: 
subcaulescent  annuals  with  yellow  flowers. 

A,  heterophylla  Greene  1.  c.  Troximon  heterophyllum  Greene.  Some- 
what villous,  or  hirsutely  pubescent  or  glabrate:  scape-like  peduncle  3-12 
inches  high :  leaves  from  spatulate  to  linear-lanceolate,  denticulate  to  pin- 
natifid: involucre  oblong-campanula  te,  6-9  lines  high;  its  bracts  erect,  lan- 
ceolate or  norrower;  the  outer  decidedly  shorter  than  the  glabrous  inner  ones, 
more  or  less  pubescent  but  not  villous:  achenes  various,  but  at  most  only  2 
lines  long,  usually  fusiform ;  •  beak  3-4  lines  long,  mostly  longer  than  the 
white  or  whitish  pappus.     Open  places,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California. 

Var.  glabra.  Glabrous  throughout  and  more  or  less  glaucous :  small, 
2-4  inches  high.  Hillsides  near  the  Columbia  river,  eastern  Oregon  and 
Washington. 


TARAXACUM  COMPOSITE  403 

LACTUCA 

110    TARAXACUM  Haller  Stirp.  Helv.  i,  23. 

Acaulescent  perennial  herbs  with  rosulate  leaves,  naked  scapes 
that  elongate  in  fruit,  and  mostly  large  heads  of  yellow  flowers. 
Heads  many-flowered,  usually  solitary  at  the  summit  of  the  sim- 
ple hollow  scapes.  Involucre  a  single  series  of  nearly  equal  narrow 
bracts  that  are  slightly  united  at  base,  and  several  or  numerous 
calyculate  ones.  Receptacle  flat,  naked.  Achenes  oblong-ovate 
or  fusiform,  4-5-costate  or  angled,  and  usually  with  some  inter- 
vening nerves,  muricate  or  spinuldse,  at  least  near  the  summit 
which  is  abruptly  contracted  into  a  filiform  beak.  Pappus  soft 
and  capillary,  dull  white. 

T.  OFFICINALE  Webber  Prim. PI.  Hoist.  56.  Scapes  and  leaves  from  the 
crown  of  a  thick  vertical  root :  leaves  from  spatulate-oblong  to  lanceolate  in 
outline,  and  from  irregularly  dentate  to  runcinate  pinnatifid,  3-10  inches 
long:  bracts  of  the  involucre  linear-lanceolate,  not  glaucous,  the  outer  re- 
flexed,  all  acute :  achenes  greenish-brown,  fusiform^  squamulose  toward 
the  summit,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  conical  apex  which  is  prolonged 
into  a  filiform  beak  2  or  3  times  as  long  as  the  achene.  Common  in  fields 
and  waste  places.    Naturalized  from  Europe, 

111    RAFINESQUIA  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  See.  vii,  429. 

Leafy-stemmed  annuals  with  pinnatifid  leaves  and  rather  large 
heads  of  white  or  flesh-colored  flowers  terminating  the  paniculate 
branches.  Heads  15-30  flowered.  Involucre  conical  or  cylind- 
raceous,  of  7-15  equal  linear  attenuate  principal  bracts  and  some 
loose  calyculate  ones.  Receptacle  flat  and  naked  Achenes  terete, 
somewhat  fusiform,  obscurely  few-ribbed,  attenuate  into  a  slender 
beak,  the  broad  base  hollowed  but  not  callous-thickened  at  the 
insertion.  Pappus  of  10-15  capillary  bristles,  softly  long-plum- 
ose from  the  base  to  near  the  tip. 

R.  Californica  Nutt.  1.  c.  Glabrous  throughout :  stem  stout,  much 
branched,  2-3  feet  high :  leaves  oblong;  the  lower  4-6  inches  long;  the  up- 
per gradually  reduced  to  small  bracts :  involucre  becoming  thick  at  base  and 
more  or  less  conical;  its  rather  numerous  calyculate  bracts  subulate  and 
spreading:  ligules  short,  white:  achenes  tapering  into  a  very  slender  beak 
as  long  as  the  body :  pappus  dull  white,  the  bristles  fine  and  soft.  Shady 
ground,  eastern  Oregon  to  California. 

112    LACTUCA  Tourn.  Inst.  t.  267.    L.  Gen.  n.  909. 

Tall  herbs  with  alternate  leav3S  and  small  panicled  heads  of 
yellow  white  or  blue  flowers.  Involucre  cylindric,  several  to 
many-flowered^  either  calyculate  or  more  regularly  imbricated. 
Receptacle  flat,  naked.  Achenes  flat,  3-5-ribbed  on  each  face, 
narrowed  above,  or  contracted  into  a  narrow  beak,  which  is  more 
or  less  expanded  at  the  summit  into  a  small  disk  that  bears  the 
copious  white  or  brownish  pappus  bristles  which  fall  separately. 

§  1  ScARiOLA  DC.  Prodr.  vii,  133.  Achenes  very  flat,  orbic- 
ular to  oblong,  abruptly  produced  into  a  filiform  beak  which 
bears  the  soft  white  pappus  on  its  dilated  apex. 


404  COMPOSITiE  lactuca 

f  ONCHUS 

L,  scAEiOLA  L.  Sp.  ed.  2  1119.  Biennial :  glabrous  throughout  or  hir- 
sute at  the  base ;  green  and  glaucous :  stem  stout,  2-7  feet  high,  leafy,  usu- 
ally paniculately  branched :  leaves  lanceolate  to  oblong,  with  spinulose- 
denticulate  margins,  sometimes  sinuate.toothed  or  pinnatifid,  sessile  or 
auriculate-clasping,  midrib  below  beset  with  weak  prickles:  heads  small, 
6-12  flowered,  very  numerous,  in  an  open  panicle:  corollas  pale  yellow: 
achenes  obovate-oblong,  several-nerved,  margined,  about  as  long  as  the 
filiform  beak.  Becoming  common  in  fields  and  waste  places.  Introduced 
from  Europe. 

L.  SATivA  The  common  Lettuce  is  common  along  the  Rail  Road  in  the 
southern  part  of  Oregon  but  is  hardly  naturalized. 

L.  Canadensis  L.  Sp.  ii,  796.  Biennial  or  annual:  glabrous  and 
glaucescent :  stem  strict,  4-12  feet  high,  very  leafy  up  to  the  elongated 
narrow  panicle :  leaves  mostly  sinuate-pinnatifid,  6-12  inches  long,  with 
margins  entire  or  sparingly  dentate,  and  midrib  naked  or  rarely  some 
sparse  bristles,  most  of  the  cauline  partly  clasping  by  a  sagittate  or  auricu- 
late  base:  involucre  half-inch  or  less  high,  12-20-fiowered :  flowers  yellow, 
achenes  blackish,  obscurely  scabrous-rugulose,  lightly  1-nerved  on  the 
middle  of  each  face,  broadly  oval,  with  distinct  thin  margins,  rather  long- 
er than  the  beak :  pappus  white.  Moist  woods,  Oregon  and  Washington 
to  the  Eastern  States. 

L.  sagittifolia  Ell.  Bot  S.  C.  &  Ga  ii,  253.  Glabrous;  3-6  feet  high, 
leafy  nearly  to  the  usually  loosely  paniculate  inflorescence :  leaves  oblong 
to  lanceolate,  3-10  inches  long,  acute  or  acuminate,  entire  or  denticulate, 
the  lower  sometimes  pinnatifid,  whitish  beneath,  midrib  naked :  involucre 
5-7  lines  high :  flowers  pale  yellow  or  purplish  :  achenes  oval,  thin-margined 
longer  than  the  beak.     Open  ground,  Idaho  to  the  Eastern  States. 

§  2  Lactucastrum  Gray  Syn.  Fl.  i,  pt,  2,  443.  Root  perennial. 
Involucre  well  imbricated.  Achenes  lanceolate-oblong,  flat,  not 
margined,  tapering  into  a  beak  not  longer  than  the  breadth  of  the 
body. 

L.  pnlchella  DC.  Prodr.  vii,  134.  Very  glabrous:  stems  1-5  feet  high, 
leafy  up  to  the  open  corymbiform  panicle :  leaves  from  linear-lanceolate  to 
narrowly  oblong,  entire  or  runcinate-deutate,  or  some  lower  ones  pinnati- 
fid ;  cauline  sessile  but  not  auriculate  at  base :  branches  of  the  loose  panicle 
scaly :  involucre  8  lines  high,  12-15-flowered,  its  outer  bracts  ovate-lanceo- 
late :  flowers  bright  blue  or  violet-purple :  achenes  barely  2  lines  long, 
striate-nerved,  the  tip  of  the  short  beak  soft  and  usually  whitish.  Alluvial 
ground,  Oregon  to  Brit.  Columbia,  Hudson  Bay  and  Michigan. 

§  3  MuLGEDiUM  Gray  1.  c.  Biennial  or  perennial  herbs  with 
usually  bluish  flowers,  Achenes  thickish,  oblong,  with  some 
strong  ribs  and  nerves  :  contracted  at  summit  into  a  short  stout 
beak,  or  into  a  mere  neck  under  the  dilated  apex. 

L.  spicata  Hitchc.  L.  leucophsea  Oray.  Stem  usually  stout,  3-12 
feet  high,  leafy  up  to  the  panicle :  leaves  3-12  inches  long  by  2-6  broad, 
sinuately  or  runcinately  pinnatifid,  coarsely  and  irregularly  or  doubly  den- 
tate ;  upper  cauline  sessile  by  a  mostly  narrow  but  auriculate  or  partly 
clasping  base :  heads  in  a  pyramidal  crowded  panicle :  involucre  oblong,  5 
lines  high :  flowers  bluish :  achenes  narrowed  at  summit  to  a  short  but 
manifest  neck.  Moist  ground,  Oregon  to  Brit.  Columbia  and  the  E.  States. 

113    SONCHUS  Tourn.  L.  Gen.  n.  908. 
Succulent  herbs  with  leafy  stems,  alternate  spinulosely  or  cili- 


SONCHU8  LOBELIACE^  405 

ately  dentate  leaves  and  middle-sized  heads  of  yellow  flowers. 
Involucre  campanulate,  in  age  usually  broadened  and  tleshy- 
thickened  at  base,  becoming  conical.  Achenes  obcompressed, 
without  beak  or  neck  or  dilated  disk.  Pappus  of  very  soft  and 
fine  flaccid  bristles,  which  fall  more  or  less  in  connection,  and 
commonly  one  or  more  stronger  ones  which  fall  separately. 

S.  OLEKAGEUS  L.  Sp.  794.  Fibrous-rooted  annual :  stem  nearly  eimple, 
1-10  feet  high :  lower  leaves  petioled,  lyrate-pinnatifid,  5-10  inches  long, 
the  terminal  segment  commonly  large  and  triangular,  the  margins  dentic- 
ulate with  mucronate  or  scarcely  spiny  teeth;  upper  pinnatifid,  clasping  by 
an  auriclate  or  sagittate  base,  the  auricles  acute :  involucre  6-8  lines  high : 
achenes  flat,  longitudinally  ribbed  and  transversely  rugose.  Common  in 
fields  and  waste  places.    Naturalized  from  Europe. 

S.  ASPER  All.  Fl.  Fed.  i,  222.  Stem  often  stout.  1-6  feet  high,  from 
an  annual  root:  leaves  undivided,  lobed  or  pinnatifid,  spinulose-dentate ; 
the  lower  spatulate  to  lanceolate,  more  or  less  distinctly  petioled ;  the  up- 
per clasping  by  an  auricalate  base,  the  auricles  rounded :  involucre  glab- 
rous, about  6  lines  high :  achenes  smooth,  3-nerved  on  each  side.  Common 
in  fields  and  waste  places.     Naturalized  from  Europe. 

Order  LII,  LOBELIACE^  Juss. 

Herbs,  or  rarely  shrubs,  with  usually  milky  acrid  juice,  alter- 
nate leaves  without  stipules,  racemose  inflorescence  and  perfect 
5-merous  flowers.  Calyx  adnate  to  the  whole  or  the  lower  hall 
of  the  ovary,  the  limb  cleft  to  the  ovaiy  into  5  lobes.  Corolla 
inserted  just  where  the  calyx  becomes  free  from  the  ovary,  its 
lobes  valvate  or  induplicate  in  the  bud,  commonly  deeper  cleft 
or  completely  split  down  between  two  of  the  lobes,  the  cleft 
mostly  on  the  upper  side  in  the  open  flower  but  becoming  so 
by  a  twist;  in  the  early  bud  the  split  looks  toward  the  bract; 
the  lobes  sometimies  disposed  to  separate  from  below  upward 
and  the  limb  to  be  bilabiately  irregular.  Stamens  inserted  with 
the  corolla  and  mostly  free ;  anthers  2-celled.  introrsely  dehis- 
cent, firmly  united  around  the  top  of  the  style  into  a  ring  or 
short  tube.  Ovary  2-celled,  with  placentae  projecting  from  the 
axis,  sometimes  1-celled  with  two  parietal  placentae.  Style 
entire :  stigma  usually  2-lobed,  girt  with  a  rim  of  hairs.  Ovules 
and  seeds  mostly  indefinitely  numerous,  small,  anatropous. 
Embryo  straight,  in  the  axis  of  fleshy  albumen. 

*    Corolla  cleft  to  the  base  on  one  side :  capsule  free  at  the  apex. 

1  Lobelia    Calyx-tube  short :  capsule  many-seeded,  2-valved  at  the  top. 

*  *    Corolla  with  a  closed  tube :  capsule  wholly  inferior. 

2  Howellia    Calyx-tube  linear-clavate :  capsule  1-celled,  few-seeded. 

3  Laurentia    Calyx-tube  turbinate  or  oblong,  corolla  with  tube  as  long 

as  the  limb :  capsule  short,  2-valved  at  summit. 

4  Bolelia    Calyx-tube  very  long :  corolla  tube  very  short :  capsule  very 

long,  opening  by  1-3  long  fissures. 


406  LOBELIACE^  lobelia 

HOWELLIA 

LOBELIA  L.  Gen.  n.  1099. 

Herbs,  or  rarely  shrubs  with  alternate  leaves,  and  red  ,yellow, 
blue  or  white  flowers.  Calyx-tube  turbinate,  hemispheric  or 
ovoid,  adnate  to  the  ovary.  Corolla-tube  divided  to  the  base  on 
one  side ;  the  limb  bilabiate,  the  lobe  on  each  side  of  the  cleft 
turning  away  from  the  other  three,  which  are  somewhat  united. 
Stamens  free  from  the  corolla-tube,  monadelphous,  at  least  above, 
2  or  all  of  the  5  anthers  with  a  tuft  of  hairs  at  their  tips,  3  of  them 
usually  larger  than  the  other  2.  Ovary  2-celled,  the  2  placentae 
many-ovuled.     Stigma  2-lobed.     Capsule  loculicidally  2-valved. 

L.  Dortmanna  L.  Sp.  929.  Aquatic  perennial :  glabrous  throughout : 
stem  slender,  simple,  erect,  hollow,  naked  except  a  few  fleshy  bracts,  6-18 
inches  high :  leaves  all  submersed  and  tufted  at  the  base  of  the  stem, 
terete,  obtuse,  1-2  inches  long,  hollow  and  longitudinally  divided  by  a 
partition :  flowers  blue,  in  a  loose  terminal  raceme,  6-8  lines  long,  on  fili- 
form pedicels :  calyx-lobes  subulate :  larger  lip  of  the  corolla  glabrous  or 
nearly  so.  Borders  of  ponds,  northwestern  Washington  to  subarctic  Amer- 
ica and  the  Northeastern  States. 

2    HOWELLTA  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xv,  43. 

Aquatic  or  semiaquatic  herbs  with  alternate  leaves,  at  least 
below,  and  small  white  flowers.  Flowers  of  2  forms  ;  the  emersed 
with  conspicuous  corolla,  the  submersed  with  corolla  undeveloped. 
Calyx  with  slender  tube,  adnate  for  its  whole  length  to  the  ovary, 
and  a  limb  of  5  nearly  equal  narrow  lobes.  Corolla  not  surpass- 
ing the  calyx,  its  very  short  tube  split  nearly  to  the  base  on  one 
side ;  its  5  lobes  almost  equal.  Stamen-tube  nearly  free,  and 
with  the  included  style  slightly  incurved.  Anthers  oval,  the  two 
smaller  trisetulose;  the  three  larger  naked.  Ovary  strictly  1-cell- 
ed,  with  two  filiform  parietal  placentae,  each  3-5-ovulate,  upper 
ovules  ascending,  the  lower  pendulous.  Capsule  membranaceous, 
at  maturity  bursting  irregularly  on  one  side,  seeds  few,  large, 
smooth,  callous-apiculate   at  the  chalaza. 

H.  aqnatilis  Gray  1.  c.  Aquatic  annual :  stem  weak,  6-18  inches  high, 
branching:  submersed  leaves  linear-setaceous,  2-6  inches  long,  entire; 
emersed  leaves  linear  to  oblong,  sometimes  sparingly  toothed :  flowers  ax- 
illary, short-peduncled ;  calyx-lobes  subulate  or  filiform,  2-4  lines  long ; 
corolla  white,  its  lobes  oblong:  capsule  half-inch  long,  linear-clavate,  bear- 
ing a  few  soft  white  seeds.     In  ponds,  in  the  vicinity  of  Portland,  Oregon. 

3    LAURENTIA  Neck.  Elem.  i,  131. 

Small  and  diffuse  or  creeping  herbs  with  alternate  leaves  and 
axillary  blue  flowers.  Calyx-tube  and  adnate  ovary  turbinate  or 
oblong,  the  5  lobes  narrow.  Corolla  with  tube  as  long  as  the 
limb,  and  not  split ;  its  larger  lip  3-cleft  and  widely  spreading; 
the  smaller  of  two  more  erect  or  diverging  divisions.  Filaments 
and  anthers  completely  united ;  two  of  the  latter  minutely  bristle- 
tufted  at  the  apex,  nearly  included.  Capsule  2-valved  across  the 
projecting  free  apex,  2-celled.     Seeds  oblong  or  almost  fusiform. 

L.    carnosula  Benth.    Glabrous  somewhat  succulent  annual :  stemu  1-5 


LAURENTiA  LOBELIACE^  407 

BOLELIA 

inches  long,  rooting  at  the  nodes :  leaves  oblong-linear  or  lanceolate,  entire, 
sessile,  3-6  lines  long:  flowers  axillary  and  above  corymbose  or  racemose, 
long-pedicelled :  calyx-lobes  somewhat  foliaceous,  linear,  obtuse,  equalling 
the  oblong-obconical  or  clavate  tube  :  larger  lip  of  the  corolla  3-cleft  into 
round ish-obovate  lobes,  blue  with  the  2-ridged  palate  yellow  or  whitish ; 
the  smaller  lip  of  2  lanceolate  lobes :  seeds  smooth.  Low  and  muddy  pla- 
ces, southeastern  Oregon  to  Wyoming  and  California. 

4    BOLELIA  Raf.  Atl.  Journ  120,  1832. 
DOWNINGIA  Torrey. 

Glabrous  annual  herbs  with  sessile  narrow  leaves,  the  upper 
ones  reduced  to  bracts,  and  axillary  sessile  flowers.  Calyx-tube 
and  adnate  ovary  very  long  and  slender,  3-sided,  usually  twisted, 
its  limb  divided  down  to  the  ovary  into  five  foliaceous  lobes. 
Corolla  with  very  short  but  entire  tube  and  bilabiate  limb ;  the 
smaller  lip  of  two  narrow  recurved  or  spreading  divisions,  the 
other  very  broad  and  3-lobed.  Filaments  and  anthers  both  uni- 
ted into  a  somewhat  curved  tube ;  two  of  the  latter  bristle-tipped. 
Capsule  very  long  and  slender,  early  becoming  1- celled,  with  two 
filiform  parietal  placentae,  remaining  closed  at  the  tip  but  the 
sides  dehiscing  by  1-3  long  fissures. 

B.  elegans  Greene  Pitt,  ii,  126.  Downing ia  elegans  Torrey.  Stem 
simple  or  diffusely  branched,  4-12  inches  high :  leaves  ovate  to  lanceolate, 
acute,  3-15  lines  long :  calyx-lobes  linear-lanceolate,  6-9  lines  long :  larger 
lip  of  the  corolla  3-lobed,  the  lobes  acute  or  acutish  the  other  lobes  lanceo- 
late: capsule  often  two  inches  or  more  long:  seeds  short-oblong.  In  wet 
ground,  Brit.  Columbia  to  southern  Oregon  and  Idaho. 

B.  pulchella  Greene  1  c.  Downingia pulchella  Torrey,  "Mostly  low- 
er or  weaker- stemmed:  leaves  more  linear  and  obtuse:  large  lip  of  the 
corolla  deeply  3-lobed;  the  other  two  lobes  oblong-ovate :  seeds  elongated- 
oblong.    Wet  banks,  Oregon  to  California  and  Nevada  " 

Order  LIII,  CAMPANULACE^  Juss.  Gen.  163. 

Herbs,  rarely  shrubs  or  trees,  with  bland  milky  juice,  alter- 
nate simple  leaves  without  stipules,  regular  5-merous  flowers, 
and  2-5-celled  many  seeded  capsules  or  berries.  Calyx-tube 
adnate  to  the  ovary;  its  5-lobed  persistent  limb  usually  divided 
down  to  the  ovary.  Corolla  valvate,  induplicate  or  rarely  im- 
bricate in  the  bud,  inserted  on  the  calyx  just  where  it  becomes 
free  from  the  ovary.  Stamens  inserted  with  the  corolla  and 
free  or  adnate  at  base :  anthers  with  two  parallel  cells.  Style 
one,  almost  always  pubescent  or  puberulent  for  some  distance 
below  the  2-5  introrse  stigmas.  Ovules  anatropous,  on  pla- 
centae projecting  from  the  axis.  Seeds  small,  usually  smooth. 
Embryo  straight,  in  the  axis  of  fleshy  albumen . 

*    Ovary  and  capsule  long  and  narrow,  or  at  least  oblong 

1  Githopsis    Capsule  opening  at  the  top  by  a  hole  left  by  the  falling 

away  of  the  base  of  the  style  between  the  long  calyx-lobes. 

2  Legouzia    Capsule  opening  on  the  sides  by  2  or  3  little  valves  which 

leave  small  round  perforations. 


408  CAMPANULACE^  githopsib 

LEGOUZIA 

*    Ovary  and  capsule  short  and  broad. 

3  Heterocodon    Calyx-lobes  very  broad :  capsule  thin-walled,  not  dehis- 

cent but  bursting  indefinitely  between  the  ribs. 

4  Campanula    Calj^x-lobes  narrow :  capsule  opening  on  the  side  by  3-5 

small  valves  leaving  definite  round  perforations. 

1    GITHOPSIS  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc  viii.  258. 

Annual  herbs  with  alternate  leaves  and  blue  flowers.  Flowers 
all  alike  and  corolliferous.  Tube  of  the  calyx  club-shaped,  stron- 
gly 10-ribbed,  adnate  up  to  the  summit  of  the  ovary :  the  limb 
of  five  long  and  narrow  foliaceous  lobes.  Corolla  tubular-cam- 
panulate.  5-lobed,  Filaments  short,  dilated  at  the  base:  anthers 
linear.  Ovary  3-celled.  Stigma  3-lobed.  Capsule  clavate,  cori- 
aceous, crowned  with  the  rigid  calyx-lobes,  strongly  striate-rib- 
bed,  many  seeded,  opening  where  the  base  of  the  style  falls  away 
by  a  narrow  hole.     Seeds  very  numerous,  smooth. 

H.  specalarioides  Nutt.  1.  c.  Stem  rigid,  2-10  .nches  high:  leaves 
small,  linear-oblong,  coarsely  toothed,  sessile:  flowers  solitary  terminating 
the  stem  or  branches,  or  becoming  lateral,  strictly  erect :  corolla  blue :  rigid 
capsule  tapering  into  a  very  short  and  stout  peduncle.  Open  places, 
western  Washington  to  California. 

2    LEGOUZIA  Durand  FI.  Bourg,  ii,  26.  (1782.) 
SPECULARIA   Hiester. 

Annual  herbs  with  alternate  leaves  and  axillary  blue  flowers. 
Flowers  often  dimorphous,  the  earlier  ones  smaller  and  with 
undeveloped  corolla,  and  cross-fertilized  in  bud.  Calyx-lobes  in 
the  early  flowers  3  or  4,  in  the  later  ones  5,  narrow.  Calyx-tube 
narrow,  more  or  less  elongated.  Corolla  short  and  broad,  rotate 
or  nearly  so  when  expanded,  5-lobed  or  5-parted.  Anthers  linear. 
Stigmas  and  cells  of  the  ovary  3-4.  Capsule  obconical  or  cylin- 
draceous,  opening  by  one  or  more  small  valvular  openings  on  the 
side,  either  near  the  summit  or  near  the  middle. 

L.  perfoliata  Britton  Mem.  Torr,  Club,  v,  309.  Specularia  perfoliata 
A.  DC.  Stem  6-20  inches  high,  very  leafy  throughout,  simple  or  branched 
from  the  base,  hirsute  or  hispid  on  the  angles :  leaves  round  cordate  and 
clasping,  mostly  crenate,  veiny,  6-12  lines  broad :  flowers  sessile,  single  or 
clustered  in  the  axils :  calyx-lobes  of  the  early  flowers  o-4  and  short,  of  the 
corolliferous  ones  as  long  as  the  ovary :  capsule  oblong  or  somewhat  coni- 
cal, the  2  or  3  valvular  openings  at  or  below  the  middle :  seeds  lenticular. 
Open  grounds  and  fields,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California  and  the  Eastern 
States. 

3    HETEROCODON  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  viii,  255. 

Slender  annual  herbs  with  alternate  sessile  leaves  and  blue 
flowers  of  two  forms.  The  lower  and  earlier  flowers  with  merely 
rudimentary  corolla.  Calyx  with  short  tube  and  large  foliaceous 
lobes.  Corolla  5-lobed.  Capsule  obovoid,  3-angled,  3-celled, 
many-seeded,  very  thin  and  membranaceous,  the  delicate  walls 
bursting  indefinitely  on  the  sides. 


HETEROCODON  CAMPANULACE^  409 

CAMPANULA 

H  rariflornm  Nutt.  1.  c.  Sparingly  hirsute:  stems  filiform,  leafy, 
diffusely  spreading,  4-12  inches  long :  leaves  orbicular,  with  cordate  partly 
clasping  base  coarsely  many-toothed,  4-8  lines  long :  flowers  solitary,  axil- 
ary  and  terminal :  calyx  with  short  ovoid  or  inversely  pyramidal  tube  and 
foliaceous  broadly  ovate  sparingly  toothed  veiny  lobes :  only  the  later  flowers 
with  developed  pale  blue  corolla  which  barely  equals  the  lobes  of  the  calyx : 
seeds  oblong,  obscurely  triangular.  In  wet  places  and  fields,  Brit.  Colum- 
bia to  California,  and  Idaho. 

4    CAMPANULA  L.  Gen.  n.  218. 

Perennial  or  annual  herbs  with  alternate  leaves  and  usually 
showy  blue  or  white  flowers.  Flowers  all  alike  and  corolliferous. 
-€alyx  with  short  and  broad  tube  and  5-lobed  limb.  Corolla 
campanulate  or  nearly  rotate,  5-lobed  or  5-parted.  Filaments 
dilated  at  base:  anthers  oblong  or  linear.  Stigmas  and  cells  of 
the  ovary  3-5.  Capsule  mostly  short,  opening  on  the  sides  or 
near  the  base  by  3-5  small  uplifted  valves  or  perforations. 

*  Root  perennial :  style  not  longer  than  the  corolla,  straight. 
•*-  Openings  of  the  capsule  toward  its  summit. 

C.  Piperl,  Glabious:  stems  numerous  from  a  multicipital  caudex,  1- 
4  inches  high,  very  leafy  to  the  top,  bearing  one  to  several  bright  blue 
flowers :  leaves  cuneate  to  spatulate,  narrowed  below  to  broad  petioles, 
coarsely  and  sharply  serrate,  or  irregularly  dentate,  ( -18  lines  long,  those 
of  the  shoots  withering  and  persistent  for  several  yeari :  calyx-tube  short, 
obconic,  the  subulate  or  linear-lanceolate  lobes  6-8  lines  long,  about  equal- 
ling the  open-campanulate  corolla  anthers  linear:  stigmas  usually  3, 
strongly  recurved:  capsule  almost  globular.  On  cliffs,  Mount  Steele, 
Olympic  Mountains,  Washington.    Distributed  by  Mr.  Piper  as  C.  aurita. 

C.  scabrella  Engelm.  Bot.  Gaz.  vi,  237.  Cinereous- puberulent  or 
minutely  scabrous  to  nearly  glabrous :  numerous  stems  from  a  mul- 
ticipital caudex,  2-5  inches  high,  1-4-flowered:  leaves  thickish;  radical 
spatulate ;  upper  cauline  linear :  lobes  of  the  corolla  ovate-lanceolate  as 
long  as  its  campanulate  tube  capsules  oblong-turbinate,  not  narrowed  at 
summit.  Grassy  slopes.  Mount  Adams  Washington  to  the  highest  moun- 
tains of  California 

■*-  *-    Openings  of  the  capsule  near  the  base. 

C.  rotundifolia  L  Sp.  163.  Stems  slender,  erect  or  diffuse,  6-30 
inches  long,  one  to  several-flowered :  lowest  leaves  orbicular  or  ovate  to 
cordate,  slender-petioled;  cauline  leaves  all  linear  and  sessile :  flo\ier-buds 
erect  on  the  slender  pedicels ;  flowers  drooping  or  spreading ;  calyx-lobes 
subulate,  spreading,  longer  than  the  short-turbinate  tube ;  corolla  blue, 
campanulate,  7-12  lines  long:  capsule  obconic  or  ovoid  nodding,  opening 
by  short  clefts  near  the  base.  Common  on  rocky  banks  and  creek- bottoms, 
Alaska  to  California  and  across  the  Continent  Europe  and  Asia.  A  varia- 
ble species,  perhaps  as  here  defined  includes  more  than  one  species. 

*  *  Jloot  perennial :  leaves  sharply  or  laciniately  serrate :  inflores- 
cence Qentrifugal  and  racemiform:  style  filiform  and  straight,  exceed- 
ing the  narrow-campanulate  corolla :  capsule  hemispherical  or  short- 
turbinate,  the  openings  near  the  middle  or  near  the  base. 

C.  Scouleri  Hook.  Fl.  ii,  t.  125.  Glabrous  or  a  little  pubescent :  stems 
slender,  6-13  inches  long,  often  branched :  leaves  from  ovate  to  lanceolate, 
1-3  inches  long,  acute  and  acutely  serrate,  mostly  tapering  at  base  to  a 
margined  petiole :  flowers  more  or  less  panicled,  drooping,  on  long  filiform 
pedicels,  pale  blue,  the  terminal  one  opening  first:  calyx  with  oblong  tube 


410  VACCINIACE^  vaccinium 

and  setaieous-subulate  lobes:  corolla  6-8  lines  long,  its  lanceolate  acute 
lobes  longer  than  the  tube :  capsule  3-4  lines  long,  strongly  angled.  Com- 
mon in  coniferous  woods,  Vancouver  Island  to  California. 

C.  prenanthoides  Durand  Jour.  Acad  Philad.  n.  ser.  ii,  93  Glabr- 
ous or  roughish-puberulent :  stem  erect,  1-3  feet  high:  leaves  numerous, 
6-18  lines  lonjr,  from  ovate-o'^'long  to  lanceolate,  the  cauline  mainly  sessile : 
flowers  racemose,  scattered  or  clustered,  generally  numerous,  bright  blue, 
on  short  pedicels :  corolla  slender-cylindrical  in  bud,  twice  the  length  of 
the  slender  calyx-lobes,  almost  5-parted,  its  lobes  narrowly  lanceolate,  2-4 
times  as  long  as  the  tube :  capsule  thin-walled  and  with  broad  and  retuse 
base.    Coniferous  woods  and  open  places,  southern  Oregon  to  California. 

Order  LIV,  VACCINIACEiE  Lindl.  Veg.  Kingd.  757. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  alternate  simple  leaves,  and  small 
pink  or  white  perfect  flowers  in  clusters,  or  solitary.  Calyx- 
tube  adnate  to  the  ovary,  the  limb  4-5-lobed  or  4-5-cleft.  Co- 
rolla gamopetalous,  4-5-lobed,  or  rarely  divided  into  separate 
petals,  deciduous.  Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the 
corolla,  epigynous,  or  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  corolla;  fila- 
ments usually  flattened,  anthers  dorsally  attached,  2-celled, 
the  connective  entire  or  2-awned.  Ovary  inferior,  2-10-celled, 
with  placentae  in  the  axis,  with  one  to  several  anatropous 
ovules  in  each  cell,  crowned  by  the  epigynous  disk.  Style  fil- 
iform :  stigma  simple,  or  minutely  4-5-lobed.  Fruit  a  berry  or 
drupe  in  our  genera.  Seeds  compressed.  Embryo  small,  in 
fleshy  albumen. 

1  Vaccinium    Corolla  urceolate,  subglobose,  cylindric,  or  campanulate. 

2  Oxycoccus    Corolla  deeply  4-cleft  or  4-divided,  the  lobes  reflexed. 

1    VACCINIUM  L.  Sp.  349. 

Branching  shrubs  or  small  trees  with  alternate  often  coriace- 
ous leaves  and  small  white  pink  or  red  flowers.  Calyx-tube  glo- 
bose, hemispheric  or  turbinate,  not  angled,  adnate  to  the  ovary, 
the  limb  4-5-toothed  or  lobed,  persistent.  Corolla  urn-shaped, 
campanulate,  cylindric,  or  subglobose,  its  limb  4-5-toothed  or 
lobed.  Stamen^  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  lobes  of  the  corolla 
Anthers  awned  or  awnless,  upwardly  prolonged  into  tubes,  open- 
ing by  a  terminal  hole  or  slit  of  the  tubular  apex  of  each  cell. 
Ovary  4-5-celled,  or  8-10  celled  by  false  partitions  ;  ovules  several 
or  numerous  in  each  cell. 

§  1  Eu VACCINIUM  Gray.  Leaves  deciduous.  Flowers  on 
drooping  pedicels,  solitary  or  2-4  together,  developing  with  or 
soon  after  the  leaves.  Corolla  from  ovate  to  globular,  and  more 
or  less  urn-shaped,  4-5-toothed.  Filaments  glabrous :  anthers 
2-awned  on  the  back,  included.  Ovary  and  berry  4-5-celled, 
with  no  false  partitions. 

*  Leaves  quite  entire  and  usually  almost  sessile :  flowers  1-4  in  a 
fascicle  from  a  distinct  scaly  bud,  more  commonly  4-merou8  and  8-and- 
rous :  limb  of  the  calyx  deeply  4-5-parted. 


VACCiNiuM  VACCINIACEJE  411 

V»  nliginosum  L.  Sp.  350.  Glabrous  or  minutely  puberulent :  stem 
stiff,  much  branched,  6-  24  inches  high  :  leaves  thickish,  mostly  pale  or 
glancescent,  obovate  oval  or  oblong-cuneate,  obtuse  or  retuse,  reticulate- 
veiny  especially  beneath,  5-12  lines  long:  corolla  urn-shaped,  globular  or 
ovate,  solitary  or  2-4  together:  berries  dark  blue  with  a  bloom,  3-4  lines  in 
diameter,  sweet.  Summits  of  the  high  mountains  of  Oregon  to  Alaska  and 
across  the  Continent.    Also  in  northern  Europe  and  Asia. 

Var.  mucronatnm  Herder.  Depressed-cespitose :  leaves  small, 
bright  green  both  sides,  conspicuously  reticulated,  usually  roundish, 
abruptly  mucronate  or  cuspidate.  Along  the  coast,  southern  Oregon  to 
Alaska. 

V.  occidentale  Gray  Bot.  Cal.  i,  451.  Glabrous  shrub,  1-3  feet  high: 
leaves  rather  thin,  glaucescent,  obscurely  veiny,  from  oval  to  obovate-ob- 
long  or  oblanceolate,  obtuse  or  acutish,  6-9  lines  long:  flowers  mostly  soli- 
tary: corolla  oblong-ovate:  berries  email,  2-3  lines  in  diameter.  In  high- 
mountain  marshes,  Washington  to  California  and  Nevada. 

*  *    Flowers,  solitary  in  the  earliest  axils,  usually  5-merous  and 
10-androus :  calyx  less  deeply  or  very  slightly  lobed. 

•*-     Dwarf  and  cespitose :  branchlets  not  angled. 

V,  csespitosum  Michx.  Fl.  i,  234.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so  3-7  inches 
high :  leaves  from  obovate  to  cuneate-oblong,  obtuse  or  rarely  acutish  thick- 
ly serrulate,  bright  green  both  sides,  reticulate-veiny;  corolla  ovate  or 
ovoid-oblong :  berries  large,  blue  with  a  bloom,  sweet.  On  the  highest 
Mountains,  Washington  to  Alaska  and  across  the  Continent. 

Var.  cuneifolinm  Nutt.  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc,  viii,  262.  Stem  8-12 
inches  high,  bushy:  leaves  spatulate-cuneate  with  rounded  apex  to  spatu- 
late-lanceolate  and  acute,  the  earliest  not  rarely  entire.  Mountains  of  Brit. 
Columbia  to  California,  Colorado,  Utah  and  Lake  Superior. 

V.  arbuscula.  V.  csespitosum  var.  arhuscula  Gray.  Stem  erect,  6-18 
inches  high,  much  branched:  leaves  obovate,  5-7  lines  long,  thickish,  pale 
green :  corolla  oblong-ovoid :  berries  2-3  lines  in  diameter,  dark  blue  with 
a  bloom,  sweet.    In  open  pine  forests,  Alaska  to  California. 

■*-  ■*-    Low :  branches  sharply  angled  and  green  :  leaves  small. 

V.  Myrtillus  L.  Sp.  i,  349.  "A  foot  or  less  high,  glabrous:  leaves 
ovate  or  oval,  thiri,  shining,  serrate,  conspicuously  reticulated-veiny,  and 
with  a  prominent  narrow  midrib  (  in  ours  half  to  two-thirds  inch  long  ) : 
limb  of  calyx  almost  entire :  corolla  globular-ovate :  berries  black,  nodding. 
Alaska  to  Idaho  and  the  Rocky  Mountains.    Eu.,  Asia.  " 

V.  microphylluin*  V.  Myrtillus  var.  microphyllum  Hook.  Stem 
erect,  with  numerous  slender  strict  green  branches  and  branchlets,  3-18 
inches  high :  leaves  ovate  or  oval,  J-4  lines  long,  bright  green :  corolla  ovate, 
a  line  long :  berries  1-2  lines  in  diameter,  bright  red,  sweet.  On  the  high- 
est mountains,  Washington  to  CaUfornia  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

^  ^  ^     Mostly  tall  with  spreading  branches. 

V.  membranaceum  Dougl.  Hook.  Fl.  ii,  32.  F.  myrtilloides  Hook, 
not  of  Michx*  Glabrous  or  glabrate,  1-5  feet  high,  with  erect  slightly  an- 
gled branchlets :  leaves  ovate  or  oval  to  oblong,  sharply  serrulate,  mem- 
branaceous, green  both  sides  but  not  shining,  loosely  reticulate-veiny,  1-2 
inches  long,  the  larger  and  later  ones  mostly  acute  or  acuminate :  limb  of 
the  calyx  entire :  corolla  depressed-globular  or  semi-globose-urceolate :  ped- 
icels erect  in  fruit:  berries  3-4  lines  in  diameter,  purplish-black,  sweet. 
On  the  high  mountains,  Alaska  to  California,  and  east  to  Lake  Superior. 

Var.    risridam  Hook.    Branchlets  slightly  pubescent  and  more  com- 


TZ  VAeCINIACE^    '  vaocinium 

OXYCOCCUS 

pact:  leaves  rigid.    In  the  mountains  of  Brit.  Columbia  and  Washington 

V.  OTalifolium  Smith  in  Rees's  Cycl.  No.  2.  Glabrous  and  glaucescent, 
4-12  feet  high,  straggling :  branchlets  more  or  less  angled :  leaves  thin,  oval 
to  oblong,  mostly  obtuse  or  rounded  at  both  ends,  merely  mucronulate, 
entire,  or  with  a  few  irregular  serratures,  1-2  inches  long,  pale  and  glau-^ 
cescent:  limb  of  the  calyx  minutely  10-toothed:  corolla  ovoid-urceolate- 
pedicels  recurved  in  fruit:  berries  depressed-globose,  3-5  lines  in  diameter: 
blue  with  a  bloom,  acid  but  very  good.  Moist  woods,  Oregon  to  Alaska, 
Quebec  and  Michigan. 

V.  Alaskaensis,  Stem  erect,  2-12  feet  high,  with  erect  branches  and 
spreading  sharply  angled  branchlets:  leaves  thickish,  1-3  inches  long  when 
mature,  mostly  ovate  or  oblong,  not  rarely  acute  at  both  ends,  mucronu- 
late, on  very  short  petioles,  dark  green  above,  paler  beneath :  limb  of  the 
calyx  obscurely  10-toothed :  corolla  globular,  2  lines  long :  pedicels  nodding 
in  flower,  erect  in  fruit :  berries  black,  globular  4-6  lines  in  diameter,  acid 
but  fine  for  table  use.    In  the  Cascade  Mountains  of  Oregon  to  Alaska. 

V.  parvlfolium  Smith  1.  c.  8.  Stem  3-12  feet  high,  with  straggling 
angled  green  branches  and  branchlets :  leaves  oblong  or  oval,  obtuse  or 
rounded  at  both  ends,  3-8  lines  long,  entire,  pale  green,  dull  beneath,  often 
sparse :  limb  of  the  calyx  5-lobed :  corolla  globular :  pedicels  nodding  in 
fruit :  berries  bright  red,  acid,  but  fine  for  table  use.  Common  in  damp 
forests  west  of  the  Cascade  Mountains,  Oregon  to  Alaska. 

§  2  Vitis-Id^a  Koch.  Leaves  coriaceous  and  persistent. 
Flowers  in  short  racemes  or  clusters  from  separate  buds,  bracte- 
ate  and  2-bracteolate.  Stamens  with  hairy  filaments  and  awnless 
anthers. 

Y.  Vitis-Idaea  L,  Fl.  Dan.  t.  40.  Almost  glabrous :  branches  tufted, 
4-10  inches  high  from  creeping  stems :  leaves  crowded,  obovate  or  oval, 
emarginate,  shining  above,  pale  and  bristly  dark-dotted  beneath,  3-6  lines 
long,  the  margins  revolute,  entire  or  obscurely  serrulate :  flowers  crowded 
in  a  short  terminal  secund  and  nodding  bracteate  raceme,  4-merou8  and 
Sandrous :  bracts  reddish,  nearly  persistent:  limb  of  the  calyx  deeply  4- 
lobed :  corolla  white  or  rose-color,  oj)en-campanulate,  rather  deeply  4-lobed : 
berries  dark  red,  acid  and  bitterish,  edible  when  cooked.  In  marshes, 
northern  Washington  to  Alaska  and  across  the  continent. 

V.  ovatum  Pursh  Fl  i,  290.  Stems  erect  or  ascending,  2-8  feet  high, 
with  rather  rigid  branches ;  branchlets  pubescent :  leaves  thick  and  firm, 
srery  numerous,  trom  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  minutely  and  acute- 
ly serrate,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  bright  green  both  sides,  6-12  lines  iong : 
flowers  in  short  and  close  axillary  clusters :  bracts  and  bractlets  deciduous, 
usually  red :  corolla  campanulate  2  lines  long,  rose-color  or  nearly  white, 
barely  thrice  the  length  of  the  acute  red  calyx-lobes:  berries  black,  acid. 
In  moist  woods  near  the  coast,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California. 

2    OXYCOCCUS  Hill  British  Herbal,  324.    (Cbanberry.) 

Low  trailing  or  erect  shrubs  with  alternate  leaves,  and  axillary 
or  terminal  nodding  flowers  on  long  filiform  pedicels.  Calyx- 
tube  adherent  to  the  ovary,  the  limb  4-5 -cleft,  persistent.  Corolla 
4-5-parted,  with  long  narrow  rettexed  segments.  Stamens  8-10, 
the  distinct  filaments  puberulent  at  base.  Anthers  connivent 
into  a  cone,  awnless,  upwardly  prolonged  into  hollow  tubes  and 
opening  by  oblique  pores  at  the  top.  Ovary  4-5-celled,  destitute 
of  false  partitions.     Fruit  a  many-seeded  juicy  berry. 


oxYCoccDS  ERICACEiE  413 

0.  palustris  Pera.  Syn.  i,  419.  Vaccinium  oxycoccus  L.  Stems  very 
slender,  creeping,  rooting  at  the  nodes,  6-18  inches  long;  branches  erect  or 
ascending,  2-6  inches  high,  vjery  leafy :  leaves  thick,  evergreen,  ovate, 
acute  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  cordate  at  base  2-5  lines  long,  green  above, 
white  beneath,  the  margins  revolute,  entire :  flowers  1-5  in  a  fasicle  from 
terminal  thin-scaly  buds,  nodding  on  erect  long  filiform  2-bracteolate pedi- 
cels :  corolla  pink,  about  4  lines  broad,  cleft  nearly  to  the  base;  filaments 
fully  half  as  long  as  the  anthers:  berries  globose,  3-5  lines  in  diameter, 
often  spotted  when  young.  In  cold  bogs,  Oregon  to  and  around  (he  8ub- 
Arctic  Zone. 

Var.  iiitermediam.  Vaccinium  Oxycoccus  var.  intermedium  Gray. 
Leaves  from  ovate  to  oblong,  mostly  obtuse,'  3-6  lines  long :  flowers  strictly 
umbellate  from  the  scaly  bud,  but  this  not  rarely  proliferous  into  a  leafy 
shoot :  berries  3-5  lines  in  diameter.  Cold  bogs  in  the  Cascade  Mountains, 
Oregon  to  Brit.  Columbia. 

Order  LV.     ERICACE^  DC.  PL  Franc,  iii,  675. 

Shrubs  trees  or  herbs  with  simple  leaves  without  stipules, 
and  mostly  perfect  flowers.  Calyx  inferior,  free  from  the  ovary, 
4-5-parted  or  4-5-cleft,  mostly  persistent.  Corolla  regular,  or 
rarely  somewhat  irregular,  usually  4:-5-toothed  or  4-5-lobed. 
Stamens  hypogynous,  usually  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as 
lobes  or  divisions  of  the  corolla :  filaments  mostly  separate  and 
free  or  nearly  free  from  the  corolla :  anthers  2-celled,  the  cells 
often  prolonged  upwardly  into  tubes,  opening  by  terminal  pores 
or  chinks,  or  longitudinally,  often  awned :  the  pollen  composed 
of  4  united  grains.  Ovary  2-5-celled  with  placentae  in  the 
axis,  the  ovules  usually  numerous,  sometimes  solitary,  anatro- 
pous:  style  single:  stigma  peltate  or  capitate.  Fruit  a  capsule 
berry  or  drupe.     Embryo  small  or  minute,  in  fleshy  albumen. 

Tribe  i,  Arbute^e  Fruit  a  berry  or  berry-like  drupe.  Corolla 
4-5-toothed.  deciduous. 

1  Arbutus    Ovary  5-celled,  many-ovuled:  fruit  a  many-seeded  berry. 

2  Arctostaphylos    Ovary  5-10-celled,  with  a  single  ovule  in  each  cell : 

fruit  a  5-10-8eeded  drupe,  or  by  abortion  3-9-seeded. 

Tribe  ii,  ANDROMEDEiE  Fruit  a  loculicidal,  chiefly  5-celled 
and  many-seeded  capsule.    Corolla  usually  5-toothed,  deciduous. 

*    Calyx  becoming  fleshy  and  berry-like  in  fruit,  enclosing  the  small 
capsule. 

3  Gaultheria     Corolla  campanulate  and  5-lobed,  or  urceolate,  5-toothed. 

*  *    Calyx  remaining  dry  under  the  naked  capsule. 

4  Andromeda    Low  shrubs  with  moderately  broad  leaves :  calyx  valvate 

or  open  in  bud :  corolla  from  globular-urceolate  to  cylindraceous :  cap- 
sule 5-celled. 

5  Cassiope    Small  fruticulose  plants  with  small  thick  or  acerose  mostly 

imbricated  leaves :  calyx  of  ovate  imbricated  sepals :  corolla  open-cam- 
panulate,  4-5-lobed  or  parted  :  capsule  4-5-valved,  the  valves  2-lobed. 

Tribe  iii,  Rhodore^.  Fruit  a  septicidal  capsule,  the  valves 
in  dehiscence  separating  frcwu  the  persistent  placentiferous  col- 


414  ERICACE^. 


ARBUTUS 


umella.     Corolla  deciduous,its  lobes  or  petals  imbricated  in  bud. 

*  Anthers  opening  by  a  pore  or  chink  at  the  apex  of  each  cell. 

+-  Corolla  gamopetalous :  seal)-  leaf-buds  none :  flowers  from  the 
axils  of  mostly  coriaceo-foliaceous  persistent  bracts :  capsule  globular, 
4-5-valved  from  above. 

6  Phyllodoce    Leaves  narrow  and  imbricated :  corolla  ovoid. 

7  Bryaiithus    Leavs  narrow,  alternate  but  crowded :  corolla  open-cam- 

panulate,  5-lobed  or  parted. 

8  Kalmia    Leaves  comparatively  broad  and  ample,  persistent :  corolla 

saucer-shaped,  5-lobed  and  10-saccate  below  the  limb. 

•♦-  +-  Flower-buds  scaly-strobilaceous,  the  thin  or  scarious  scales 
caducous  or  deciduous :  corolla  gamopetalous :  capsule  4-5-valved  from 
apex  to  base. 

9  Menziesia     Shrubs  with  deciduous  leaves:  corolla  from    globular- 
urceolate  to  cylindraceous,  4-toothed  or  lobed :  stamens  not  exserted. 

10  Azaleastrnm  Shrubs  with  deciduous  leaves:  corolla  subcampanulate, 
regular,  5-lobed :  stamens  not  exserted. 

11  Azalea    Shrubs  with  deciduous  leaves :  corolla  funnelform,  slightly 
irregular :  stamens  exserted. 

12  Rhododendron    Shrubs  with  evergreen  leaves :  corolla  campanulate, 
slightly  irregular. 

•<-+--«-     Corolla  polypetalous  or  very  nearly  so. 

13  Lednm    Shrubs  with  evergreen  leaves :  flowers  umbellate  from  sepa- 
rate scaly  buds:  capsule  5-valved  from  the  base. 

*  *  Anthers  opening  from  the  apex  nearly  or  quite  to  the  base  of 
the  cell :  corolla  of  distinct  petals  or  deeply  5-cleft :  capsule  2-5-valved 
from  above. 

14  Cladothamnns    Erect  shrubs  with  deciduous  leaves :  flowers  from 
leafy  shoots  of  the  season,  solitary :  capsule  5-6-celled. 

Tribe  1  Arhuteas  DC.  vii  581,  Trees  or  shrubs  with  scaly  buds 
and  alternate  evergreen  leaves.  Corolla  urn- shaped  or  globular, 
5-tooihed  or  rarely  4'loothed,  deciduous.  Stamens  twice  as  many 
as  lobes  of  the  corolla,  included.     Fruit  fleshy,  either  a  berry  or  drupe. 

1    ARBUTUS  L.  Gen.  n.  552.     (madrono). 

Low  trees  or  shrubs  with  thick  evergreen  leaves  and  small  pink 
or  white  flowers  in  panicles  that  terminate  the  branchlets.  Calyx 
small,  5-lobed,  persistent.  Corolla  ovate,  globular,  or  urn-shaped, 
5-toothed,  the  teeth  recurved.  Stamens  10,  included :  anthers 
flattened,  furnished  with  a  pair  of  reflexed  awns  on  the  back  be- 
low the  summit;  the  cells  opening  by  terminal  pores.  Ovary 
raised  on  a  hypogynous  disk,  5-celled :  ovules  numerous  on  a 
fleshy  placentae  projecting  from  the  inner  angle  of  each  cell. 
Style  rather  long :  stigma  obtuse.  Berries  with  a  rough  or  gran- 
ular surface,  maturing  several  seeds  in  each  cell. 

A,    Menziesii  Pursh.  Hook.  Fl.  ii,    36.    A  tree  20-100  feet  high,  and 


AtotOSTAPHYLO  8  ERCICE^  415 

a  trunk  6-30  inches  in  diameter :  bark  close  and  smooth  by  exfoliation,  on 
large  trees  becoming  rough  near  the  base,  turning  brownish-red :  leaves 
oval  or  oblong,  entire  or  serrulate,  green  with  more  or  less  red  veins  above, 
pale  and  finely  reticulated  beneath,  3-5  inches  long  by  1-3  inches  broad, 
firm-coriaceous:  branches  of  the  panicle  minutely  pubescent:  calyx-lobes 
broadly  ovate,  about  a  line  long:  corolla  globular,  3-5  lines  long:  berries 
somewhat  drupaceous,  reddish-orange,  3-5  lines  in  diameter  On  dry  hill- 
sides, Vancouver  Island  to  southern  California :  west  of  the  Cascade  Mts. 

2    ARCTOSTAPYLOS  Adans.  Fam.  PL  ii,  165.     (Manz4nita.) 

Shrubs  or  small  trees  with  alternate  broad  coriaceous  evergreen 
leaves  which  are  usually  vertical  by  a  twist  of  the  petiole,  and 
small  white  to  light  red  flowers  in  terminal,  usually  pendulous, 
racemes  or  panicles.  Pedicels  bracteate  and  bracteolate.  Calyx 
deeply  5-parted.  Corolla  urn-shaped,  with  4  or  5  recurved  lobes. 
Stamens  8  or  10;  filaments  dilated  and  hairy  at  base;  anthers 
with  2  reflexed  awns  on  the  back,  the  cells  opening  by  a  hole  at 
the  top.  Ovary  4-10-celled,  with  a  single  pendulous  ovule  in 
each  cell,  in  fruit  becoming  a  4-10-celled,  and  by  abortion,  1-7- 
seeded  stone  or  patumen,  or  the  cells  distinct  or  more  or  less  co- 
alescent  at  the  ventral  edge.  Seeds  with  a  slender  erect  radical 
and  small  cotyledons  in  fleshy  albumen. 

*  Depressed  and  trailing  or  creeping,  green,  glabrous  or  minutely 
pubescent,  no  bristly  hairs :  flowers  rather  few  in  simple  small  clusters : 

'    ovary  and  fruit  glabrous:  nutlets  1-nerved  on  the  l»ack. 

A.  Uva-ursi  Spreng.  Syat.  ii,  287.  (  Kinnikinic.  )  Diffusely  much 
branched  and  rooting  at  the  nodes,  forming  depressed  patches  several  feet 
in  diameter  from  a  single  main  root:  leaves  oblong-spatulate,  obtuse  or  re- 
tuse,  an  inch  or  less  long,  tapering  into  a  short  petiole,  bracts  ovate,  acute, 
somewhat  foliaceous:  flowers  few,  in  short  racemes,  white;  corolla  ovoid, 
constricted  at  the  throat,  about  2  lines  long :  drupe  globose,  red,  glabrous, 
3-5  lines  in  diameter,  containing  5  coalescent  nutlets.  In  open  woods, 
California  to  the  Arctic  Circle  and  across  the  Continent. 

A.  intermedia  Greene  Pitt,  ii,  171.  Diffusely  branching,  the  main 
divisions  of  the  stem  procumbent,  a  foot  or  two  long ;  leafy  branches  as- 
cending or  erect,  less  than  a  foot  high :  leaves  obovate-cuneiform,  about  an 
inch  long,  obtuse,  puberulent  beneath:  racemes  terminal,  subsessile,  few- 
flowered  :  fruit  globoBe,  slightly  depressed,  3-4  lines  in  diameter ;  nutlets 
5-7,  firmly  consolidated.   On  dry  gravelly  ground.  Mason  Co.  Washington. 

A.  Nevadensis  Gray  Syn.  Fl.  ii,  27.  Stems  loosely  branching  from 
the  base,  the  branches  decumbent,  1-2  feet  long:  leaves  ovate  or  oval  to 
lanceolate-spatulate,  cuspidate-mucronate,  abruptly  petioled,  6-12  lines 
long :  racemes  few-flowered :  corolla  white,  oblong,  2-4  lines  long :  drupes 
dull  red,  3-4  lines  in  diameter:  nutlets  mostly  separate.  On  the  high 
mountains,  Washington  to  California. 

*  *    Erect  low  shrubs :  leaves  at  most  an  inch  long :  flowers  on  short, 
mostly  clustered,  racemes  or  spikes,  only  a  line  or  two  long. 

A.  hispidula.  Stems  4-6  feet  high,  with  very  dark  colored  bark, 
rather  strictly  branched ;  branchlets  glandular-hispidulous,  very  leafy : 
leaves  oblong  or  oblong-ovate  or  some  oblong-lanceolate,  with  indistinct 
cartilaginous  margins  acute  at  both  ends,  cuspidate,  green  and  glabrous, 
with  round  pubescent  petioles:  bracts  glabrous,  triangular  with  a  very 
broad  base,  acuminate,  not  foliaceous :  pedicels  glabrous,  longer  than  the 


416  EKIOACEuE  arctostaphylos 

bracts:  corolla  rose-color,  2-3  lines  long:  filaments  sparingly  hairy»:  ovary 
glabrous :  fruit  not  seen.  On  bottom  lands  along  Smith  river  at  GaSque 
Del  Norte  Co.  California:  no  doubt  in  adjacent  Oregon.  , 

A.  intricata.  Stem  erect,  3-6  feet  high  with  very  dark-colored  bark, 
irregularly  and  intricately  branched,  th6  branchlets  tbmentose  and  gliand- 
ular :  leaves  oblong  to  ovatei  acute  and  cuspidate,  usually  abruptly  con- 
tracted below  to  a  short  glandular-hispid  petiole,  bright  green,  minutely 
tomentose,  the  margins  ciliate:  bracts  acuminate-ovate  with  a  broad  base, 
hispid-ciliate,  somewhat  foliaceous:  pedicels  very  short,  glandular:  corolla 
bright  rose-color,  about  3  lines  long :  filaments  loosely  hairy :  ovary  dense- 
ly tomentose:  fruit  not  seen.  On  otony  hillsides  near  Smith  river  west  of 
Gasque,  Del  Norte  Co.  California;  no  doubt  in  adjacent  Oregon. 

A.  cinerea.  Erect,  3-6  feet  high,  densely  branched  from  the  base, 
with  rather  light-colored  bark  and  cinereous  branchlets:  leaves  oblong 
or  obovate,  obtuse  or  acutisli  to  acute,  cuspidate,  whitish-green,  tapering 
below  to  a  stout  flat  cinereous  petiole,  smooth :  bracts  not  foliaceous,  acu- 
minate-lan(!eolate  with  a  broad  base,  minutely  cinereous ;  pedicels  longer 
than  the  bracts,  minutely  tomentose:  corolla  dark  rose-color  to  nearly 
white :  filaments  densely  hairy :  ovary  hairy  at  the  top :  fruit  globose,  flat- 
ened  at  each  end:  some  of  the  nutlets  coalescent.  Rocky  liillsides  along 
the  eastern  base  of  the  Coast  Mountains  near  Waldo,  Oregon. 

*  *  *  Erect  shrubs  or  low  trees:  leaves  1-3  inches  long:  flowers  3-4 
lines  long,  on  short  clustered  racemes:  drupes  obcompressed-globose : 
some  of  the  nutlets  coalescent. 

A.  oblongifolia.  Densely  branching  from  the  base,  with  reddish- 
brown  bark  and  cinereous  branchlets,  4-6  feet  high :  leaves  oblong  or  the 
lowest  obovate,  obtuse,  cuspidate,  usually  abruptly  contracted  below  to  a 
rather  long  round  petiole,  whitish-green,  smooth :  bracts  somewhat  folia- 
ceous, acuminate-lanceolate  with  a  broad  base,  minutely  pubescent:  pedi- 
cels longer  than  the  bracts,  minutely  pubescent  and  sparingly  glandular : 
corolla  white  tinged  with  red  :  filaments  very  sparingly  if  at  all  hairy  :  ovary 
pubescent  at  the  top.  Rocky  hillsides,  eastern  base  of  the  Coast  Mountains 
near  Waldo,  Oregon. 

A.  parvifolia.  Stems  branching  from  the  base,  with  light  reddish 
bark  and  minutely  white-tomentbse  branchlets:  leaves  small,  oblong  or 
cuneate-oblong,  obtuse  or  acutish,  minutely  cuspidate,  whitish-green,  on 
flattish  petioles :  bracts  triangular,  short-acuminate,  minutely  pubescent : 
pedicels  not  longer  than  the  lower  bracts,  minutely  pubescent:  filatnents 
sparingly  hairy:  ovary  glabrous.  On  the  high  hills  near  Andersons,  Jose- 
phine Co.  Oregon. 

A.  pulchella.  Arborescent,  6-12  feet  high,  branching  from  the  base, 
with  dark -colored  bark  and  minutely  pubescent  branchlets :  leaves  ob- 
ovate to  oblong,  obtuse,  obscurely  mucronate,  smooth,  cinereous-green : 
bracts  acuminate-ovate  with  a  very  broad  base,  minutely  pubescent :  ped- 
icels much  longer  than  the  bracts,  sparingly  glandular:  filaments  slightly 
hairy :  ovary  glabrous.    On  the  mountains  of  Josephine  Co.  Oregon. 

A.  viscida  Parry  Proc.  Cal.  Acad,  ii,  496.  Arborescent,  intricately 
branched  from  the  base,  with  dark  colored  bark  and  glabrous  branchlets: 
leaves  orbicular  to  ovate  or  oblong,  acutish  to  rounded  at  the  aqex,  with 
or  without  a  small  cusp,  ashy-green  and  glabrous :,  bracts  broadly  triangu- 
lar, shortly  acuminate:  pedicels  much  longer  than  the  bracts,  densely 
viscid-glandular:  filaments  densely  hairy:  ovary  glabrous.  Common  in 
Josephine  and  Jackson  Counties  Oregon  and  adjacent  California. 

A.  Manzanita  Parry  1.  c.  ?.  Arborescent,  6-10  feet  high,  with  reddish 
brown   bark  and  the  young  branchlets   black-glandular:  leaves  ovate  to 


ARCTOSTAPHYLOS  ERICACE^  417 

GAULTHERIA 

obovate,  obtuse  or  acutish,  usually  abruptly  contracted  below  to  a  slender 
petiole,  not  at  all  cuspidate,  glabrou8,'dark  green  both  sides :  bracts  acu- 
minate-lanceolate, green  and  glandular:  pedicels  shorter  than  the  bracts, 
glabrous:  filaments  tomentose:  ovary  glabrous.  Top  of  the  Siskiyou 
Mountains  and  southward. 

A.  bracteata.  Strictly  branched  from  the  base,  4-6  feet>igh,  with 
tomentose  branchlets  :  leaves  oblong,  obtuse,  obscurely  cuspidjrte,  minutely 
tomentose,  contracted  below  to  a  flattish  petiole :  bracts  foliaceous,  Janceo- 
late :  pedicels  pubescent,  shorter  than  the  bracts :  filaments  and  ovary 
densely  hairy.    Near  Waldo,  Josephine  Co.  Oregon. 

A,  strigosa.  Erect  and  loosely  branching,  8-10  feet  high,  with  dense- 
ly white-tomentose  branchlets :  leaves  oblong  or  ovate,  obscurely  cuspidate, 
usually  rounded  at  the  apex,  minutely  white-tomentose,  light  green,  ab- 
ruptly contracted  below  to  a  round  petiole :  bracts  foliaceous,  lanceolate, 
strigose  pubescent:  pedicels  shorter  than  the  bracts,  pubescent:  filaments 
sparingly  hairy :  ovary  densely  pubescent.  In  the  mountains  of  Josephine 
Co.  Oregon. 

A»  toineutosa  Dougl.  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1791.  Erect,  2-10  feet  high 
with  tomentose  and  setose-hispid  branchlets :  leaves  oblong-ovate  or  oblong, 
acute  and  cuspidate,  densely  tomentose,  contracted  below  to  a  short  setose- 
hispid  and  tomentose  petiole :  bracts  foliaceous,  narrowly  lanceolate,  to- 
mentose and  ciliate :  pedicels  shorter  than  the  bracts,  tomentose :  filaments 
sparingly  hairy :  ovary  densely  tomentose.  Rocky  and  sandy  places,  Brit. 
Columbia  to  Oregon  and  perhaps  farther  south. 

Tribe  ii,  Andromedeae  DC.  Prodr.  vii,  588.  Shrubs  with  chiefly 
alternate  evergreen  leaves.  Corolla  gamopetatous,  deciduous.  Sta- 
mens twice  as  many  as  lobes  of  the  corolla ^  more  or  less  included. 
Anthers  opening  at  the  top.  Fruit  a  loculicidal  chiefly  5 -celled  and 
many-seeded  capsule,  the  valves  usually  bearing  the  partitions,  which 
separate  from  the  persistent  placentiferons  axis  or  columella. 

3    GAULTHERIA  L.  Gen.  n.  551. 

Shrubs  or  undershrubs  with  broad  evergreen  leaves,  and  small 
nodding  flowers  either  solitary  in  the  axils,  or  in  axillary  racemes. 
Calyx  5-cleft  or  lobed,  persistent.  Corolla  urn-shaped  to  cam- 
panulate.  Stamens  10  :  filaments  dilated  toward  the  base:  anther- 
cells  usually  2-pointed  or  2-awned,  and  opening  by  a  pore  at  the 
top.  Capsule  5-celled,  depressed  and  umbilicate,  many-seeded, 
enclosed  at  maturity  in  the  calyx,  which  enlarges  and  becomes 
fleshy  and  berry  like  after  the  corolla  falls. 

*    Corolla  short-campanulate,  5-lobed :  filaments  glabrous :  apex  of 
the  anthers  obscurely  4-pointed. 

G.  Myrsinites  Hook.  Fl.  ii,  35,  t.  129.  Cespitose-procumbent  or  de- 
pressed, glabrous,  the  flowering  branches  1-5  inches  long :  leaves  oval  or 
rounded,  mostly  only  half-inch  long:  pedicels  solitary  in  the  axiles,  very 
short,  3-5-bracteolate :  corolla  depressed-campanulate,  little  surpassing  the 
calyx :  fruit  scarlet,  2-3  lines  in  diameter.  In  forests  on  the  high  moun- 
tain?,  Washington  to  California  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

G.  ovatifolia  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xix,  84.  Depressed-trailing  with 
ascending  branches,  with  some  at  length  rusty  hairs,  at  least  on  the  calyx  : 
leaves  broadly  ovate,  or  even  subcordate,  the  largest  an  inch  and  a  half 
long,  serrulate,  dark  green  and  shinmg ;   corolla  campanulate,   twice  the 


418  ERICACEAE  andromeda 

CASSIOPE 

length  of  the  calyx-lobes :  pedicels  solitary  in  the  axils,  usually  4-bracteo- 
late :  fruit  scarlet.    Cascade  Mountains,  Oregon  to  Brit.  Columbia. 

*  *    Corolla  ovate  or  urceolate,  5-toothed :  filaments  hairy :  anthers 
4-awned  at  the  summit. 

G.  Shallon  Pursh  Fl.  i,  284,  t.  12.  (salal)  Shrubby,  1-6  feet  high, 
with  rather  stout  spreading  stems :  branches,  pedicels  and  even  the  corollas 
glandular-hairy  or  pubescent:  leaves  ovate  to  cordate,  often  acuminate, 
strongly  serrulate,  1-4  inches  long :  flowers  in  open  bracteate  many-flowered 
secund  ra'jemes,  from  axillary  and  terminal  chartaceous-acaly  buds :  ped- 
icels 2-bracteolate  below  the  middle :  corolla  urn-shaped,  3-5  lines  long, 
5-toothed,  viscid :  fruit  black,  3-6  lines  in  diameter,  edible.  Very  common 
in  forests,  Alaska  to  California. 

4    ANDROMEDA  L.  Sp.  393. 

Low  shrubs  with  coriaceous,  linear  or  oblong  evergreen  leaves, 
and  small  white  to  flesh-colored  flowers  in  terminal  umbels. 
Calyx  deeply.  5- parted,  persistent  but  not  becoming  fleshy  in  fruit. 
Corolla  globose-urceolate,  5-toothed,  the  teeth  recurved.  Stamens 
10,  included ;  filaments  hairy;  anthers  attached  to  the  filaments 
at  about  the  middle,  ovate,  obtuse,  the  cells  opening  by  large  ter- 
minal pores,  each  with  a  recurved  awn.  Ovary  5-celled.  Cap- 
sule subglobose,  5-angled,  the  top  intruded,  loculicidally  5-valved, 
many-seeded.  Placenta  borne  near  the  top  of  the  columella,  the 
seeds  spreading  in  all  directions. 

A.  polifolia  L.  1.  c.  Stem  6-18  inches  high,  simple  or  branched: 
leaves  tirm-coriaceous,  glabrous  and  glaucous,  linear  to  lanceolate-oblong, 
with  strongly  revolute  margins,  white  beneath  :  flowers  in  a  small  termin- 
al umbel :  pedicels  from  the  axils  of  ovate  persistent  scaly  bracts,  ijaked : 
calyx  small,  deeply  5-parted,  early  open;  corolla  globose-urceolate,  3-4 
lines  long:  anthers  short,  each  cell  surmounted  by  a  slender  ascending 
awn:  seeds  smooth  and  shining.  Wet  bogs,  northern  Washington  to 
Alaska  and  across  the  Continent. 

5    CASSIOPE  D.  Don  Edinb.  New  Phil.  Journ.  xvii,  157. 

Fruticulose  evergreens  with  small  or  minute  imbricated  or 
crowded,  entire  and  veinless,  often  opposite  or  whorled  leaves 
and  solitary  flowers  nodding  on  the  summits  of  erect  naked  pedi- 
cels.. Calyx  ebracteolate,  of  4  or  5  imbricated  sepals  that  are 
thickened  at  base.  Corolla  open-campanulate,  4-  or  5-lobed  or 
parted.  Anthers  short,  attached  nearly  by  their  summits,  the 
cells  each  opening  by  a  large  terminal  pore,  and  tipped  by  a 
slender  recurved  awn.  Style  thickened  at  base,  or  conical  Pla- 
centae many-ovuled,  pendulous  from  the  summit  of  the  short 
columella.  Capsule  globose  or  ovoid,  dry,  loculicidally  4-  or  5- 
valved,  the  valves  2-cleft.     Seeds  minute,  with  a  thin  close  coat. 

C.  Stelleriana  DC.  Prodr.  vii,  610.  Diffusely  spreading :  leaves  ob- 
long-linear, obtuse,  widely  spreading,  flattish,  obscurely  serrulate,  2-3  lines 
long:  peduncle  terminal,  very  short:  corolla  4-  or  5-parted  :  style  conical. 
Washington  to  Alaska. 

C.  lycopodioides  Don  1.  c.  Stems  filiform,  very  low  and  creeping: 
leaves  barely  a  line  long,  roundish  on  the  back,  not  ciliate,  closely  imbri- 


PHYLLODOCE  ERICACEAE  419 

BRYANTHDS 

cated  in  4  ranks :  pedicels  filiform:  corolla  5-lobed:  style  slender,  slightly 
thickened  downward.  In  the  Blue  Mountains  of  Oregon  to  the  Aleutian 
Islands  and  Siberia. 

C«  Mertensiana  Don  1.  c.  Rather  stout,  with  rigid  ascending  stems 
and  fastigiate  branches,  a  foot  or  less  high  :  leaves  1-2  lines  long,  glabrous, 
carinate  and  not  furrowed  on  the  back,  imbricated  in  four  ranks  :  pedicels 
'■ather  short :  corolla  5-lobed :  style  slender,  slightly  thickened  downward. 
On  the  highest  mountains,  California  to  Alaska  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

C.  tetragona  Don  1.  c.  Stems  erct  or  ascending  4-12  inches  high, 
with  fastigiate  branches :  leaves  1-2  lines  long,  thick  and  with  a  deep  fur- 
row on  the  back,  imbricated  in  four  ranks,  often  pubescent  when  young: 
flowers  sometimes  four-merous :  peduncles  5-12  lines  long :  style  slender, 
slightly  thickfened  below.  Higher  parts  of  the  Cascade  Mountains  in 
Oregon  to  the  Arctic  regions  and  across  the  Continent. 

Tribe  3,  Rhodoreae  Don.  Corolla  deciduous^  its  lobes  or  petals 
imbricated  in  the  bud.  Anthers  without  awns  or  appendages.  Stig- 
ma not  rarely  surrounded  by  a  ring  or  border.  Fruit  a  septicidal 
capsule:  the  valves  {in  ours)  in  dehiscence  separating  from  the  per- 
sistent placentiferous  columella. 

*    Anthers  opening  by  a  pore  or  chink  at  the  apex  of  each  cell, 

-*-■  Flowers  from  the  axils  of  coriaceo-foliaceous  persistent  bracts^ 
or  rarely  from  those  of  ordinary  leaves.  Corolla  gamopetalous. 
Filaments  and  style  filiform.  Capsule  globular,  4-  or  5-valved 
from  above. 

6    PHYLLODOCE  Salisb.  Parad.  Lond.  t.  36. 

Low  branching  more  or  less  glandular  shrubs  with  small  linear 
evergreen  leaves  and  white  to  purple  or  blue  flowers  in  terminal 
umbels.  Pedicels  brae  ted  at  the  base.  Calyx  5- parted,  persist- 
ent. Corolla  ovoid,  contracted  at  the  throat,  5-toothed,  Stam- 
ens 10,  included:  filaments  filiform;  anthers  attached  by  their 
backs,  oblong,  obtuse,  the  cells  opening  by  terminal  oblique  chinks. 
Ovary  5-celled ;  ovules  numerous  ;  style  filiform,  included ;  stigma 
obscurely  5-lobed  or  capitate.  Capsule  subglobose  or  globose- 
oblong,  5-valved  to  about  the  middle.  Seeds  minute,  the  testa 
coriaceous. 

P.  glanduliflora.  BryanthuH  glanduUflorus  Gray.  Stems  rather  rig- 
id, fastigiately  branched,  3-12  inches  high  :  leaves  numerous  and  crowded 
but  somewhat  spreading,  linear- oblong,  obtuse,  3-6  lines  long,  thick,  with 
a  white  line  through  the  centre  below  and  a  deep  furrow  above,  narrowed 
at  base  to  a  short  petiole,  the  margins  thick  and  scabrous :  pedicels  6-12 
lines  long,  glandular-hirsute :  sepals  lanceolate,  acutish  to  acuminate  2 
lines  long,  glandular -hirsute:  corolla  yellowish,  ovoid,  3-4  lines  long, 
the  short  lobes  glabrous.  On  rocky  banks  and  cliffs  near  perpetual  snow, 
Oregon  to  Alaska  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

7    BRYANTHUS  Gmel.  Fl.  Siber.  iv,  132. 

Small  evergreen  shrubs  with  much  crowded,  linear  alternate 
leaves  and  showy  rose-color  to  purple  flowers  umbellate  or  racem- 
ose-crowded at  the  ends  of  the  branches.     Calyx  4-6-toothed  or 


420  ERICACEAE  ;      kalmia 

MBNZIESIA 

parted,  persistent  Corolla  campanulate,  4--6-lobed,  the  lobes 
short,  recurved,  simply  imbricated  in  bud.  Stamens  8-12  :  fil- 
aments filiform :  anthers  oblong,  opening  by  oblique  chinks  at 
the  top.  Capsule  subglobose,  4-6-celled.  Seeds  small,  with  a 
firm  coat. 

B.  empetriformis  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  vii,  377.  Densely  much 
branched  from  the  base,  1-2  feet  high,  often  forming  clumps  1-3  feet  in 
diameter:  leaves  3-7  lines  long,  with  strongly  revolute  thickened  and 
rough  margins:  pedicels  several,  somewhat  umbellate,  subtended  by 
foliaceous  and  rigid  bracts:  corolla  rose-color,  2-4  lines  long,  campanulate, 
barely  5-lobed,  the  lobes  much  shorter  than  the  tube:  stamens  included. 
On  the  highest  mountains,  northern  California  to  Vancouver  Island  and 
the  Rocky  Mountains. 

8    KALMIA  L.  Gen.  n.  545. 

Shrubs  with  entire  evergreen  coriaceous  leaves  and  umbellate 
clustered  or  rarely  scattered  showy  flowers.  Calyx  5 -parted  or 
of  5  sepals,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Corolla  saucer-shaped,  with 
a  short  narrow  tube,  5-lobed  and  10-saccate  below  the  limb,  which 
is  strongly  10-carinate  in  the  bud  from  the  pouches  upward,  the 
salient  keels  running  to  the  summit  of  the  lobes  and  sinuses,  the 
limb  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  10 ;  the  short  anthers  free 
and  on  erect  filaments  in  the  early  bud,  in  the  full  grown  bud 
received  in  the  pouches  of  the  corolla  and  the  filaments  bent  over 
as  the  corolla  enlarges  and  still  more  when  it  expands,  straight- 
ening elastically  and  incurving  when  disengaged,  thereby  throw- 
ing out  the  pollen.  Anther-cells  opening  by  a  large  pore;  some- 
times extending  into  a  chink.  Stigma  depressed.  Capsule  glob- 
ular, 5-celled,  tardily  septicidal.  Placentae  pendulous  or  porrect 
from  the  upper  part  of  the  small  columella.  Seeds  with  a  thin 
and  mostly  close  coat. 

K.  glauca  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  ii,  64,  t.  8.  Shrub  6-18  inches  high: 
glabrous  throughout  and  mostly  glaucous :  leaves  all  oi)posite,  or  rarely  in 
threes,  almost  sessile,  ovate  to  linear-oblong,  or  appearing  narrower  by  the 
usually  strong  revolution  of  the  margins,  dark  green  above,  glaucous  white 
beneath,  6-20  lines  long:  flowers  in  terminal  fascicles,  lilac-purple,  6-8 
lines  in  diameter ;  bracts  large ;  sepals  ovate,  scarious-margined,  much  im- 
bricated, persistent.  In  marshes  near  the  coast,  Oregon  to  Alaska  and 
across  the  Continent. 

Var,  microphylla  Hook.  Fl.  ii,  41.  Stems  6-1 2 inches  high:  leaves 
oval  barely  half-inch  long:  flowers  only  2-6  in  the  clusters,  smaller. 
High  mountain  marshes,  California  to  Brit.  Columbia. 

-*-  -«-  Buds  scaly-strobilaceous;  the  thin  or  scarious  scales  cadu- 
cous or  deciduous.  Calyx  often  much  reduced  or  obsolete.  Corolla 
gamopetalous.  Capsule  4-  or  5-valved  from  apex  to  base.  Seeds 
mostly  scobiform^  having  the  loose  coat  produced  or  appendaged  at 
both  ends. 

9    MENZIESIA  Smith  Incon.  Ined.  iii.  t.'36, 

Shrubs  with  alternate  deciduous  leaves  and  small,  mostly  dull- 


MENZIE8IA  ERICACEAE  421 

AZALEASTRUM 

colored  flowers  on  nodding  pedicels,  developed  at  the  same  time 
as  the  leaves  from  separate  strobilaceous  buds  that  terminate  the 
branches  of  the  preceding  year.  Cal3^x  bristly-hirsute,  usually 
4-lobed.  Corolla  from  globular-urceolate  to  cylindraceous,  4-tooth- 
ed  or  lobed.  Stamens  not  exserted,  usually  8:  filaments  subulate : 
anthers  mostly  linear-sagittate,  the  cells  opening  by  an  oblique 
pore  or  short  chink.  Style  not  exserted  :  stigma  truncate.  Cap- 
sule short.  Placentae  attached  to  the  whole  length  of  the  short 
columella. 

M.  ferrnginea  Smith  1.  c.  Erect  straggling  shrub  6-8  feet  high  with 
strigose  chaffy  ferruginous  scales  on  the  young  parts:  leaves  oblong  or  lance- 
olate-obovate,  acute  or  acutish  at  both  ends,  prominently  glandular,  mu- 
cronate,  ciliate  with  glandular  bristles,  rusty  strigose-hirsute  above,  merely 
pale  beneath:  pedicels  bristly-glandular:  corolla  oblong-ovate,  becoming  cyl- 
indraceous: filaments  glabrous:  capsule  ovate:  seeds  merely  apiculate,  or  very 
short  tai  ed.     In  the  high  mountains  and  along  the  coast;  Oregon  to  Alaka. , 

M.  glabella  Gray  Syn.  Fl.  ii,  39.  Erect  shrub  6-8  feet  high,  without 
strigose  chaffy  scales,  or  very  few  on  the  young  petioles  and  midrib  beneath: 
leaves  obovate,  mostly  obtuse,  barely  mucronate-tipped,  glaucescent  and 
glabrous  or  nearly  so  beneath,  sprinkled  with  some  small  appressed  hairs 
above,  an  inch  long,  the  obscm-ely  serrulate  margins  minutely  ciliolate:  pedi- 
cels naked  or  somewhat  glandular:  corolla  ovoid-campanulate:  filaments 
more  or  less  ciliate  below:  capsule  oblong  or  ovoid,  erect,  smooth  and  naked 
or  nearly  so:  seeds  with  appendages  at  each  end  as  long  as  the  nucleus. 
In  damp  forests,  Oregon  to  Brit.  Columbia  and  east  to  Lake  Superior, 

10    AZALEASTRUM 
RHODODENDRON  §  AZALEASTRUM  Maxim. 

Shrubs  with  thin  deciduous  leaves,  and  rather  large  white  or 
light-colored  flowers.  Inflorescence  lateral,  the  flowers  from 
separate  1-3-flowered  lateral  buds  below  the  leaves.  Bud-scales 
caducous.  Calyx  5-parted,  the  divisions  more  or  less  foliaceous, 
persistent.  Corolla  almost  rotate,  regular.  5-lobed.  Stamens 
10,  not  declined:  filaments  filiform  :  anthers  erect,  opening  by  a 
hole  at  the  apex  of  each  cell.  Style  filiform:  stigma  capitate. 
Capsule  5-valved  from  the  summit.  Seeds  numerous  and  small, 
with  a  loose  chaff'-like  coat.  ' 

A.  albiflornm.  Rhododendron  alhiflorum  HooJc.  Stems  erect,  2-6  feet 
high  with  slender  branches,  pubescent  with  slender  straight  or  silky  and 
pome  short  glandular  hairs  when  young,  nearly  glabrous  in  age :  leaves  mem- 
branaceous, oblong  or  narrower,  obscurely  undulate,  1-2  inches  long,  pale 
green:  flowers  1-3  in  the  fascicles,  nodding  on  short  pedicels;  sepals  oblong, 
obtuse,  3-4  lines  long,  somewhat  foliaceous :  corolla  open-campanulate,  8-10 
lines  long,  5-lobed,  bright  white:  filaments  bearded  at  base:  stigma  peltate, 
5-lobed :  capsule  ovoid,  3-4  lines  long.  On  the  highest  mountains  of  northern 
Oregon  to  Brit.  Columbia  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

11    AZALEA  L.  Gen.  n.  212. 

Erect  branching  shrubs  with  alternate  thin  deciduous  leaves, 
and  large  flowers  in  terminal  umbels  developed  from  scaly  buds 
that  terminate  the  growth  of  the  previous  year  and  surrounded  at 


422  ERICACEAE  azalea 

RHODODENDRON 

the  base  by  lateral  and  smaller  leaf-buds.  Bud-scales  and  bracts 
caducous  or  early  deciduous.  Calyx  small  or  minute,  5-parted. 
Corolla  funnelform,  glandular- viscid  outside,  with  narrow  tube 
and  5-lobed,  often  more  or  less  2-lipped  limb.  Stamens  5,  rarely 
10,  exserted,  usually  declined:  anthers  attached  tq  the  filaments 
by  their  backs,  the  cells  opening  by  terminal  pores.  Style  slen- 
der, declined  exserted.  Ovary  5-celled,  many-ovuled.  Capsule 
oblong  or  narrower,  5-valved  from  the  summit.  Seeds  minute, 
with  a  loose  chaff-like  coat. 

A.  occidentalis  T.  *&  G.  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  iv.  116.  Rhododendron  occi- 
dentale  Gray.  Stems  erect,  2-10  feet  high,  much  branched  :  leaves  obovate- 
oblong,  nearly  or  quite  glabrous  at  maturity  but  minutely  ciliate,  bright  green 
and  shining  above,  paler  beneath,  1-2  inches  long,  tapering  below  to  a  short 
petiole,  tipped  with  a  short  red  gland:  calyx  5-lobed,  the  oblong  or  ovate 
lobes  glandular  and  ciliate,  about  a  line  long,  corolla  cream-white  with 
orange  stripes,  2  inches  long,  with  conspicuous  funnelform  tube,  slightly 
irregular  limb  and  acute  lobes,  glandular- viscid  outside:  stamens  5,  exserted 
and  declined:  filaments  hairy  below;  style  long-exserted,  curved  upward; 
capsule  oblong,  8-12  lines  long.  About  springs  and  along  streams,  south- 
western Oregon  and  California. 

12    RHODODENDRON  L,  Gen.  n.  548. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees  with  alternate  evergreen  coriaceous  leaves 
and  mostly  large  showy  white  to  rose-colored  or  purple  flowers  in 
terminal  umbels  or  corymbs  from  scaly  buds,  the  thin  scales  de- 
ciduous when  the  flowers  open.  Calyx  small  or  minute,  5-lobed 
or  5-parted,  persistent.  Corolla  campanulate,  5-lobed,  nearly 
regular.  Stamens  usually  10,  little  exserted  declined  or  equally 
spreading :  anthers  erect,  attached  by  their  backs,  the  cells  open- 
ing by  terminal  pores.  Capsule  short  or  elongated,  mostly  woody, 
5-20-valved  from  the  summit.  Seeds  very  numerous  and  small, 
with  a  loose  chaff-like  coat. 

R.  Califoraicum  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  4863.  Stems  3-12  feet  high, 
with  stout  erect 'branches,  glabrous:  leaves  broadly  oblong,  3-6  inches  long, 
dark  green  and  shming  above:  flowers  very  numerous  in  the  fascicles:  calyx 
minute,  slightly  5-lobed:  corollas  large  and  showy,  rose-color,  a  little  iiTegu- 
lar,  broadly  campanulate  more  than  an  inch  in  diameter,  the  5  broad  lobes 
undulate:  stamens  10,  not  exserted,  ovary  rusty-hirsute:  capsule  10-18  lines 
long.     On  mountains  and  along  the  coast,  California  to  Brit.  Columbia. 

R.  macrophyllnm  Don  Syst.  iii,  843.  *'  Shrub  10  to  15  feet  high: 
leaves  oblong,  acute  at  both  ends,  5  to  8  inches  in  length,  thinnish:  corolla 
white,  less  than  an  inch  long:  its  lobes  oblong:  ovary  bristly  hirsute. 
Woods,  Puget  Sound  Washington  to  Brit.  Columbia." 

-«-  -^  -^  Corolla  polypetalous  or  very  nearly  so.  Filaments  fili- 
form. Placentse  home  on  the  summit  of  the  persistent  columella. 
Seed  scohiform  or  linear. 

13    LEDUM  L.  Gen.  n.  546. 

Low  shrubs  with  alternate  persistent,  more  or  less  resinous- 
dotted  slightly  fragrant  leaves,  and  fascicles  of  white  flowers  de- 


LBDUM  ERIGACEiE  423 

CLADOTHAMNUS 

veloped  from  separate  mostly  terminal  buds  with  well  imbricated 
caducous  scales  and  bracts.  Calyx  5-lobed  or  5-parted,  persistent. 
Petals  5,  widely  spreading.  Stamens  4-10  :  filaments  filiform  : 
cells  of  the  anthers  opening  by  terminal  pores.  Style  filiform, 
persistent.  Pedicels  recurved  in  fruit.  Capsule  oval  or  oblong, 
septicidally  5-valved  from  the  has 3  upward  :  placentae  pendulous. 
Seeds  slender,  with  a  loose  coat. 

*  I^eaves  densely  tomentose  beneath,  the  wool  soon  ferruginous  and 
the  margins  strongly  re  volute:  inflorescence  all  terminal. 

L,  Oroenlandicnm  CEder  Fl.  Dan.  t.  567.  L.  latifolium  Ait.  Stems 
erect  or  ascending,  1-4  feet  high,  the  branchlets  rusty-tomentose:  leaves  ob- 
long, ofctuse,  1-2  inches  long,  green  and  slightly  rugose  above:  flowers  4-5 
lines  broad,  umbellate  or  short-corymbose,  numerous:  pedicels  brown-canes- 
cent,  10-12  lines  long,  recurved  in  fruit:  stamens  5-7,:  capsule  oblong,  canes- 
cent,  3-4  lines  long.  In  cold  marshes,  northwest  Washington  to  Alaska  and 
across  the  Continent. 

*  *    Leaves  glabrous  both  sides:  inflorescence  terminal  or  sometimes 
lateral. 

L.  glandnlosum  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  viii.  270.  Stout,  2-6 
feet  high:  leaves  oblong  or  oval,  1-2  inches  long,  green  above,  white  and 
resinous  atomiferous  beneath:  inflorescence  often  compound  and  crowded: 
flowers  numerous,  white,  3-4  lines  in  diameter:  calyx  5-parted:  capsule  oval, 
retuse.     In  wet  places,  California  to  Brit,  Columbia  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

*  *  Leaves  entire.  No  thin-scaly  strohilaceous  huds.  Corolla  of 
distinct  petals  or  5-cleft.  Anthers  opening  longitudinally  from  the 
apex  nearly  or  quite  to  the  base  of  the  cells,  or  by  terminal  pores. 
Capsule  2-5-valved  from  above. 

14    CLADOTHAMNUS  Bong.  Veg.  Sitk.  37,  t.  1. 

Erect  branching  shrubs  with  alternate  deciduous  leaves  and 
solitary  terminal  or  axillary  reddish  flowers  from  leafy  shoots  of 
the  season.  Sepals  5,  somewhat  foliaceous,  as  long  as  the  five 
spreading  petals,  persistent.  Stamens  10  :*filaments  dilated  below: 
anthers  oblong,  opening  longitudinally  from  the  apex  nearly  or 
quite  to  the  base  of  the  cells.  Style  long,  declined  and  incurved, 
thickened  at  the  apex,  and  annulate  around  the  discoid  stigma. 
Capsule  depressed-globose,  5-6-celled  ;  septicidally  5-valved  from 
above,  many-seeded.     Seeds  oval,  with  a  loose  cellular  coat. 

C.  campanulatus  Greene  Eryth.  iii,  65.  "  Shrub  4  to  5  feet  high, 
with  few  and  stoutish  ascending  branches:  leaves  lanceolate,  1  to  3  inches 
long,  tapering  to  a  short  petiole  which,  together  with  the  veins  beneath,  is 
more  or  less  strigose-hirsute  with  red  hdrs:  flowers  solitary  or  in  pairs  or  in 
threes,  from  lateral  buds,  on  pedicels  3^  inch  long,  these  setose-hispid  with 
red  hairs:  sepals  ovate-oblong,  densely  ciliate  with  short  gland-tipped  haii's: 
corolla  Jight  salmon-color,  oampanulate,  the  petals  joined  together  at  base 
into  a  short  tube;  anthers  opening  only  by  a  pair  of  large  round  terminal 
pores.  High  mountains  of  Washington  and  British  Columbia;  hitherto 
coufused  with  the  typical  species,  which  belongs  to  Alaska." 

Order  LV  a.  PYROLACE^  Agardh  CI.  PI.  18. 

Low  mostly  evergreen  perennials  with  petioled  leaves,   and 


424  PfKOLACE^  pyrola 

white  pink  or  red.  perfect  and  nearly  regular  flowers  solitary 
or  in  racemes  or  corymbs.  Calyx  4-  or  5-lobed.  Corolla  very 
deeply  4-  or  5-parted,  or  of  5  petals.  Stamens  twice  as  many 
as  the  divisions  of  the  corolla.  Anthers  introrse  in  the  bud, 
inverted  when  mature,  opening  by  pores  or  short  slits.  Pol- 
len of  4  united  grains.  Ovary  superior,  4-  or  5-celled.  Style 
short  or  slender,  often  declined.  Ovules  very  numerous,  anat- 
ropous.  Fruit  a  loculicidally  dehiscent  capsule.  Seeds  min- 
ute, with  a  loose  cellular  coat  much  larger  than  the  nucleus. 

1  Pyrola    Flowers  several  or  numerous,  racemose  on  a  scape-like  pedun- 

cle: style  long  and  usually  declined. 

2  Moneses    Flower  solitary,  on  a  scape :  style  long  and  straight. 

3  Chimaphila    Flowers  few  to  numerous,   in  a  corymb  or  umbel  on  a 

leafy  stem. 

1    PYROLA  L.  Gen.  n.  554. 

Acaulescent  or  subcaulescent  perennials  with  all  radical  ever- 
green leaves  and  rather  small  white,  greenish,  or  red  flowers  in 
racemes  on  simple  scaly-bracted  scapes.  Calyx  5-parted,  persis- 
tent. Petals  5,  concave,  or  incurved  and  more  or  less  converging, 
sessile  and  deciduous.  Stamens  10,  declined,  or  straight  and 
connivent :  filaments  subulate,  glabrous:  anthers  erect  in  the  bud, 
emarginate  or  2-beaked  at  the  base,  mostly  reversed  at  maturity, 
each  cell  opening  by  a  basal  but  apparently  apical  pore.  Style 
straight  or  declined:  stigma  annulate,  5-lobed  or  5-toothed  Cap- 
sule subglobose,  the  apex  and  base  intruded,  5-lobed,  5-celled, 
loculicidally  5-valved  from  the  base,  the  valves  woolly  on  the 
margins  when  opening. 

P.  minor  L.  Sp.  396.  Scapes  6-10  inches  high,  7-16  flowered:  leaves 
orbicular  to  oval,  rather  thin,  obscurely  serrulate  or  crenulate,  9-18  lines 
long,  rounded  or  slightly  narrowed  or  subcordate  at  base:  pedicels  returved, 
rather  crowded:  flowers  white  or  pinkish,  3-4  lines  broad:  calyx-lobes  mostly 
triangulai* -ovate  and  acute:  petals  orbicular,  naked  at  the  base,  globose- 
connivent:  stamens  equally  connivent  around  the  pistil:  anthers  not  narrow- 
ed below  the  openings:  style  straight,much  shorter  than  the  ovary,  included: 
stigma  large,  peltate,  obscurely  5-lobed .  In  the  Cascade  mountains  of  Ore- 
gon to  Alaska  and  across  the  Continent . 

P.  secnnda  L.  Sp.  396.  Somewhat  caulescent  from  a  branching  base: 
scape-like  peduncles  slender,  4-10  inches  high:  leaves  ovate  to  oval,  mostly 
thin,  acute,  or  rarely  obtuse  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  narrowed  at  the  base: 
crenulate-serrate,  1-2  inches  long;  flowers  numerous,  in  a  secund  raceme: 
pedicels  at  first  merely  spreading,  in  fruit  recurved:  petals  greenish,  with  a 
pair  of  glands  at  the  base  of  each,  campanulate- connivent:  stamens  equally 
connivent  around  the  pistil;  anthers  not  narrowed  below  the  openidgs:  style 
straight,  as  long  or  longer  than  the  petals;  stigma  peltate,  4-lobed,  the  lobes 
at  length  radiately  projecting  beyond  the  border.  In  mountainous  districts, 
California  to  Alaska  and  across  the  Continent.  Europe  and  Japan. 

P.  chlorantha  Swartz  Act.  Holm.  1810,  190,  t.  5.  Scapes  6-12  inches 
high,  3-10-flowered:  leaves  small,  6-12  lines  in  diameter,  orbicular  or  nearly 
so,  coriaceous,  not  shining,  shorter  than  their  petioles:   flowers  nodding,  6-7 


PYROLA  PYROLACE^  425 

MONESEB 

lines  broad;  calyx-lobes  short,  ovate,  or  triangular-ovate,  acute  or  obtuse:  pet- 
als very  obtuse,  gi-eenish-white:  stamens  declined ;  anthers  distinctly  contract- 
ed below  the  openings,  with  distinctly  beaked  tips:  style  declined,  and  toward 
the  apex  curved  upward,  longer  than  the  petals.  In  dry  woods,  Idaho  to 
Brit.  Columbia  and  the  northern  States. 

P.  elliptica  Nutt.  Gen.  i,  273.  Scapes  6-10  inches  high,  loosely  7-16- 
flowered :  leaves  elliptic  to  oval,  1-2  inches  long,  acute  or  merely  roundish  at 
base,  plicate-crenulate  with  very  low  teeth,  membranaceous,  dark  green, 
longer  than  their  petioles:  calyx-lobes  ovate-triangular,  acute  or  acuminate, 
about  one  fourtli  as  long  as  the  greeoish-white,  obtuse  petals:  stamens  declin- 
ed:  anther-tips  hardly  if  at  all  beaked :  style  declined,  and  toward  the  apex 
cui-ved  upward,  exserted.  In  rich,  mostly  dry  woods,  Idaho  to  Brit,  Colum- 
bia and  the  eastern  States. 

P.  rotundifolla  L.  Sp.  396.  Scapes  6-20  inches  high,  several  to 
many-flowered,  scaly-bracteate:  leaves  orbicular  or  broadly  oval,  1-2  inches 
long,  obscm-ely  crenulate  or  entire,  shining  above,  coriaceous,  mostly  shorter 
than  the  petioles:  bracts  lanceolate  ot  ovate-lanceolate:  calyx-lobes  lanceo- 
late or  ovate-lanceolate,  lax  or  with  spreading  tips,  usually  half  as  long  as 
the  white  or  flesh-colored  obtuse  petals:  stamens  declined;  anthers  with 
long  cells,  contracted  into  a  very  short  neck  under  the  openings,  the  mucro 
at  base  very  short  or  obsolete:  style  declined  and  exserted.  In  dry  woods, 
California  to  Alaska  and  the  eastern  States. 

Var.  inearnata  DC.  Prodr.  vii.  773.  **  A  rather  small  form:  flowers 
from  flesh-color  to  rose-purple:  calyx-lobes  triangulai'-lanceolate.  "  Bogs, 
Idaho  to  Alaska  and  northern  New  England. 

P.  bracteata  Hook.  Fl.  ii  49.  Scapes  10-16  inches  high,  usually 
many-flowered,  scaly-bracteate:  leaves  oval  to  ov^te  or  oblong,  acutish, 
not  shining  above,  often  variegated  with  whitish  bands,  1-3  inches  long, 
on  slender  petioles:  bracts  broadly  lanceolate,  acuminate,  large  and  con- 
spicuous: calyx-lobes  acuminate-lanceolate,  more  than  half  as  long  as  the 
red  petals :  stamens  declined ;  anthers  with  long  cells  contracted  under  the 
openings  into  a  short  neck :  style  declined,  exserted.  In  wet  places  in  the 
mountains,  California  to  Brit.  Columbia. 

P.  picta  Smith  Rees  Cycl.  xxix.  Scapes  6-12  inches  high,  7-16-flow- 
ered:  leaves  firm-coriaceous,  dull-colored  or  whitish,  commonly  veined  or 
blotched  with  white  above,  pale  or  sometimes  purplish  beneath,  1-3  inches 
.ong,  from  broadly  ovate  to  spatulate  or  narrowly  oblong,  the  blades  all 
longer  t  ban  their  petioles :  rootstock  rigid  and  often  branched  or  clustered : 
bracts  few  and  short :  calyx-lobes  ovate,  not  half  the  length  of  the  greenish- 
white  petals :  stamens  little  if  at  all  declined :  anthers  with  a  distinct  neck 
under  the  orifice:  style  strongly  declined.  Under  Pine  trees  in  sparsely 
wooded  districts,  Nootka  Sound  to  California,  Idaho,  Wyoming  and  Utah. 

P.  aphylla  Smith  1.  c.  Scapes  8-12  inches  high,  strictly  erect,  reddish 
or  lurid,  from  deep  scaly-toothed  branched  rootstocks,  usually  leafless, 
several  to  many-flowered:  bracts  subulate:  calyx-lobes  ovate,  acute,  very 
much  shorter  than  the  obovate  whitish  petals :  stamens  but  slightly  if  at  all 
declined :  anthers  tubular-beaked  under  the  orifice :  style  almost  straight, 
strongly  declined.    In  coniferous  woods,  Alaska  to  California. 

Var.  pauclfolia.  With  or  without  one  or  two  small  orbicular  leaves 
at  base :  bracts  larger,  broadly  lanceolate.  In  dense  forests  of  the  Cascade 
Mountains. 

2    MONESES  Salisb.  in  S.  F.  Gray  Nat.  Arr.  Brit.  PI.  ii,  403. 

A  low  perennial  with  opposite  or  verticillate  evergreen  leaves 
and  a  solitary  drooping  white  or  pink  flower  at  the  summit  of  a 


426  PYROLACE^  moneses 

CHIMAPHILA 

slender  scape.  Calyx  4-5-parted,  persistent.  Petals  4  or  5, 
widely  spreading,  sessile.  Stamens  8  or  10,  glabrous :  anthers 
2-beaked  at  the  base,  reversed  when  mature,  each  cell  opening  by 
a  basal  but  apparently  apical  pore.  Style  straight :  stigma  pel- 
tate, large,  with  4  or  5  narrow  lobes.  Capsule  subglobose,  4-5- 
lobed,  4-5-celled,  loculicidally  4-5-valved  from  the  summit;  the 
valves  glabrous  on  the  margins.  Seeds  numerous,  minute,  the 
testa  reticulated,  produced  at  both  ends. 

M.  uniliora  Gray  Man.  273.  Stem  very  short  and  decumbent,  leafy : 
leaves  orbicular  to  ovate,  petioled,  serrulate,  6-20  lines  long :  scape  2-6 
inches  high  :  flower  white  to  rose-color,  6-10  lines  broad  :  calyx-lobes  ovate, 
obtuse,  about  one-fifth  the  length  of  the  broadly  ovate  or  orbicular  petals : 
capsule  erect,  3-4  lines  in  diameter.  In  forests,  Oregon  to  Alaska  and 
across  the  Continent.    Europe  and  Asia. 

3    CHIMAPHILA  Pursh  Fl.  i,  279. 

Low  perennials  with  opposite  or  verticillate  evergreen  leaves 
and  spreading  or  nodding  white  or  purplish  flowers  in  terminal 
corymbs.  Calyx  5-parted  or  5-cleft,  persistent.  Petals  5,  con- 
cave, sessile,  spreading  or  recurved.  Stamens  10;  filaments 
short,  dilated,  and  mostly  hairy  in  the  middle ;  cells  of  the  anthers 
oblong,  with  a  short  narrow  neck.  Style  very  short,  *  obconic, 
immersed  in  the  umbilicate  summit  of  the  globose  ovary  :  stigma 
orbicular-peltate,  barely  5-crenate.  Capsule  erect,  globose,  5-lob- 
ed,  5-celled,  loculicidally  5- valved  from  the  top,  the  valves  not 
woolly  on  the  margins.  Seeds  very  numerous,  the  testa  reticu- 
lated, produced  at  both  ends. 

C.  umbel  lata  Nutt.  Gen.  i,  274.  Stem  stout,  4-12  inches  high, very 
leafy,  often  branched:  leaves  cuneate-oblanceolate  with  tapering  base, 
sharply  serrate,  not  spotted,  bright  green  and  shining,  1-3  inches  long: 
flowers  several,  umbellate  or  subcorymbose,  white  or  pinkish :  bracts  nar- 
row, deciduous :  filaments  hairy  on  the  margins  only.  In  dry  woods, 
California  to  Alaska  and  across  the  Continent. 

C.  Meiiziesii  Spreng.  Syst.  ii,  317.  Slender,  3-10  inches  high,  spar- 
ingly branched  from  the  base :  leaves  from  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate, 
acute  at  both  ends,  small,  sharply  serrate,  the  upper  surface  often  mottled 
with  white:  peduncle  1-3-flowered:  bracts  ovate  or  roundish :  filaments 
slender,  with  a  round  dilated  portion  in  the  middle  villous :  flowers  about 
half-inch  in  diameter;  petals  dull  white.    In  forests,  California  to  Brit.  Col. 

Order  LVI.  MONOTROPACE^  Lindl.  Nat.  Syst.  ed.  2,  219' 

Leafless  fleshy  herbs  with  the  flowers  in  spikes,  racemes, 
capitate,  or  solitary.  Flowers  regular  and  perfect.  Calyx  of 
2-6  erect  lobes  or  segments  or  imbricated  sepals,  free  from  the 
ovary.  Corolla  4-5-lobed,  or  of  3-6  petals,  rarely  wanting, 
imbricated.  Stamens  6-12,  hypogynous:  filaments  equal,  dis- 
tinct, or  connate  at  base :  anthers  2-celled,  or  confluently  1- 
celled,  attached  to  the  filaments  by  the  back  or  base,  opening 
by  longitudinal  slits:  pollen  grains  simple.  Style  short  or 
longated:  stigma  capitate  or  peltate.     Ovary  superior,  4-6- 


ALLOTROPA  MONOTROPACEtE  427 

PTEROSPORA 

lobed,  1-6-celled;  with  the  placentae  projecting  from  a  central 
columella,  or  parietal  and  2-lamellate :  ovules  numerous,  anatro- 
pous.  Fruit  a  loculicidally  4-6-valved  many- seeded  capsule. 
Seeds  minute,  the  testa  reticulated. 

Tribe  i.  Ovary  4-5-celled,  with  the  placentae  on  a  thick  central 
columella. 

1  Allotropa    Calyx  of  5  roundish  marcescent  sepals,  corolla  wanting. 

2  Pterospora    Calyx  deeply  5-parted:  corolla  globular-urceolate. 

3  Sarcodes    Calyx  of  5  erect  persistent  sepals :  corolla  cylindraceous- 

campanulate. 

4  Monotropa    Calyx  of  2-4  deciduous  sepals :  petals  5-6,  not  saccate  at 

base,  tardily  deciduous. 

5  Hypopitys    Sepals  8-5,  commonly  as  many  as  petals:  petals  saccate 

at  base. 

Tribe  ii.  Ovary  1-celled  or  spuriously  4-5-celled  ;  the  4  or  5 
placentae  parietal  and  2-lamellate. 

6  Pleuricospora    Calyx  complete,  of  4  or  5  scale-like  fimbriate-laciniate 

sepals :  corolla  of  4  or  5  plain  petals :  ovary  strictly  1-celled. 

6    Newberrya    Calyx  incomplete,  of  2  bract-like  entire  sepals :  corolla 
tubular-urceolate  4-5-lobed,  marcescent:  ovary  spuriously  5  celled. 

Tribe  I  Eumonotropese  Gray  Syn.  Fl.  ii,  18.  Ovary  5-celled,  or  so- 
metimes 4-celled,  the  placentas  projecting  from  a  thick  central  columella. 

1    ALLOTROPA  T.  &  G.  Bot.  Wilkes  385. 

Scapose  red  or  whitish  scaly-bracted  herbs  with  numerous  small 
flowers  in  a  virgate  spike.  Calyx  of  5  rounded  sepals,  marces- 
cent under  the  capsule.  Corolla  none.  Stamens  10 :  anthers 
didymous  on  long  and  slender  filaments,  extrorse  in  the  bud,  be- 
coming introrsely  pendulous ;  cells  opening  by  a  chink  from  the 
apparent  apex  to  the  middle.  Style  short ;  stigma  peltate-capitate. 
Capsule  globose,  very  many-seeded.  Seeds  minute,  scobiform, 
the  loose  coat  produced  at  both  ends      A  single  known  species. 

A.  Yirg'ata  T.  &  G.  1.  c.  Stems  several  from  a  deep-seated  perennial 
rootstock,  6-12  inches  high  or  more,  deep  red  or  yellowish,  tldck  and  den- 
sely scaly  at  base,  more  sparingly  scaly  above;  lower  scales  ovate,  acumin- 
ate, the  upper  lanceolate  passing  into  the  linear  bracts  of  the  virgate 
many-flowered  spike:  pedicels  erect  or  spreading,  2-bracteolate :  calyx 
erosely  dentate,  shorter  than  the  filaments.  On  dry  wooded  ridges  of  the 
Cascade  Mountains,  Washington  to  California. 

PTEROSPORA  Nut».  Gen.  i,  269. 

Tall  scapose  scaly-bracted  plants  with  red  or  yellowish  flowers 
in  a  long  raceme.  Calyx  deeply  5  parted,  persistent.  Corolla 
gamopetalous,  globular-urceolate,  with  5  short  recurved  lobes, 
persistent,  stamens  10,  not  exserted  :  filaments  subulate- filiform: 
anthers  ovate-didymous,  introrse,  erect  or  in  the  bud  horizontal- 
inflexed,   attached   near  the  base,  there  dorsally  2-awned,   the 


428  MONOTROPACE^  barcodes 

MONOTROPA 

slender  awns  deflexed,  the  cells  opening  lengthwise.  Style  short : 
stigma  5-lobed.  Capsule  depressed-globose,  5-lobed,  the  thin 
walls  persistent  after  dehiscence,  being  attached  by  the  partitions 
to  the  columella.  Seeds  very  numerous,  the  nucleus  ovoid,  with 
a  close  thin  coat,  apiculate  at  both  ends,  the  upper  apiculation 
bearing  a  broad  thin  wing.     A  single  known  species. 

P.  Andromedea  Nutt.  1.  c.  Stems  several  from  a  shallow  seated  per- 
ennial root,  1-3  feet  high  or  more,  light  brown  or  purplish,  glandular  and 
viscid-pubescent  throughout,  bearing  numerous  lanceolate  or  linear  scales, 
and  many  flowers  in  a  long  raceme :  pedicels  slender,  spreading,  soon  re- 
curved, 3-10  lines  long:  sepals  oblong,  1-2  lines  long:  corolla  white,  3 
lines  long,  viscid.  Under  Pines,  California  to  Brit.  Columbia  and  the 
eastern  States. 

3    SARCODES  Torr.  Smithson.  Contrib.  iii,  17,  t.lO. 

Low  fleshy  plants  with  numerous  scale-like  bracts  and  many 
red  flowers  in  a  short  terminal  raceme.  Sepals  5.  erect,  persist- 
ent. Corolla  cylindraceous-campanulate,  with  5  barely  spreading 
lobes.  Stamens  10,  shorter  than  the  corolla  ;  anthers  linear-ob- 
long, erect  attached  above  the  base,  the  2  cells  confluent  through- 
out, the  whole  apex  opening  by  a  large  introrsely  oblique  termin- 
al pore.  Ovary  low-conical,  5-lobed.  Style  columnar,  rather 
long :  stigma  capitate,  somewhat  5-lobed.  Capsule  depressed, 
5-lobed.  Seeds  very  numerous,  oval,  the  coat  reticulated,  closely 
fitted  to  the  nucleus  except  a  small  conical  protuberance  at  the 
apex.  A  single  known  species 

S.  sauguinea  Torr.  1.  c.  Whole  plant  bright  red:  stem  stout,  6-12 
inches  high,  thickly  clothed  with,  when  young,  well  imbricated,  firm  fleshy 
scales;  lower  scales  ovate;  upper  narrower  and  more  scattered,  and  above 
passing  into  the  linear  bracts  of  the  thick  raceme  which  subtend  the  red 
flowers,  all  ciliate :  pedicels  erect,  the  upper  ones  very  short :  sepals  oblong, 
6-8  lines  long,  ciliate,  a  little  shorter  than  the  glabrous  corolla.  On  the 
high  mountains,  of  southern  Oregon,  California  and  Nevada. 

4    MONOTROPA  L.  Gen.  n.  536,  in  part. 

Low  fleshy  plants  with  many  scattered  scale-like  bracts  and  a 
solitary  nodding  white  flower.  Calyx  of  2-4  irregular  sepals,  or 
perhaps  bracts,  the  lower  ones  rather  distant  from  the  flower,  de- 
ciduous. Petals  5,  rarely  6.  erect,  not  saccate  at  base,  tardily 
deciduous.  Stamens  twice  as  many  as  petals:  filaments  filiform- 
subulate  :  anthers  somewhat  reniform,  opening  at  first  by  two 
transverse  chinks,  at  length  2-valved,  the  valves  almost  equal, 
and  equally  spreading.  Style  short  and  thick:  stigma  funnel- 
form,  with  naked  edge.  Capsule  ovoid,  erect  in  fruit.  Seeds  small, 
very  numerous,  scobiform,  the  nucleus  minute  in  the  loose-cellu- 
lar elongated  coat.     A  single  species. 

M.  uniflora'L.  Sp.  387.  Bright  white  and  glabrous  throughout :  stems 
clustered,  6-12  inches  high,  rising  from  a  thick  and  matted  mass  of  fibrous 
rootlets,  1-flowered,  scaly :  scales  broadly  lanceolate,  entire:  petals  4-6, 
puberuleut  within,  6-10  fines  long :  filaments  pubescent.  In  damp  woods, 
throughout  North  America.    Japan  and  India. 


HTPOPiTYS  MONOTROPACEiE  429 

PLEUROCOSPORA 

5    HYPOPITYS  Adans.  Fam.  PI.    ii,  443. 

Low  fleshy  scaly-bracted  plants  with  red  or  yellow  flowers  in 
a  loose  terminal  raceme.  Sepals  3-5,  nearly  equal,  erect,  decidu- 
ous. Petals  4-5,  longer  than  the  sepals,  saccate  at  base,  erect 
with  spreading  tips,  deciduous.  Stamens  6-10;  filaments  filiform- 
subulate  ;  anthers  reniform,  the  cells  completely  confluent  into 
one,  which  opens  by  very  unequal  valves,  the  larger  broad  and 
spreading,  the  other  remaining  erect  and  contracted.  Style  col- 
umnar: stigma  funnelform,  glandular  or  hairy  on  the  margin. 
Capsule  ovoid,  the  columella  thick  and  fleshy.  Seeds  very  num- 
erous, small,  scobiform  ;  the  nucleus  minute  in  the  loose-cellular 
coat.     Only  the  following  species  known. 

H.  lutea  Dill.  Monotropa  Hypopitys  L.  Red  yellowish  or  white 
stems  6-12  inches  high:  bracts  ovate-lanceolate,  entire  or  slightly  erose, 
densely  imbricated  at  the  base,  scattered  above :  flowers  3-20,  in  a  loose 
drooping  at  length  erect  raceme,  5-7  lines  lonsj,  the  terminal  one  5-merou8, 
the  others  usually  3-4-merous.  In  forests,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California 
and  the  eastern  States.    Europe  and  Asia. 

H.  fimbriata.  Monotropa  fimhriata  Gray.  Stems  6-12  inches  high, 
red  or  yellowish,  somewhat  hairy :  upper  scales  and  bracts  obovate  to  cu- 
neate,  erosely  or  laciniately  fimbriate:  lateral  flowers  often  3-petalous  and 
6-androus :  sepals  spatulate,  laciniate.  In  forests  of  the  Cascade  and  Coast 
Mountains  of  Oregon. 

Tribe  2  Pleuricosporeae  Gray  Syn.  Fl.  ii,  18.  Ovary  ^-celled 
or  spuriously  4-5-celled:  the  4  or  5  placentae  parietal  and  2-lamellate. 
JXsi  none  or  obscure.  Anthers  linear  or  oblong ,  erect,  introrse,  at- 
tached by  the  base  to  the  long  and  slender  filaments,  opening  longi- 
tudinally 

6    PLEURICOSPORA  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad  vii,  369. 

Low  fleshy  white  or  yellowish  herbs  with  fimbriate  scales  and 
petals,  and  white  flowers  in  a  short  terminal  raceme.  Calyx 
complete,  of  4  or  5  scale-like  sepals.  Corolla  of  4  or  5  plain  pet- 
als resembling  the  sepals.  Stamens  twice  as  many  as  petals : 
filaments  ligulate-filiform :  anthers  linear,  apiculate,  the  cells 
opening  from  base  to  apex  into  two  equal  valves.  Ovary  strictly 
one-celled.  Style  columnar  :  stigma  depressed-capitate,  or  some- 
what funnelform.     Seeds  ovate,  with  a  smooth  or  polished  coat. 

P.  flmbriolata  Gray  1.  c.  Stout  and  erect,  3-10  inches  high,  glabrous 
or  nearly  so,  clothed  with  imbricated  scales ;  lowest  scales  ovate,  firm, 
entire;  upper  passing  into  the  narrower  and  lanceolate  scarious  margined 
and  lacerate  fringed  bracts  of  the  dense  and  erect  cylindraceous  raceme : 
sepals  and  petals  white,  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate  fimbriate-lacerate, 
not  exceeding  the  bracts.  In  the  Cascade  and  Coast  Mountains  of  Oregon 
and  th«  Sierra  Nevadas  of  California 

P.  lou^ipetala.  Stem  rather  slender,  4-6  inches  high :  scales  well 
imbricated,  lanceolate,  more  or  less  acuminate,  laciniately  toothed :  flowers 
white  or  yellowish,  numerous,  in  a  dense  oblong  raceme:  sepals  lanceolate, 
acute  or  acuminate,  sparingly  laciniate-toothed,  about  equalling  the  bracts : 


430  ARMERIACE^  newberrya 

ARMERIA 

petals  narrowly  spatulate,  6  lines  long,  much  longer  than  the  sepals,  the 
obtuse  apex  laciniately  fimbriolate  In  dense  forests  of  the  Cascade 
Mountains  near  the  hot  springs  in  Clackamas  Co.  Oregon.  Rare. 

7    NEWBERRYA  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  viii,  55. 

Low  fleshy  erect  plants  with  red  or  brownish  flowers  in  a  ter- 
minal cluster.  Calyx  incomplete,  of  two  bract-like  entire  sepals. 
Corolla  tubular-urceolate,  4-  or  5-lobed,  persistent.  Stamens  twice 
as  many  as  lobes  of  the  corolla;  filaments  filiform,  long-hair}^ 
above  the  middle;  anthers  oblong,  the  cells  opening  from  apex  to 
base  into  two  unequal  valves.  Ovary  ovate,  contracted  at  the 
apex  into  a  long  style ;  stigma  depressed-capitate,  umbilicate. 
Placentae  4,  with  broad  divergent  lamellae  which  meet  adjacent 
edges,  ovuliferous  both  sides,  giving  the  appearance  of  4  exterior 
cells  surrounding  a  central  larger  one. 

N.  congesta  Torr.  1.  c.  Whole  plant  brownish,  glabrous,  4-8  inches 
high :  scales  crowded  or  loosely  imbricated,  obtuse,  thinnish,  with  obscurely 
erose  margins ;  the  upper  forming  similar  bracts  of  the  densely  crowded 
glomerule  of  flowers :  lobes  of  the  corolla  ovate,  one  third  the  length  of  the 
cylindraceous  or  slightly  urceolate  tube :  filaments  equalling  the  slender 
style:  anthers  narrowly  oblong,  the  line  of  dehiscence  close  to  the  connec- 
tive.   In  the  high  mountains  of  Washington  to  California. 

Order  LVII  ARMERIACE.E 

Somewhat  woody  plants  with  alternate  leaves  and  regular 
symmetrical  5-merous  perlect  flowers :  chiefly  of  saline  soils. 
Calyx  costate  at  the  sinuses,  persistent.  Corolla  with  claws  to 
the  nearly  distinct  petals,  or  these  united  into  a  tube,  convolute 
or  rarely  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  as  many  as  divisions 
of  the  corolla  and  opposite  to  them :  the  filaments  adnate  only 
to  their  base,  or  completely  hypogynous:  anthers  2-celled, 
opening  longitudinally.  Disk  none.  Ovary  free,  one-celled, 
with  a  solitary  anatropous  ovule  pendulous  on  a  slender  funic- 
ulus which  rises  from  the  base  of  the  cell.  Styles  5,  distinct 
or  united.  Fruit  dry,  utricular  or  acbene-like,  somewhat  dehis- 
cent by  a  lid,  or  by  valves.  Seed  with  a  straight  embryo,  and 
with  or  without  mealy  albumen. 

1    ARMERIA  WiUd.  Enum.  Hort.  Berol  333. 

Acaulescent  perennials  with  narrow  persistent  leaves  in  close 
tufts  and  naked  scapes  with  a  reversed  sheath  under  the  compact 
head  of  red  flowers  which  are  surrounded  and  subtended  by 
scarious  bracts  and  bractlets.  Calyx  funnelform,  regularly  10- 
costate  at  base,  the  limb  scarious.  Corolla  of  5  nearly  distinct 
long-clawed  petals,  each  with  a  stamen  attached  to  its  base.  Styles  * 
5,  filiform,  united  only  at  the  very  base,  stigmatose  above  along 
the  inner  side.     Utricle  at  length  bursting  irregularly  at  the  base. 

A.  vulgaris  Willd  1.  c.  Scapes  8-12  inches  high:  leaves  narrowly 
linear,  flat  or  flattish,  1-3  inches  long:  bracts  very  obtuse:  calyx  at  base 
simply  decurrent  on  the  pedicel ;  the  tube  10-nerved,  hairy  at  least  on  the 


PRIMULACE^  431 

stronger  nerves  or  angles ;  the  lobes  blunt  or  cuspidate.     Along  the  coast, 
California  to  the  Arctic  regions  and  the  Atlantic  coast.     Europe  and  Asia. 

Order   LVIII    PRIMULACE.E  Vent.  Tabl.  ii,  285. 

Herbs  with  simple  leaves  and  symmetrical  flowers.  Calyx  4- 
8-lobed  or  4-8-parted,  free,  or  rarely  adnate  to  the  base  of  the 
ovary,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  usually  persistent.  Corolla 
hypogynous,  except  in  Samolus  in  which  it  coheres  below  with 
the  base  of  the  ovary,  4-8-lobed  or  4-8-parted,  rarely  none. 
Stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  and  opposite  to 
them,  inserted  on  the  tube  or  base  of  the  corolla,  rarely  peri- 
gynous :  anthers  introrse.  Ovary  one-celled,  with  a  free  central 
placenta.  Fruit  capsular.  Seeds  with  small  straight  embryo 
and  copious  albumen. 

Tribe  i.  Ovary  wholly  free:  ovules  amphitropous  or  half- 
anatropous. 

*  Scapose  or  tufted :  flowers  chiefly  5-mero  is,  umbellate  or  solitary : 
capsule  dehiscent  by  valves,  at  least  at  the  apex. 

■*-     Stamens  connivent  in  a  cone  around  the  pistil,  monadelphous. 

1  Bodecatheon   Corolla  5-parted,  its  division  reflexed  :  filaments  shorter 

than  the  anthers. 

■*-  +-     Corolla  salverform  or  funnelform:  stamens  distinct,  included, 
with  short  filaments  and  short  and  blunt  anthers. 

2  Primula    Corolla  with  tube  surpassing  or  at  least  equalling  the  calyx, 

and  spreading,  mostly  obcordate  or  emarginate  lobes :  capsule  many- 
seeded. 

3  Boaglasia    Corolla  with  tube  equalling  or  surpassing  the  calyx,  and 

entire  lobes :  ovary  5-ovuled :  capsule  1-3-seeded. 

4  Androsace    Corolla  short,  its  tube  shorter  than  the  calyx :  ovules  and 

seeds  numerous  or  few. 

*  *    Leafy  stemmed  :  corolla  rotate  or  somewhat  so  and  the  divisions 
convolute  or  sometimes  involute  in  the  bud,  wanting  in  Glaux. 

■*-     Capsules    mostly    globose,    dehiscent  vertically  by  valves,    or 
irregularly. 

5  Trientalls    Leaves  clustered  at  the  summit  of  a  simple  stem  :   flowers 

mostly  7-merous :  corolla  completely  rotate,   without  a  tube,   deeply 
parted :  filaments  long  and  filiform,  united  at  base  into  a  ring. 

6  Steironeina    Leaves  opposite,  without  dots :  flowers  5  merous  on  slen- 

der drooping  peduncles :  corolla  rotate,    with  no  proper  tube,  deeply 
parted ;  the  divisions  each  w^rapped  aroun  1  a  stamen. 

7  Nanmbur^ia    Stems  leafy  throughout,  the  herbage  glandular-dotted  : 

flowers  5-7-merou8.  on  stout  axillary  peduncles:  corolla  without  prop- 
er tube,  the  lobes  not  wrapped  around  the  stamens. 

8  Grlanx    Stems  leafy  throughout :  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  op- 

posite leaves,  5-merous ;  corolla  none  :  stamens  inserted  on  the  base  of 
the  calyx. 

■*-   ■*-     Capsule  globose,  the  top  falling  off  as  a  lid  :  seeds  numerous. 


432  PRIMULACEiE  dodecatheon 

9  Anagallis    Corolla  completely  rotate,  5-parted. 

10  Ceiitunculus    Corolla  with  a  globular  tube  and  4-5-lobed  limb,  short- 
er than  the  calyx. 

Tribe  ii.    Ovary  connate  at  base  with  the  base  of  the  calyx. 

11  Sainolus    Leaves  alternate :  flowers  5-merous:   corolla  nearly  cam- 
panulate :  capsule  5-valved  at  the  apex. 

Tribe  1  Primulese  Endl.  Gen.  730.  Ovary  wholly  free:  ovules 
fixed  by  the  middle  amphitropous  or  half  anatrnpous. 

§  Scapigerous  or  tufted.  Flowers  chiefly  5-merous^  umbellate  or 
solitary:  lobes  of  the  corolla  imbricated  in  bud.  Capsule  dehiscent 
by  valves  sometimes  obscurely  so. 

^  Stamens  connivent  in  a  cone  around  the  style,  monadelphous 

1    DODECATHEON  L.  Gen.  n,  200. 

Low  acaulescent  perennial  herbs  with  entire  leaves  and  few  or 
numerous  flowers  in  an  umbel  terminating  a  naked  scape.  Calyx 
deeply  5-lobed,  the  lobes  reflexed  in  flower,  erect  in  fruit.  ,  Corolla 
5-parted,  with  very  short  tube  and  dilated  thickened  throat,  the 
long  and  narrow  divisions  reflexed.  Stamens  inserted  on  the 
throat  of  the  corolla:  filaments  short  and  flat,  monadelphous,  but 
separable  in  age.  Style  filiform,  exserted:  stigma  small.  Pla- 
centa columnar,  many-ovuled. 

*  Filaments  distinct. 

D.  dentatnm  Hook.  Fl.  ii,  119.  Glabrous  throughout :  leaves  ovate, 
the  blade  2-4  inches  long  by  1-2  inches  broad,  irregularly  dentate,  usually 
abruptly  contracted  below  to  a  margined  petiole  nearly  as  long  as  the  blade  : 
scapes  4-8  incl;ies  long,  few-flowered:  invohicral  bracts  linear,  acuminate: 
calyx  lobes  triangular,  acuminate,  a  line  or  more  long:  lobes  of  the  corolla 
white  with  two  purple  spots  at  the  base  of  each,  linear-oblong,  obtuse.  4-6 
lines  long:  filaments  very  short;  anthers  linear-lanceolate,  2-toothed  at  the 
apex,  brownish-red :  capsule  but  little  longer  than  the  calyx,  early  opening 
from  the  apex  by  valves :  seeds  flat.  In  wet  places  on  the  bluffs  of  the 
Columbia  river,  and  in  Idaho. 

1).  campestrum.  Glabrous  throughout:  leaves  oblong,  obtuse  or  acu- 
tish,  1-2  inches  long,  tapering  below  to  a  broad  petiole:  scapes  3-6  inches 
high,  1-3-flowered:  involucral  bracts  lanceolate,  acuminate,  1-3  lines  long: 
pedicels  4-6  lines  long:  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  acute,  2  lines  long:  lobes  of 
the  corolla  narrowly  oblong,  abruptly  narrowed  near  the  apex,  6-7  lines 
long,  a  line  or  more  broad,  pink  above,  with  blue  centre  and  white  base: 
filaments  very  short, :  anthers  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  pink  with  dark  pur- 
ple base :  capsule  oblong,  opening  by  persistent  valves.  In  prairies  on  the 
Klickitat  hills,  Klickitat  Co.  Washington. 

*  *  Filaments  more  or  less  joined  together  into  a  tube : 

■*-  Capsule  opening  by  an  operculate  tip. 

D.  vivlparum  Greene  Eryth.  iii,  38.  "  Rootstock  stout,  horizontal 
or  ascending  short,  simple  or  with  a  few  branches,  bearing  coarse  white 
fibrous  roots  beneath,  and  rather  large  bulblets  above :  leaves  6-10  inches 
long,  oblong-lanceolate,  tapering  to  a  winged  petiole,  acute  or  obtuse  at 
apex,  the  whole  margin   coarsely  and  regularly  but  not.  deeply  crenate. 


J 


DODECATHEON  PKIMULACE^  433 

with  a  callous  point  in  each  sinus,  or  the  crenation  reduced  to  the  callous 
point  only  :  scapes  10-20  inches  high,  stout,  bearing  a  many- flowered  um- 
bel :  the  stoutish  pedicels  aud  deeply  parted  calyx  somewhat  glandular- 
pubescent:  flowers  deep  purple  throughout:  stamens  distinct  to  the  very 
base :  capsule  ovate-oblong,  coriaceous,  circumscissile  near  the  apex,  after- 
wards parting  into  10  valves  whose  tips  are  closely  recurved.  At  and  a 
little  below  the  limit  of  trees  on  Mount  Rainier  Washington.  '* 

D.  tetraiidrnm  Suksdorf,  Greene  1.  c.  40.  Glabrous,  or  the  inflores- 
cence minutely  glandular:  leaves  spatulate  to  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate, 
3-12  inches  long  by  1-2  inches  broad,  tapering  below  to  a  winged  petiole: 
scapes  stout,  6-20  inches  high :  umbel  few  to  many-flowered :  involucral 
bracts  setaceous:  pedicels  1-3  inches  long,  enlarging  at  the  summit:  flow- 
ers mostly  4-merous :  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  acuminate,  3  lines  long: 
corolla  purplish  with  a  yellow  ring  near  the  base,  its  lobes  lanceolate,  acute, 
6-8  lines  long:  staminal  tube  very  short ;  anthers  linear-oblong,  obtuse, 
dark  purple :  capsule  surpassing  the  calyx,  circumscissile  very  near  the 
apex,  then  splitting  into  ID  short  recurving  valves:  seeds  oblong,  flat,  with 
a  marginal  wing  all  around.     In  wet  places  in  the  Cascade  Mountains. 

D.  Jeffrey!  Moore  in  Van  Houtte  Fl.  des  Serres  xvi,  99,  t.  1662. 
Glabrous  except  the  hirsute  and  glandular  inflorescence:  leaves  oblanceo- 
late, erect,  5-10  inches  long,  entire,  acutish,  mucronate :  scapes  12-18 
inches  high:  umbel  many-flowered:  segments  of  the  corolla  ample,  deep 
red-purple :  stamens  dark  purple,  usually  only  4 ;  anthers  emarginate :  style 
very  distinctly  hispidulous :  capsule  not  surpassing  the  calyx,  opening  by 
valves  froiii  the  very  apex.  In  wet  places  in  the  mountains  of  eastern 
Oregon  and  California. 

D.  alpinum  Greene  1.  c.  D.  meadia  var.  alpina  Gray.  Glabrous 
throughout:  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  to  spatulate,  obtuse,  1-3  inches  long, 
tapering  below  to  a  short  petiole:  scape  4-10  inches  high  1  to  several- 
flowered:  involucral  bracts  lanceolate,,  acute,  1-2  lines  long:  lobes  of  the 
calyx  about  as  long  as  the  tube,  narrowly  lanceolate :  corolla-lobes  narrowly 
oblong  abruptly  contracted  near  the  apex,  6-8  lines  long,  purple  with 
brownish-yellow  base :  staminal  tube  very  dark,  a  line  long :  anthers  ob- 
long, often  apiculate.  On  wet  banks  and  margin  of  lakes,  Washington  to 
California. 

1).  coujngens  Greene  Eryth.  iii,  40.  '*  Short  crown  with  a  dense 
fascicle  of  fleshy  fibrous  roots  that  are  deciduous  from  it  after  the  flower- 
ing: whole  plant  glabrous :  leaves  obovoid  and  elliptic,  2  to  5  inches  long 
including  the  dist'nct  petiole,  obtuse,  entire :  scape  stoutish  3  to  8  inches 
high  :  umbel  few-flowered;  flowers  large,  4-merous,  rarely  6-merous:  corolla 
deep  purple,  varying  to  rose  red  and  to  white:  anthers  distinct,  obtnse, 
the  connective  lanceolate,  acuminate  to  a  linear  point,  delicately  rugulose 
throughout  all  but  the  linear  tip:  fruit  unknown.  Dry  hills,  southeastern 
Oregon  and  Montana. 

1).  Hendersoui  Gray  Bot.  Gaz.  xi,  233.  Glabrous  throughout  or  the 
inflorescence  minutely  glandular :  leaves  elliptical  to  obovate,  1  inch  or  more 
long  narrowed  below  to  a  short  petiole :  scape  4-16  inches  high,  rather  few- 
flowered  :  involucral  bracts  triangular,  acuminate :  calyx-lobes  triangular, 
acuminate,  twice  ae  long  as  the  short  tube :  corolla-lobes  dark  purple  with 
yellowish  base:  staminal  tube  a  line  long,  dark  purple:  anthers  oblong, 
obtuse,  short-apiculate :  capsule  ovoid,  much  longer  than  the  calyx,  open- 
ing by  a  flat  operculum  and  splitting  downward  into  10  valves :  seeds  glob- 
ular, minutely  tuberculate.  Common  throughout  the  Willamette  Valley 
and  into  California. 

■*-  ■*-    Capsule  dehiscing  by  valves  from  the  apex. 

D.    pauciflornm  Greene   Pitt,    ii,   72.     Glabrous  throughout:  leaves 


434  PRIMULACE^  dodecathe  n 

PKIMULA 

1^-3/3  as  long  as  the  scape :  involucral  bracts  lanceolate :  segments  of  the 
corolla  rich  lilac-purple  the  undivided  part  yellow,  with  a  scolloped  ring 
of  deep  purple  midway  between  the  base  of  the  segments  and  the  stamen 
tube :  stamen-tube  of  ten  nearly  as  long  as  the  anthers,  yellow:  anthers 
purple:  capsule  crustaceous,  6  lines  long,  nearly  cylindrical,  acute,  open- 
ing by  5  short  teeth.  At  middle  elevations,  eastern  Oregon  to  the  Rocky 
Mountains  and  New  Mexico. 

1).  Cnsickii  Greene  1.  c.  More  or  less  pubescent  and  glandular:  leaves 
broadly  to  narrowly  lanceolate,  entire,  or  dentate  toward  the  apex,  usually 
obtuse,  1-2  inches  long,  narrowed  below  to  a  winged  petiole :  scapes  3-4 
inches  high,  few-flowered:  bracts  of  the  involucre  narrowly  lanceolate,  1-2 
lines  long:  lobes  of  the  calyx  lanceolate,  acute,  but  little  longer  than  the 
tube:  corolla- lobes  dark  purple  with  yellow  base  and  a  dark  purple  line 
at  the  mouth  of  the  tube :  stamen  tube  less  than  a  line  long,  almost  black  : 
anthers  yellow  with  a  black  stripe  through  the  centre :  capsule  ovoid,  acute, 
scarcely  surpassing  the  calyx,  5-valved  from  the  apex.  Dry  hillsides,  eas- 
tern Oregon  and  Brit.  Columbia. 

*  *  Corolla  salverform  or  funnelform:  stamens  included,  distincti 
with  short  filaments  and  short  blunt  anthers. 

2    PRIMULA  L.  Gen.  n.  197. 

Perennial  scapose  herbs  with  all  radical  leaves  and  large  or  small 
flowers  umbellate  or  in  involucrate  or  bracted  racemose  whorls 
at  the  summit  of  a  scape.  Calyx  tubular,  funnelform  or  cam  pan- 
late,  persistent,  often  angled,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  imbricated.  Co- 
rolla funnelform  or  salverform,  the  tube  longer  than  or  at  least 
equalling  the  calyx.  Stamens  5,  distinct,  inserted  on  the  tube  or 
at  the  throat  of  the  corolla.  Style  filiform :  stigma  capitate.  Cap- 
sule 5-valved  at  the  summit,  many-seeded.  Seeds  peltate:  the 
testa  punctate. 

P.  BroadheadaB  Jones  Zoe  iii,  306  "  2  to  4  inches  high;  1  to  4  flow- 
ered; scape  2  to  4  inches  long ;  leaves  1  to  4  inches  long,  narrowly  elliptical 
rounded  at  apex,  glabrous,  rather  thick,  smooth,  entire,  narrowed  at  base 
to  a  winged  petiole  an  inch  or  less  long ;  flowers  purple,  about  5  lines  wide, 
lobes  orbicular  or  nearly  so,  notched,  with  a  very  short  claw  2  lines  long, 
tube  exceeding  the  calyx  by  2  lines ;  funnelform  above  the  calyx  ;  calyx- 
lobes  13^  lines  long  and  subulate  lanceolate,  barely  acute,  equalling  the 
tube  of  the  calyx  ;|pod  nearly  spherical;  pedicels  of  the  lateral  flowers  about 
a  line  long  the  terminal  one  2  to 6  lines  long;  bracts  oblong  to  ovate  lan- 
ceolate, entire  or  toothed  at  apex,  1  to  6  lines  long;  base  of  plant  covered 
witli  the  dead  s^:eaths  of  former  leaves.   Marshy  places  at  Ketehum  Idaho.  " 

Var.  minor  Jones  1.  c.  "  Leaves  an  inch  long  or  less,  elliptical  ob- 
lanceolate  and  acute,  thin :  lobes  of  the  corolla  as  large  as  the  type,  but 
obovate ;  lobes  of  the  calyx  longer  than  the  tube ;  flowers  1  to  2  on  the 
scape;  bracts  long;  plant  2  inches  high.    Bayhorse  Idaho. 

P.  Casickiana  Gray  Syn.  Fl.  Supp.  399.  Leaves  oblong-spatulate  or 
narrower,  2  inches  long,  entire,  or  rarely  denticulate  :  scapes  2-6  inches 
high,  1-4-flowered:  involucre  of  2  or  3  conspicuous  unequal  bracts:  calyx 
green  with  a  whitish  line  down  from  the  sinuses  of  the  campanulate  tube; 
its  lobes  from  lanceolate  to  subulate,  about  the  length  of  the  tube  and 
nearly  equalling  the  tube  of  the  corolla :  lobes  of  the  corolla  retuse.  On 
rocky  hillsides.  Union  Co.  Oregon. 


DOUGLAsrA  PRIMULAGE^  435 

ANDROSAGE 

.3   ;  DOUGLASIA  Lindl.  in  Brande.  Jourii    Sci.  1827. 

Depressed  and  tufted  little  herbs  Avith  suffr  dtescent  or  at  least 
pere»istent  stems,  imbricated  or  crowded  leav».s  and  Solitary  or 
sommvhat  umbellate  small  flowers.  Calyx  campanulate,  5-lobed. 
persistent.  Corolla  tube  equalling  or  surpassing  the  calyx,  some- 
what inflated  ^bove;  tlie  throat  more  or  less  contracted  and  5- 
fornicate  beneath  the  sinuses.  Stamens  included,  distinct,  with 
short' filaments  and  blunt  anthers.  Ovary  5^oyuled:st}'le  filiform. 
Capsule  turbinate,  1  or  2-seeded.  •  ^  ;•  .    '  ,. 

'D.  deiitata  '^atfeon  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xvii,  375.  Canescent  with  a 
firm  niostly  dense  pubescence:  rather,  stout,  branching :  leaves  rosulate  at 
the  nodes,  oblong, ^;:<iibtusish,  mostly  witli  1-3  blunt  teeth  on  eagh  side  to- 
ward t]^.(?  summit,  4ti&  lines  long :  peduncle  an  inch  long,  bearing  a  simple, 
few-tloWered  umbel;  ped  eels  very  unequal :  calyx  narrowed  at  base,  3 lines 
long'in  fruit:  the  acuminate  lobes  ; nearly  as  long  as  the  tube:  capsule 
oblong,  slightly  stipitate,  equalling  the  calyx*tube.  On  high  ridges,  Ya- 
kima Co.  Washington..  '  v  -  . 

iD.  laevigata  Gray  vJt^  Am.  Aca(i..  xvir  105.  Depressed  cespitose : 
leaves  glabrous  or  withlaffew  minute  and  scurfy  deciduous  branched  hairs, 
not  at  ail  ciliate,  entire^or  with  1  or  2  teeth  tcTward  the  summit,  oblong- 
lanceolate,  obtuse,  mainly  in  rosulate  radical  or  simply  proliferous  clusters, 
2-0  hues  long:  pedunclesi short,  scurfy-pubescent,  1-5-flowereil:  braefce  of 
th«;  involucre  oval  or  ovate,  short :  corolla  bright. red,  its  tube  almost  twice 
as  long  as  the  ovate  acute  lobes  of  the  calyx.  On  bluffs  along  the  Gpkim- 
bia  river  from  Bridal  Veil  to. near JHood  River:  blooming  in  early  sprihg. 

'.;    ,  4    ANDB^SACE  Tourn.     L.  Gen.  n.  .l*)d.      -^ 

8mall;arinual  or  perennial  herbs  with,  tufted  leaves  and  small 
White  or 'pink  flowers.  Calyx  persisteiit,  odobed  to  o-parted. 
Corolla  salverfoTm  or  funnelform;  the  tube  short,  not  longer  than 
the  calyx  ;  the  limb  5-lobed,  imbricated  in  bud.  Stamens  5,  in- 
cluded, distinct,  with  short  filaments  and  short  blunt  anthers. 
Style  mostly  short:  stigma  capitellate.  Capsule  short,  5- valved 
fromithe  apex,  few  to 'many-seeded.  ..•. 

A.  septentrioiialis  L.  Sp.  2D3.  Leaves  all  rosulateat  the  suminitp 
the  slender  annual  root,  lanceolate  or  oblongdanceolate,  narrowed  at  base* 
often  into  a  winged  petiole,  from  irregularly  denticulate  to  laciniate- 
toothed,  6-12  lines  long :  scapes  usually  nuoaerous,  2-10  inches  high,  sev- 
eral to.  many  ^flowered:  bracts  of  the  small  involucre  enbulate :  pedicels 
liliform,  1-2 inches  long:  calyx-tube  obpyrimidal,  white  or  reddish,  with 
subulate  acute  green  lobes  mostly  shorter  than  the  tube  and  rather  s^oj:ter 
than  the  obovate  lobes  of  the  corolla :  capsule  ovoid,  shorter  tliaii  the  calyx  : 
seeds  ovate,  flattish.  In  open  places,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California  and  the 
Rocky  Mountains.     Europe  and  the  Arctic  sea  coast. 

A.  llliformis  !R-etz.  Obs.  ii,  10.  ?  Annual :  leaves  ovate,  obtuse,  nar 
rowed  at  base  to  a  winged  petiole,  entire,  2  lines  long:  scapes  filiform,  2 - 
10  inches  high:  I  tracts  of  the  involvicre  minute,  subulate:  pedicels  fili- 
form, an  inch  long  or  less:  cdlyx-tube  hemispherical,  green,  with  short 
triangular  lobes:  tube  of  the  corolla  at  length  much  longer  than  the  calyx, 
the  short  ovate  lobes  closely- reflexed :  capsule  ovoid,  much  longer  than  the 
calyx :  seeds  globular,  minutely  tuberculate.  Edge  of  water  near.  Forest 
Grove  Oregon. 


436  PRIMULACE^  trientalis 

STEIRONKMA 

§  §  Lfafy-stemmed.  Leaves  entire.  Corolla  rotate  or  somewhat 
so;  the  divisions  convolute  or  sometimes  involute  in  the  budy  wanting 
in  Glaux. 

*  Capsule  mostly  globose,  dehiscent  longitudi  lally  by  valves  or 
irregularly. 

5    TRIENTALIS  L.  Gen.  n.  461 

Low  and  glabrous  perennial  herbs  with  a  simple  stem,  simple 
leaves  mostly  clus  ered  at  the  summit  and  white  or  pink  flowers 
on  filiform  pedicels.  Flowers  5-7-merous,  usually  6-merous. 
Corolla  completely  "rotate,  without  a  tube,  deeply  parted,  the  divi- 
sions convolute  in  the  bud.  Filaments  long  and  slender,  united 
at  base  into  a  short  ring:  anthers  linear,  recurving  when  old. 
Style  filiform.  Capsule  about  5-valved.  Seeds  few,  rather  large, 
covered  with  a  white  cellular-reticulated  pellicle,  remaining  for 
some  time  fast  on  the  placenta  in  a  globular  mass. 

T,  latifolia  Hook.  Fl.  ii,  121.  Stem  slender,  2-6  inches  high  .from 
a  small  siibterraneau  tuber :  bracts  subulate  to  lanceolate :  leaves  from 
lanceolate  to  ovate,  usually  abruptly  acuminate,  1-3  inches  long,  narrowed 
below  to  a  short  petiole :  pedicels  filiform  shorter  than  the  leaves :  calyx- 
lobes  linear-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate :  corolla-lobes  lanceolate,  acu- 
minate one  third  longer  than  the  calyx.  Common  in  forests,  California  to 
Vancouver  Island. 

T,  arctica  Fischer  in  Hook.  1.  c.  T.  Europxa  var.  arctica  Ledeh. 
Stem  very  slender,  1-4  inches  high,  with  small  scattered  obovate  leaves 
below;  upper  leaves  obovate-lanceolate  to  lanceolate,  (-12  lines  long:  ped- 
icels filiform,  longer  than  the  leaves :  lobes  of  the  calyx  linear,  very  acute, 
2-3  lines  long :  lobes  of  the  corolla  lanceolate,  acuminate  and  tipped  with 
a  slender  bristle,  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx.  In  high  mountain 
marshes  and  along  tne  coast,  Oregon  to  Alaska  and  Behring  Straits. 

6    STEIRONEMA  Raf.  Ann.  Gen.  Phys.  vii,  192. 

Leafy-stemmed  perennial  herbs  with  opposite  or  verticillate 
simple  leaves  and  axillary  yellow  flowers  nodding  on  slender 
pedicles.  Flowers  5-merous.  Corolla  rotate  with  no  proper  tube, 
deeply  5-parted,  the  f inuses  rounded ;  the  divisions  ovate,  cuspi- 
date-pointed, each  separately  involute  or  convolute  around  its 
stamen.  Stamens  5,  alternating  with  5  sterile  filaments;  distinct 
or  nearly  so,  inserted  on  a  ring  at  the  base  of  the  corolla.  Capsule 
10-20-seeded. 

S.  ciliatnm  Raf.  1.  c.  Glabrous  throughout  except  the  petioles :  stems 
erect,  2-4  feet  high,  mostly  simple:  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  to  obloni?- ovate, 
gradually  acuminate,  2-5  inches  long,  mostly  with  rounded  or  subcordatB 
base,  minutely  ciliate,  membranaceous,  pinnately  veined;  their  long  peti- 
oles hirsutely  ciliate :  calyx-lobes  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate :  lobes  of  the 
corolla  obovate,  obtuse,  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx,  erose-denticulate, 
4-6  lines  long:  capsule  longer  than  the  calyx.  Low  grounds,  Oregon  to 
Brit.  Columbia  and  across  the  Continent. 

S.  Isevigatnm.  Stems  slender,  1-3  feet  high,  ^hite  and  smooth,  pan- 
iculately. branched  above:  leaves  lanceolate  to  linear-lanceolate,  all  petio 


NAUMBURGiA  PRTMULACEiE  437 

GLUAX 

late,  not  at  all  ciliate  except  a  few  hairs  at  the  base  of  the  clasping  petiole, 
the  lower  ones  often  sabcordate  at  base :  lobes  of  the  calyx  lanceolate, 
acuminate,  about  4  lines  long :  lobes  of  the  corolla  obovate,  but  little  longer 
than  the  calyx.    In  marshes  along  the  Rogue  river  near  Grant's  Pass  Or. 

7    NAUMBURGIA  Moench  Meth.  Supp.  32. 

Erect  perennial  herbs  with  opposite  entire  leaves,  the  lower  re- 
duced to  scales,  and  small  yellow  flowers  in  short  axillary  spikes. 
Calyx  5-7-divided,  the  sepals  linear,  slightly  imbricated.  Corolla 
deeply  5-7-parted,  with  very  short  tube  and  narrow  segments. 
Stamens  5-7,  3Xserted;  filaments  slender,  glabrous,  slightly  unit- 
ed at  base,  alternating  with  as  many  small  tooth-like  staminoidea 
at  each  sinus  of  the  corolla.  Style  slender,  equalling  the  stamens: 
stigma  capitate.     Capsule  5-7-valved,  few-seeded. 

N.  thyrslflora  Duby  in  DC.  Prodr.  viii,  60.  Lysimachia  thyrsijiora 
L.  Glabrous  or  becoming  so :  stem  1-2  feet  high,  from  a  slender  rootstock : 
leaves  lanceolate,  sessile,  1-2  inches  long,  the  lower  smaller  and  the  lowest 
reduced  to  ovate  scales :  peduncles  from  only  2  or  3  pairs  of  leaves  near  the 
middle  of  the  steni,  axillary,  shorter  than  the  subtending  leaf,  bearing  sev^- 
eral  or  numeous  stoall  flowers  in  a  dense  head  or  oblong  spike:  lobes  of  the 
calyx  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  half  as  long  as  the  narrow  purple-dotted 
lobes  of  the  corolla :  capsule  globose,  glandular  dotted,  few-seeded.  In  wet 
bogs,  Oregon  to  Alaska  and  the  eastern  States.     Europe,  Asia  and  Japan. 

8    GLAUX  Tourn.     L.  Gen.  n.  291. 

Small  leafy-stemmed  herbs  with  opposite  entire  leaves  and 
small  axillar}^  white  or  pink  apetalous  flowers.  Calyx  5-parted, 
the  lobes  petaloid,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  about  as  long  as  the 
campanulate  tube.  Stamens  5,  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  calyx 
and  alternate  with  its  lobes:  filaments  subulate-filiform:  anthers 
cordate,  attached  by  their  backs  to  the  filaments.  Capsule  5- 
valved  at  the  top,  few-seeded. 

G,  maritima  L.  Sp.  207.  Glabrous  and  glaucous  or  pale :  stems  slen- 
der, 6-12  inches  high  from  slender  perennial  rootstocka,  very  leafy :  leaves 
from  oval  to  oblongrUhear,  3-6  lines  long,  entire,  sessile :  flowers  usually 
in  the  middle  axils  only,  solitary  and  very  nearly  sessile,  white  or  pink : 
calyx-lobes  oval,  1-2  lines  long:  seeds  oblong,  brown.  In  salt  marshes, 
California  to  Alaska  and  across  the  Continent,    Europe  and  Asia. 

*  *  Glabrous,  capsule  circumscissile;  the  top  falling  like  a  lid. 
Seeds  numerous. 

9    ANAGALLIS  Tourn.      L.  Gen.  n.  206. 

Low  annual  or  perennial  herbs  with  usually  opposite  leaves 
and  small  red,  white  or  blue  axillary  flowers.  Calyx  5-parted, 
persistent.  Corolla  completely  rotate,  5-parted,  the  rounded  lobes 
convolute  in  the  bud.  Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the 
corolla:  filaments  bearded  or  pubescent:  anthers  broadly  oblong. 
Style  filiform.     Capsule  globose,  many-seeded.     Seeds  minute. 

A.  ARVENsis  L.  Sp.  148.  Glabrous  throughout :  stems  diffuse,  usually 
much  branched,  4-sided,  4-12  inches  long  from  an  aunual  root :  leaves 
opposite  or  in  threes  or  sometimes  the  upper  ones  alternate,  ovate,  sessile, 
6-12  lines  long:  flowers  scarlet,  2-3  lines  broad,  solitary,  on  long  filiform 


438  OLBACE^  CENTtnwottTS^ 

SAMOLUS- 

pe^ uncles  that  recurve  in  fruit:  lobes  of  the  corolln  lanceolRte,  acute,' 
minutely. denticulate  or  glandular-ciliate,  but  little  longer  than  the  (•alyx-: 
seeds  minute.  California  to  Oregon' aiid  the  AtUntic  States.  Naturalized  ' 
from  Europe  and' Asia. 

10    CENTUNGDLUS    Dill.     L.  Gen.  n.  145. 

Low  glabrous  annuals  with  mostly  alternate  leaves  and  itiinttte 
solitary- flowers  in  the  axils  of  the  middle  leaves.  Galyx  4-'-5-par- 
ted  into  linear  aeute  lobes,  longer  than  the  corolla,  persistent: 
Corolla  small,  with  subglobose  tube  and  4  or  5  acute  entire  teeth"; 
Stamens  4  or  5,  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  corolla,  with  distinct' 
short  filaments  and  broadly  ovate  to  cordate  obtuseanthers  StyU 
filiform:  stigma !  capitate.     Seeds  minute,  numerous. 

C.  minimus  L.  Sp.  116.  Stems  ascending,  2-6  inches  long,  simple  or 
branched:  leaves  ovate,  obovate  or  spatulate^oblong,  tapering  at  base,  2-3 
lines  long,  all  but  the  lowest  sessile :  flowers  4-5-merou8:  calyx'lobee  lan- 
ceolate, acuminate,  fully  as  long  as  the  capsule.  In  moist  places,  Califomia 
and  Oregpn  to  Brit.  Columbia,  Minnesota  and  Illinois.  Europe  and  S.  Am^ 

Tribe  2:SamoleiF  Endi.  Gen.  734-  Ovary  connate  at  base  loith 
thebaseof  the  calyx. 

11    SAMOLUS-Tourn.  L.  Gen.  n.  222. 

Low  glabrous  caulescent  herbs  with  alternate  entire  leaves  and 
small  white  flowers  in  simple  or  panicled  racemes.  Flowers  5- 
nieroup.  Cal,>Tc  }>ersistent;  its  tube  adnate  to  the  ovary  below. 
Corolla  perigynous,  nearly  campanulate ;  the  rounded  lobes  imbri- 
cated in  the  bud.  Fertile  stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the 
corolla;  with  short  filaments  and  cordate  anthers:  staminoidea 5, 
in  the  sinuses  o-f  the  corolla,  or  wanting.  Style  short  or  slender: 
stigma  obtuse  or  capitate.  Capsule  ovate  or  globular,  5-valvedat 
the  top,  many  seeded.     Seeds  minute. 

SV  floribinidus  H.'  B.  K.  Xov;  Gen.  ii,  224.  Stems  erect  or  ascending,. 
G-18  inches  high,  diffusely  branched,  leafy  up  to  the  racemes:  leaves  al)- 
ovat6  to  spatuiate,  1-3  inches  long,  tapering  to  a  short  petiole:  flowefs 
usually  numerous,  less  than  a  line  broad,  in  loose  paniculate  racemes-: 
pedicels  filiform,  spreading,  4-12  lines  long,^  bracteolate  near  themiddle* 
calyx  adherent  to  the  mi'ddl'e  of  the  ovary  and  capsule,  the  lobes  ovate, 
half,  as  long:  as  the  short-eampanulate  corolla  :  sterile  filaments  in  the  sinu- 
ses reflexed.  lii  wet  places,  California  to  Brit.  Columbia,  Canada,  Florida 
and  Texas. 

Order  LIX  OLEACE^^]  Lindl.  Nat.  Syst. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  rarely  almost  herbaceous,  with  colorless 
bland  juice,  opposite,  rarely  alternate,  leaves  without  stipnies 
and  perfect  or  dioecious  regular  flowers.  Fl6w^ers  ganiopetal- 
ous,  2-^-petalous,  apetalous  or  even  achlamydeotis.  Stamens 
2,  spiTietimes  4;  fewer  than  the  parts  of  the  corolla,  distinct. 
Ovary  two-celled,  -with  one  or  two  pairs  of  anatropous  ovules  in 
each  cell.  Style  one  or  nonev  Fruit  a  capsule ,  samara ,  berr  j- 
or  drape.     Seeds  with  a  rather  large  embryo  in  firm  fleshy  ak 


FRAXINU8  APOCYNAOE^  430  ' 

IniiBen,  or  exalbumenous;     Cotyl edohs  fl^t,  or  plan'a-conrex : 
1    FBAXINUS  Tourn.    L.  Gen.  n.  1160. 

Trees  with  rather  light  tough  wood ,  chiefly  opposite  aird  odd- 
pinnate  leaves,  and  small  flowers  in  panicles,  appearing  with  or 
before  the  leaves  from  separate  buds.  Flowers  dioecious  or  poly- 
gamous, sometimes  perfect.  Calyx  very  small,  4-cleft  or  irregu- 
larly^ teethed  or  entire  or  wanting.  Petals^  when  present;  4, 
induplicate-valvate  in  the  bud,  either  separate  or  united 'in  pairs 
at  the  very»base,  often  wanting.  Stamens  2,  sometimes  3  or  4. 
Ovary  2-ceHed,  with  a  pair  of  ovules  at  the  summit  of  each  ceil. 
Stigma  24obed.  Fruit  an  entire  dry  indehiscent  samara,  with 
the  wing  mainly  terminal,  and  suspended  seeds. 

K  Wegana  Nutt.  Sylv.  iii,  59,  t.  99.  (Oregoi^  Asii.)  A  tree  20-1 00 
feet  high' and  1^  feetin  diameter:  leaves  and  young  branchletsvilldus- 
pubeacent;  leaflets  5-7,  lanceolate-oblong  to  oval,  usually  acuminata,  entire 
or  neariy  tio,  2^4  inches  long,  veiny,  the  upper  surface  soon  glabrous : 
flowers  dicecious;  all  with  a  minute  calyx  and  no  petals;  staminate  panicles 
dense,  with  oblong  anthers;  pistillate  in  ample,  at  length  rather  loofee 
panicles :  fruit  with  nearly  clayate  and  slightly  compressed  body,-  the  mar- 
gined edges  gradually,  widened  upward  into  the  oblanceolate,  wing,  an 
inch  or  more  long.    By  streams  and  swales,  California  t6  Brit.  Columbia. 

Order  LX     APOCYXACE^  LindL  Nat.  Syst.  ed.  2,  299.  . 

Perennial  Kerbs,  shrubs  or  trees  with  mostly;  acrid  milky, 
juice,  opposite,  verticillate,  or  alternate  entire  leaves  witHbut' 
stipules,  and  perfect  regular  5-merous  flowers.  Calyx  free,  or 
in  ours  adherent  to  the  very  base  of  the  ovaries.  Corolla 
coiitTolute  and  often  twisted '  in  the  bud.  Stamens  5,  borne  on 
thW  corolla  and  alternate  with  its  lobes :  anthers  2-celIM,'  dis- 
posed* to  cohere  with  the  stigma:  pollen-grains  simple,  often 
gltttinmiis.  Ovary  of  2  distinct'  carpels  with  the  styles 'or  stig 
mas  united,  or  l-cell6d  with  2  parietal  placenta,  or  2-celled. 
Ovules  few  to  numerous,  anatfopous  or  ampin tropOus.  Seeds 
often  bearing  a  coma.  Embryo  large,  in  sparing  albumen. 
1    APOGYNUM-  Tourh.  L.  Gen.  n.  305 

Perennial  herbs  with  branching  stems,  opposite  mucronate 
tipped  leaves  and  small  white  or  rose-colored  flowers  in  terminal 
and  axillary  small  cymes.  Calyx  5-parted,  its  short  tube  co- 
herent by  the  disk  with  the  base  of  the  ovaries.  Coi'olla  cam- 
panulate,  5-cleft,  toward  the  base  bearing;  a  i^riangular  scale-like 
appendage  opposite  each  lobe.  Stamens  borne  on  the  base  of ' 
the  corolla:  filaments  very  abort :  anthers  of  firm  texture,  sagit- 
tate^ conniving  around  the  solid  stigma,  to  a  ring  of  which  the 
broad  summit  of  the  connective  adheres.  Proper  style  none-- 
Ovaries  two,  ovoid,  in  fruit  becoming  a  pair  of  long  slender  folli- 
cles.    Glands  5,  around  the' base' of  the  ovaries. 

A»    andrOssemlfoIi uni  L.  Sp;  213,    S^Arp  erect  with' divergent  brahcii- 


440  ASCLEPIADACE/E  apocynum 

ASCLKPIA3 

ea,  6-18  inches  high,  from  deep-seated  perennial  roots:  leaves  ovate  or 
roundish,  1-4  inches  long,  abruptly  ana  setaceously  callous-mucronate, 
conspicuously  petioled,  pale  and  more  or  less  pubescent  beneath :  flowers 
very  fragrant,  m  open  cymes :  pedicels  2-3  lines  long,  subulate-bracted  at 
the' base;  corolla  open-campanulate,  about  4  lines  broad,  its  tube  much 
longer  than  the  ovate  acute  lobes  of  the  calyx,  its  short  lobes  recurved  ; 
mature  follicles  3-5  inches  long.  In  dry  open  woods,  California  to  Alaska 
and  the  eastern  States. 

Var.  pumilnm  Gray  Syn.  Fl.  ii,  82.    Low:  leaves  roundish.    Brit. 
Columbia  to  California; 

A.  cannabinnm  L.  Sp  213.  Stems  erect  or  ascending,  1-6  feet  high, 
with  ascending  branches,  glabrous,  or  sometimes  soft-pubescent,  leafy  to 
the  top:  leaves  from  oval  to  oblong  or  even  lanceolate,  with  rounded  or 
subcordate  base, ^hort  petioled  or  sessile  2-6  inches  long:  cymes  erect, 
densely  flowered:  corolla  greenish- white  or  slightly  fleeh-colored  its  lobes 
almost  erect,  the  tube  not  longer  than  the  lanceolate  calyx-lobes:  follicles 
slender,  ^-3  inches  long.  Moist  meadows,  California  to  Brit.  Columbia 
and  the  eastern  States. 

Order  LXI  ASCLEPIADACE^  Lindl.  Nat.  Syst.  ed.  2,  302. 

Mostly  herfcs  with  milky  juice,  usually  opposite  leaves  with- 
out stipules,  and  regular  perfect  flowers  in  terminal  or  pseudo- 
axillary  or  sometimes  axillary  cymes ;  often  umbellif orm.  Calyx 
free  from  the  ovary  or  nearly  so,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Corolla 
5-merous ,  convolute,  or  often  nearly  valvate  in  the  bud.  Stamens 
5,  borne  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla  ansd  alternate  with  its  lobes : 
anthers  surrounding  the  stigma.  Pollen  in  1  or  2  waxy  mass- 
es, in  ours  all  the  pollen  in  each  cell  in  one  mass  and  attached  to 
the  stigmatic  disk  by  the  glands  thatalternate  with  the  anthers. 
A  crown  of  5  parts  or  lobes  usually  present  between  the  corolla 
and  the  mostly  monadelphous  stamens,  and  adnate  either  to  the 
one  or  the  other.  Ovary  of  2  cells  that  become  follicles,  or  by 
abortion,  one  several  to  many-seeded  follicle.  Seeds  almost 
always  bearing  a  long  and  soft  coma.  Embryo  nearly  as  long 
as  the  seed,  in  mostly  thin,  cartilaginous  albumen. 

Flowers  wi»h  a  hooded  appendage  behind  each  anther. 

1  Asclepias    An  incurved  horn  or  projecting  crest  from  the  cavity  of 

each  hooded  appendage. 

2  Gomphocarpns    Hooded  appendages  without  horns  or  crests. 

1    ASCLEP^S  L.  Gen.  n.  306. 

Herbs  with  erect  or  merely  spreading  stems  from  deep  and 
thickened  perennial  roots,  opposite  or  sometimes  verticillate  or 
alternate  leaves  and  terminal  and  lateral  umbellate  inflorescence. 
Calyx  5-parted,  commonly  bearing  some  minute  processes  at  the 
base  within.  Corolla  rotate,  5-parted,  dextrorsely  valvate-con- 
volute  in  the  bud.  Crown  consisting  of  5  distinct  cucullate  or 
hollowed  nectariferous  appendages,  opposite  the  anthers,  that  are 
involute  or  complicate  and  bearing  a  horn  or  crest-like  process 
from  the  back  or  toward  the  base  within,  either  sessile  or  elevat- 


A8CLEPIAS  ASCLEPIADACE^  441 

GOMPHOCARPUS 

ed  on  a  column  which  is  shorter  than  the  anthers.  Anthers  tip- 
ped with  an  inflexed  or  sometimes  erect  membrane;  the  pollinifer- 
ous  cells  lower  than  the  stigma.  Pollen  masses  suspended, 
attached  in  pairs  to  the  glands  of  the  stigmatic  ring. 

A.  speciosa  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii,  218.  Finely  canescent-tomen- 
tose,  rarely  glabnms  with  age :  stem  stout,  2-6  feet  high  :  leaves  from  sub- 
cordateoval  to  oblong,  thickish  transversely  veined,  3-8  inches  long,  short 
petioled :  peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves :  calyx- lobes  densely  tomentose, 
lanceolate,  2  lines  long,  closely  reflexed :  lobes  of  the  corolla  oblong,  more 
than  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx,  reflexed:  hoods  4-6  lines  long,  spreading, 
the  dilated  body  and  its  short  inflexed  horn  not  surpassing  the  anthers, 
but  the  centre  of  its  truncate  summit  abruptly  produced  into  a  lanceolate- 
ligulate  thrice  longer  termination  :  staminal  column  hardly  any:  wings  of 
the  anthers  notched  and  obscurely  corniculate  at  base :  follicles  echinate 
with  soft  spinose  processes,  densely  tomentose,  2-4  inches  long.  Along 
■treams,  California  to  Washington,  Nebraska  and  Arkansas. 

A,  cryptoceras  Watson  Bot.  King  283  t.  28.  Glabrous :  stem  decum- 
bent, 6-10  inches  long,  simple :  leaves  3-4  pairs,  rounded-ovate,  1-2  inches 
long,  on  very  short  petioles :  umbel  solitary  and  terminal,  sessile,  few- 
flowered  :  corolla-lobes  ovate-lanceolate,  spreading,  greenish-yellow,  5  lines 
long:  hoods  of  the  crown  3  lines  long,  equalling  the  disk,  purple,  ovate, 
abruptly  pointed  with  2  short  recurved  beaks ;  horns  short,  incurved,  not 
at  all  exserted :  follicles  1-2  inches  long.   Eastern  Oregon  to  Utah  and  Nev. 

A.  Mexicana  Cav.  Ic.  i,  42,  t.  58.  Glabrous:  stems  erect,  3-5  feet 
high :  leaves  in  whorls  of  2-6,  sometimes  also  in  axillary  fascicles,  petioled, 
linear  or  narrowly  lanceolate,  3-6  inches  long  by  2-6  lines  broad:  umbels 
densely  flowered:  pedicels  and  flowers  softly  puberulent:  calyx-lobes 
ovate-lanceolate,  reflexed :  corolla-lobes  oblong,  2  lines  long :  hoods  broadly 
ovate,  entire,  shorter  than  the  angers,  exceeded  by  the  stout  subulate 
horn:  follicles  smooth,  narrow,  2-3  inches  long.  Along  streams,  Wash- 
ington to  California,  Arizona  and  Nevada. 

2    GOMPHOCARPUS  R.  Br.  in  Mem.  Wern.  Soc.  i,  37. 

Our  species  herbs  with  erect  stems,  opposite  leaves  and  num- 
erous flowers  in  terminal  and  axillary  umbels.  Differing  from 
Asclepias  only  in  not  having  horns  nor  crests  to  the  hoods. 
Calyx  5-parted,  the  divisions  soon  reflexed.  Corolla  rotate,  o- 
parted,  dextrorsely  valvate-convolute  in  the  bud,  soon  reflexed. 
Crown  consisting  of  5  distinct  cucullate  appendages,  destitute  of 
crest  or  horn  and  more  or  less  elevated  on  a  column.  Body  of  the 
stigma  5-angled. 

G.  cordlfolins  Gray  Bot.  Cal.  i,  477.  Glabrous :  stems  rather  stout, 
2-3  feet  high :  leaves  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  with  cordate  clasping  base, 
acute,  2-5  inches  long :  umbels  loosely  many-flowered :  slender  pedicels 
long  and  filiform,  equalling  or  shorter  than  the  peduncle:  calyx  villous- 

Eubescent :  corolla  dark  red-purple,  the  lobes  oval  or  oblong,  3-4  lines  long : 
oods  e''ect  on  the  summit  of  the  short  column,  purplish,  thin,  ventricose, 
with  dorsally  truncate  summit,  produced  at  the  margins  into  subulate 
slender  ascending  cusps,  equalling  the  anthers,  a  narrow  fissure  down  the 
ventral  side :  follicles  ovate-lanceolate,  smooth  and  glabrous,  erect  on  the 
deflexed  pedicel-    On  dry  hillsides,  southern  Oregon  and  California. 


442  vGENTIANAGE^  mighogala 

>Obier   )LXII  GENTIANACEJi:  Dumort.  Anal.  Earn.  .20. 

vSmooth  hef bs  witli  •  bitter  colorless  juiee,  opposite,  rarely 
alternate  or  verticillate,  leaves  without  stipules,  and  j^erfect 
regular  flowers.  '  Oalyx  mostly  4-*12-lobed  or  ^toothed,  often 
marcescent.  Corolla  gamopetalous,  ^-I'-^-lobed  or  -toothed, 
convolute  or  imbricated  and  usually  twisted  in'the  bud,  often 
marcescent.  Stamens  as  many  as  lobes  of  the  corolla,, aite^r- 
nate  ^with  tli^m,  'inserted,  on  its  tube;  "th^,.i2-q.elled  ^nth§^^ 
pfipning  jQiigitWuin|illy.l^>^  2-eeUeH) 

jivith , two' parietal  pla'cenlaijcqiT -the  whole  parieti^ t>vulifemufei. 
B'tjle  •si'lotgle,  with;u^u:all^  ;lwo-lobed  ■Vr'^Jwo-la^ellato  stigma. 
Gapsule  iiQhiseent  through  the  plaeentse.  Seeds *Wiadeiini^e]y 
numerous,  v-rarely  few.  commonly  small,  anatropoiis,  witli  'la 
miiiute  embryo, in  fleshy  albumen. 

SuBOKDER  I  G^NTiANEiE  .Leaves  .  alway>s  simple'  and <eit tire'. 
Lobes*  of. the:  corolla  never  »valvate> in  the . bud.       : ' 

*    St;^le' filiform,  usually  deciduous  from  the  capsiile. 

1  'Microeala    Calyx  4-tiootlied    aud   4-angled:  anthers  cordate-ovate  and 

unchanged  in  Age. 

2  tKrythrwa  '  Calyx v5rparted,  or  sometimes  4-pal-ted :  anthers  oMoo^fi;'©^ 

linear,  twisting  spirally  in  1  or  2  turns  in  age.  I 

* '*    Style  Short  or  subulate  and  persistent,  or  none. 
-^  -Cwolla  witiiiout nectariferous  pits *yr  iarge glands.  /. \ 

3  'G-enUaaia  .Corolla  funn-^lform,  campanulate  or.salv^rform :  seeds  v^y 

numerous  and  small.  -     ''• 

-*-  -<-     CoroUa  with.  1  or  2,  Hecfeariterous  pits  or  s-pot§,  or .  an  .ladnat^e ' 
scale  to  each  lobe. 

4  Swertia    Corolla  rotate,  usually  5-parted:  capsule  ovate:  seeds  com- 

paratively large. 

5  Frasera    Corolla  rotate,  4-parted :  seeds  comparatively  few  and  lai;ge. 

SuBORDKK  II  MENYANTHEji:  Leaves  often  crcnate  or  trifolio- 
late,  all  alternate  and  petioled.  Corolla  induplicate-,valvateun 
the  bud. 

6  <M«iiyaiithes    Corolla  somewhat  funnelform  or  campanulate,  5^cl^ft. 

Stibortler  1,  Gentianeas  DC.  Prodt.  ix  38.  Leaves  always  sim- 
ple and  entire,  sessile j  never  alternate  except  hi  Swertia.  Corolla 
never  valtate  in  the  hud. 

1    MIGROC ALA  Link  &?Hoffm.  Fl.  Port,  i,  359. 

'Little  annuals  with  opposite  entire  sessile  leaVes' and  yellow 
flowe^i^.  Calyx  .4-toothed and  Wrangled.  ;  Corolla  sh6'rt-4alver%m 
bearing  the  4  short  staiiieps  in  its  throat : ;  anthers  cor datero-^te, 
unchanged  in. age.  Style  'filiform ,  deciduous  :  stigma  as  if  ccim- 
presse(i-capitate:*but  oi'2*fan-'Shaped  lobes  that  are  at  first  Oo iX- 
niventj.but  af;Ifength  separate.  Seeds  numerous,  with  close  and' 
foveolate  coat. 


MiCROCALA  GENTIAN  A  CEiE  443 

ERYTHR^A 

M.  quadraiigularis  Griseb.  DC.  Prodr.  ix,  63.  Stem  filiform,  simple 
or  branched,  2-3  incheb  high :  leaves  2-3  pairs,  oval  or  oblong,  2-3  lines 
long:  flowers  solitary  at  the  summit  of  the  stem  or  branches:  calyx  at 
first  oblong-campanulate,  in  fruit  broader,  truncate  at  top  and  bottom, 
strongly  4-angled ;  the  teeth  short  and  subulate :  corolla  saffron-yellow, 
3  lines  long:  capsule  ovoid.     In  prairies,  Umpqua  Valley  Oregon  to  Calif. 

2    ERYTHRiEA  Neck.  Elem.  ii,  10. 

Low  herbs  with  sessile  entire  leaves,  and  small  or  middle  sized 
commonly  numerous  pink  white  or  yellow  flowers  in  cymes  or 
spikes.  Flowers  5-merous,  sometimes  4-merous.  Corolla  sal- 
verform  with  either  a  short  or  rather  long  tube ;  the  lobes  often 
contorted  and  becoming  narrower  with  age.  Filaments  slender. 
Anthers  oblong  or  linear,  commonly  exserted,  twisting  spirally 
in  one  or  two  turns  after  opening.  Style  filiform  :  stigma  2-lobed, 
the  lobes  from  oblong  to  fan-shaped.  Ovary  1 -celled  :  the  pla- 
centae more  or  less  intruded.  Capsule  from  oblong-ovoid  to 
fusiform,  2-valved, 

E.  Muhlenbergii  Griseb.  DC.  Prodr.  ix,  60.  *'  A  span  or  less  high, 
at  length  fastigiately  branched  from  the  base,  cymosely  flowered  at  sum- 
mit: leaves  oblong,  obtuse;  the  floral  lanceolate:  pedicels  short  or  hardly 
any  in  the  forks;  the  lateral  often  as  long  as  the  flower,  but  2-bracteolateat 
summit :  lobes  of  the  rose-red  corolla  oval,  very  obtuse  or  retuse,  in  age 
merely  oblong,  2  or  almost  3  lines  long,  much  shorter  than  the  tube: 
anthers  oblong:  seeds  short-oval.  "     Western  Oregon  and  California. 

E.  Douglasii  Gray  Bot.  Cal.  i,  480.  Stem  slender,  6-12  inches  higb, 
loosely  and  paniculately  branched  usually  sparsely  flowered :  leaves  from 
oblong  to  linear,  mostly  acute :  flowers  all  on  strict  and  slender  peduncles 
or  pedicels :  lobes  of  the  pink  corolla  ob'ong,  obtuse,  at  most  3  lines  long, 
mostly  half  the  length  of  the  tube :  anthers  oblong :  stigma  fan-shaped :  seeds 
globular.     In  moist  places,  Oregon  and  California  to  Utah  and  Wyoming. 

E.  Nuttallii  Watson  Bot.  King  276,  t,  29.  Stem  erect,  loosely  bran- 
ched, 3-lJ  inches  high:  leaves  linear-oblong,  6-12  lines  long,  acute:  pan- 
icle dichotomous,  few-flowered:  flowers  on  elongated  slender  peduncles: 
lobes  of  the  pink  corolla  elliptic-oblong,  2-3  lines  long,  acute:  stignaa 
somewhat  cup-shaped,  slightly  2-lobed :  capsule  4-7  lines  long,  becoming 
nearly  twice  the  length  of  the'calyx :  seeds  oblong.  Nevada  to  Idaho  and 
Utah. 

E.  minima.  Stem  filiform,  simple  or  sparingly  branched,  1-2  inches 
high  :  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  1-3  lines  long :  flowers  racemosely  disposed, 
all  pedicellate  :  lobes  of  the  pink  or  white  corolla  lanceolate,  acute,  2  lines 
long,  more  than  half  as  long  as  the  tube:  anthers  oblong :  lobes  of  the  style 
fan-shaped  seeds  globular,  strongly  pitted.  In  wet  places,  throughout 
western  Oregon. 

E.  curvistamenea  Wittrock.  Stem  slender  2-4  inches  high,  simple 
or  sparingly  branched:  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  the  upper  ones  linear, 
acute  :  flowers  on  long  slender  pedicels :  lobes  of  the  light  red  corolla  linear- 
lanceolate,  2  lines  long,  half  as  long  as  the  tube  :  summit  of  the  filaments 
curved  downward  with  the  anthers  in  a  tangled  mass  about  the  stigma: 
seeds  not  seen.     Lincoln  County  Washington. 

3    GENTIAN!  Tourn.       L.  Gen.  n.  322. 

Erect  herbs  with  chiefly  sessile  opposite  leaves  and  conspicu- 
ous flowers  that  visually  open  only  in  sunshine.     Calyx  common. 


444  GENTIANACEtE  gentiana 

ly  with  a  membranous  or  spathaceous  tube.  Corolla  funnelform 
or  campanulate  to  salverform  or  r  tate,  without  pits  large  glands 
or  scales ;  the  sinuses  with  or  without  pleats  or  appendages. 
Stamens  as  many  as  lobes  of  the  corolla  and  inserted  on  its  tube, 
included:  anthers  connate  into  a  tube  or  separate,  remaining 
straight  after  opening.  Style  very  short  or  none  :  stigma  of  two 
spreading  or  rarely  united  lamellae,  persistent.  Seeds  very 
numerous,  often  Covering  the  whole  inner  walls  of  the  thin 
2-valved  capsule. 

§  1  Genttanella  Gray  Syn.  FJ.  ii,  116.  Corolla  without 
extended  pleats  or  lobes  or  teeth  at  the  sinuses.  Anthers  usually 
versatile.     Stigmas  distinct  or  only  causually  united. 

*  Flowers  large  or  middle  sized,  solitary  on  a  naked  peduncle  ter- 
minating the  stem  or  branches,  not  bracteate  at  base,  mostly  4-mer- 
ous:  corolla  campanulate-funnelform,  its  lobes  usually  fimbriate  or 
or  erose,  not  crowned:  a  row  of  glands  alternating  with  t'  e  base  of 
the  filaments. 

G.  serrata  var.  holopetala  Gray  Bot.  Cal.  i,  481.  Slender,  2-16 
inches  high,  with  comparatively  long  peduncles  :  leaves  linear  or  lanceolate- 
linear:  calyx-lobes  ovate-acuminate,  acutely  carinate,  the  2  exterior  longer 
and  narrower  than  the  others:  corolla  an  inch  or  more  long,  its  oblong 
lobes  entire  or  merely  erose-denticulate  around  the  summit:  capsule  short- 
stipitate  :  seeds  squamulose-roughened.  In  the  high  Sierra  Nevada  Moun- 
tains and  northward  to  Oregon. 

G.  simplex  Gray  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  v,  87,  t.  16.  Stem  2-10  inches  high, 
simple,  bearing  2-4  pairs  of  lanceolate  or  linear-oblong  leaves  3-9  lines 
long,  and  a  single  blue  flower  on  a  slender  peduncle:  calyx-tube  and  lobes 
hardly  at  all  angled  or  carinate;  the  lobes  nearly  equal  and  similar :  corolla 
an  inch  long,  its  oblong  spatulate  lobes  entire  oV  erose-dentate,  and  some- 
times a  fringe  of  a  few  bristly  teeth  low  down  on  the  sides:  capsule  raised 
on  a  short  stipe :  seeds  smooth  but  longitudinally  striate,  narrow,  wingless 
when  mature  except  a  cellular  appendage  at  both  ends.  Higher  parts  of 
the  Cascade  and  Sierra  Nevada  mountains. 

*  *  Flowers  small,  4-5-merous:  corolla  somewhat  funnelform  or 
salverform  when  expanded,  the  lobes  entire. 

O.  tenella  Rottb.  Act.  Hafn.  x,  436,  t.  2,  fig.  6.  "  An  inch  to  a  span 
high :  leaves  (2  to  6  lines  long)  oblong  or  the  lowest  spatulate :  calyx  deeply 
5- (  sometimes  4-)  parted;  the  lobes  foliaceous,  oblong  to  ovate,  usually 
unequal:  corolla  2%,  to  4  lines  long,  double  the  length  of  the  calyx  (more 
lengthened  in  fruit),  blue;  its  lobes  ovate-oblong,  rather  obtuse,  little 
shorter  than  the  tube :  fimbriate  crown  conspicuous  at  the  throat."  High 
mountain  summits,  Idaho  to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

G.  acuta  Michx.  Fl.  i,  177.  G.  Amarella  var.  acuta  Herder.  Stem 
leafy,  slightly  wing-angled,  simple  or  branched,  6-20  inches  high:  lower 
leaves  obovate  to  spatulate,  obtuse,  the  upper  lanceolate,  acute  or  acumin- 
ate at  the  apex,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  base,  sessile  or  somewhat  clasp- 
ing, 6-24  lines  long:  flowers  numerous,  racemose-spicate,  5-8  lines  high: 
pedicels  2-6  lines  long,leafy-bracted  at  base :  calyx  usually  almost  5-parted, 
its  lobes  lanceolate  or  linear,  equal  or  one  or  two  of  them  longer:  corolla 
longer  than  the  calyx,  usually  blue,  its  lobes  oblong,  acute  or  becoming 
obtuse :  crown  in  the  throat  of  few  setae :  capsule  sessile.  In  the  high 
mountains  California  to  Alaska  and  across  the  Continent. 


GENTIAN  A  GENTIANACE^:  445 

G.  stricta.  G.  Amarella  var.  stricta  Watson,  Stem  strict,  1-4  feet 
high,  with  strict  branches,  remotely  leafy:  leaves  thickish,  the  cauline 
lanceolate-linear:  flowers  numerous,  usually  4-merou8:  calyx  deeply  cleft, 
the  lobes  unequal:  corolla  whitish,  3-5  lines  long,  but  little  longer  than 
the  calyx:  crown  in  the  throat  of  few  setae  or  wanting.  Mountains  of 
Idaho,  Wyoming  and  Nevada. 

§  2  Pneumonantha  Neck.  El.  ii,  12.  Flowers  almost  always 
5-merous.  Corolla  plicate  at  the  sinuses,  the  pleats  more  or  less 
extended  into  thin-membranaceous  teeth  or  lobes:  without  crown 
or  glands      Stigmas  distinct.     Capsule  more  or  less  stipitate. 

*  Perennial  by  offsets  or  propagula:Jeaves  marginless :  flowers  cym- 
ose:  calyx  short,  5-cleft:  anthers  oblong-linear,  introrse,  remaining 
erect. 

G.  Douglasiana  Bong.  Veg.  Sitka,  38,  t.  6.  Stem  2-10  inches  high, 
cymosely  branched :  leaves  ovate,  the  lowest  rosulate,  the  cauline  of  few 
remote  pairs  and  somewhat  cordate,  2-4  lines  long :  corolla  yellow,  4-6 
lines  loui?,  its  lobes  oblong,  shorter  than  the  funnelform  tube,  not  twice 
as  long  as  the  conspicuous  and  equally  broad  2-clef t  lobes  in  the  sinuses : 
capsule  stipitate,  obovate,  two-edged  above  :  seeds  elongated-oblong,  a  line 
long,  apiculate  at  both  ends;  coat  close.    In  wet  places,  Oregon  to  Alaska. 

*  *  Root  perennial :  flowers  comparatively  large,  mostly  short-ped- 
uncled  or  sessile,  usually  two-bracteate  below :  anthers  linear,  or  oblong, 
unconnected,  seldom  connivent,  more  or  less  extrorse,  remaining  erect. 

+-  Dwarf;  1-5-flowered :  cauline  leaves  only  2-4  pairs. 

0.  Newberryi  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xi,  84.  "  Stems  1-flowered,  2-4 
inches  long,  and  ascending  from  the  axila  of  the  rosulate-radical  leaves: 
these  obovate  or  spatulate,  an  inch  or  more  long;  cauline  leaves  much 
smaller,  connate-sheathing ;  the  lowest  obovate,  the  uppermost  lanceolate : 
calyx  lobes  lanceolate  or  oblong,  nearly  the  length  of  the  oblong-campanu- 
late  tube:  corolla  broadly  funnelform,  inch  and  a  half  long,  pale  blue, 
white  within,  greenish  dotted;  its  lobes  ovate,  mucronate;  the  interposed 
appendages  2-cleft  or  laciniate,  subulate-tipped:  seeds  round-oval,  smooth, 
broadly  winged.  Sierra  Nevada,  California,  in  or  near  the  alpine  region, 
from  Mariposa  Co.  north  to  S.  Oregon. 

■*-  +-  Low :  stems  several  from  the  same  caudex :  cauline  leaves  6-16 
pairs,  more  or  less  connate  or  even  sheathing  at  base,  the  uppermost 
involucrate  around  the  sessile  terminal  flower  or  3-5-flowered  cluster. 

G.  bisetaea.  Stems  decumbent  or  ascending,  8-16  inches  long:  leaves 
rather  thick,  oval  to  oblong,  or  the  uppermost  lanceolate,  all  rounded  at 
the  apex ;  narrowed  and  connate-sheattjing  below,  about  an  inch  long,  the 
uppermost  pair  close  to  the  solitary  flower :  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  acute, 
4-5  lines  long  by  a  line  broad,  about  as  long  as  the  tube,  strongly  nerved : 
lobes  of  the  blue  corolla  oblong,  acute,  not  half  as  long  as  the  campanu- 
Idte  tube ;  appendages  in  the  sinuses  two  setae  from  a  rather  broad  base : 
( apsules  stipitate :  seeds  oblong,  with  a  broad  wing  all  around,  usually 
widest  on  one  side.  In  marshes,  eastern  base  of  the  Coast  Mountains 
near  Waldo,  Oregon. 

G.  calycosa  Griseb.  Gent.  251.  Stems  erect,  6-12  inches  high,  leaves 
ovate,  6-15  lines  long,  commonly  equalling  or  exceeding  the  internodes, 
the  lowest  pairs  smaller  and  with  connate-sheathing  base,  the  upper  hardly 
so;  the  uppermost  involucrate  and  somewhat  exceeding  the  calyx  of  ttie 
commonly  f^olitary  flower:  lobes  of  the  calyx  ovate  or  oblong,  or  even  sub- 
cordate,  about  as  long  as  the  turbinate  tube:  corolla  oblong-funnelform, 
its  appendages  in  the  sinuses  triangular-subulate,  laciniate  or  2-cleft  at 


446  GENTlANACEiE  gkntiana 

tip,  shorter  than  the  broadly  ovate  lobes:  seeds  lanceolate,  acuminate, 
wingless.  On  the  highest  mountains,  Washington  to  California  and  the 
Rocky  Mountains. 

G.  Parryi  Engelm.  Trans.  Acad.  St.  Louis  ii,  218,  t.  10.  Stems 
numerous  from  the  crown  of  a  somewhat  woody  root,  10-15  inches  high  : 
leaves  glaucescent,  thickish,  ovate,  varying  to  oblong-lanceolate,  9-18  lines 
long,  most  of  the  pairs  with  somewhat  sheathing  base;  the  upper  2  or  3 
pairs  involucrate  around  the  1-5  flowers,  conrealing  the  calyx  and  some- 
times almost  equalling  the  bright  blue  corolla:  lobes  of  the  calyx  small, 
moderately  or  much  shorter  than  the  campanulate  tube  :  appendages  in 
the  sinuses  of  the  corolla  narrow,  deeply  2-cleft,  but  little  shorter  than  the 
obovate  lobes:  seeds  lanceolate,  wingless,  with  obutse  or  acitish  edge. 
Alpine  and  subalpine  in  the  Cascade  and  Rocky  Mountains. 

G.  Gormani.  Stems  erect,  10-18  inches  high :  lowest  leaves  small, 
with  connate-sheathing  base;  the  middle  ones  broadly  ovate  to  nearly  or- 
bicular, with  very  short  sheathing  base,  about  an  inch  long,  shorter  than 
the  internodes,  the  uppermost  one  or  two  pairs  cordate  or  subcordate  and 
involucrate  around  the  usually  solitary  flower :  calyx-lobes  only  2,  broadly 
ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  longer  than  the  tube :  corolla  bright  blue,  an 
inch  long,  nearly  campanulate,  its  broadlv  ovate  lobes  short-acuminate: 
appendages  in  the  sinuses  very  short,  nearly  entire :  seeds  oblong  or  lan- 
ceolate, apiculate.  Moist  subalpine  meadows,  northeastern  Wasliington 
to  Alaska. 

•*-■*--»-     Stems  either  tall  or  low,  many-leaved  flowers  not  involu- 
crate :  style  manifest. 

Corolla  oblong-campanulate,  with  broadly,  ovate  lobes  more  or 
less  narrowed  at  base  and  the  intervening  plaits  entire :  calyx  lobes  usu- 
ally from  ovate  to  lanceolate,  equalling  or  longer  than  the  tube. 

G.  Menziesiil^Griseb.  Gent.  191.  "Stems  a  foot  or  less  high  slender: 
leaves  from  narrowly  oblong  to  lanceolate  (inch  and  a  half  or  less  long), 
somewhat  3-nerved:  flowers  one  or  two,  short-peduncled  or  sessile:  calyx 
according  to  Grisebach  spathaceous  and  the  lobes  obsolete,-  in  our  .'speci- 
mens with  oblong-lanceolate  foliaceous  lobes  (5  lines  long)  equalling  the 
turbinate-oblong  tube :  corolla  an  inch  long ;  its  lobes  3  lines  long  and  wide ; 
its  plaits  truncate  and  obscu'-ely  -3-crenate  :  seeds  ovate-lanceolate  or  ob- 
long, barely  acute  or  both  ends  obtuse.— Bogs,  W.  Oregon  to  Mendocino 
Co.,  California." 

G.  sceptrnm  Griseb  1.  c.  Stems  erect,  2-4  feet  high,  simple,  or 
short  branched  above,  few  to  several-flowered :  leaves  ovate  to  oblong- 
lanceolate  indistinctly  3-7-nfcrved:  calyx-lobes  unequal,  lanceolate  to 
ovate-oblong:  corolla  1-2  inches  long,  its  lobes  nearly  4  lines  long  and 
wide,  its  plaits  truncate  or  with  barely  rounded  entire  summit :  seeds  nar- 
rowly lanceolate  with  scarious  acumination.  Western  Oregon  to  British 
Columbia. 

G.  Orfordii.  Stems  slender,  1-2  feet  high,  several  from  a  thick  per- 
ennial root :  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  3  nerved,  1-3  inches  long,  below  re- 
duced to  connate-sheathing  bracts:  flowers  on  rather  stout  peduncles: 
calyx-  lobes  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate  5-6  lines  long,  longer  than  the 
tube:  corolla  blue  finely  specked  within,  an  inch  or  more  long,  its  short 
lobes  acutish;  appendages  in  the  sinuses  rounded:  seeds  minute  cylindra- 
ceous,  not  appendaged.     Port  Orford,  Oregon,  Oct.  1892  Joseph  Howell. 

**■  y  Corolla  funnelform,  with  ovate  lobes  not  narrowed  at  base:  the 
plaits  extended  into  conspicuous  laciniate-toothed  or  clef t  appenda- 
ges: margins  of  the  leaves  scabrous:  seeds  surrounded  by  a  distinct 
and  rather  broad  wing'  ovate  or  oblong. 


swERTiA  GENTIANACE^  447 

FBASERA 

€1.  Oregana  Engelm.  in  herb.  Stpms  erect  and  rather  stout,  1-2  feet 
high:  sometimes  more  slender  and  ascending :  leaves  ovate,  to  ovate-ob- 
long or  lanceolate  1-2  inches  long :  flowers  few  at  the  summit  or  sometimes 
several  and  racemose-scattered:  bracts  oblong  or  ovate:  calyx  lobes  from 
oblong  to  ovate-lanceolate  as  long  as  the  tube :  corolla  broadly  funnelform 
over  an  inch  long,  its  short  lobes  roundish.  Brit.  Columbia  to  California 
and  Idaho. 

G.  afttnis  Griseb.  Gent.  191.  Stems  clustered,  8-12  inches  long,  mostly 
ascending :  leaves  from  oblong  to  lanceolate  or  linear :  flowers  from  few  to 
numerous  and  thyrsoid-racemose :  bracts  lanceolate  or  linear :  lobes  of  the 
caiyx  linear  or  subulate,  unequal  and  variable,  the  longest  rarely  equalling 
the  tube,  the  shorter  sometimes  minute :  corolla  an  inch  or  less  long,  rather 
narrowh'  funnelform,  its  lobes  ovate,  acutish  or  mucronnlate-pointed, 
spreading.     Brit.  Columbia  to  California  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

G.  auisosepala  Greene  Pitt,  iii,  309.  •'  Annual,  erect,  slender,  simple, 
5-10  itjcbes  high,  with  a  few  small  flowers  terminal  and  in  the  upper  axils: 
leaves  in  a  few  pairs,  the  lowest  obovate,  the  middle  pairs  oval,  the  upper- 
most cordate-oval,  all  obtuse,  sessile,  %  to  more  than  ^  inch  long:  the  few 
flowers  about  4 lines  long;  calyx  parted  almost  to  the  base  into  5  narrowly 
elliptical  very  acute  segments  of  unequal  length,  the  shortest  hardly  equal- 
ling the  tube  of  the  corolla,  the  longest  almost  equalling  the  full  length  of 
the  corolla;  corolla  broadly  funnelform,  the  segments  shorter  than  the 
tube,  rather  obtuse,  almost  equalled  bv  the  longer  setae  of  the  crown.  Nez 
Perces  Co.  Idaho,  Heller,  July  1896  (n^  3440).  " 

-»—  -»-  Calyx  4-^-p(^'^ed.  Corolla  with  one  or  two  nectariferous 
pitSj  or  spots  or  an  adnate  scale  to  each  lobe.  Seeds  comparatively 
large. 

4    SWERTIA  L.  Gen.  n.  321. 

Simple-stemmed  perennial  herbs  with  mostly  opposite  petioled 
leaves,  and  blue  or  white  flowers  in,  summer.  Corolla  rotate,  5- 
parted ;  the  lobes  dextrorsely  convolute  in  the  bud.  Style  none 
or  very  short:  stigma  2-lamellate  or  2-lobed.  Capsule  ovate:  the 
placentae  not  intruded. 

S.  obtusa  Ledeb.  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petersb.  v,  526.  S.  perennis  Pall, 
not  of  jL.  "  A  span  to  a  foot  or  more  high :  lowest  leaves  oblong  or  obovate- 
spatulate  (2  to  4  inches  long  ),  tapering  into  a  long  petiole;  upper  cauline 
few  and  narrower,  sessile ;  some  commonly  alternate :  inflorescence  racem- 
iform  or  narrowly  paniculate,  few-many-flowered :  flowers  5-merous  :  sepals 
narrowly  lanceolate :  lobes  of  the  corolla  (  4-6  lines  long)  oblong-ovate 
becoming  lanceolate,  the  base  bearing  a  pair  of  nectariferous  pits  which 
are  crested  with  a  fringe.  Subalpine  in  the  Blue  Mountains  of  Oregon  to 
the  Rocky  Mountains,  Alaska  and  Siberia. 

5    FRASERA  Walt.  Fl.  Carol.   87. 

Smooth  herbs  with  erect  stems,  opposite  or  verticillate  leaves 
and  numerous  flowers  in  thyrsoid  or  paniculate  cymes.  Corolla 
rotate,  4-parted,  the  lobes  dextrorsely  convolute  in  the  bud,  bear- 
ing a  single  or  double  fringed  gland,  and  sometimes  a  fimbriate 
crown  at  base.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  very  base  of  the  corolla: 
filaments  subulate,  often  united  at  base,  occasionally  with  some 
interposed  small  bristles  or  scales.  Ovary  ovate,  tapering  into 
a  distinct  and  often  slender  persistent  style  :  stigma  small,  2-lobed 


448  GENTIANACE^  feasera 

or  nearly  entire.  Capsule  coriaceous,  commonly  flattened ;  the 
placentae  or  ed^es  of  the  valves  not  intruded.  Seeds  compara- 
tively few,  compressed,  commonly  smooth  and  margined. 

*  Leaves  marginless :  sepals  narrow,  almost  as  long  as  the  corolla : 
corolla  with  a  single  round  gland  upon  each  lohe;  no  crown  at  base: 
capsule  stronely  flattened  parallel  with  the  valves :  seeds  orbicular, 
wing  margined :  stem  large  and  stout. 

F.  thyrsiflora  Hook.  Kew  Jour.  Bot.  iii,  288.  "  Stems  2  or  3  feet 
high:  leaves  in  pairs  or  threes,  oblong  or  spatulate-obovate,  Ihe  cauline 
3  or  4  inches  long :  flowers  in  a  dense  interrupted  thyrsus :  sepals  subulate- 
linear  (  4  lines  long  ) :  lobes  of  the  pale  blue  corolla  ovate-oblong,  thin, 
bearing  the  gland  near  the  base :  style  short  and  conical,  in  some  flowers 
hardly  any.  Idaho  and  interior  of  Oregon  on  the  tributaries  of  the  Colum- 
bia. " 

*  *  Leaves  not  margined:  sepals  linear,  equalling  the  corolla:  a 
pair  of  oblong  glands  on  each  corolla-lobe  and  a  separate  crown  below 
them  :  capsule  compressed  contrary  to  the  almost  conduplicate  valves : 
seeds  oblong,  flat  margined. 

F.  speciosa  Dougl.  Griseb.  Gent.  329.  Stem  stout,  2-5  feet  high, 
very  leafy  :  leaves  in  fours  and  sixes,  nervose ;  the  radical  and  lowest  cauline 
obovate  or  oblong,  6-10  inches  long,  the  upper  lanceolate  and  at  length 
linear :  flowers  very  numerous  in  a  long  leafy  thyrsus  :  the  peduncles  and 
slender  pedicels  at  length  strict:  lobes  of  the  greenish-white  or  barely 
bluish  and  dark-dotted  corolla  oblong,  acutish,  half  inch  long,  bearing  the 
pair  of  contiguous  and  densely  long-fringed  glands  about  the  middle,  and 
a  distant  transversely  inserted  and  setaceously  multifid  scale-like  crown 
near  tbe  base,  usually  some  minute  setsea  between  the  bases  of  the  fila- 
ments :  style  subulate,  shorter  than  the  ovary.  In  the  mountains,  eastern 
Oregon  to  California,  Wyoming  and  New  Mexico. 

*  *  *  Leaves  with  cartilaginous  white  n^argins,  thickish,  lanceo'ate 
or  linear  and  grass-like,  merely  opposite,  the  cauline  only  3-5  pairs: 
inflorescence  a  virgate  interrupted  thyrsus  of  3-7  pairs  of  sessile  or 
short-peduncled  dense  cymes,  forming  a  series  of  glomerate  clusters  : 
pedicels  very  short:  sepals  subulate-lanceolate,  about  equalling  the 
oblong  or  ovate  lobes  of  the  blue  corolla:  fringed  glands  solitary,  elon- 
gated, extending  from  the  base  of  the  lobe  to  near  the  middle,  saccate 
and  with  a  longer  and  coarser  fringe  at  base :  crown  staminal,  consist- 
ing of  a  conspicuously  laciniately  parted  or  nearly  entire  scale  between 
the  filaments :  style  slender,  twice  the  length  of  the  ovary:  capsule 
compressed  parallel  with  the  flat  or  flattish  valves,  few-seeded :  seeds 
as  far  as  known  flat,  smooth,  acute-angled. 

F.  uitida  Benth.  PI.  Hartw.  322.  Completely  glabrous :  stems  slender, 
1-2  feet  high,  simple:  leaves  linear-lanceolate;  the  radical  ones  6-8  inches 
long;  those  subtending  the  upper  flower  cluster:^  reduced  to  small  bracts: 
sepals  linear- lanceolate,  acuminate,,  scarcely  margined  with  white,  entire: 
corolla  blue,  sometimes  spotted  with  greenish  dots,  the  lobes  barely  acute, 
bearing  an  elongated-oblong  obtuse  gland:  thin  scales  between  the  fila- 
ments ovate  or  oblong-linear,  entire  or  sparingly  laciniate,  longer  than  the 
ovary.  Common  from  Brit.  Columbia  to  California,  east  of  the  Ca-cade 
Mountains. 

F.  Cnsickii  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xxii,  310.  Glabrous :  stems  slen- 
der, 2-.S  inches  big  t,  but  little  longer  than  the  radical  leaves:  thyrsus 
either  of  s  mple  glomernles  or  interrupted  spiciform :  corolla  large ;  its  lobes 
nearly  halfinch  long,  oval,  obtuse:  scales  between  the  filaments  large,  or- 
bicular,  concave,   nearly  entire,  surpassing  the  ovary.     Hillsides  ot  the 


FRA8ERA  GENTIANACE^  449 

MENYANTHES 

Grande  Ronde  Valley,  eastern  Oregon. 

F.  albicauiis  Dougl.  Griseb.  1.  c.  Very  minutely  pruinose-puberulent: 
stems  10-18  inches  high  :  radical  leaves  linear-spatulate,  2-4  incl  es  long, 
attenuate  below  to  a  petiole  :  lobes  of  the  corolla  subulate,  long  acuminate, 
white  margined,  entire:  lobes  of  the  corolla  lanceolate,  acuminate:  glands 
linear,  closed  below  into  a  kind  of  pocket:  scales  between  the  filaments 
oblong,  laeiniately  cle^t  at  the  summit.  Eastern  Oregon  and  Washington 
to  Idaho. 

Suborder  2.  Menyanthese  Griseb,  Gent.  336.  Marsh  or  aquatic 
perennials  with  heterogonous  flowers.  Leaves  all  alternate  and 
mostly  petioled.  Corolla  induplicate-valvate  in  the  bud.  Seed- 
coat  crustaceous. 

6    MENYANTHES  Tourn.  L.  Gen.  n.  202. 

Perennial  herbs  with  chiefly  radical  leaves,  and  white  flowers 
on  erect  scapes  or  scape-like  peduncles.  Calyx  5-parted.  Co- 
rolla somewhat  funnelform  or  campanulate.  5-cleft,  the  lobes 
widely  spreading,  fimbriate  or  crested  on  the  inner  face.  Stamens 
5,  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla  ;  filaments  filiform  ;  anthers 
sagittate,  versatile.  Ovary  one-celled ;  style  long  and  slender ; 
stigma  bilamellate.  Capsule  oval,  indehiscent,  but  bursting 
irregularly  across  the  top.  Seeds  rather  few  and  large,  orbicular 
and  compressed ;  the  cloese  crustaceous  coat  smooth. 

M.  trifoliata  L.  Sp.  145.  Scapes  and  leaves  stout,  6-10  inches  long, 
from  a  thick  underground  scaly  stem  or  rootstock  :  leaves  trifoliolate;  long- 
petioled;  leaflets  oblong  or  obovate,  entire  or  repand,  obtuse  at  the  apex, 
narrowed  to  a  sessile  base,  pinnately  veined,  1-3  inches  long :  raceme  borne 
on  a  long  scape-like  naked  peduncle,  10-20-flowered :  pedicels  stout,  3-12 
lines  long,  bracteolate  at  the  base:  flowers  5-7  lines  long:  corolla  white  or 
tinged  with  rose,  the  tube  longer  than  the  calyx,  the  upper  surface  of  the 
lobes  copiously  fimbriate-bearded :  capsule  ovoid,  obtuse,  about  4  lines  long. 
In  bogs,  Alaska  to  California  and  across  the  Continent. 

Order  LXIII  POLEMONIACE.'E  DC.  Fl.  Franc,  iii,  645. 

Herbaceous  or  rarely  shrubby  plants  with  bland  colorless 
juice,  simple  or  divided  leaves  without  stipules  and  perfect 
regular  flowers  with  a  free  ovary  and  hypogynous  disk.  Calyx 
5-parted  or  5-lobed,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  persistent.  Corolla 
5-lobed,  dextrorsely  convolute  and  not  plicate  in  the  bud.  Sta- 
mens 5,  distinct,  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  alternate 
with  its  lobes.  Style  one,  3-lobed,  or  3-cleft  and  stigmatic  down 
the  inner  face.  Fruit  a  3-celled  loculicidal  capsule,  usually 
with  a  thick  placental  axis;  and  few  or  many  small  amphi- 
tropous  or  nearly  anatropous  seeds  with  a  thin  or  soft  coat, 
commonly  developing  mucilage  when  wetted.  Embryo  straight 
and  rather  large,  in  the  axis  of  a  fleshy  or  harder  albumen. 
Cotyledons  flat  or  flattish  and  rather  broad. 

*    Leaves  opposite  and  entire :  seeds  not  mucilagnoas  when  wet. 
1    Phlox    Stamens  unequally  inserted  and  included  in  the  narrow  tube 


450  POLEMONIACE.l^  phlox 

of  the  salverform  corolla. 

*  *  Leaves  palmately  3-7-parted,  the  divisions  rigid  and  pungent: 
seeds  not  mucilaginous  when  wet. 

2  Cantna   Woody-stemmed,  at  least  at  base:  flowers  solitary  and  sessile, 

or  few  in  a  cluster  at  the  summit  of  short  blanches  or  branchlets. 

*  *  *  Leaves  mostly  alternate  and  entire :  seeds  mucilaginous  and 
throwing  out  spiral  threads  when  wet. 

3  Collomia    Stamens  unequally  inserted  in  or  below  the  throat  of  the 

funnelform  or  salverform  corolla:  filaments  slender,  often  exserted. 

*  *  *  *  Leaves  various :  seeds  almost  always  mucilaginous  when 
wet. 

•*-  Leaves  either  opposite  or  palmately  divided  to  the  sessile  base, 
usually  both :  seed-coat  mucilaginous  when  wetted  but  destitute  of 
spiral  threads. 

4  Linauthus    Low  glabrous  annuals  with  opposite  leaves. 

•*-  ■*-  Leaves  alternate  and  pinnately  incised  cleft  or  divided,  rarely 
entire :  seed  coat  mucilaginous  and  sending  out  spiral  threads  when  wet. 

5  Kavarretia    Low  and  much  branched  annuals,  not  floccose-woolly, 

mostly  glandular  and  viscid :  flowers  capitate-crowded  and  densely 
foliaceous-bracted :  lobes  of  the  calyx  rigid  and  acerose-pungent  or 
spinulose :  corolla  tubular-funnelform. 

6  Hugelia    Floccose-woolly  annuals,  neither  glandular  nor  viscid :  floor- 

ers capitate-glomerate  and  foliaceous-bracted ;  lobes  of  the  calyx  acerose 
or  subulate  and  cuspidate  or  pungent. 

7  Ipomopsis    Biennials :  not  woolly :  flow^ers  thyrsoid  paniculate :  lobes 

of  the  calyx  subulate :  corolla  narrowly  tubular-funnelform. 

8  Gilia    Flowers  scattered,  crowded,  or  capitate-glomerate:  corolla  from 

funnelform  to  nearly  rotate. 

9  Polemonium     Mostly   smooth    perennials  with  pinnate  leaves   and 

thyrsiform  or  cymulose-paniculate  inflorescence:  lobes  of  the  calyx 
foliaceous,  enlarging  in  fruit. 

PHLOX  L.  Gen.  n.  214. 

Herbs  or  suffrutescent  plants  with  opposite  entire  leaves,  and 
showy  red,  white  or  blue  flowers  in  terminal  cymes  or  cymose 
panicles.  Calyx  tubular  or  tubular-campanulate,  5-cleft  and 
5-ribbed.  the  lobes  acute  or  acuminate,  mostly  scarious-margined 
and  the  sinuses  commonly  scarious,  not  enlarging  in  fruit  but 
often  bursting  when  the  seeds  mature.  Corolla  strictly  salver- 
form, with  slender  tube  and  narrow  orifice,  the  limb  5-lobed. 
Stamens  5,  straight,  inserted  irregularly  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla; 
tilaments  very  short;  anthers  not  exserted.  Ovary  oblong  or 
ovoid,  3-celled ;  with  1-4  ovules  in  each  cell.  Capsule  ovoid, 
3-valved.  Seeds  not  mucilaginous  nor  emitting  spiral  threads 
when  wet.     Ours  all  belong  to  a  peculiar  section  that  is 

Suffruticulose  or  suffrutescent,  rarely  herbaceous  to  the  ground; 
chiefly  with  narrow  or  minute  and  thick-margined  leaves,  and 
one-flow^ered  branchlets  or  peduncles. 


PHLOX  POLEMONIACEiE  4S1 

*  Densely  cespitose  and  depressed,  mostly  forming  cushion-like 
evergreen  mats  or  tufts :  the  short  leaves  crowded  up  to  the  solitaiy  and 
sessile  or  short-peduncled  flower:  ovules  solitary  in  each  cell. 

■*-  Leaves  subulate  or  aoerose,  somewhat  rigid,  more  or  less  beset  or 
ciliate  with  cobweb-like  or  woolly  hairs:  plants  forming  broad  mats  2-4 
inches  high. 

P.  Hoodii  Bichards.  Frankl.  Journ.  Appx  .t.  28.  Sparsely  or  loosely 
lanate,  becoming  glabrate:  leaves  subulate,  rather  rigid,  erect,  somewha 
loosely  imbricated:  tube  of  the  corolla  not  exceeding  the  calyx;  its  lobes  ob- 
ovate,  entire,  2-3  lines  long.  Sandy  plains  and  hillsides,  Wyoming  and 
perhaps  Idaho  to  Nebraska  and  the  Saskatchewan. 

+-  +-  Leaves  rigid,  4-6  lines  long,  destitute  of  woolly  or  cobwebby 
hairs,  the  margins  naked,  or  ciliate  with  rigid  or  rather  soft  hairs:  plants 
either  densely  or  loosely  tufted. 

1*.     ctespitosa  Nutt.  Journ.  Acad..  Philad.  vii,  41,  t.  6,  fig.  1.     Stem 
tufted,  2-4  inches  high:  leaves  linear,-subulate  or  oblong-linear,  commonly 
much  crowded,  hispid-ciliate,  otherwise  glabrous  or  with  some  short  glandu- 
lar-tipped rigid  hairs:  corolla  with  tube  somewhat  longer  than  the  calyx;  it 
obovate  entire  lobes  3  lines  long.  '  On  the  highest  mountains,  Oregon  to  Cali- 
fornia and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

P.  Donglasii  Hook.  Fl.  ii,  73,  t.  158.  Stems  rather  slender,  ascending  or 
erect,  2-8  inches  long,  rather  loosely  tufted:  leaves  acerose to  linear-subulate, 
pubescent  to  nearly  glabrous,  often  ciliate  near  the  base,  3-6  lines  long,  loosely 
imbricated,  sometimes  spreading,  usually  fascicled  at  the  nodes:  flowers  sessile 
or  short-peduncled,  6-8  lines  long:  calyx  pubescent;  its  subulate  lobes  as  long 
as  the  tube;  corolla  with  tube  longer  than  the  calyx,  and  obovate  entire  lobes 
3-4  lines  1  )ng.  Eastern  Oregon  and  Washington  to  Brit.  Columbia  and 
Nebraska. 

Var  andicola  Britton  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  v,  269.    Leaves  longer,  8-12 
lines  long,  less  fascicled  at  the  nodes.     Range  of  the  type. 

P,  difTasa  Benth.  PI.  Hartw.  325.  P.  Douglasii  var.  diffusa  Gray. 
Depressed  and  diffusely  branched,  forming  mats  ^6-18  inches  in  diameter: 
leaves  lineai*  or  acerose,  6-12  lines  long,  very  acute  sometimes  ciliate  near  the 
base  with  woolly  hairs:  flowers  usually  sessile:  calyx  loosely  tomentose,  the 
broad-subulate  lobes  longer  than  the  campanulate  tube:  corolla  pink  or  pur- 
ple to  white;  with  a  broad  tube  longer  than  the  calyx,  and  entire  or  obscurely 
crenulate  obovate  lobes  4-5  lines  long.  On  the  high  mountains,  California 
to  Alaska, 

*  *  Loosely  tufted,  or  many-stemmed  from  a  merely  woody-persistent 
base,  or  wholly  herbaceous,  with  linear  or  lanceolate  or  rarely  ovate 
spreading  leaves  which  are  little  if  at  all  fascicled  in  the  axils:  flowers 
slender-peduncled,  solitary  or  somewhat  cymose. 

-»-  Calyx-tube  between  the  strong  ribs  scarious,  inclined  to  be 
membranaceous  and  more  or  less  replicate,  forming  intervening  angles; 
the  narrowly- subulate  and  mostly  rigid  teeth  shorter  than  the  tube  of  the 
corolla:  style  long  and  slender,  often  equalling  the  tube  of  the  corolla. 

P.  linearifolia  Gray  Proc  Am.  Acad,  viii,  255,  Glabrous,  some- 
times minutely  hirsute  above,  corymbosely  much  branched  from  a  woody 
base,  6-10  inches  high:  leaves  very  narrowly  linear,  1-2  inches  long  by  less 
than  aline  wide:  tube  of  the  calyx  saliently  5-angled  from  the  base  by  the 
strong  replication  of  the  white-membranaceous  sinuses;  the  lobes  neai'ly 
acerose:  tube  of  the  corolla  longer  than  the  calyx;  the  ohovate-cuneate  lobes 


452  POLEMONIACE^  phlox 

CANTUA 

entire  or  barely  retuse,   6  lines  long:   ovules  2  in  each  cell.      Along  the 
Columbia  river  from  The  Dalles  eastward. 

P.  longifolia  Nutt.  Jour.  Acad.  Philad.  vii,  41.  Nearly  glabrous  to 
pubescent,  much  branched  or  many-stemmed  from  a  woody  base,  3-8  inches 
high :  leaves  mostly  narrowly  linear,  1-3  inches  long:  calyx  more  or  less 
angled  by  the  white-membranaceous  replicate  sinuses:  lobes  of  the  corolla 
obovatv^  or  oblong-cuneate,  entire  or  retuse,  3-5  lines  long:  ovules  almost 
always  solitary  in  the  cells.  Dry  plains,  eastern  Oregon  to  Brit.  Columbia 
and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

P.  Stansburyi  Heller  P.  longifolia  var.  Stansburyi  Gray.  Conspicuously 
pubescent  throughout,  or  sometimes  glabrate,  generally  stoutish  and  some- 
what open  in  growth,,  6-8  inches  high:  leaves  from  linear  to  linear-lanceolate, 
1-3  inches  long:  pubescence  of  the  branchlets  and  calyx  viscid  or  glandular: 
tube  of  the  corolla  about  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx;  its  obovate  lobes 
entire  or  barely  retuse :  ovules  1  or  2  in  each  cell.  Dry  prairies,  eastern  Ore- 
gon and  Washington  to  the  Kocky  Mountains. 

P.  adsnrgens  Torr.  in  Herb.  Gray  1.  c  256.  Glabrous  except  the 
glandular-pubescent  slender  pedicels  and  calyx:  stems  slender,  trailing  or 
ascending,  6-20  inches  long:  leaves  ovate  to  broadly  lanceolate,  acute,  5-12 
lines  long  by  half  as  broad,  all  but  the  lowest  shorter  than  the  internodes: 
tube  of  the  corolla  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx;  its  obovate  entire  or 
retuse  lobes  5-6  lines  long :  ovules  solitary  in  the  cells.  In  dry  open  forests, 
southwestern  Oregon . 

■*-  -*-  Calyx-tube  cylindraceous,  the  thin  membranous  portion  be- 
tween the  ribs  not  projecting  into  salient  angles:  style  very  shoii,  most- 
ly shorter  than  the  ovary. 

P.  speciosa  Pursh  Fl.  149.  Stems  1-3  feet  high;  the  branches  ascend- 
ing from  a  shrubby  base,  somewhat  viscid-pnberulent  or  glandular  above: 
leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  1-3  inches  long,  very  acute  above,  sessile  with  a 
broad  base:  flowers  corymbose :  corolla  rose  color  or  pink  to  white;  its  tube 
but  little  longer  than  the  calyx;  its  obcordate  lobes  5-6  lines  long:  ovules 
solitaiy  in  the  cells.  Dry  ridges  and  rocky  banks,  California  to  Brit  Colum- 
bia and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

Var,  Sabini  Gray  1,  c.     Lobes  of  the  corolla  entire  or  barely  retuse: 
obovate  with  a  narrowed  cuneate  base.     Spokane  river  Washington. 

2    CANTUA  Juss.  Gen.  136. 

Very  leafy  commonly  tufted  perennials  or  undershrubs  with  the 
leaves  all  alternate,  rarely  opposite,  and  showy  flowers  either  sol- 
itary and  sessile  or  few  in  a  cluster  at  the  ends  of  short  branches 
or  branchlets.  Calyx  tubular  to  campanulate,  the  lobes  short- 
subulate,  pungent.  Corolla  salverform  ;  the  tube  more  or  less 
exceeding  the  calyx ;  the  throat  somewhat  funnelform.  Filaments 
short,  Inserted  in  or  below  the  throat:  anthers  short,  included. 
Ovules  numerous  in  each  cell.  Seeds  with  a  close  coat,  develop- 
ing neither  mucilage  nor  spiral  threads  when  wetted. 

C.  pnugens  Torr;  Ann.  Lye  N.  Y.  ii,  26.  Gilia  pungens  Benth. 
Puberulentj  glabrate,  or  somewhat  viscid:  stems  woody,  usually  much 
branched  or  tufted,  6-8  inches  high:  leaves  sessile,  palmately  divided  into 
3-7  rigid  and  pungent  subulate  segments,  4-8  lines  long,  often  with  smaller 
ones  fascicled  in  their  axils :  calyx  cylindraceous ;  its  subulate  lobes  3^ 


cotLOMiA  t*OLEMONIACEiE  4^,4 

the  length  of  the  tube;  corolla  rose  white  or  yellow,  8-12  lines  long,  the 
narrowly  oblong  lobes  4-5  lines  long :  ovules  8-10  in  each  cell.  Dry  plains 
of  eastern  Oregon  to  California,  Arizona  and  Colorado. 

Var.  Uookeri.  Gilia  Hookeri  Benth.  Taller,  with  sparser  and  more 
rigid  leaves  and  viscid-pubescent  flowering  shoots.  K^-stern  Oregon  to 
California. 

Var.  sqnarrosa.  Gilia  pungent  var.  squarrosa  Gray.  A  foot  or  two 
high  with  virgate  branches  beset  with  stouter  and  more  rigid  recurved- 
spreading  pungent  leaves.    Dry  interior  of  Washington  and  Idaho  to  Nev. 

3    COLLOMIA  Nutt.  Gen.  i,  126. 

Annual  or  rarely  perennial  herbs  with  mostly  entire  alternate 
leaves  and  purple  white  or  yellow  flowers  in  capitate  clusters  or 
cymes.  Calyx  obpyramidal,  5-cleft,  scarious  in  the  sinuses  ac- 
crescent in  fruit,  not  distended  nor  ruptured  by  the  maturing  cap- 
sule; its  lobes  erect  and  entire;  the  sinuses  often  at  length  enlarged 
into  revolute  lobes.  Corolla  tubular- funnelform  or  salverform: 
the  limb  5-lobed.  Stamens  unequally  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the 
corolla:  the  filaments  unequal.  Ovules  few  or  solitary  in  each 
cell.  Seeds  developing  both  mucilage  and  spiral  threads  when 
wetted. 

*  Annuals  with  strict  and  leafy  stems,  entire  or  merely  toothed  leaves 
and  numerous  flowers  in  capitate-crowded  terminal  leafy  clusters. 

C.  grandiflora  Dougl.  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1174.  Stems  erect,  6-20 
inches  high,  simple  or  sparingly  branched:  leaves  lanceolate  to  linear, 
entire  or  coarsely  serrate,  acute  or  acuminate,  1-3  inches  long,  sessile  or 
nearly  so:  flowers  yellow  or  salmon  color,  numerous  in  a  dense  capitate 
leafy-bra cted  cluster:  bracts  broadly  lanceolate  to  ovate:  calyx  somewhat 
funnelform,  the  triangular  lobes  about  half  as  long  as  the  tube,  glandular: 
corolla  nearly  an  inrh  long  with  a  long  filiform  tube ;  the  oblong  lobes  about 
as  long  as  its  funnelform  throat:  ovules  solita:y  in  the  cells.  Common  in 
open  woods,  California  to  Brit.  Columbia  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

C.  linearis  Nutt.  Gen.  i,  126.  Viscid-puberulent  annual :  stem  erect, 
4-12  inches  high,  simple  or  branched  :  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate  to  linear- 
oblong,  entire  or  few-toothed  or  few-lobed,  acute  at  the  apex,  narrowed 
below,  sessile,  or  the  lower  short-petioled,  1-2  inches  long:  flowers  numer- 
ous, in  a  close  capitate  cluster,  5-7  lines  long:  calyx-lobes  triangular-lan- 
ceolate, acute :  corolla  purple  to  nearly  white,  with  a  very  slender  tube 
longer  than  the  calyx  and  but  little  enlarged  throat,  the  rounded  lobes  1-2 
lines  long  :  ovules  solitary  in  the  cells.  Eastern  Oregon  to  Brit.  Columbia, 
Manitoba,  Minnesota,  Arizona  and  California. 

Tar.  subulata  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  viii,  258,  "  A  low  and  slender 
form,  diffusely  branching  from  the  base :  leaves  narrow  and  acute :  flowers 
few  in  the  lower  forkt?:  calyx-lobes  attenuate  subulate,  the  tips  almost 
awn-like  from  a  broad  base,  rather  longer  than  the  tube.  Nevada  and 
adjacent  parts  of  California  and  Oregon. 

*  *  Annuals  usually  branching  from  the  base,  the  flowers  in  nearly 
or  quite  bractless  small  clusters  in  the  axils  and  at  the  ends  of  the 
branches. 

C.  tinctoria  Kellogg  Proc.  Cal.  Acad,  iii,  17,  t.  2.  Gilia  aristella  Gray. 
Stem  slender,  2-10  inches  high,  few-leaved,  diffusely  branched,  minutely 
pubescent  and  glandular  above:  leaves  lanceolate-linear,  tapering  to  both 
ends,  6-14  lines  long:  flowers  1-3  in  the  forks  and  upper  axils :  calyx  cam- 


464  POLEMONIACE.E  collomia 

LINANTHDS 

panulate;  the  lobes  attenuate  from  a  broad  base  to  a  slender  awn :  corolla 
purple,  with  filiform  tube  4-6  lines  long  and  small  oblong  lobes:  capsule 
obovate,  with  attenuate  base,  3-lobed,  On  open  hillsides  in  mountains, 
Brit.  Columbia  to  California. 

C.  heterophylla  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  2895.  Gilia  Sessei  Don.  Diffusely 
branched  from  the  base,  3-16  inches  high,  soft  pubescent  throughout: 
leaves  thin  mostly  pinnatifld  with  the  lobes  again  incised,  or  bipinnatifid, 
some  of  the  uppermost  less  cut  or  even  entire  and  bract-like  subtendiui? 
the  flower-clasters :  calyx  acute  at  base,  cleft  barely  to  the  middle  the  lobes 
ovate -lanceolate,  acuminate:  corolla  light  purple  to  pink,  slender,  5-6  lines 
long,  2-8  times  as  long  as  the  clayx:  stamens  very  unequally  inserted: 
ovules  1-3  in  each  cell.  Common  in  open  woods,  Brit.  Columbia  to  Cali- 
fornia west  of  the  Cascade  Mountains. 

*  *  *    Perennials  with  exserted  and  declined  stamens. 

C.  Mazama  Coville  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  of  Wash,  xi,  35.  Glabrous  or 
M'ith  a  few  arachnoid  viscid  hairs  on  the  stem  and  leaf-margins,  the  in- 
florescence glandular-hairy :  stems  few  to  many  from  a  slender  perennial 
tap-rootj  6-15  inches  high,  usually  simple :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  to 
lanceolate,  1-2  inches  long,  acute  at  both  ends,  acutely  and  somewhat 
laciniately  3-5-toothed  toward  the  apex,  the  upper  entire  and  sessile,  the 
lower  often  oblanceolate  and  petioled :  inflorescence  subcp-pitately  cymose : 
calyx  commonly  4-5  lines  long ;  the  triangular-lanceolate  acuminate  lobes 
about  as  long  as  the  tube,  enlarging  in  fruit :  corolla  about  7  lines  long, 
deep  blue  to  violet-purple,  funnel  form;  the  narrowly  oblong- obovate  obtuse 
lobes  2-3  lines  long :  anthers  and  style  slightly  exserted :  seeds  linear-ob- 
long, solitary  in  the  cells.    On  Mount  Mazama  southern  Oregon. 

C.  debllis  Greene  Pitt,  i,  127.  Oilia  debilis  Watson.  Minutely  pu- 
bescent or  hirsute  and  viscid :  stems  loosely  tufted,  2-8  inches  long  leafy 
to  the  top :  leaves  pedately  3-7 -parted  or  the  upper  ones  3-cleft,  attenuate 
below  to  a  petiole ;  the  lobes  2-6  lines  long,  linear-oblong,  or  the  larger  more 
dilated  and  2-3-cleft :  flowers  subsessile  and  solitary  in  the  forks  and  axils : 
calyx  cylindraceous ;  the  short  subulate  teeth  but  half  as  long  as  the  tube ; 
corolla  funnelform,  6-8  lines  long,  with  elongated  tube  and  deeply  cleft 
limb,  light  purple  to  blue :  capsule  a  line  loijg ;  the  cells  1-seeded.  In  loose 
volcanic  sand  on  the  highest  mountain  peaks,  Oregon  and  Washington  to 
California  and  Utah. 

C.  glutinosa  Benth.  Bot.  Reg.  1833.  Slightly  pubescent,  and  glandu- 
lar above :  stem  loosely  branching,  erect  or  diffuse,  1-2  feet  long :  leayes 
nearly  simple,  or  cut  or  parted  into  lanceolate  or  narrowly  oblong  divisi- 
ons :  flowers  loose  or  scattered :  calyx  obtuse  or  rouii<led  at  base,  deeply 
cleft;  the  lobes  subulate:  stamens  moderately  unequal  in  insertion :  ovules 
1  or  2  in  each  cell :  capsule  globular.  In  open  woods,  California  and  Ore- 
gon to  Washington. 

4    LINANTHUS  Benth.  Bot.  Reg.  xix.  t.  1622. 

Erect  and  slender  annuals  with  opposite  leaves  and  small 
flowers  solitary  and  terminal  or  in  the  forks  of  the  branches,  or  in 
capitate  leafy-bracted  clusters.  Tube  of  the  calyx  cylindraceous, 
white-scarious  except  the  ribs  which  are  prolonged  into  acerose- 
linear  teeth,  not  enlarged  in  fruit  but  usually  ruptured  by  the 
maturing'  capsule.  Corolla  rotate,  campanulate,  funnelform,  or 
salverform.  Stamens  equally  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla. 
Seeds  numerous  or  rarely  few  in  the  cells,  developing  mucilage 
when  wetted. 


LiNANTHtJS  POLEMONIACEiE  455 

§  1  Dactophyllum.  Gilia  §  Dactophyllum  B.  &  H.  Flowers 
loose  or  scattered  on  slender  pedicels.  Corolla  funnelform  or 
almost  rotate.  Stamens  inserted  in  the  throat  of  the  corolla : 
anthers  oval. 

L.  pharnaceoides  Greene  Pitt,  ii;  254.  Gilia  liniflora  var.  phama 
ceoides  Gray.  Stem  slender  with  diffuse  filiform  branches,  6-10  inches 
high :  leaves  palmately  2-5-parted  into  acerose  pubescent  segments,  2-6 
lines  long;  flowers  paniculate,  on  filiform  pedicels:  calyx  campanulate,  2 
lines  long;  the  triangular  acute  lobes  not  as  long  as  the  tube :  corolla  almost 
rotate,  the  broad  tube  hardly  as  long  as  the  calyx;  the  broad  lobes  obovate, 
rounded  at  the  apex,  2-3  lines  long :  ovules  6-8  in  each  cell :  capsule  shorter 
than  the  calyx.  Dry  sandy  plains,  eastern  Oregon  and  Washington  to 
California. 

L.  Harknessii  Greene  1.  c.  256.  Gilia  Harknessii  Curran.  Stem  erect, 
diffusely  branched,  3-10  inches  high :  seed-leaves  oblong-linear :  leaves  di- 
vided to  the  base  into  filiform  segments,  2-10  lines  long :  flowers  paniculate, 
on  filiform  pedicels  6-12  lines  long:  calyx  minutely  pubescent;  its  lanceo-- 
late  lobes  as  long  as  the  tube:  corolla  white,  1-2  lines  long;  the  tube  but 
little  longer  than  the  calyx  and  about  as  long  as  the  lobes:  capsule  oval, 
exceeding  the  calyx;  seeds  solitary  in  the  cells,  smooth,  turgid,  oblong,  a 
line  long.    In  bare  places  on  the  high  mountins,  Washington  to  California. 

L.  fllipes  Greene  1.  c.  Gilia  filipes  Benth.  Stem  slender,  2-4  inches 
high,  diffusely  branched:  cotyledon  leaves  obovate:  leaves  2-5  lines  long, 
divided  to  the  base  into  filiform  segments :  fiowers  panicled,  on  capillary 
pedicels  an  inch  or  more  long :  calyx  campanulate,  pubescent ;  its  triangu- 
lar acute  lobes  not  longer  than  the  tube :  corolla  2-3  lines  long,  exceeding 
the  calyx :  ovules  3-5  in  each  cell :  capsule  about  equalling  the  calyx.  On 
dry  plains,  eastern  Oregon  to  Nevada  and  California. 

L.  Bolanderi  Greene  1.  e.  Gilia  Bolanderi  Gray.  Stem  almost  fili- 
form, 2-10  inches  high,  dichotomously  branched:  cotyledon  leaves  oblong, 
narroifed  below  to  a  broad  petiole :  leaves  2-5  lines  long,  divided  to  the 
base  into  linear  or  spatulate  segments :  flowers  on  filiform  pedicels  1-2 
inched  long:  calyx  cylindraceous,  pubescent  and  glandular;  its  subulate 
lobes  shorter  than  the  tube ;  corolla  b  lines  long ;  the  slender  tube  exceeding 
the  calyx,  much  longer  than  the  funnelform  throat  and  obovate  obtuse 
lobes :  capsule  oblong,  shorter  than  the  calyx  :seeds  1-5  in  each  cell.  Dry 
plains,  Oregon  to  California. 

§  2  Lrptosiphon  Gilia  §  Leptosiphon  Endl.  Mostly  low  or 
slender,  with  opposite  leaves,  and  small  flowers  crowded  into  a 
capitate  leafy-bracted  cluster.  Corolla  salverform,  with  the  tube 
mostly  filiform  and  elongated:  the  very  short  throat  commonly 
more  or  less  cyathiform-dilated.  Stamens  inserted  in  the  throat 
or  orifice ;  anthers  short.     Ovules  numerous  in  each  cell. 

*  Leaves  commonly  with  smaller  ones  fascicled  in  their  axils  and  all 
palmately  5-7-parted  into  linear  segments :  filaments  slender,  exserted 
more  or  less  from  the  throat  of  the  corolla,  but  shorter  than  its  entire 
lobes :  ovules  6-10  in  each  cell. 

L.  bicolor  Greene  1.  c.  Gilia  tenella  Benth.  Rough-pubescent  through- 
out: stem  slender,  1-S  inches  high,  simple  or  sparingly  branched:  cotyle- 
don leaves  petioled :  divisions  of  the  leaves  acerose  or  some  of  them  linear- 
spatulate,  2-6  lines  long:  tube  of  the  calyx  short,  cylindraceous;  its  subu- 
late lobes  several  times  longer :  tube  of  the  corolla  filiform,  10-12  lines  long, 


456  POLEMONIACEJE  linanthus 

NAVAERETIA 

much  longer  than  the  bracts  and  calyx,  abruptly  widened  into  the  obconic 
throat  and  oblons:  obtuse  lobes :  flowers  purple  to  pink  or  straw-color ;  with 
yellow  throat.     Common  on  dry  open  hillsides,  Puget  Sound  to  California, 

L.  ciliatus  Greene  1.  c.  260.  Gilia  ciliata  Benth.  Rough-pubescent 
throughout:  stem  rigid,  4-12  inches  high,  virgate:  divisions  of  the  leaves 
acerose,  2-8  lines  long:  tube  of  the  calyx  cylindraceous,  half  as  long  as  the 
subulate  pungent  lobes:  tube  of  the  corolla  filiform,  4-6  lines  long,  but 
little  if  any  longer  than  the  hispid-ciliate  bracts  and  calyx:  throat  of  the 
corolla  funcelform,  yellow,  nearly  as  long  as  the  oblong  rounded  lobes. 
In  groves,  southern  Oregon  to  California. 

*  *  Wholly  glabrous :  very  dwarf :  leaves  entire :  anthers  sessile  in 
the  throat  of  the  corolla,  the  cuneate  lobes  of  which  are  sometimes  un- 
dulate-toothed or  1-3-dentate  at  the  apex:  ovules  10-16  in  each  cell. 

L.  nndicaule.  Gilia  nudicaulis  Gray.  Very  glabrous:  stem  1-10 
inches  high,  at  length  branching  from  the  base,  leafless  from  the  cotyle- 
dons to  the  inflorescence  which  is  a  close  head  or  glomerule  subtended  by 
an  involucre  of  several  ovate-lanceolate  or  lanceolate  foliaceous  bracts: 
corolla  white,  pink  or  yellow ;  the  tube  3-4  lines  long,  about  3  times  as 
long  as  the  calyx,  rather  longer  than  the  lobes.  Sandy  plains,  interior  of 
Oregon  to  Nevada  and  Colorado. 

5    NAVARRETIA  Ruiz  ct:  Pavon  Prodr.  Fl.  Per.  et  Ohil.  20. 

Low  annuals  with  alternate  pinnatifid.  leaves  and  small  flowers 
in  leafy-bracted  capitate  clusters.  Tube  of  the  calyx  scarious  be- 
tween the  5  prominent  green  angles  or  costa,  its  lobes  unequal, 
erect  or  spreading,  pungent  tipped,  all  entire,  or  the  2  larger  ones 
spinulose-toothed  or  cleft.  Corolla  tubular-funnelform  or  almost 
salverform,  with  rather  small  oval  or  oblong  lobes.  Stamens  in- 
serted in  or  below  the  throat :  anthers  short.  Capsule  dehiscent 
from  above  or  from  below,  or  indehiscent.  Seeds  one  to  many  in 
each  cell,  mostly  mucilaginous  and  developing  spiral  threads 
when  wetted. 

*  Some  of  the  leaves  and  bracts  more  than  once  pinnately  parted, 
that  is  their  primary  divisions  incised  or  parted. 

-»-  Herbage  very  glandular-viscid  and  unpleasantly  aromatic- 
scented:  stamens  included  in  the  throat  of  the  corolla,  commonly 
unequal  in  length  and  slightly  so  in  insertion :  ovules  and  seeds  8-12 
in  each  cell : 

'S.  squarrosa  H.  &  A.  Bot.  Beech.  368.  Gilia  squarrosa  Gray.  Very 
glandular-viscid:  stern  rather  stout  and  rigid,  3-12  inches  high,  simple  or 
much  branched :  leaves  twice  pinnatifid,  or  pinnately  parted  and  the  divi- 
sions either  parted  or  incised;  upper  ones  and  bracts  spinescent:  lobes  of 
the  calyx  subulate  and  spinescent-tipped,  mostly  entire,  longer  than  the 
tube :  corolla  blue  to  whitish,  4-6  lines  long,  with  slender  tube  and  funnel- 
form  throat,  but  little  surpassing  the  calyx :  capsule  ellipsoid,  inclined  to 
be  stipitate.  Common  on  plains  and  afong  roadsides,  western  California 
and  Oregon  to  Brit.  Columbia. 

+-  ■«-  Herbage  neither  viscid  nor  glandular :  stamens  exserted  out 
of  the  throat  of  the  corolla,  at  length  mostly  equalling  the  lobes  :  ovules 
1-4  in  each  cell. 

N^.  stricta.  Stem  strict,  4-6  inches  high,  divaricately  branched  above : 
leaves  few,  bipinnate,  the  divisions  all  spinose :  bracts  similar  to  the  leaves, 


NAVAERETIA  PO^MONIACEiE  457 

white-pubescent:  calyx  pubescent,  the  teeth  all  spinose-tipped  and  toothed, 
very  unequal :  corolla  pale  blue,  with  filiform  tube  and  funnelform  throat ; 
not  exceeding  the  bracts  :  stamens  about  equalling  the  oblong  corolla-lobes : 
capsule  obovoid  few-seeded:  seeds  winged.     Southwest  Oregon. 

N.  intertexta  Hook.  Fl.  ii,  72.  Gilia  intertexta  Steud.  Neither  vis- 
cid nor  glandular:  stem  erect,  simple  or  widely  branched,  4-8  inches  high, 
rather  stout;  leaves  nearly  glabrous  with  divaricate  acerose  spinescent  di- 
visions sparingly  divided  or  simple :  flowers  densely  glomerate :  tube  of  the 
calyx  and  base  of  the  bracts  strongly  villous  with  white  spreading  hairs ; 
its  unequal  spinescent  and  entire  lobes  equalling  the  white  corolla :  ovules 
and  seeds  3-4  in  each  cell.  In  damp  places,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California 
and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

N.  Saksdorfti.  Low  and  depressed,  or  erect,  1-3  inches  high,  much 
branched  ;  leaves  linear,  an  inch  or  two  long,  entire  or  with  a  pair  or  two 
of  linear  lobes  near  the  base,  notspinose:  flowers  ]n  dense  globular  heads, 
the  subtending  bi-acts  bipinnate  with  spinose  lobes  :  lobes  of  the  calyx  shor- 
ter than  the  cylindraceous  tube,  which  is  but  slightly  contracted  at  the 
sinuses;  the  emaller  ones  entire :  corolla  white,  barely  exceeding  the  calyx : 
stamens  as  long  as  the  corolla:  capsule  very  thin,  3-seeded  :  seeds  oblong. 
Low  grounds,  Falcon  Valley,  Klickitat  Co.  Washington.  Distributed  by 
Mr.  SuJcsdorf.  as  Gilia  minima,  from  which  it  differs  in  its  dense  heads  and 
3-lobed  calyx- teeth. 

N.  minima  Nutt.  PI.  Gamb.  160.  Depressed,  often  forming  broad 
tufts,  )^-2  inches  high  glabrate:  leaves  acicular  with  simple  and 
few  divisions  :  flowers  in  small  loose  heads  the  subtending  bracts  spinosely 
pinnate  :  tube  of  the  calyx  white-hairy  in  the  broad  sinuses,  as  long  as  the 
spinose  entire  lobes  which  equal  or  exceed  the  white  corolla :  ovules  1-3 
in  each  cell:  capsule  oblong-obovate,  attenuate  below.  Interior  of  Oregon 
and  Washington  to  Arizona  and  Nebraska. 

N.  Breweri  Greene  1.  c.  137,  Gilia  Breweri  Gray,  Erect  or  at  length 
much  branched  and  diffusely  spreading,  1-10  inches  high,  very  minutely 
glandular-puberulent  throughout:  leaves  with  mostly  simple  acicular-sub- 
ulate  divisions :  flowers  in  lax  glorqerules ;  the  subtending  bracts  similar 
to  the  leaves  :  tube  of  the  calyx  a  line  long,  2  or  3  times  shorter  than  the 
unequal  entire  lobes :  corolla  yellow,  the  slender  tube  equalling  the  calyx : 
stamens  and  style  equalling  the  oblong  corolla- lobes  :  ovules  1  or  2  in  each 
cell.     Southeastern  Oregon  to  Wyoming,  Nevada  and  California. 

N.  leucocephala  Benth,  PI.  Hartw.  160.  Glabrous  except  some  woolly 
pubescence  at  the  summit  of  the  stem  and  scarious  ralyx-tube:  stem  slen- 
der, 4-10  inches  high,  seldom  rigid:  leaves  soft,  their  often  simple  divisions 
slender-spinulose :  flowers  in  rather  small  heads,  the  subtending  bracis  with 
barely  pungent  divisions :  calyx-tube  contracted  at  the  sinuses,  about  equ- 
alling the  subula'e  entire  lobes:  corolla  white,  longer  than  the  calyx:  sta- 
mens exserted :  ovules  2  in  each  cell.  In  wet  places,  southern  Oregon  to 
California 

*  *    Leaves  simply  pinnatifid  or  incised  or  many  of  them  entire. 

N.  divaricata  Greene  1,  c.  Gilia  divaricata  Torr.  Stem  slender,  1-6 
inches  high  divaricately  branched  not  glandular- viscid  but  glabrate :  leaves 
slender  and  filiform,  or  the  upper  with  acerose  divisions  and  passing  into 
the  bracts  of  the  small  heais  which  are  palmately  3-5-cleft:  calyx  woolly- 
pubescent;  the  scarious  tube  much  shorter  than  the  unequal  entire  lobes : 
corolla  rather  slender,  3-4  lines  long ;  the  slender  tube  about  equalling  the 
calyx-teeth:  stamens  included:  ovules  5-7  in  each  cell.  Washington  to 
California,  in  the  high  mountains. 

N.    atractyloides  H.  &  A.  Bot.  Beech.  368.  Pubescent  and  very  viscid: 


458  POLEMONIACE^  hugemi 

GILIA 

rather  stout  6-8  inches  high,  very  rigid,  especialljr  the  leaves  and  bracts ; 
these  lanceolate  or  the  uppermost  ones  ovate,  all  pinnatifid  and  with  diva- 
ricate subulate-spinose  lobes:  flowers  glomerate :  calyx  cylindraceous  with 
unequal,  entire  or  3-cleft,  pungent  teeth:  corolla  purple  about  twice  the 
length  of  the  calyx ;  ovules  6  or  7  in  each  cell.  On  dry  ridges,  southwest 
Oregon  to  California. 

6    HUGELIA  Benth.  Bot.  Reg,  1652. 

Low  floccose-lanate  plants  with  narrow  or  narrowly  lobed  al 
ternate  leaves,  and  blue  or  white  flowers  in  leafy-bracted  terminal 
glomerules.  Calyx  densely  woolly,  4--5-lobed,  with  acerose  or  sub- 
ulate and  cuspidate  or  pungent  lobes.  Corolla  salverform;  with 
ovate  or  oblong  lobes.  Filaments  filiform,  exserted:  anthers 
deeply  sagittate.     Seeds  few  in  each  cell. 

H.  floccosa.  Gilia  fioccosa  Gray.  Floccose-wooUy,  at  least  when 
young:  stem  2-12  inches  high,  simple  or  branched,  often  diffuse  or  spread- 
ing :  lobes  of  the  calyx  subulate,  unequal,  one  large  and  three  smaller  ones, 
pungent :  corolla  yellow  with  blue  or  white  lobee;  its  tube  3-4  lines  long, 
s  irpassing  the  calyx-lobes:  anthers  narrowly  oblong:  seeds  1  or  2  in  each 
cell.    Dry  plains,  southeastern  Oregon  to  California,  Utah  and  Arizona. 

7    GILIA  Ruiz  &  Pav.  Prodr.  Fl.  Per.  &  Chil.  25,  t.  4. 

Herbs  with  alternate  or  opposite  simple  or  compound  leaves  and 
various  inflorescence.  Calyx  campanulate  or  tubular,  5-toothed 
or  5-cleft,  the  sinuses  usually  scarious.  Corolla  funnelform  or 
salverform,  or  sometimes  campanulate  or  nearly  rotate,  regular. 
Stamens  equally  or  unequally  inserted  in  the  tube  or  in  the  throat 
of  the  corolla:  the  mostly  slender  filaments  sometimes  unequal  in 
length.  Ovary  oblong  or  ovoid,  3-celled  with  solitar}^  or  several 
ovules  in  each  cell.  Seeds  1-10  in  each  cell,  usually  developing 
mucilage,  and  often  spiral  threads,  when  wetted. 

*  Bracts  and  calyx-lobes  commonly  cuspidate  or  aristulate,  and 
pubescent  with  long  and  many-jointed  somewhat  viscid  hairs :  flowers 
capitate-congested  or  sometimes  more  loosely  cymose. 

G.  congesta  Hook.  Fl  ii,  75.  White-pubescent  throughout :  root  per- 
ennial :  stems  erect  or  spreading,  3-12  inches  long  from  a  tufted  base, 
bearing  simple  terminal,  or  few  and  corymbose  capitate  cymes:  leaves 
mostly  petioled,  )^-J  inches  long,  pinnately  divided  into  3-9  narrowly 
linear  mucronate  divisions,  or  the  uppermost  entire:  calyx  campanulate; 
with  very  short  tube  and  oblong  cuspidate-pointed  lobes:  corolla  white, 
with  oval  lobes  nearly  as  long  as  the  tube,  which  does  not  exceed  the 
calyx-lobes:  filaments  short,  at  length  as  long  as  the  anthers:  ovules  1-4 
in  each  cell.    Dry  plains,  eastern  Oregon  to  California  and  Nebraska. 

*  *    Rather  tall  biennials  with  thyrsoid-paniculate  inflorescence. 

G.  aggregata  Spreng.  Syst.  i,  626.  Somewhat  pubescent:  stems  erect, 
1-4  feet  high,  leafy,  simple,  or  sometimes  loosely  branched :  leaves  thick- 
isb,  1-3  inches  long,  mostly  petioled,  pinnately  parted  into  narrowly  linear 
mucronnlate  segments :  flowers  in  a  thyrsoid  narrow  loose  or  interrupted 
panicle,  sessile,  in  small  mostly  shortpeduncled  clusters :  calyx  commonly 
glandular,  3-4  lines  long;  the  campanulate  tube  about  as  long  as  the  subu- 
late teeth:  corolla  from  scarlet  to  pink  or  white,  12-18  lines  long,  tubular- 
funnelform;  its  lobes  ovate  or  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  3-4  lines 
long,  widely  spreading,  soon  recurved :  stamens  inserted  in  the  throat  or 


GiLiA  POLEMONIACEiE  459 


Delow  the  sinuses  of  the  corolla,  not  longer  than  its  lobes ;  filaments  slender; 
anthers  short,  oblong  or  oval :  ovules  numerous  in  the  cells:  seeds  develop- 
ing mucilage  and  spiral  threadb  when  wetted.  On  dry  ridges  in  moun- 
tainous districts,  California  to  Brit.  Columbia  and  Nebraska. 

*  *  *    Flowers  scattered,  crowded  or  rarely  capitate-glomerate,  in- 
conspicuously bracted  or  ebractate. 

■<-     Ovules  and  Beeds  few  or  numerous  in  the  cells :  stamens  insert- 
ed in  or  just  below  the  sinuses :  annuals. 

•♦*     Corolla  more  or  less  funnelform,  having  a  distinct  tube. 

=    Leaves  once  or  twice  pinnately  parted  or  cle^t:  seeds  developing 
mucilage  and  spiral  threads  when  wetted. 

G.  oapitata  Dougl.  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2698.  Nearly  glabrous:  stem 
rather  slender,  usually  1-3  feet  high,  paniculately  branched:  leaves  2-3- 
pinnately  divided  into  slender  or  even  filiform  lobes :  flowers  numerous,  in 
dense  capitate  clusters  terminating  long  naked  peduncles:  calyx  glabrous 
or  nearly  so,  the  lanceolate  acuminate  lobes  not  longer  than  the  campanu- 
late  tube  :  corolla  blue  to  white,  4-5  lines  long;  its  tube  about  as  long  as 
the  narrowly  oblong  or  lanceolate-linear  lobes :  stamens  inserted  in  the 
very  sinu=e9  of  the  corolla  and  equalling  its  lobes  :  anthers  elliptical.  Com- 
mon in  open  places  and  fields,  California  to  Brit.  Columbia. 

G.  achillaBfolia  Benth.  Bot.  Reg.  1622.  Somewhat  pubescent:  stem 
rather  stout,  1-2  feet  high,  loosely  branched  above:  leaves  once  or  twice 
pinnately  parted  into  linear  lobes :  flowers  numerous,  in  dense  capitate 
clusters  terminating  long  peduncles:  calyx  pubescent;  its  ovate  almost 
spinose-fipped  lobes  longer  than  the  tube :  lobes  of  the  blue  corolla  obovate 
or  broadly  oblong;  its  throat  abruptly  and  amply  dilated:  stamens  insert- 
ed in  the  sinuses  of  the  corolla  and  about  equalling  its  lobes.  Western 
California  and  Oregon  to  Brit.  Columbia. 

G.  inconspicua  Dougl.  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2883.  Viscid,  and  usually 
with  slight  woolly  pubescence  when  young :  stem  stoutish,  4-12  inches  high, 
branching  from  the  base:  leaves  mostly  pinnatifid  or  pinnately  parted,  or 
the  lowest  bipinnatifid  with  short  cuspidate  lobes,  the  upper  becoming 
small,  subulate  and  entire:  flowers  somewhat  crowded  and  subsessile,  or 
at  length  loosely  panicled  and  some  of  them  slender-pediceled :  calyx  2 
hues  long,  the  short  subulate  teeth  not  half  as  long  as  the  tube:  corolla 
narrowly  funnelform,  with  proper  tube  shorter  or  slightly  longer  than  the 
calvx :  seeds  several  in  each  cell.  Dry  hillsides  and  sandy  plains,  California 
and  eastern  Oregon  to  Brit.  Columbia  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

Var.  sinuata  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  viii,  278.  Corolla  becoming  thrice 
the  length  of  the  calyx,  with  the  tube  more  exserted,  with  the  throat  and 
lobes  more  ample.     Dry  plains,  eastern  Oregon  to  California  and  N.  Mex. 

=  =    Seeds  destitute  of  mucilage  and  spiral  threads  when  wetted. 

G.  gracilis  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2924.  Stem  stout,  simple,  or  at  length 
corymbosely  much  branched  and  spreading.  2-10  inches  hign  :  leaves  linear 
or  the  lower  ones  obovate  to  lanceolate,  entire,  sessile,  the  lower  ones 
mostly  opposite,  4-10  lines  long:  calyx  rounded  at  base,  deeply  cleft,  with 
strongly  carinate  subulate  lobes :  corolla  about  5  lines  long,  purple  or  vio- 
let, the  slender  tube  yellowish,  and  seldom  longer  than  the  calyx:  seeds' 
flat  and  somewhat  winged.  Common  in  open  places,  Brit.  Columbia  to 
California  and  Nebraska. 

G.  leptomeria  Gray  1.  c.  Somewhat  glandular  viscid:  stem  6-12 
inches  high:  leaves  mainly  radical,  oblong  or  broadl)'^  lanceolate,  incisely 
toothed  or  sinuate-pinnatifid  the  obtuse  teeth  or  lobes  minutely  cuspidate; 
the  caulbie  small  and  reduced  upward  to  the  subulate  bracts  of  the  open 


460  POLEMONIACEiK  gilia 

POLEMOXIUM 

effuse  cymose  panicle;  flowers  inconspicuous;  corolla  white,  2-3  lines  longr, 
fully  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  slender-funnelform,  with  very  small 
acute  lobes:  capsule  ovoid,  equalling  or  exceeding  tl;e  triangular  acute 
calyx-teeth.     Eastern  Washington  and  Oregon  to  Nevada  and  Utah. 

G.  hispida  Piper  Erythea  vi.  30.  '*  Annual,  prostrate,  3-5  inches  in 
diameter,  hispid  throughout  witli  white  hairs;  stems  usually  purplish, 
branched  from  the  base  in  a  falselv  dichotomous  manner,  the  branches 
curving  inward  in  age;  leaves  all  alternate,  spatulate-lanceolate,  acutish 
or  the  earliest  truly  spatulate  and  obtuse,  6-12  lines  long,  all  tapering  to 
a  na»rowed  base:  midrib  prominent  in  age,  the  veins  not  visible:  fliiwers 
solitary  and  sessile  in  the  forks  or  terminal,  the  latest  ones  looisely  crowded 
in  very  leafy  capitate  clusters :  calyx  green,  very  hispid  the  lobes  nearly  eq- 
ualling the  corolla, becoming  ^carious  at' base  in  age  ;corolla  pinkish, tubular. 
4  lines  long,  the  lobes  very  short  and  obtuse,  very  slightly  dilated  in  the 
thro«t,  sparsely  hispid  above  both  within  and  without;  stamens  unequally 
inj-erted, entirely  included  in  the  lower  half  of  the  tube :  ovary  2-celled;  style 
short,  one-half  the  length  of  the  corolla:  mature  capsule  oblong,  1-2  lines 
long  with  about  eight  ventricose  swellings  on  each  valve  marking  the  posi- 
tion of  the  seeds;  iseeds  10-12,  black,  wrinkled,  the  coats  not  developing 
mucilage  when  wetted.     In  drifting  sand  at  Pasco  Washington. 

*+  *+  Pedicels  slender  or  filiform,  scattered,  becoming  horizontal 
or  reflexed :  corolla  campanulate  or  rotate. 

(x.  micromeria  Gray  1.  c.  Nearly  glabrous,  glandless,  effusely  much 
branched;  branches  filiform  :  radical  and  lower  leaves  pinnatifid,  with  ob- 
tuse lobes;  the  upper  linear  and  entire:  pedicels  capillary,  6-7  lines  long, 
axillary,  or  opposite  leaves :  flowers  barely  a  line  long :  corolla  campanulate, 
white,  a  little  longer  than  the  5-cleft  calyx  :  capsule  globular,  few-seeded. 
Northwest  Nevada,  to  be  looked  for  in  adjacent  Oregon. 

G.  flliformis  Parry,  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad  x,  75.  Completely  glab- 
rous and  smooth:  stem  erect  with  filiform  spreading  branches:  leaves  all 
filiform  or  nearly  so,  entire:  pedicels  scattered,  capillary,  at  length  refract- 
ed :  corolla  cream-color,  very  open-campanulate,  2  lines  lon^r,  deeply  5-cleft, 
exceeding  the  5-parted  calyx  ;  its  lobes  truncate  and  obscurely  erose-den- 
tate:  capsule  globular:  seeds  few,  developing  mucilage  but  not  spiral 
threads  when  wetted.     Eastern  Washington  to  Utah. 

■*-  -«-  Much  branched  annuals  with  filif-  rm  or  slender-subulate  and 
entire  or  sometimes  3-parted  leaves  and  f-horr-campanulate  5-toothed 
calyx:  flowers  scattered,  small:  stamens  inserted  on  and  included  in 
the  tube  of  the  corolla:  ovules  solitary  in  the  cells. 

G.  minntiflora  Benth.  DC.  Prodr.  ix,  315.  Glabrous  or  minutely 
eland ular-puberul en t  above :  stem  erect,  10-20  inches  high,  with  many 
virgate  and  rigid,  slender  branches:  upper  leaves  all  reduced  to  minute 
subulate  appressed  bracts,  the  lower  larger  and  some  of  them  3-parted : 
flowers  2  lines  long,  terminal  and  spicately  disposed  along  the  branchlets : 
tube  of  the  corolla  about  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx  and  of  its  own  l()bes  : 
filaments  slender:  capsule  ovoid:  seeds  oblong.  Eastern  VN  ashington  and 
Oregon  to  Idaho  and  Wyoming. 

G.  tenerrima  Gray  Proc  Am.  Acad,  viii,  277.  Minutely  an  1  sparsely 
glandular:  stem  4-10  inches  high,  effusely  much  branched  with  filiform 
branches:  leaves  entire,  linear-lanceolate:  flowers  loosely  panicled,  on 
slender  divergent  pedicels,  minute:  calyx  campanulate,  the  lanceolate 
lobes  equalling  the  tube :  lobes  of  the  corolla  oblong,  as  long  as  the  calyx : 
capsule  globular:  seeds  turgid-oval.     Southeastern  Oregon  to  Utah. 

G.  capillar  is  Kellojrg  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  v.  49.  Slender  annual  2-18 
inches  high,  glandular,  otherwise  glabrous,  branching  into  an  effuse  pan- 


POLEivtoNiaM  POLEMONIACE^  461 

icle :  leaves  6-20  lines  long  or  the  uppermost  reduced  to  small  subulate 
bracts,  entire  or  the  lower  sometimes  with  2  or  3  small  lobes:  peduncles 
filiform  or  capillary  :  calyx  small ;  its  lobes  subulate:  corolla  p  nk-red,  5-10 
lines  long;  its  slender  tube  longer  than  the  calyx,  and  rather  abruptly 
expanded  into  a  wide  funnelform  throat  of  about  the  length  of  the  oval 
s-preadlng  lobes.    On  wet  banks,  California  to  Washington. 

G.  liuearifolia.  Minutely  glandular:  stem  slender,  6-12  inches  liigh, 
branching  into  an  effuse  panicle :  leaves  linear,  6-12  lines  long,  attenuate 
at  both  ends:  peduncles  filiform:  calyx  a  line  long,  with  short-oblong 
triangular-pointed  lobes :  corolla  with  a  slender  tube  longer  than  the  calyx, 
gradually  expanded  into  a  funnelform  throat  of  about  the  length  of  the 
oblong  lobes.     In  moist  places,  southern  Oregon. 

8    POLEMONIUM  Tourn.  Inst.  146,  t.  61. 

Herbs  with  alternate  pinnate  or  pinnately  parted  leaves,  and 
mostly  showy  flowers  in  cymose  panicles,  or  racemes,  or  thyrsi- 
form.  Calyx  herbaceous  throughout,  neither  angled  nor  costate, 
slightly  accrescent  and  loosely  investing  the  capsule,  campanu- 
late  or  narrower,  cleft  to  the  middle,  the  lobes  equal,  erect  or 
connivent  over  the  capsule,  or  campanulate-spreading,  entire. 
Corolla  regular,  from  funnelform  to  nearly  rotate.  Filaments 
more  or  less  declined,  and  usually  pilose-appendaged  at  base, 
slender.  Ovules  few  or  several  in  each  cell.  Seeds  angular  or 
winged,  developing  mucilage  when  wetted. 

§  1  Root  annual.  Flowers  solitary,  opposite  the  leaves. 
Corolla  almost  rotate,  shorter  than  the  broad  and  open  deeply 
5-cleft  calyx.     Filaments  almost  naked  at  base. 

P.  micrantha  Benth.  DC.  Prodr.  ix,  318.  More  or  less  viscid-pubes- 
cent :  stem  2-8  inches  long,  diffusely  much  branched  from  the  base :  leaflets 
5-13,  obovate  to  lanceolate,  2-4  lines  long :  calyx  truncate  at  base,  the  broad- 
ly lanceolate  lobes  2  lines  long,  twice  as  long  as  the  broad  tube:  peduncles 
mostly  solitary,  opposite  the  leaves  or  terminal:  corolla  white,  a  line  or 
two  long :  ovules  1-3  in  each  cell :  capsule  globose,  shorter  than  the  calyx. 
In  moist  places,  California  to  Brit.  Columbia,  east  of  the  Cascade  Mts. 

§  2  Root  perennial.  Leaflets  simple  and  entire,  sometimes 
confluent.  Inflorescence  open  and  with  very  few  bracts.  Corolla 
campanulate-funnelform  with  tube  not  surpassing  the  open-cam- 
panulate  calyx,  and  shorter  than  the  ample  spreading  limb. 
Filaments  usually  dilated  and  pilose-appendaged  at  base. 

*  Stem  6-10  inches  high,  from  cespitose-branching  and  mostly 
thickened  rootatocks :  leaflets  seldom  6  lines  long:  flowering  stems 
only  1-3-leaved:  flowers  cymulose. 

P.  elegans  Greene  Pitt,  iii,  305.  Very  viscid  pubescent  throughout 
except  the  corolla :  stems  slender,  2-6  inches  high  ;  simple  or  sparingly  bran- 
ched above :  leaflets  very  numerous  somewhat  crowded,  obovate  to  elliptical, 
a  line  or  two  long:  flowers  in  a  small  cymulose  cluster;  calyx campanulate, 
cleft  to  the  middle,  with  broadly  lanceolate  lobes  :  corolla  blue  with  yellow 
throat,  6-7  lines  long,  the  broadly  obovate  lobes  equalling  the  tube :  filaments 
pilose  at  base :  style  barely  exserted  :  capsule  ovoid,  much  shorter  than  the 
calyx,  few-seeded.    On  Mount  Adams  Washington  near  perpetual  snow. 

P.    humile  Willd.  in  Roem.  &  Sch.  Syst.  iv,  792.      Somewhat  pilose 


462  POLEMONIACEiE  polemoxNidm 

below,  pubescent  above:  stems  rather  stout,  4-8  inches  high,  corymbosely 
branched:  leaflets  15-21,  oblong  to  broadly  lanceolate,  or  some  of  the  loweV 
ones  obovate,  4-8  lines  long:  flowers  in  cymulose  clusters:  calyx  open- 
campanulate,  2-3  lines  long,  cleft  to  the  middle,  with  short  triangular 
lobes:  corolla  pale  blue  or  purplish,  4-6  lines  long;  its  ample  rounded  lobes 
much  longer  than  the  tube :  filaments  pilose  and  dilated  at  base :  ovules 
2-4,  and  seeds  1  or  2  in  each  cell.  On  the  highest  mountains,  California 
to  the  Arctic  coast  and  the  Kocky  Mountains. 

P.  pulchellnm  Bunge  in  Ledeb.  Fl.  Alt.  i,  233.  Minutely  puberu- 
lentand  viscid-glandular:  stems  rather  slender,  sparingly  branched,  6-10 
inches  high:  leaflets  9-21,  oblong  to  lanceolate :  flowers  in  cymulose  clus- 
ters, mostly  slender-pediceled :  calyx  narrowly  campanulate,  cleft  to  below 
the  middle,  2-3  lines  long :  corolla  blue  with  white  tube,  6-8  lines  long,  the 
ample  oblons:  lobes  much  longer  than  the  short  tube  :  fllaments  pilose  but 
not  dilated  at  base :  capsule  obovoid.  much  shorter  than  the  calyx :  ovules 
2-4  and  seeds  usually  1  in  each  cell.  On  high  mountains,  Oregon  to  Alaska 
and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

*  *  Tall,  from  slender  rootstocks  or  roots :  leaves  and  leaflets  com- 
paratively large. 

-«-  Stems  erect,  1-3  feet  high :  leaflets  numerous  and  mostly  approx- 
imate, not  rarely  confluent  or  the  rachig  winged :  ovules  6-13  in  each 
cell. 

P.  occidentale  Greene  Pitt,  ii,  75.  P,  coeruleum  of  authors  as  to  our 
plant.  Either  glabrous  or  viscid-pubescent:  stem  strict  and  virgate,  2-3 
feet  high,  from  running  rootstocks,  5-10-leaved  :  leaflets  15-23,  Irom  linear- 
lanceolate  to  oblong-ovate,  5-20  lines  long:  flowers  numerous,  in  a  naked 
and  narrow  thyrsus  or  panicle :  calyx  cleft  to  or  below  the  middle,  with 
short  lanceolate  lobes :  corolla  blue,  an  inch  or  less  in  diameter,  the  obovate 
lobes  much  longer  than  the  tube :  fllaments  densely  bearded  at  base,  often 
equalling  the  corolla-lobes:  style  exserted.  In  springy  places  on  high 
mountains,  California  to  Alaska  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

P.  foliosissimuin  Gray  Syn.  Fl.  ii,  151.  Very  viscid-pubescent 
throughout  and  strong-scented:  stems  a  foot  or  more  high,  very  leafy : 
leaflets  from  lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate :  flowers  corymbose-cymose. 
small:  corolla  commonly  white  or  cream  color,  sometimes  violet,  twice  as 
long  as  the  calyx  which  is  5-cleft  to  or  beyond  the  middle :  style  and  sta- 
mens not  exserted.     Idaho  to  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  New  Mexico. 

P.  pectinatum  Greene  Bull.  Cal.  Acad,  i,  10.  Glabrous  or  the  inflor- 
escence viscid-pubescent:  stenas  clustered,  a  foot  or  more  high,  slender, 
leafy  to  the  summit :  leaflets  linear-filiform,  an  inch  long,  in  about  5  pairs : 
flowers  corymbose-cymose  :  calyx  cleft  to  beyond  the  middle :  corolla  half- 
inch  broad,  white  or  cream-color :  seeds  wingless.  Collected  in  eastern 
Washington  by  Prof.  E.  W.  Hilgard  in  June  lb82. 

■*-     Herbage  glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent,  neither  viscid  nor 
glandular : stems  lax,  with  diffuse  branches  and  open  cor^mbiform  or 
paniculate  inflorescence :  leaflets  fewer  and  rather  large,  membranace- 
ous, only  the   ultimate  at  all  confluent:   style  and  stamens  rather 
shorter  than  the  corolla :  ovules  only  3-4  in  each  cell. 
P.    earnenm  Gray  1,  c.    Stems  rather  stout  1-2  feet  high :  leaflets  5-15, 
from  ovate  to  oblong- lanceolate,  6-18  lines  long:  branches  somewhat  um- 
b  ellately  3-5-flowered :  pedicels  slender,  pubescent :  calyx  campanulate, 
6-10  lines  long,  pubescent ;  the  lanceolate  acute  lobes  longer  than  the  tube : 
corolla  salmon-color  or  flesh-color,    12-18  lines  broad,  the  ample  rounded 
obovate  lobes  thrice  longer  than  the  tube:  filanaents  slender,  villous  at  the 
sightly  dilated  base :  capsule  oblong  not  longer  than  the  tube  of  the  calyx : 
Beds  2  or  3  in  each  cell.    In  damp  places,  southwestern  Oregon  to  Calif. 


HYDROPHYLLACE^  453 

P.  amoennm  Piper  Erythea  vii,  174.  "  Perennial,  erect,  or  nearly  so, 
15-24  inches  high,  glabrous  below,  sparsely  viscid-puberalent  above ;  stems 
terete, slightly  wing- margined;  cauhne  4  or  5,  18  inches  long;  leaflets  15-21, 
lanceolate,  sessile,  attenuately  acute,  1-2  inches  long  :inflorescence  leafy- 
bracteate,  open,  the  flowers  in  clusters  of  2-4  on  slender  peduncles ;  bracts 
3  to  9-foliolate;  calyx  deeply  5-cleft,  5  lines  long,  viscid-pilose,  the  narrow 
acute  lobes  about  twice  as  long  as  the  tube;  corolla  pale  blue,  6-10  lines 
long,  the  broad  obtuse  lobes  exceeding  the  tube ;  filaments  dilated  at  base, 
pilose-appendaged  ;  style  3-cleft  at  the  apex  included ;  seeds  3-4  in  each  cell! 
Humtulips,  Chehalis  Co.  Washington.  " 

P.  Intenui.  Slightly  pubescent :  stems  slender,  ascending,  6-18  inches 
long  leafy,  cymosely  3-9-flowered:  leaflets  11-21,  oblong  to  almost  lanceo- 
late, acute,  or  the  terminal  ones  rounded  at  the  apex,  2-8  lines  long,  the 
lower  ones  smallest :  calyx  opencampanulate,  4-6  lines  long,  cleft  nearly 
to  the  base,  the  ample  lobes  lanceolate,  often  more  or  less  acuminate  : 
corolla  yellow,  8-10  lines  long,  the  ample  obovate  lobes  3  or  4  times  as 
long  as  the  tube:  filaments  slender,  pubescent  at  base,  about  half  as  long  as 
the  corolla-lobes.      In  forests  of  the  Cascade  Mountains  Oregon. 

§  3  Leaflets  very  small  and  crowded  so  as  seemingly  to  be  ver- 
ticillate.  Inflorescence  capitate-congested  or  spiciform.  Corolla 
strictly  or  even  narrowly  funnelform  ;  its  tube  more  or  less  exceed- 
ing the  oblong  or  cylindraceous  calyx,  prominently  longer  than 
its  lobes.  Filaments  naked  or  nearly  so,  not  dilated  at  base,  usu- 
ally inserted  on  the  middle  of  the  tube,  or  occasionally  adnate 
higher. 

P.  confertum  Gray  Proc.  Acad.  Philad.  1863.  Stems  10-12  inches 
high  from  a  tufted  rootstock,  glandular-pubescent  and  viscid,  musky-frag- 
rant: petioles  of  the  radical  leaves  conspicuously  scarious-dilated  and 
sheathing  at  base :  leaflets  1-3  lines  long,  mostly  2-3-divided  and  so  appear- 
ing as  if  in  fascicles  or  whorls;  the  divisions  from  round-oval  to  oblong- 
linear:  flowers  densely  crowded,  heavy-scented:  corolla  deep  blue,  6-12 
lines  long,  its  rounded  lobes  2-3  lines  long :  ovules  about  3  in  each  cell. 
Bleak  points  on  the  highest  mountains  Idaho  to  the  Rocky  Mountains  and 
California. 

Order  LXIV  HYDROPHYLLACE^  Lindl.  Nat.  Syst.  271. 

Herbs,  or  rarely  shrubs,  with  colorless  insipid  juice,  alter- 
nate or  sometimes  opposite  leaves  without  stipules,  and  mostly 
a  scorpioid  bractless  inflorescence  or  the  scorpioid  cymes  more 
commonly  reduced  to  geminate  or  solitary  false  spikes  or  racem- 
es which  in  descriptions  may  be  termed  spikes  or  racemes. 
Calyx  5 -parted  or  nearly  5  sepalous  inferior  and  free  from  the 
ovary.  Hypogynous  disk  at  the  base  of  the  ovary  often  con- 
spicuous. Corolla  regularly  5-lobed,  with  the  5  stamens  borne 
on  the  base  or  lower  part,  and  alternate  with  its  lobes.  Styles 
2,  distinct  or  partly  united,  or  rarely  completely  united:  stigma 
terminal.  Ovules  amphitropous  or  anatropous,  from  4  to  very 
many,  pendulous  or  when  numerous  almost  horizontal.  Fruit 
a  2-valved  capsule,  1-celled  with  2  parietal  placentae,  or  incom- 
pletely 2-celled  by  the  approximation  or  meeting  of  the  placentae 
or  even  completely  2-celled  by  their  union  in  the  axis.  Seeds 
with  a  close  and  usually  reticulated  or  pitted  coat,  and  a  small 


464  HYDRO  PH  YLL  AC  E^  hydrophyllum 

or  slender  embryo  in  cartilaginous  or  firm-fleshy  albumen. 

Tribe  i  Ovary  and  capsule  strictly  1-celled,  lined  with  a  pair 
of  expanded  placentae.     Capsule  loculicidally  dehiscent 

1  Hydrophyllum  Root  perennial  or  biennial :  leaves  all  alternate :  calyx 

nearly  unchanged  in  fruit :  style  and  stamens  exserted. 

2  Jemophila    Root  annual :  some  or  all  of  the  leaves  opposite :  calyx  en- 

larged in  fruit :  stamens  and  style  shorter  than  the  corolla. 

Tribe  ii  Ovary  either  strictly  1-celled  or  2-celled  by  the  meet- 
ing of  the  narrow  placentae  in  the  axis. 

*    Leaves  all  or  all  but  the  lowest  alternate. 
■^     Style  2-cleft,  at  least  at  the  apex. 

3  Fhacelia  Corolla  not  yellow,  deciduous:  stamens  equally  inserted  low 

down  on  the  corolla. 

4  Einmenanthe  Corolla  yellow  or  yellowish,  persistent :  stamens  equally 

inserted  low  down  on  the  corolla. 

5  Conanthus   Corolla  purple,  deciduous,   funnelform;  the  slender  fila- 

ments unequally  inserted  more  or  less  high  up  on  its  tube. 

•*-  •*-     Style  and  even  the  stigma  entiie. 

6  Romanzoflia  Corolla  white  or  pink,  funnelform  ;  the  stamens  inserted 

on  the  base  of  the  tube. 

*  *    Leaves  and  1-flowered  peduncles  all  radical :   style  2-cIeft  at 
the  apex. 

7  Capnorea  Corolla  campanulate  or  rotate,  with  the  stamens  inserted 

on  its  base. 

Tribe  hi  Ovary  completely  or  incompletely  2-celled.  Cap- 
sule loculicidal   bearing  the  half  dissepiments  on  their  middle. 

8  ^ama    Mostly  low  herbs :  capsule  membranaceous,  the  valves  and  pla- 

centae undivided. 

9  Eriodictyon    Shrubby  plants:  capsule  crustaceous,  loculicidal  then 

septicidal,  thus  apparently  4-valved. 

Tribe  1  Hydrophylless  B.  &  H.  Gen.  ii,  825,  Calyx  sometimes 
appendaged  at  the  sinuses.  Corolla  mostly  convolute  in  the  bud. 
Style  more  or  less  2-cleft  at  the  apex.  Ovary  hispid,  at  least  at  the 
apex,  strictly  1-celled,  lined  with  expanded,  at  first  fleshy ,  at  matur- 
ity thin  and  membranaceous  placentae,  which  form  a  lining  to  the 
pericarp,  and  enclose  the  4  or  more  amphitropous  ovules.  Capsule 
globose,  Seeds  by  abortion  commonly  fewer  than  ovules,  globular  or 
angled  by  mutual  pressure:  albumen  cartilaginous. 

1    HYDROPHYLLUM  Tourn.    L.  Gen.  n.  204. 

Perennial  herbs  with  alternate  petioled  and  lobed  or  divided 
leaves  and  small  flowers  in  terminal  scorpioid  racemes  or  heads 
on  long  naked  peduncles.  Calyx  early  open,  without  appendages 
at  the  sinuses,  nearh'-  unchanged  in  fruit.  Corolla  campanulate, 
the  tube  within  bearing  a  linear  longitudinal  appendage  opposite 
each  lobe  with  infolded  edges,  forming  a  nectariferous  groove. 


HYDROPHYLLUM  HYDROPHYLLACEiE  465 

NEMOPHILA 

Filaments  slender,  long-exserted,  bearded  at  the  middle ;  anthers 
linear  or  oblong,  inflexed  in  the  bud.  Style  slender,  long-exsert- 
ed.    Seeds  1-4,  ovules  only  four. 

H.  capitatnm  Dougl.  Benth  in  Linn.  Trans,  xvii,  273  Retrorsely  his- 
pid with  minute  whiite  hairs :  stems  often  tufted.  4-12  inches  high  "from 
a  small  fascicle  of  thickened  perennial  perpendicular  roots:  one-several- 
leaved,  erect  in  flower,  recurving  and  often  prostrate  in  fruit:  leaves  Ion g- 
petioled,  exceeding  the  stems,  pinnately  5-7-parted  or  at  base  divided ; 
the  lanceolate  divisions  entire  or  often  2-3-lobed  or  2-3  cleft,  all  mucron- 
ate-tipped:  flowers  in  a  dense  capitate  cluster:  calyx  very  hispid,  parted 
nearly  to  the  base,  with  linear-oblons;,  obtuse  divisions :  corolla  blue,  but 
little  longer  than  the  calyx:  filaments  twice  as  long  as  the  corolla;  anthers 
oblong,  attached  near  the  middle;  style  equalling  the  stamens,  2-lobed: 
seed  a  line  in  diameter.  Under  shrubs  &c.  Brit.  Columbia  to  California 
east  of  the  Cascade  Mountains. 

H.  occidentale  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  x,  314.  Pubescent,  hirsute, 
or  sparingly  hispid  :  stems  erect,  usually  numerous  from  a  fascicle  of  fleshy- 
fibrous  roots,  12-18  inches  high:  leaves  elongated-oblong  in  general  out- 
line, pinnately  parted  or  divided  into  7-15  oblong,  mostly  incised  or  cleft 
obtuse  divisions  1-2  inches  long :  peduncles  rather  slender,  elongated,  often 
surpassing  the  subtending  leaf:  cymes  mostly  dense  or  capitate:  calyx 
deeply. parted,  its  divisions  lanceolate  and  rather  obtuse:  corolla  white  to 
violet-purple,  4-5  lines  long :  anthers  oblong-linear.  In  moist  shady  places, 
Washington  to  California. 

Var.  Fendleri  Gray  1.  c.  Pubescence  mainly  hirsute  or  hispid,  not 
at  all  canescent  or  cinereous :  divisions  of  the  leaves  broader,  acute  or  acu- 
minate, incisely  serrate:  peduncles  shorter:  cyme  rather  open:  corolla 
white  or  nearly  so.  In  shaded  ravines,  Mount  Adams  Washington  to  Col- 
orado and  New  Mexico. 

H.  Virginicum  L.  Sp.  146.  Pubescent  with  short  scattered  hairs: 
stems  few  or  solitary  from  a  short  scaly  rootstock,  1-2  feet  high :  leaves 
very  long-petioled,  ovate  or  cordate  in  outline,  3-5-parted  or  divided,  the 
lobes  or  <livisions  2-4  inches  long,  ovate-lanceolate  to  rhombic-ovate,  acute 
or  acuminate,  coarsely  incised-toothed,  the  lowest  commonlv  2-cleft,  and 
the  terminal  one  often  3-lobed  :  peduncle  elongated,  at  length  surpassing 
the  leaves,  usually  once  or  twice  forked;  cymes  at  length  open:  calyx  par- 
ted to  the  very  base  Into  linear  and  spreading  hispid-ciliate  ac  ite  divisions : 
corolla  nearly  white,  or  sometimes  deep  violet,  3-4  lines  long:  filaments 
more  than  twice  as  long  as  the  corolla ;  anthers  oblong,  attached  below  the 
middle.    In  rich  damp  woods,  Oregon  to  Alaska  and  across  the  Continent. 

2    NEMOPHILA  Nutt.  Jour.  Acad.  Phila^  ii,  179. 

Annuals  with  mostly  opposite  and  usually  pinnatifid  leaves, 
and  usually  large  flowers  on  rather  long  axillary  peduncles. 
Calyx  deeply  5-cleft  or  5-parted,  with  a  reflexed  or  spreading  ap- 
pendage in  each  sinus,  enlarged  in  fruit.  Corolla  rotate  or  nearly 
campanulate,  usually  longer  than  the  calyx  :  the  base  within  most- 
ly with  10  appendages.  Stamens  shorter  than  the  corolla:  anthers 
usually  sagittate-oblong,  Ovules  4-20.  Seeds  commonly  with  a 
deciduous  or  more  persistent  caruncle. 

N.  Menziesii  H.  &A.  Bot.  Beech.  125.  Sparingly  strigose-pubescent : 
diffusely  branched  from  the  base,  the  branches  mostly  prostrate,  2-10 
inches  long :  leaves  oblong  in  outline  on  rather  short  winged  petioles,  3-9 
parted  into  rounded  obovate  lobes  1-2  lines  long :  peduncles  2-3  inches 


466  HYDROPHYLLACE^  nemophila 

long :  calyx  hirsute,  deeply  parted,  with  lanceolate  lobes  and  linear  appen- 
dages :  corolla  an  inch  or  less  in  diameter,  rotate,  the  ample  obcordate  lobes 
white  or  light  blue  speckled  with  dark  blue:  scales  at  the  base  of  th^ 
short  tube  narrow,  wholly  adherent  their  free  edge  densely  hirsute-ciliate  : 
ovules  8-24:  seeds  5-15,  globular,  with  a  very  prominent  papillaeform  ca- 
runcle.    Common  in  open  places,  Willamette  Valley  Oregon  to  California. 

X.  peduncnlata  Dougl.  Hook.  Fl.  ii,  79.  Minutely  hispid:  stems 
slender,  2-6  inches  high,  paniculately  branched:  leaves  bipinnatifid  or  the 
upper  ones  pinnate  only,  with  rounded  lobes:  calyx  5-parted,  with  oblong 
acute  lobes,  the  appendages  iu  the  sinuses  very  small  or  obsolete :  corolla 
white,  4-5  lines  broad,  the  obovate  emarginate  lobes  longer  than  the  tube 
and  surpassing  the  calyx;  appendages  in  the  throat  broad  and  glabrous: 
stamens  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  corolla  and  not  longer  than  its  tube : 
ovules :  a  pair  to  each  placenta:  seeds  globose ;  the  caruncle  at  length  eva- 
nescent.    In  damp  places,  southern  Oregon  to  California. 

N.  parviflora  Dougl.  Hook.  Fl.  ii,  79.  Rough -pubescent  with  short 
retrorse  hairs  :  stems  slender,  4-16  inches  long  branching  from  the  base, 
prostrate  or  ascending:  leaves  broadly  ovate  in  outline  6-10  lines  long  by 
4-8  lines  broad,  pinnately  5-lobed,  with  ovate  acute  and  mucronate  lobes, 
the  lower  sometimes  coarsely  2-3-toothed  ;  petiole  shorter  than  the  blade  : 
peduncles  slender,  an  inch  or  less  long  in  fruit:  calyx  2  lines  long  or  less, 
deeply  5-lobed  with  lanceolate  lobes  inconspicuous  linear  appendages: 
corolla  white,  campanulate,.  but  little  longer  than  the  calyx,  the  rounded 
obovate  lobes  longer  than  the  tube,  the  appendages  in  the  throat  linear 
and  glabrous,  or  almost  obsolete :  stamens  inserted  on  the  base  an  i  not 
exceeding  the  tube  of  the  corolla:  anthers  short,  cordate,  very  obtuse: 
ovary  4-ovuled,  very  hispid:  capsule  much  longer  than  the  calyx,  1-4- 
seeded.     Common  in  forestS;  western  Oregon  and  Washington. 

N.  deusa.  N.  pantlflora  Gray  in  part.  Sparinglv  pilose :  stem  some- 
what succulent,  decumbent  and  spreading  from  the  base,  forming  dense 
round  mats  2-3  inches  in  diameter:  leaves  oblong  in  outline,  6-7  lines 
long  by  2-4  lines  broad,  pinnately  7-parted,  with  obovate,  barely  apicu- 
iate  lobes:  calyx  1%  lines  long,  with  subulate  lobes  and  linear  appenda- 
ges: corolla  blue,  campanulate  or  more  open,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx  ; 
the  broad  lobes  longer  than  the  tube:  the  ovarj'  4ovuIed,  pubescent:  cap- 
sule longer  than  the  calyx,  1-4-seeded.  Under  small  trees  in  open  places, 
Washington  to  California. 

N.  breviflora  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xi,  315.  Stem  erect,  4-10  inches 
high,  weak,  branching  from  the  base:  leaves  Fometimes  all  alternate,  pin- 
nately 5-parted,  the  divisions  approximate,  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  entire, 
3-9  lines  long:  peduncles  seldom  exceeding  the  petioles:  appendages  of  the 
calyx  nearly  half  the  length  of  the  proper  lobes,  both  ciliate,  with  long  hir- 
sute bristles :  corolla  whitish  or  tinged  with  violet,  broadly  short-campan- 
ulate,  decidedly  shorter  than  the  calyx;  the  lobes  considerably  shorter  than 
the  tube;  appendages  in  the  throat  cuneate,  the  broad  free  summit  fim- 
briate-incised :  style  mmutely  2-cleft  at  the  apex  :  seed  usually  solitary, > 
almost  filling  the  cell,  globular,  nearly  smooth  and  even;  the  caruncle 
evanescent.     In  the  Blue  Mountains  of  Oregon. 

Tribe  2  Phacelieas  B.  &  H.  Gen.  ii,  826.  Calyx  naked  at  the 
sinuses,  deeply  5-parted.  Corolla  imbricated  in  the  hud.  Style, 
from  2-parted  to  entire:  the  branches  at  the  apex  or  the  stigmas  ob- 
scurely if  at  all  thickened.  Ovary  mostly  hispid  or  pubescent,  at 
least  at  the  apex,  either  strictly  1-celled  or  2- celled  by  the  meeting 
of  the  linear  or  lanceolate  placentas  in  the  axis:  these  separating  in- 
the  loculicidal  dehiscence  and  borne  on  the  middle  of  the  semiseptif- 


i 


EHACELiA  HYDROPHYLLACE^  467 

erous  valves,  or  sometimes  falling  away. 

2    PHACELIA  Juss.  Gen.  127. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  with  alternate  simple  or  compound 
leaves,  and  more  or  less  scorpioid  cymes,  or  so  called  spikes  or 
racemes,  of  blue  purple  or  white  flowers  Calyx-lobes  all  similar 
or  nearly  so,  more  or  less  enlarging  in  fruit,  deciduous,  at  least 
thrown  off  by  the  enlarging  capsule,  except  in  P.  sericea;  the  tube 
with  or  sometimes  without  appendages  within:  these  when  present 
generally  in  the  form  of  10  vertical  folds  or  lamellar  projections  in 
pairs  either  adnate  to  or  free  from  and  alternate  with  the  base  of 
the  slender  filaments.  Stamens  equally  inserted  low  down  on  the 
corolla.  Ovules  and  seeds  when  reduced  to  a  pair  collateral  and 
nearly  as  long  as  the  cell.     Seed-coat  reticulated  or  pitted. 

§  EuPHACELiA  B.  &  H.  Gen.  ii,  818.  Lobes  of  the  campanu- 
late  corolla  entire  ;  the  tube  with  10  laminate  appendages  in  pairs 
at  the  base  of  the  stamens.  Ovules  a  pair  to  each  placenta. 
Seeds  as  many  as  ovules,  or  by  abortion  fewer,  areolate-reticulate 
or  favose. 

*  Lower  leaves  and  all  the  branches  opposite :  spikes  or  branches 
of  the  cyme  hardly  at  all   scorpioid :  pedicels  shorter  than  the  calyx. 

P.  Fringlei  Gray  Pre.  Am.  Acad  xvii,  223.  Stem  slender,  2-6 inches 
high  from  an  annual  root,  glandular  and  pubescent :  leaves  linear-lanceolate, 
entire,  tapering  at  base,  obpcurely  petioled,  only  the  uppermost  alternate: 
calyx-lobes  linear,  3  lines  long,  about  half  as  long  as  the  very  open-cam- 
panulate  blue  corolla,  longer  than  the  globose  capsule :  seeds  angled  and 
not  hollowed  ventrally.  On  the  mountains  of  southern  Oregon  and  north- 
ern California. 

*  Pubescence  or  some  of  it  hispid  or  hirsute :  spikes  or  branches  of 
the  cyme  scorpioid  and  dense :  pedicels  short  or  hardly  any :  appen- 
dages of  the  corolla  broad  and  salient,  usually  more  or  less  united  at 
the  base  of  the  filaments. 

-»-  Leaves  all  simple  and  entire,  or  some  of  the  lower  pinnately 
3-5-parted  or  divided  ;  the  segments  or  leaflets  entire :  capsule  ovate, 
acute:  peeds  densely  alveolate-punctate,  the  upper  end  acutish. 

P.  nemoralis  Greene  Pitt,  i,  141.  Perennial,  often  flowering  the  first 
year  from  seed,  2-6  feet  high  stout,  loosely  branching;  hispid  throughout 
and  destitute  of  canescent  pubescence:  leaves  simple  and  entire  or  the 
lower  ones  more  or  less  lobed  or  parted  at  the  base,  ovate-oblong,  2-6 
inches  long,  petiolate,  rugose  and  without  conspicuous  parallel  veins ;  ra- 
cemes geminate,  short  and  spreading,  slender  but  not  loose :  corolla  small, 
greenish-yellow :  stamens  exserted :  fruiting  calyx  round-ovate  or  nearly 
globose;  the  oblanceolate  calyx-lobes  spreading  away  from  the  capsule  be- 
low, connivent  over  it  above :  seeds  2,  (the  other  2  ovules  always  abortive,) 
ovate,  acutisl),  deeply  pitted,  dark  brown.  In  rich  alluvial  soil,  Washing- 
ton to  California. 

P.  matabilis  Greene  Erythea  iv,  55.  "  Biennial,  erect,  slender,  10 
to  18  inches  high,  not  much  branched,  sparingly  leafy,  the  radical  leaves 
few  and  ascending,  not  forming  a  depressed  tuft,  sparsely  hirsute  through- 
out, and  with  a  short  somewhat  villous  pubescence  beneath  the  h  irsute : 
leaves  of  thin  texture,  mostly  entire  and  simple,  elliptic,  acute,  some  of 
the  radical  with  a  pair  of  pinnae  at  the  summit  of  tie  slender  petiole :  ra- 


468  HYDROPHYLLACE^  phacelia 

cemes  several,  terminal  and  subterminal:  corolla  near!}'  cylindrical,  either 
deep  purple  or  ochroleucous :  mature  calyx-segments  narrowly  oblanceo- 
late,  or  some  of  them  more  dilated  at  summit,  hispid  with  spreading  hairs, 
without  finer  pubescence  :  capsule  small,  ovate,  acuminate  mostly  4-seeded. 
In  rich  moist  soil,  southeastern  Oregon  and  adjacent  California. 

P.  heterophylla  Pursh  Fl  140.  P.  circinata.  Jacq.  f  Hispid  and  the 
foliage  caneecent:  stem  stout,  6-24  inches  high  from  a  perennial  root: 
leaves  from  lanceolate  to  ovate,  acute,  pinnately  and  obliquely  striate- 
veined,  the  lower  tapering  into  a  petiole  and  commonly  some  of  them 
with  1  or  2  pairs  of  small  lateral  leaflets:  inflorescence  hispid;  the  dense 
spikes  thyreoid  congested  :  corolla  bluish,  longer  than  the  oblong-lanceolate 
or  linear  calyx-lobes:  filaments  much  exserted,  sparingly  bearded.  Dry 
grounds  and  rocky  ridges,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California. 

P.  virgata  Greene  Erythea  iv,  54.  Hispid  and  the  foliage  strigose: 
stem  usually  solitary,  erect  and  strict,  simple,  1-2  feet  t  igh  from  an 
annual  or  biennial  root :  leaves  pinnate  or  the  upper  ones  simple  and  entire, 
leaflets  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  6-12  lines  long,  strongly  pinnae- 
veined  :  flowers  in  dense  glomerules  in  a  long  virgate  spike  or  thyrsus ;  in- 
florescence hispid;  sepals  oblong-lanceolate,  corolla  white  or  yellovsish, 
little  exceeding  the  calyx;  filaments  long  exserted,  often  curved  or  twisted, 
pubescent.     Dry  ground,  southwestern  Oregon. 

P.  leucophylla  Torr.  Frem.  Rep.  95.  Perennial  by  a  stout  roof  stock, 
pale,  densely  silky-pubescent,  the  hairs  appressed  or  ascending :  stems  sim- 
ple or  branched,  12-18  inches  high:  leaves  lanceolate  to  oblong,  entire; 
pinnately  veined,  2-4  inches  long,  4-12  lines  wide,  the  lower  long-petioled, 
the  upper  sessile  or  nearly  so;  spike-like  bran«  hes  of  the  scorpioid  cymes 
very  dense,  nearly  straight  and  1-3  inches  long  when  expanded :  flowers 
sessile,  very  numerous,  about  4  lines  high  :  calyx-lobes  hi8pi<l,  oblong-lan- 
ceolate or  linear,  somewhat  shorter  than  the  white  or  bluis'h,  5-lobed  corolla; 
corolla-appendages  conspicuous,  in  pairs  between  the  filaments ;  stamens 
exserted  glabrous ;  ovules  2  on  each  placenta;  capsule  ovoid  :  In  dry  soil, 
Idaho  to  Dakota  and  Nebraska. 

P.  hnmilis  T.  &  G.  Pac.  R.  Rep  ii,  122.  Pubescent  or  the  inflorescence 
often  hirsute:  stem  8-10  inches  high  from  an  annual  root,  diffusely  bran- 
ched from  the  base:  leaves  apatulate-oblongor  oblanceolate.  rather  obtuse; 
the  lower  rarely  with  1  or  2  lateral  ascending  lobes,  the  veins  branching: 
spikes  loosely  paniculate  or  solitary,  in  age  rather  slender :  pedicels  either 
all  very  short,  or  the  lower  sometimes  almost  as  long  as  the  calyx :  corolla 
indigo-blue,  rather  deeply  lobed,  surpassing  the  linear  calyx-lobes :  fila- 
ments moderately  exserted,  glabrous  or  sparingly  bearded  above :  capsule 
ovate,  acute,  1}4  lines  long,  4seeded:  seeds  a  line  long,  minutely  pitted. 
Eastern  Oregon  to  Nevada  and  California. 

■*-  ■*-     Leaves  simple,  all  petioled  rounded-cordate,  somewhat  pal- 
mately  lobed  or  incised,  the  lobes  serrate. 

P.  malyaeflora  Cham.  Linn,  iv,  494.  Rather  tall  and  stout,  hispid  with 
spreading  or  reflexed  bristles  and  the  foliage  more  or  less  pubescent :  leaves 
green  and  membranaceous,  round-cordate,  incisely  5-9-lobed,  acutely 
toothed,  somewhat  palmately  ribbed  at  base:  flowering  spikes  solitary  or 
geminate,  an  inch  long:  corolla  3-4  lines  long,  white,  longer  than  the  un- 
equal linear  and  spatulate  calyx-lobes:  stamens  exserted :  seeds  alveolate- 
scabrous.    Along  the  coast,  southern  Oregon  and  California. 

P.  Battani  Gray  Syn,  Fl.  Supp.  413.  Hispid  with  slender  stinging 
bristles  throughout :  root  annual :  stem  slender  and  weak,  6-18  inches  high  : 
leaves  oval  to  oblong-ovate,  with  truncate  or  barely  snbcordate  base,  in- 
cisely somewhat  lobed  and  crenate,  only  the  lower  palmately  veined  at 


PHACELtA  HYDROPHYLLACE^  469 


base :  spikes  slender,  often  solitary,  short  and  rather  loosely  flowered :  calyx 
of  4  spatulate  and  1  larger  obovate  sepals:  corolla  obovate  2  lines  long, 
whitish :  stamens  and  style  included ;  seeds  small,  alveolate.  In  shady 
places  along  streams,  southern  Oregon  to  California. 

-«--♦-  -^     Leaves  from  simple  and  pinnately  dentate  or  lobed  to  pin- 
nately  compound :  flowers  crowded  in  the  scorpioid  spikes. 

P.  ramosissima  Dougl.  Hook.  Fl.  ii,  80.  Stems  rather  stout  and 
branching,  1-3  feet  long,  spreading  or  ascending  from  a  perennial  root, 
leaves  pubescent,  5-9-lobed  or  divided  into  oblong  or  narrower  pinnatifid 
or  incised  divisions :  inflorescence  hispid ;  spikes  glomerate,  short  and 
dense,  but  little  elorgated  in  age:  flowers  subsessile  and  in  fruit  ascending 
on  the  rachis :  calyx-lobes  entire,  linear-spat ulate  to  obovate:  corolla  fun- 
nelform,  but  little  exceeding  the  calyx;  the  appendages  within  with  a 
truncate  free  apex:  filaments  exserted,  glabrous:  capsule  ovate  or  short- 
ovoid,  much  shorter  than  the  calyx;  seeds  oblong,  rounded  on  the  back. 
On  rocky  hills  and  banks,  eastern  Oregon  and  Washington  to  California. 

F.  ciliata  Benth.  Linn.  Trans,  xvii,  280.  More  or  less  pubescent: 
stem  erect  or  ascending,  scabrous,  3-12  inches  high,  from  an  annual  root: 
leaves  1-3  inches  long,  pinnately  parted  or  the  lower  divided  and  the  upper 
merely  cleft;  the  oblong  divisions  or  lobes  pinnatifid-incised :  spikes  rather 
short  and  in  fruit  rather  loose:  pedicels  short  or  hardly  any  ascending: 
calyx-lobes  f t  om  lanceolate  to  ovate,  accrescent  and  becoming  venose-reti- 
culated in  age,  then  sparingly  ciliate  with  short  rigid  bristles,  4-5  lines  long : 
corolla  but  little  surpassing  the  calyx,  its  appendages  short  and  broad, 
near  the  base  of  the  tube :  filaments  not  exceeding  the  corolla :  capsule  ovate, 
mucronate,  half  as  long  as  the  fruiting  calyx  :  seeds  oval  smoothish.  Eas- 
tern Oregon  to  California. 

§  EuTOCA  Gray  Man.  ed.  2,  329.  Appendages  of  the  mostly 
campanulate  corolla  in  the  form  of  10  vertical  salient  lamellae. 
Capsule  ovate  or  oblong.  Ovules  and  seeds  6-50  on  each  placenta; 
the  testa  areolate-reticulated  or  favose-pitted,  but  not  transverse- 
ly rugose. 

P.  Bolanderi  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  x,  322.  Hispid  with  slender 
bristles,  also  viscid-pubescent,  especially  above:  stems  several,  from  a  peren- 
nial root,  stout,  erect  or  ascending,  1-2  feet  high,  freely  branching:  radical 
and  lower  cauline  leaves  lyrate,  and  oblong  in  outline,  with  1  or  2  pairs  of 
small  and  incised  lateral  divisions :  the  terminal  division  and  upper  leaves 
ovate  or  oval,  coarsely  incised  or  lobed,  truncate  or  subcordate  at  base: 
calyx-lobes  hispid,  at  length  spatulate,  3  or  in  fruit  4  lines  long;  corolla 
nearly  rotate  when  expanded,  8-12  lines  in  diameter,  white  or  blue;  its 
appendages  semi-ovate,  almost  as  broad  as  long,  distinctly  connected  at 
base  In  front  of  the  adnate  and  sparingly  bearded  filaments :  stamens 
about  equalling  the  corolla ;  anthers  oblong :  style  cleft  nearly  to  the  mid- 
dle: capsule  broadly  ovate,  acute,  shorter  than  the  calyx:  seeds  about  50 
on  each  dilated  placenta.    Southern  Oregon  to  California,  near  the  coast. 

P.  procera  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  x,  323.  Stems  several  from  a 
perennial  root,  erect,  3-7  feet  high,  minutely  soft-pubescent;  the  summit 
of  the  simple  stems  glandular  but  not  hispid :  leaves  green  and  membran- 
aceous, 2-5  inches  long,  ovate-lanceolate  and  ovate,  acute,  mostly  laciniate- 
pinnatitid  or  cleft ;  the  lobes  2  to  4  pairs  and  acute :  spikes  of  the  glom- 
erate or  bifid  cyme  somewhat  lengthened  in  age:  calyx-lobes  oblong-lan- 
ceolate,  minutely  hispid :  corolla  ochroleucous,  the  semi-cordate  oblique 
appendages  united  over  the  base  of  the  sparsely  bearded  filament:  stamens 
exserted :  anthers  oblong,  style  2  cleft  above  the  middle :  capsule  globular- 


470  HYDROPHYLLACEtE  phacelia 

ovate,  hardly  raucronate  :  seeds  10-18,  wing-angled.  In  the  high  mountains 
of  Brit.  Columbia  to  California. 

P.  sericea  Gray  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  ser.  2,  xxxiv,  254.  Stems  8-12  inches 
high  from  a  branching  perennial  caudex,  silky-pubescent  or  canescent  or 
the  simple  virgate  stems  and  inflorescence  villous-hirsute,  leafy  to  the  top: 
leaves  pinnately  parted  into  linear  or  narrow-oblong  numerous  and  often 
again  few-cleft  or  pinnatifid  divisions,  silky-canescentor  sometime  greenish : 
the  lower petioled ;  the" uppermost  simpler  and  nearly  sessile:  short  spikes 
crowded  in  a  naked  spike-like  thyrsus :  calyx- lobes  linear,  minutely  hispid : 
corolla  blue  or  whitish,  very  open-campanulate,  cleft  to  the  middle,  mar- 
oeecent-persistent ;  its  appendages  oblong,  vertical,  wholly  free  from  the 
filaments :  stamens  long-exserted ;  anthers  short-oval :  style  2-cleftat  the  a- 
pex :  capsule  ovate,  short-acuminate,  a  little  Ioniser  than  the  calyx  and  mar- 
cescent  corolla,  12-18  seeded :  seeds  ovate-oblong,  terete,  acutish,  longitud- 
inally costate  and  transversely  alveolate'reticulated.  On  high  mountains, 
Oregon  and  Washington  to  the  Arctic  regions  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

P.  Franklinii  Gray  Man.  ed.  2,  329.  Villous-pubescent  throughout : 
stem  erect,  6-18  inches  high,  from  an  annual  root,  simple  or  corymbosely 
branched  at  the  summit:  leaves  1)^-3  inches  lomg,  pinnately  parted  into 
7-15  linear  or  linear-oblong  acute  entire  dentate  or  incised  segments:  flow- 
ers blue  to  nearly  white,  short  pediceled,  in  dense  scorpioid  racemes: 
calyx-lobes  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  longer  than  the  tube  of  the  rotate- 
campanulate  corolla:  appendages  of  the  corolla  long  and  narrow,  free  at 
the  apex,  and  at  base  free  from  the  filaments :  stamens  about  as  long  as 
the  corolla;  anthers  short :  style  2-cleft  at  the  apex :  capsule  ovate,  acute, 
about  equalling  the  calyx,  seeds  numerous,  oval,minutely  alveolate  in  ver- 
tical lines.     Along  the  Snake  river  southwestern  Idaho  to  Lake  Superior. 

P.  Menziesii  Torr.  Watson  Bot.  King  252.  Hispid  or  roughish-hirsute, 
and  usually  cinereous-pubescent  also:  stem  erect,  4-12  inches  high  from  an 
annual  root,  at  length  paniculately  branched  :leaves  mostly  sessile,  linear- 
lanceolate,  entire  or  some  of  them  deeply  cleft;  the  lobes  few  or  single,  lin- 
ear or  lanceolate  entire:  spikes  or  spike  like  racemes  thyr8oid-paniculate,at 
length  elongated  and  erect :  calyx-lobes  linear,  hispid-ciliate,  4-5  lines  long : 
corolla  blue  varying  to  white,  rotate-campanulate,  6-10  lines  in  diameter; 
its  appendages  connivent  in  pairs  opposite  the  lobes,  forming  5  nectarifer- 
ous grooves :  alternate  stamens  shorter  than  the  corolla :  style  2-cleft  at  the 
apex:  capsule  ovate,  acuminate,  about  half  the  length  of  the  calyx:  ovules 
12-16 :  seeds  oblong  coarsely  favose-reticulated.  Common  in  dry  grounds, 
Oregon  and  Washington  to  California,  Brit.  Columbia  and  Montana. 

P.  verna  Howell  Erythea  iii,  35.  Soft-pubescent  and  cinereous : 
stem  4-10  inches  high  from  an  annual  root,  paniculately  branched :  leaves 
obovate  tospatulate,  entire  or  rarely  some  of  the  lower  ones  incisely  toothed, 
abruptly  contracted  below  to  a  winged  petiole,  or  the  upper  ones  sessile: 
corolla  pale  blue,  but  little  exceeding  the  calyx,  open-campanulate,  clef t  to 
the  middle,  its  appendages  broad  and  free  from  the  filaments ;  calyx-lobes 
linear-lanceolate,  2-3  lines  long,  hirsute:  stamens  exserted,  anthers  oval; 
style  deeply  2-cleft, hispidulous :  capsule  ovoid,  acuminate,  more  than  half 
the  length  of  the  calyx  ;  seeds  8-12,  oblong  to  obovate,  favose-  pitted.  On 
rocky  ridges  in  the  Umpqua  Valley,  Oregon. 

§  3  MiCROGENETES  B.  &  H.  Gen.  ii  828.  Low  annuals  with 
mostly  pinnatifid  leaves.  Appendages  in  the  corolla  present  or 
rarely  wanting  Style  2-cleft  only  at  the  apex.  Stamens  unequal, 
not  exserted.  Ovules  several  on  each  placenta.  Seeds  oblong, 
strongly  corrugated  transversely. 

P.    Ivesiaiia  Torr.  Bot.  Ives  21.     Hirsute-pubescent  and  glandular: 


PHACELiA  HYDROPHYLLACEiE  471 

EMMENANTHE 

stem  6-10  inches  high,  diffusely  branched  from  the  ba&e :  leaves  pinnately 
parted  into  7-15  linear  or  oblong  and  entire  or  incisely  few-toothed  lobes 
rarely  bipinaatifid:  racemes  loose,  6-20  flowered:  sepals  linear,  minutely 
ciliate,  2  lines  long:  corolla  white  or  pale  purple,  slightly  longer  than  the 
calyx, its  appendages  adnate  to  the  filaments  only  at  base, vertical,  long  and 
narrow:  style  hairy  below:  capsule  oblong,  16-24-seeded :  seeds  strongly 
corrugated.  Dry  plains  eastern  Oregon  and  Washington  to  California 
and  Utah. 

P.  Mcolor  Torr.  Watson  Bot.  King  255.  Viscid-puberulent :  stem 
6-8  inches  high,  diffusely  much  branched  :  leaves  pinnately  parted  and  the 
divisions  again  irregularly  pinnatifid  into  small  nearly  linear  lobes :  racemes 
spiciform,  loosely  10-20-flowered :  calyx  divided  to  the  base,  the  lobes 
linear- spatulate,  3-4  lines  long,  often  unequal:  corolla  nearly  funnelform, 
6-8  lines  long,  with  violet  lobes  yellow  throat  and  white  tube;  its  appen- 
dages long  and  narrow,  united  for  more  than  half  their  length  with  the  fil- 
ament forming  a  long  tubular  cavity  behind  it:  capsule  ovate  oblong: 
seeds  about  16;  minutely  corrugated.  Under  Junipers,  southeastern  Oregon 
to  Nevada  and  California 

4    EMMENANTHE  Benth.  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xvii,  281. 

Low  annual  herbs  with  alternate,  pinnatfid  or  entire  leaves 
and  yellow  flowers  in  simple  circinate  racemes.  Calyx  5-parted, 
the  sinuses  naked.  Corolla  yellow,  campanulate,  5-cleft,  without 
appendage  persistent.  Stamens  included,  inserted  at  the  very 
base  of  the  corolla,  with  slender  filaments  and  elliptic  anther.-«. 
Nectary  or  disk  annular,  surrounding  the  base  of  the  ovary,  rather 
thick,  free  or  adnate  to  the  ba=e  of  the  corolla.  Ovary  ovoid  or 
oblong,  compressed,  2-celled.  by  the  union  of  the  placentae  in  the 
axis,  many  .ovuled:  style  2-lobed  at  the  summit,  subpersistent: 
stigmas  capitellate.  Capsule  ovoid  or  oblong,  incompletely  2-cell- 
ed. Seeds  2-20  reticulated,  or  pitted  and  transversely  rugose, 
pendent, 

E.  parviflora  Gray  Pac.  R.  Rep.  iv.  85,  t.  15.  Densely  pubescent 
and  viscid;  depressed  annual :  leaves  deeply  pinnatifid :  flowers  crowded  in 
short  spikes  or  racemes,  on  very  short  pedicels :  corolla  bright  yellow, 
2-3  lines  long,  merely  5-lobed,  not  longer  than  the  linear  obscurely  spatu- 
late calyx-lobes,  withering  persistent  and  enclosing  the  capsule ;  the  tube 
within  furnished  with  10  narrow  appendages:  style  hardly  longer  than  the 
ovary,  persistent:  ovules  20-40;  seeds  15-  20.  Shores  of  Klamath  Lake 
Oregon. 

E.  lutea  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  x,  328.  Somewhat  canescent  with  a 
fine  pubescence,  and  viscid  above :  stem  ascending  or  depressed,  much 
branched  from  the  base :  leaves  oblong  in  outline,  1-2  inches  long,  petioled, 
subpinnately  parted,  the  5-9  lobes  entire,  oblong  or  obovate,  1-3  lines 
long :  flowers  crowded,  on  very  short  pedicels :  sepals  linear,  obtuse,  be- 
coming 3  lines  long:  corolla  bright  yellow,  narrowly  campanulate,  merely 
5-lobed,  equalling  the  calyx,  persistent  at  the  base  of  the  capsule,  the  tube 
within  furnished  with  10  narrow  appendages :  style  filiform,  much  longer 
than  the  ovary,  persistent :  ovary  densely  hairy,  about  11-ovuled :  capsule  3 
lines  long  acutish,  8-10-seeded :  seeds  oblong,  finely  reticulated  as  well  as 
rugose.  Southeastern  Oregon  to  Nevada  and  California. 

E.  pnsilla  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xi,  87.  Pubescent:  stem  1-2  inches 
high,  at  length  diffusely  branched:  leaves  spatulate  or  oblong-lanceolate, 
entire  or  nearly  so,  2-5  inches  long,  tapering  into  a  petiole  of  equal  length: 


472  HYDROPHYLLACE^  conanthus 

ROMANZOFFIA 

peduncles  slender,  loosely  and  racemosely  3-7-flowered,  the  earliest  ones 
scapiform;  pedicels  spreading:  corolla  nearly  white,  5-cleft,  short-cam panu- 
late,  about  half  as  long  as  the  linear  obscurely  spatulate  calyx-lobes  and  of 
the  ovoid  very  blunt  capsule,  persistent,  its  internal  appendages  not  manifest: 
style  very  short,  at  length  deciduous:  capsule  8-10-seeded,  Southeastern 
Oregon  to  Nevada, 

5    CONANTHUS  Torr.  Watson  Bot.  King  256. 

Low  annuals  with  entire  leaves  and  solitary  flowers  in  the  forks 
of  leafy  branches.  Calyx  5-parted,  the  sinuses  naked  and  the  lobes 
npt  enlarged  in  fruit.  Corolla  tubular-tunnelform,  with  a  broad, 
5-lobed  limb,  and  no  appendages  within.  Stamens  included,  un- 
equal and  unequally  inserted  on  the  middle  of  the  corolla-tube. 
Nectary  or  disk  none.  Ovary  2-celled,  rather  many-ovuled.  Style 
2-lobed  at  the  summit.  Capsule  rounded-ovate  10-20-seeded. 
Seeds  ovate  or  oblong,  smooth. 

C.  aretioides  Watson  Bot.  King  256.  Hispid-hirsute  throughout: 
small  and  depressed  winter  annual  2-3  inches  high,  repeatedly  forked  from 
the  very  base,  forming  mats  or  tufts:  leaves  linear-spatulate,  narrowed  below 
to  a  petiole  :  flowers  comparatively  large  and  numerous,  sessile  in  the  forks, 
fully  6  lines  long:  calyx-  filiform-linear,  hispid  with  long  spreading  hairs: 
corolla  purple,  funnelform  with  rather  long  narrow  tube  and  ample  limb: 
stye  2-lobed  at  the  summit:  ovules  about  20:  seeds  usually  fewer,  the  testa 
thin  and  translucent,  smooth  or  in  age  sparsely  and  obscurely  excavated. 
Southeastern  Oregon  to  Nevada,  Arizona  and  California. 

6    ROMANZOFFIA  Cham,  in  Hor.  Phys.  Berol.  71,  1 14. 

Perennial  herbs  with  alternate  or  chiefly  radical,  round,  reni- 
form  or  cordate,  crenately  lobed,  long-petioled  leaves,  and  showy 
flowers  in  loose  racemes  or  somewhat  paniculate.  Sepals  or  caylx- 
lobes  all  alike.  Corolla  funnelform  or  almost  campanulate  :  the 
stamens  inserted  on  the  base  of  its  tube,  unequal.  Style  and  small 
stigma  entire.  Inflorescence  scapiform,  loosely  racemose.  Ovary 
2-celled  or  nearly  so,  the  placentae  narrowly  linear.  Capsule  ob- 
long, retuse,  many-seeded.  Seeds  oval,  the  testa  alveolate-re- 
ticulated. 

R.  Sitchensis  Bongard  Veg.  Sitk.  41  t.  4.  Slightly  and  sparsely  pu- 
bescent or  glabrate:  stems  slender,  scape-like,  spreading  or  ascending,  4-10 
inches  long:  leaves  round  reniform,  3-7-lobed,  an  inch  or  less  in  diameter, 
on  slender  petioles  1-4  inches  long,  the  bases  of  which  often  enlarge  and  be- 
come bulblets:  flowers  white,  in  a  loose  terminal  raceme:  pedicels  filiform, 
becoming  an  inch  or  more  long:  calyx-lobes  very  glabrcms,  subulate,  about  2 
lines  long:  corolla  funnelfonn,  6-8  lines  long,  5-labed,  the  broad  lobes  rounded 
at  the  summit:  style  long  and  slender:  capsule  longer  than  the  calyx.  On 
wet  banks,  California  to  Alaska  west  of  the  Cascade  Mountains. 

6    CAPNOREA  Raf.  Fl.  Tellur.  iii,  75. 

HESPEROCHIRON  Watson. 

Low  stemless  perennials  with  entire  spatulate  or  oblong  leaves  on 
mostly  elongated  margined  petioles  crowning  the  caudex  or  root- 
stock,  and  from  their  axils  sending  up  naked  1-flowered  peduncles 


CAPNOREA  HYDROPHYLLACEiE  473 

NAMA 

equalling  or  shorter  than  the  leaves.  Calyx  5-parted,  rarely  6-  or 
7-parted;  the  lobes  linear-lanceolate,  occasionally  unequal.  Co- 
rolla campanulate  or  rotate  deciduous  the  stamens  inserted  on  ihe 
base  of  its  tube.  Style  2-cleft  at  the  apex.  Disk  none.  Ovary 
1-celled  :  the  narrow  placentae  projecting  more  or  less  on  incom- 
plete half-dissepiments :  ovules  20  or  more  on  each  placenta. 
Capsule  loculicidal,  15-20-seeded.  Seeds  pretty  large  with  a 
somewhat  fleshy  minutely  reticulated  testa. 

C.  nana  Raf.  1.  c.  Hefperochiron  Californicus  Watson.  Leaves  uum- 
erous  in  a  rosulate  radical  tuft,  broadly  lanceolate,  1-3  inches  long,  densely 
tomentose  both  sides,  contracted  below  to  a  broad  petiole:  peduncles  slender, 
shoi'ter  than  the  leaves,  pubescent,  recurved  in  fruit:  calyx-lobes  linear,  8-4 
lines  long,  densely  pubescent;  corolla  campanulate,  6-8  lines  long,  haiiy 
within;  its  lobes  shorter  than  the  tube.  On  wet  banks  and  springy  places, 
eastern  Washington  to  California  and  Utah 

C.  pnmila  Greene  Erythea  ii,  193.  Hesperochiron  pumilus  Porter. 
Leaves  several  from  the  crown  of  a  short  usually  branching  rootstock,  lan- 
ceolate to  spatulate,  tapering  below  to  a  slender  petiole,  minutely  ciliate, 
otherwise  glabrous:  peduncles  slender,  1-3  inches  long,  about  equalling 
the  leaves,  glabrous:  sepals  lanceolate,  about  6  lines  long,  minutely  ciliate: 
corolla  white  to  purple,  rotate,  often  an  inch  broad;  its  broad  ovate  lobes 
longer  than  the  tube;  the  tube  within  and  base  of  the  filaments  pubescent. 
In  wet  places,  e  i stern  Washington  to  California  and  Idaho. 

Tribe  3  Namex  B.  &  H.  Gen.  ii,  826.  Leaves  simple,  alternate 
or  sometimes  imperfectly  opposite.  Corolla  imbricated  in  the  bud, 
not  appendaged  within.  Style  2-parted,  the  tips  or  stigmas  com- 
monly thickened  or  capitate.  Ovary  completely  or  incompletely 
^-celled.  Capsule  loculicidal;  the  valves  bearing  the  half  dissepi- 
ments on  their  middle.     Seeds  with  firm-fleshy  albumen. 

8    NAMA  L.  Gen.  n.  317. 

Low  herbs  or  sufFrutescent  plants  of  various  habits. :  ours  low 
annuals  with  entire  leaves  and  the  flowers  termiiial  or  lateral  or 
in  the  forks  of  the  stem.  Corolla  funnelform  or  somewhat  sal- 
verform.  Filaments  and  style  filiform,  more  or  less  included. 
Stamens  commonly  unequal  and  more  or  less  unequally  inserted. 
Ovules  numerous  on  the  transverse  lameliform  placentae  which 
approximate  or  cohere  in  the  axis  of  the  ovary  but  separate  in 
the  loculicidal  dehiscence  and  are  borne  on  the  half-dissepiments 
or  half- valves  of  the  capsule.  Capsule  membranaceous,  the  valves 
and  placentae  undivided.     Seeds  usually  numerous. 

N.  demissum  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  viii,  283.  Hirsute-pubescent  to 
hispid:  stems  diffuse  or  depressed,  2-4  inches  long,  dichotomously  branched • 
leaves  linear-spatulate,  6-15  lines  long,  all  or  most  of  them  tapering  into  a 
petiole:  flowers  subsessile  in  the  forks:  sepals  lineai-  or  setaceous,  4  lines  long: 
corolla  purple,  narrow- funnelform,  about  6  lines  long:  capsule  short-oblong, 
10-16-seeded:  seeds  oval  or  oblong.  Diy  interior  regions,  Washington  to 
California,  Utah  and  Arizona. 

9    ERIODICTYON  Benth.  Bot    Sulph.  35 

Shrubby  plants  with  alternate  pinnately  veined  and  finely  re- 


474  BORAGINACE^  eriodictyon 

ticulated  leaves  and  violet  purple  or  white  flowers  in  scorpioid 
cymes.  Sepals  narrow,  not  enlarging  upward.  Corolla  funnel- 
form  or  approaching  campanulate.  Filaments  more  or  less  in- 
cluded, inserted  on  the  tube  and  more  or  less  adnate  to  it,  usually 
sparsely  hirsute.  Ovary  nearly  or  completely  2-celled  by  the 
meeting  of  the  dilated  placentae  in  the  axis.  Capsule  small, 
crustaceous,  4-valved,  that  is  first  loculicidal  then  septicidal  thus 
splitting  into  4  half-carpels  which  are  closed  on  one  side  owing  to 
the  widely  dilated  placentae,  and  partly  open  on  the  other.  Seeds 
rather  few,  pendulous, 

E.  glutinosnm  Benth.  1.  c.  Glabrous,  and  glutinous  with  a  balsamic 
resin:  stems  erect,  3-5  feet  high:  leaves  lanceolate,  3-6  inches  long,  irregu- 
larly more  or  less  serrate,  sometimes  entire,  whitened  beneath  between  the 
reticulation  by  a  minute  and  close  tomentum,  dark  green  and  glabrous  above, 
persistent  for  more  than  a  year :  flowers  purple,  numerous,  in  elongated  naked 
thyrsoid  cymes:  sepals  subulate,  2  lines  long,  sparsely  hirsute:  corolla  6  lines 
long,  tubular-funnelform,  sparsely  hairy:  capsule  globose-ovate,  pointed;  2 
lines  ong.     On  dry  open  hillsides,  southern  Oregon  to  California. 

Order  LXV.  BORAGINACE^  Lindl.  Nat.  Syst.  ed.  2,  274. 

Mostly  scabrous  or  hispid-hairy  plants  with  bland  watery 
juice,  mostly  alternate  entire  leaves  without  stipules  and  rather 
small  regular  flowers  in  scorpioid  racemes  spikes  or  cymes. 
Flowers  perfect,  generally  5-merous.  Calyx  free  from  the 
ovary,  usually  persistent.  Corolla  gamopetalous,  mostly  regu- 
lar and  5-lobed,  sometimes  crested  or  appendaged  in  the  throat. 
Hypogynous  disk  usually  present  but  inconspicuous.  Stamens 
inserted  on  the  throat  or  tube  of  the  corolla,  as  many  as  and 
alternate  with  its  lobes.  Style  simple,  rising  between  the 
divisions  of  a  deeply  4-parted  ovary,  or  from  the  summit  of  an 
undivided  one.  Ovary  of  2  biovuled  entire  or  more  commonly 
deeply  2-lobed  carpels,  making  it  appear  like  4  1-ovuled  car- 
pels. Ovules  anatropous  or  amphitropous.  Fruit  4,  or  by 
abortion  fewer,  nutlets,  or  a  drupe  containing  2-4  nutlets  or 
cells,  rarely  reduced  to  one.  Seeds  with  little  or  no  albumen, 
and  straight  or  curved  embryo  with  superior  or  centripetal 
radical. 

I   Ovary  undivided  and  surmounted  by  the  stjde. 
Tribe  t  Low  herbs  shrubs  or  trees.     Style  once  forked:  the 
branches  tipped  with  a  simple  stigma. 

Coldenia    Corolla-lobes  imbricated  or  partly  convolute  in  the  bud;  style 
simply  and  deeply  2- cleft:  fruit  separating  into 4  dry  carpels. 

Tribe  ii  Herbs  or  sometimes  shrubby  plants.  Style  terminal, 
sometimes  very  short  or  none,  entire.  Stigma  a  fleshy  ring,  or 
margin  of  a  disk,  often  surmounted  by  a  mostly  conical  appendage. 

2   Heliotr  opium  Corolla-lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud  with  the  sinuses  plait- 
ei:  fruit  splitting  into  4  one-seeded  or  2  two-celled  and  2-seeded  cai-pels. 


BORAGINACE^  475 

II  Ovary  4-parted  (  rarely  2-parted  )  from  above  into  1 -celled 
1-ovuled  divisions  surrounding  the  style.  Stigma  not  annular, 
terminal.  Nutlets  attached  to  a  central  depressed  or  elevated 
disk  receptacle  or  axis  called  the  gynobase. 

Tribe  hi  Mostly  herbs  with  entire  leaves.  Flowers  chiefly 
near  but  not  in  the  axils  of  bracts  or  leaves  or  bractless,  in  scorpi- 
oid  spikes  or  racemes. 

*  Corolla  and  stamens  regular :  style  entire  or  sometimes  barely 
2-cleft  at  the  apex. 

•^  Ovary  4-parted  or  4  lobed :  fruit  of  4  nutlets  or  by  abortion  fewer, 
subtended  or  surrounded  by  the  unchanged  or  merely  accrescent  calyx. 
=  Nutlets  divergent  or  divaricate. 

3  Pectocarya  Small  annuals  with  minute  white  flowers :  nutlets  flat  and 

thin,  attached  at  the  inner  end  underneath  to  a  small  depressed 
gynobase. 

4  Cynoglossnm  Stout  perennial  or  biennial  herbs  with  blue  flowers  in 

bractless  racemes :  nutlets  equally  divergent,  horizontal  or  obliquely 
ascending  on  a  depressed  or  pyramidal  gynobase. 

■»*   -►*  Nutlets  erect  and  parallel  with  the  style  or  sometimes  incurved. 

=  Nutlets  attached  obliquely  by  more  or  less  of  the  ventral  face  or 
angle  or  by  the  base  or  prolongation  of  it  to  the  more  or  lees  elevated 
gynobase,  not  stipitate  and  the  scar  not  excavated. 

a  Nutlets  armed  with  glochidiate  prickles,  forming  burs. 

5  Lappula  Annual  or  perennial  herbs :  corolla  short-ealverform  or  some- 

what funnelform,   blue  or  white;   the  throat  closed  with  prominent 
fornicate  appendages. 

b  Nutlets  very  variable,  from  nearly  smooth  to  glochidiate. 

^  Eritrichinm  Nutlets  obliquely  ascending,  with  depressed  or  truncate- 
complanate  back  bordered  by  an  acute  margin  or  at  length  revolute, 
entire  or  dentate  or  spinulose  wing. 

7  Allocarya    Mostly  annuals  with  opposite  leaves  and  white  flowers : 

pedicels    turbinate-thickened  and  more  or  less  5-angled,  persistent : 
corolla  salverform. 

c  Nutlets  unarmed. 

8  Piptocalyx  Small  annuals  with  alternate  or  scattered  leaves  and  small 
white  flowers  on  very  short  persistent  pedicels :  calyx  circumscissile 
near  the  middle,  the  upper  part  soon  falling  away:  nutlets  straight, 
attached  for  nearly  their  whole  length  to  a  subulate  gynobase. 

9  Eremocarya    Hirsute-canescent  small  annuals  with  most  of  the  leaves 

ill  a  radical  tuft  and  small  white  flowers  on  persistent  pedicels  in  gem- 
inate racemes ;  the  root  giving  a  deep  purple  stain. 

10  Plagiobothrys  Annual  herbs  with  most  of  the  leaves  in  rosulate 
radical  tufts  and  small  flowers  6n  slender  persistent  pedicels :  nutlets 
more  or  less  incurved,  attached  in  the  middle  of  the  concave  ventral 
face  to  a  globular  gynobase. 

11  Oreocarya  Stout  perennial  or  biennial  herbs  with  scattered  leaves 
and  comparatively  large  flowers  on  filiform  persistent  pedicels:  nutlets 
attached  by  the  inner  angle  to  a  slender  gynobase. 


476  BORAGlNACEvE  coldenia 

12  Cryptanthe  Mostly  slender  annuals  with  alternate  leaves  and  small 
flowers  on  slender  deciduous  pedicels ;  nutlets  attached  from  the  base 
upward  to  a  pyramidal  gynobase. 

13  Amslnckia  Coarse  annuals  with  alternate  leaves  and  yellow  flowers : 
nutlets  attached  below  the  middle  to  an  oblong  pyramidal  gynobase. 

14  Mertensia  Perennial  herbs  with  alternate  leaves  and  blue  or  white 
flowers  on  slender  persistent  pedicels :  nutlets  attached  near  the  base 
to  a  convex  gynobase,  wrinkled  when  mature  and  dry. 

15  Pneumaria  Maritime  fleshy  branching  herbs  with  alternate  leaves 
and  blue  to  nearly  white  flowers :  nutlets  attached  just  above  their 
bases  to  a  somewhat  elevated  gynobase,  fleshy,  smooth  and  shining 
when  mature. 

=  =  Nutlets  sessile,  attached  by  the  very  base  to  a  plain  gynobase. 

16  Myosotis  Annual  or  perennial  herbs  with  white  or  blue  flowers  in 
bractless  racemes  :  nutlets  thin-crustaceous,  smooth. 

17  Lithospermnm  Perennial  or  annual  herbs  with  white  or  yellow 
flowers  in  bracted  racemes:  nutlets  bony. 

Tribe  1  Ehretiex  DC.  Prodr.  ixj  502.  Herbs  shrubs  or  trees. 
Style  once  bifid  or  two-parted.  Stigmas  more  or  less  capitate.  Co- 
tyledons plain. 

I    COLDENIA  L.  Gen.  n.  173. 

Low  herbaceous  or  suffrutescent  plants  with  entire  leaves  and 
numerous  small  white  sessile  flowers  usually  in  clusters.  Calyx 
5-parted,  or  in  the  original  species  4-parted,  the  divisions  narrow. 
Corolla  short-fannelform  or  nearly  salvevform,  seldom  much  sur- 
passing the  calyx,  the  lobes  rounded,  imbricated  or  sometimes 
partly  convolute  in  the  bud.  Stamens  included.  Style  2-cleft 
or  2-.parted.  Stigmas  more  or  less  capitate.  Ovary  entire  or 
laterally  4-lobed,  4-celled.  Ovules  anatropous,  pendulous.  Fruit 
dry,  separating  at  maturity  into  4  one-seeded  nutlets,  or  by  abor- 
tion fewer.     Seeds  without  albumen. 

C.  Nnttallil  Hook.  Kew  Journ.  Bot.  iii,  296.  Canescently  pubescent 
and  sparsely  hispid  prostrate  annual,  repeatedly  and  divergently  dichoto- 
mous:  leaves  ovate  or  rhomboid- rotund,  2-4  lines  long,  on  petioles  longer 
than  the  blade,  with  2  or  at  most  3  pairs  of  strong  and  somewhat  curving 
veins,  the  margins  somewhat  revolute:  flowers  densely  clustered  in  the 
forks  and  at  the  ends  of  the  naked  branches :  calyx-lobes  linear,  sparsely 
hispid,  equalling  the  tube  of  the  pink  or  white  corolla:  filaments  shorter 
than  the  anthers,  inserted  nearly  in  the  throat  of  the  corolla ;  the  tube  of 
which  bears  5  short  obtuse  Bcales  near  the  base :  fruit  deeply  4-lobed ;  the 
thin-walled  nutlets  rounded  and  united  only  at  the  centre,  smooth  and ' 
shining,  oblong-ovate,  inarked  with  a  linear  and  raphe-like  ventral  scar : 
embryo  straight:  cotyledons  very  deeply  horseshoe-form,  their  elongated 
bases  almost  enclosing  the  radical.  Arid  plains,  eastern  Washington  to; 
California,  Utah  and  Arizona. 

Tribe  ii,  Hclio^ropieae  Endl.  Gen.  646.  Leaves  entire,  rarely' 
denticulate.  Inflorescence  more  or  less  scorpioid.  Style  entire, ^ 
sometimes  wanting.  Stigma  peltate-annular,  forming  a  complete 
ring,  surmounted  usually  by  an  entire  or  2-lobed  hemispherical  to 


HELioTROPiuM  BOKAGIN.\CE^  477 

PECTOCARYA 

subulate  tip  or  appendage.     Ovules  pendulous.    Seeds  with  a  straight 
or  incurved  embryo  in  sparing  or  copious  albumen. 

2    HELIOTROPIUM  Tourn.    L.  Gen,  n.  179. 

Low  herbs  or  shrubs  with  entire  or  rarely  denticulate  leaves 
and  small  flowers  in  scorpioid  cymes.  Calyx  deeply  5-parted, 
persistent.  Corolla  salverform  or  funnelform,  plaited  and  mostty 
imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  included:  filaments  short  or 
none:  anthers  connivent,  sometimes  cohering  by  pointed  tips. 
Style  entire,  sometimes  wanting:  stigma  peltate -annular,  forming 
a  complete  ring  surmounted  by  an  entire  or  2-lobed  tip  or  appen- 
dage. Ovary  4-celled  with  a  single  pendulous  ovule  in  each  cell. 
Fruit  dry,  2-  or  4-lobed,  separating  into  2  indurated  2-celled  and 
2-seeded  closed  carpels,  or  more  commonly  into  4  1-seeded  nutlets 

H.  CurassaTicum  L.  Sp.  130.  Wholly  glabrous  and  more  or  less 
glaucous  :  stems  diffusely  spreading,  6-12  inches  long  from  a  perennial  root : 
leaves  succulent,  obovate  to  oblanceolate  or  nearly  linear,  1-2  inches  long : 
spikes  mostly  in  pairs  or  twice  forked,  densely  flowered,  bractless:  corolla 
white  with  a  yellow  eye  or  changing  to  blue,  with  a  rather  ample  5-lobed 
limb  and  open  throat,  the  lobes  rounded-ovate,  rather  shorter  than  the 
tube :  anthers  free :  style  none :  stigma  umbrella-shaped,  broad  as  the  glab- 
rous ovary :  fruit  4-lobed,  separating  at  maturity  into  4  1-seeded  nutlets, 
in  saline  soil",  interior  of  Oregon,  and  along  the  coast  of  most  of  the  warmer 
parts  of  the  World.  - 

I  I  Ovary  4-parted  (  rarely  2-parted)  from  above  into  1 -celled 
1-ovuled  divisions  surrounding  the  style.     Stigma  not  annular. 

Tribe  m,  Boragese  DC.  Prodr.  x,  1.  Chiefly  herbs  with  some- 
what mucilaginous  watery  juice  and  entire  leaves.  Flowers  mostly 
near  but  not  in  the  axils  of  leaves  or  bracts,  or  bractless  in  so-called 
spikes  or  racemes.  Style  entire,  with  a  depressed  or  elevated  base 
to  which  the  nutlets  are  attached  (called  the  gynobase).  Stigma 
truncate  or  depressed-capitate.  Ovules  amphitropous  or  almost 
orthotropous  and  commonly  ascending  or  erect,  or  anatropous  and 
commonly  pendulous.  Nutlets  .4.  or  by  abortion  fewer,  distinct  or 
at  base  united  into  pairs.     Seeds  without  albumen. 

*  Nutlets  attached  above  the  middle,  wholly  flat  and  thi>fij  hori- 
zontally divergent  in  pairs  or  radiate:  the  margins  pectinately  and 
uncinately  setiferous. 

3    PECTOOARfA  DC.  in  Meisn.  Gen.  279. 

Small  annuals  with  imperfectly  opposite  leaves  and  small  flow- 
ers scattered  along  the  whole  length  of  the  stem.  Calyx  deeply 
5-cleft  or  5-parted,  spreading  or  reflexed  in  fruit.  Corolla-appen- 
dagf  s  with  strong  fornicate  processes,  almost  closing  the  throat. 
Stamens  short,  included.  Style  short:  with  capitate  stigma. 
Nutlets  flat  and  thin,  attached  at  the  inner  end  underneath  to  the 
small  depressed  gynobase,  either  winged,  laciniate-bordered  or 
pectinately  setose  around  the  thin  margins  ;  the  bristles  or  prickles 
simply  uncinate  at  tip. 


478  BORAGINACE^  pectocarya 

CYNOGLOSSUM 

P.  penicillata  A.  DC.  Prodr.  x,  120.  Strigose-pubesceiit  with  minute 
white  hairs :  very  diffuse  or  depressed ;  branches  almost  filiform,  2-6  ^ncbea 
long:  leaves  linear  or  filiform,  an  inch  or  less  long:  calyx-lobes  linear,  min- 
utely hispid :  nutlets  geminately  divergent,  the  oblong  body  surrounided  by 
a  merely  undulate  or  pandurate  wing  that  is  incurved  in  age,  its  rounded 
apex  thickly  and  the  sides  rarely  or  not  at  all  beset  with  slender  uncinate 
bristles :  cotyledons  oblong- ovate.  Dry  plains  and  hillsides  Brit.  Columbia 
to  California  and  western  Nevada. 

P.  setosa  Gray  Proc.  Am,  Acad,  xii,  81.  Hispid  as  well  as  minutely 
strigose-pubescent :  stem  rather  stout,  2-6  inches  high,  paniculately  bran- 
ched:  leaves  linear :  calyx-lobes  linear,  armed  with  stout  white  straight 
and  divergent  bristles:  nutlets  obovate,  equally  divergent,  bordered  bv  a 
broad  thin  scarious  wing,  the  faces  and  margins  beset  with  slender  uncin- 
ate-tipped  bristles :  cotyledons  broadly  obovate.  Eastern  Washington  to 
southeastern  California. 

P.  pusilla  Gray  1.  c.  Strigulose-canescent :  stem  slender,  diffusely 
branched  from  the  base,  4-8  inches  high :  lower  leaves  opposite,  linear- 
spatulate,  4-8  lines  long,  upper  ones  alternate  and  reduced  to  small  lanceo- 
late bracts.  1-2  lines  long:  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  longer  than  the  nutlets, 
beset  with  small  uncinate-tipped  bristles :  nutlets  equally  divergent,  cune- 
ate-obovate,  wingless  and  with  a  carinate  midnerve  on  the  upper  face,  the 
acute  margins  beset  with  a  row  of  slender  uncinate-tipped  bristles :  cotyle- 
dons broadly  obovate.     Eastern  Washington  to  California. 

*  *     Nutlets  thicker^  with  ventral  or  introrse-basal  attachment. 

-»-  Corolla  short,  with  fornicate  appendages  in  the  throat.  Calyx 
spreading  or  reflexed.     Nutlets  glochidiately  armed. 

4    CYNOGLOSSUM  Tourn.    L.  Gen.  n.  183. 

Coarse  herbs  with  broad  leaves  and  rather  small  flowers  in 
panicled  mostly  bractless  racemes.  Calyx  5-parted,  persistent, 
open  in  fruit.  Corolla  short  sal verform  or  funnelform,  with  con- 
spicuous arching  crests  at  the  throat.  Stamens  and  style  includ- 
ed. Nutlets  4,  turgid,  wingless,  clothed  all  over  the  back  with 
short  and  stout  glochidiate-tipped  prickles,  equally  divergent, 
horizontal  or  obliquely  ascending -on  a  depressed  or  pyramidal 
gynobase,  at  maturity  separating  and  carrying  away  an  exterior 
portion  of  the  indurated  style  from  below  upward,  by  which  they 
are  for  a  time  suspended. 

C.  graude  Dougl.  Hook.  Fl.  ii,  82.  Soft-villous,  hardly  hirsute  be- 
low, becoming  glabrate  in  age  :  stem  stout,  from  a  thick  perennial  root, 
1-3  feet  high :  lower  leaves  ovate  or  subcordate-oblong  and  acute  or  acumin- 
ate, the  blade  4-8  inches  long,  on  margined  petioles  of  about  the  same 
length,  the  upper  smaller,  from  ovate  to  lanceolate,  abruptly  contracted 
into  a  short  winged  petiole :  corolla  bright  blue,  its  tube  slightly  exceeding 
the  ovate  calyx-lobes  and  hardly  longer  than  the  limb :  style  slender,  thick- 
ened toward  the  base :  nutlets  ovoid,  4  lines  in  diameter,  very  rough-mu- 
ricate  and  covered  with  short  glochidiate-tipped  spines.  In  open  woods, 
Brit.  Columbia  to  California. 

C.  occidentale  Gray  Proc.  Am,  Acad.  x.  58.  Hirsute-pubescent  or 
in  age  almost  hispid:  stems  rather  stout,  10-18  inches  high,  from  a  thick 
perennial  root :  lower  leaves  spatulate,  tapering  gradually  into  winged 
petioles ;   the  upper   from  lanceolate  to  ovate,  sessile  or  partly  clasping : 


LAPPULA  BORAGINACE.E  479 

tube  of  the  blue  corolla  longer  than  the  lanceolate  lobes  of  the  calyx  and 
twice  or  thrice  as  long  as  its  own  roundish  lobes :  style  wholly  filiform : 
nutlets  almost  globular,  4  Imes  long.  In  the  mountains  of  southern  Ore- 
gon and  northern  California. 

5    LAPPULA  Moench  Meth.  416 

ECHINOSPERMUM  Sw,    Lehm. 

Pubescent  or  hispid  herbs  with  narrow  and  entire  alternate 
leaves  and  blue  or  white  flowers  in  terminal  racemes.  Calyx  5- 
parted,  persistent,  spreading  or  reflexed  in  fruit.  Corolla  short- 
salverform  and  with  conspicuous  arching  crests  in  the  throat. 
Filaments  short.  Style  short,  with  minute  capitate  stigma, 
nutlets  laterally  attached  to  a  more  or  less  elevated  gynobase, 
armed  either  along  a  distinct  margin  or  more  or  less  over  the 
whole  back  with  glochidiate  prickles,  forming  burs. 

L.  floribunda  Greene  Pitt,  ii,  182.  Echinospermum  Jloribundum  Lehm. 
Herbage  soft- pubescent  or  the  stem  soft-hirsute:  stems  rather  strict,  2-5 
feet  high,  from  a  biennial  or  perennial  root:  leaves  from  oblong  to  linear, 
2-4  inches  long,  sessile  or  the  lower  tapering  into  margined  petioles ;  ra- 
cemes numerous,  erect  or  nearly  so,  densely  flowered:  pedicels  mostly 
shorter  than  the  fruit,  at  length  reflexed :  corolla  short-funnelform,  blue  or 
white,  the  limb  3-5  lines  in  diameter:  nutlets  keeled,  papillose-tuberculate 
on  the  back,  the  margins  armed  with  a  single  row  of  flat  subulate  prickles. 
Eastern  Washington  to  Brit.  Columbia  Minnesota  and  Ontario. 

L.  diffusa  Greene  Pitt,  ii,  182  Echinospermum  diffusum  Lehm.  Soft- 
pubescent  or  at  most  soft-hirsute :  stems  erect,  1-3  feet  high,  from  a  per- 
ennial root :  leaves  usually  lanceolate,  the  lower  ones  tapering  below  to  a 
margined  petiole,  the  upper  sessile  and  passing  into  small  bracts:  racemes 
panicled,  erect  or  merely  ppreading:  pedicels  longer  than  the  fruit:  corolla 
from  blue  to  nearly  white  or  pinkish,  rotate,  its  tube  shorter  than  the  calyx 
and  the  lobes,  the  limb  4-6  lines  in  diameter :  dorsal  disk  of  the  nutlets 
triangular-ovate,  obscurely  caiinate,  rough-tuberculate,  and  with  a  few 
short  glochidiate  prickles,  the  marginal  prickles  flat-subulate,  as  long  as 
the  width  of  the  disk.  Rocky  places  and  base  of  cliffs,  Brit.  Columbia  to 
California  and  Utah. 

L.  hispida  Greene  1.  c.  Echinospermum  hispidum  Gray.  Hispid  with 
spreading  papillose-based  hairs:  stems  usually  erect,  1-3  feet  high,  from 
a  perennial  root :  leaves  lanceolate,  3-5  inches  long,  the  lowest  long-petioled, 
the  upper  sessile  and  gradually  reduced  upward  to  bracts ;  racemes  lax,  10- 
15-flowered :  corolla  rotate,  greenish  white  2-3  lines  in  diameter :  marginal 
prickles  of  the  obcompressed  nutlets  small  and  narrow,  much  shorter  than 
the  width  of  the  oval  or  ovate  and  either  sparsely  or  copiously  glochidiate 
dorsal  disk,  their  bases  confluent  into  a  thin  margin  or  distinct  wing  which 
is  sometimes  reflexed  or  cup-shaped ;  inner  face  smooth  and  lucid,  with 
scar  almost  central.     Rocky  hillsides,  eastern  Oregon  to  Idaho. 

L,  ciliata  Greene  1.  c.  Cynoglossum  ciliatum  Dougl.  Cinereous  with 
a  much  appressed  pubescence,  and  bristly-hirsute,  especially  along  the 
margins  of  the  linear  or  lanceolate  leaves :  stem  strict,  a  foot  or  more  high : 
corolla  rather  large,  blue  or  violet :  fruit  unknown.  Banks  of  the  Spokane 
river  Washington  to  Idaho. 

L,  MYOsoTis  Moench  Meth.  417.  Hispid  or  appressed-pubescent:  stem 
leafy,  branching,  1-2  feet  high,  from  an  annual  root:  leaves  linear  to  ob- 
long or  spatulate,  sessile  or  the  lower  ones  narrowed  into  petioles,  erect  or 
ascending,  obtuse  or  obtusieh  at  the  apex,  9-18  lines  long:  racemes  leafy. 


480  BORAGINACEiE  lappula 

ERITRICHIUM 

bracted:  pedicels  very  short,  stout,  not  deflexed  in  fruit:  calyx-lobes  lan- 
ceolate, becoming  unequal  and  spreading :  corolla  blue,  about  a  line  broad : 
nutlets  rough-granulate  or  tuberculate  on  the  back,  the  margins  with  a 
double  row  of  slender  and  distinct  prickles  or  these  irregularly  over  most 
of  the  back.    In  waste  places,  Idaho  and  eastward.    Naturalized  from  Eu. 

L.  Texana  Britton  Mem.  Torr.  Club  v,  275.  Echinospermum  Re- 
dowskii  var.  cupulatum  Gray.  Hispid-hirsute  annual :  stem  2  inches  to  2 
feet  high,  diffusely  branching  from  the  base :  leaves  linear  or  linear-oblong, 
mostly  obtuse,  the  lower  narrowed  into  petioles:  racemes  loosely  flowered, 
leafy -bracted;  pedicels  stout,  a  line  long,  not  deflexed  in  fruit :  corolla  nar- 
row-funnelform  with  rounded  lobes,  about  a  line  broad,  but  little  longer 
than  the  linear-lanceolate  sepals:  nutlets  with  acuminate  ovate  papillose- 
tuberculate  disk,  the  marginal  prickles  broadened  and  thickened  below 
and  usually  united  into  a  wing  or  border  which  indurates  and  enlarges  for- 
ming a  cup  with  the  margin  more  or  less  incurved]|at  maturity,  sometimes 
only  the  tips  ot'.the  prickles  free.  Eastern  Oregon  and  Washington  to 
Nevada,  Texas,  Nebraska  and  Brit.  Columbia. 

L.  Fremontii,  Echinospermum  Fremontii  Torr.  P.  R.  R.  Rep.  xii,  46, 
E.  Redowskii  var.  occidentale  Watson.  Soft-pubescent  with  white  hairs : 
stem  erect,  6-18  inches  high,  from  an  annual  root,  at  length  diffusely  much 
branched :  leaves  linear  to  spatulate  or  lanceolate;  those  of  the  stem  grad- 
ually reduced  to  subulate  bracts  of  the  open  panicle:  pedicels  a  line  long, 
erect  in  fruit ;  sepals  linear,  longer  than  the  nutlets :  corolla  inconspicuous, 
but  little  if  at  all  exceeding  the  calyx :  disk  of  the  nutlets  acuminate-ovate, 
beset  with  sharp  white  processes ;  prickles  of  the  margin  long  and  slender, 
not  rarely  confluent  at  their  flat  bases  and  more  or  less  cupulate ;  scar  long 
and  narrow,  occupying  most  of  the  ventral  angle.  Common  throughout 
the  dry  interior  from  Brit.  Columbia  to  California. 

6    ERITRICHIUM  Schrad.  Diss.  Asperif. 

Low  perennial  or  annual  herbs  with  petioled  radical  leaves  and 
small  white  or  blue  flowers.  Calyx  5- parted  or  merely  5-lobed, 
open  and  but  little  enlarged  in  fruit.  Corolla  with  a  short  tube 
and  subrotate  limb,  the  fornicate  appendages  almost  closing  the 
throat.  Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla  and  in- 
cluded in  its  throat.  Ovary  4-lobed :  style  short.  Nutlets  ob- 
liquely ascending,  or  depressed  and  nearly  horizontal,  with  trun- 
cate-camplanate  back,  bordered  by  an  acute  winged  or  at  length 
revolute  entire,  dentate  or  spinulose  border. 

E.  Howard!  Rydb.  Cynoglossum  Howardi  Gray.  Silky -canescent 
and  silvery:  depressed  cespitose:  lower  leaves  linear- spatulate,  6-10  lines 
long ;  those  of  the  short  flowering  stems  linear :  flowers  few  in  the  sparsely 
bracted  cymes :  calyx-lobes  linear-lanceolate :  corolla  bright  blue,  4-5  lines 
in  diameter :  nutlets  very  smooth,  obliquely  truncate  on  the  back,  wingless 
but  the  margin  of  the  ovate  acutish  and  flat  or  slightly  depressed  dorsal 
disk  with  a  sharp  edge,  and  its  face  either  smooth  or'minutely  papillose 
and  pubescent.  On  the  highest  parts  of  the  Cascade  Mountains  of  Wash- 
ington and  the  Rocky  Mountains  of  Montana. 

E.  aretioldes  DC.  Prodr.  x,  125.;  Silky-sericeous' with  longj^white 
hairs:  densely  cespitose  in  depressed  pulvinate  tufts,  1-2  inches  high: 
leaves  from  lanceolate  to  ovate,  4-6  lines  long,  mostly  acute:  flowers  ter- 
minating short  densely  leafy  stems,  short -pedicelled :  lobes  of  the  calyx 
linear-lanceolate,  about  a  line  long,  equalling  the  tube  of  the  corolla :  limb 
of  the  corolla  bright  blue,  2-3  lines  in  diameter ;  nutlets  with  a  crest-like 


ALLOCARYA  BORAGINACE^  481 

or  wing-like  border  that  is  usually  cut  into  slender  teeth  or  lobes.    On  the 
highest  mountains,  eastern  Oregon  to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

7    ALLOCARYA  Greene  Pitt,  i,  12. 

Low,  mostly  annual,  herbs  with  entire  leaves,  the  lowest  al- 
ways opposite,  and  rather  small  flowers  in  scorpioid  racemes. 
Calyx  5-parted  to  the  base ;  the  segments  spreading  and  some- 
what enlarging  in  fruit.  Corolla  salverform,  with  a  short  tube, 
yellow  throat  and  white  limb.  Pedicels  turbinate  thickened  and 
more  or  less  distinctly  5-angled  under  the  calyx,  persistent,  more 
or  less  indurated  in  age.  Nutlets  ovate  to  lanceolate,  crustaceous, 
opaque  or  vitreous-shining,  smooth  or  variously  tuberculate  and 
rugose-muriculate,  or  even  glochidiate,  often  carinate  on  one  or 
both  sides,  attached  by  an  inframedial  or  basal  concave  but 
sometimes  raised  and  stipitate  scar  to  a  low  gynobase. 

*    Small  flowered  annuals,  usually  diffuse,  with  corolla  only  a  line 
or  two  broad  and  but  little  surpassing  the  calyx. 

A.  echinoglochin  Greene  Pitt,  i,  15.  Echinospermum  Greenei  Gray : 
Strigose-pubescent  with  whitish  hairs :  diffusely  branched  from  the  base, 
the  branches  4-10  inches  long,  depressed :  leaves  linear,  the  lower  1-2 
inches  long,  obtuse:  racemes  simple  or  forked,  rather  loose,  leafy  or  bract- 
eate  at  base,  and  sometimes  above:  calyx-segments  oblong- linear,  obtuse, 
open  but  not  reflexed  in  fruit,  silky-hirsute  with  fulvous-yellow  hairs : 
corolla  about  equalling  the  calyx,  its  dilated  limb  about  2  lines  broad 
nutlets  shorter  than  the  calyx,  ovate-trigonous,  obscurely  carinate  on  the 
back,  acutely  so  ventrally  down  to  the  low  ovate  scar,  minutely  tuberculate, 
scabrous  throughout  and  with  small  terete  barbed  prickles  interspersed. 
In  wet  places,  southwestern  Oregon  and  adjacent  California. 

A,  plebia  Greene  1.  c.  16.  Eritrichium  Californicum  var.  plebium  Gray. 
Sparsely  and  minutely  hirsute  or  glabrate :  branches  depressed,  6-10  inches 
long :  leaves  lax,  the  larger  2  inches  long,  linear-oblong :  flowers  scattered : 
pedicels  shorter  than  the  calyx  :  segments  of  the  calyx  enlarged  and  open 
in  fruit:  nutlets  ovate-trigonoua,  a  line  long,  glabrous,  coarsely  rugose- 
reticulated,  sharply  carinate  ventrally  down  to  the  large  ovate  scar  and 
dorsally  only  along  the  narrowish  apex.  Aleutian  Islands  Alaska,  it  has 
been  reported  from  Humboldt  Bay  California. 

A.  hispidnla  Greene  1.  c.  17.  Canescent  with  short  setose-hispid  pu- 
bescence :  diffusely  branched  from  the  base,  the  branches  more  or  less 
ascending,  2-6  inches  long:  racemes  single  or  geminate,  naked,  or  leafy- 
bracted  below:  pedicels  about  a  line  long:  segments  of  the  calyx  linear, 
longer  than  the  nutlets,  very  hispid,  erect,  not  enlarged  in  fruit:  nutlets 
ovate,  opaque,  1^  of  a  line  long,  carinate  on  both  sides,  the  back  very 
lightly  so  and  beset  with  minute  muriculations,  the  transverse  rugula  few 
and  not  prominent:  scar  almost  basal,  ovate-oblong.  In  moist  meadows, 
Washington  and  Oregon  to  California. 

A.  Cusickii  Greene  1.  c.  17.  Pubescence  appressed :  diffusely  branch- 
ed from  the  base,  the  branches  4-8  inches  long :  racemes  open  and  leafy- 
bracted :  nutlets  vitreous-shining,  ovate-oblong,  carinate  ventrally  only, 
the  back  with  crowded  depressed  rugae  and  few  tuberculations :  scar  almost 
basal,  narrowly  linear  and  sharp-edged.    Union  Co.  Oregon. 

A.  bracteata.  Appressed-hirsute  with  minute  setose  hairs :  diffusely 
branching  from  the  base  and  depressed,  the  branches  slender,  2-8  inches 
long :  leaves  linear,  an  inch  or  less  long :  racemes  sparsely  flowered  and 


482  BORAGINACE^  allocarta 

leafy-bracted :  pedicels  at  length  about  a  line  long :  calyx-segments  linear- 
lanceolate,  erect  and  not  enlarged  in  fruit,  longer  than  the  nutlets :  corolla 
1-2  lines  in  diameter:  nutlets  ovate,  carinate  ventrally  dowa  to  the  ovate 
nearly  basal  scar  and  obscurely  so  dorsally,  dorsal  surface  transversely  ru- 
gose with  sharp  rugse  and  obscurely  tuberculate.  In  wet  places,  Umpqua 
Valley  Oregon. 

A,  Californica  Greene  1.  c.  20.  Eritrichium  Califomicum  DC.  Spar- 
ingly appressed-pubescent  with  setose  hairs :  stem  slender,  often  diffusely 
branched,  the  branches  2-15  inches  long,  weak  and  reclining  or  depressed': 
leaves  linear:  racemes  rather  lax,  with  a  few  bracts  at  the  base:  pedicels 
a  line  or  less  long,  erect:  calyx-segments  linear,  longer  than  the  nutlets, 
spreading  but  not  enlarged  in  fruit,  hirsute  with  ferruginous  hairs  when 
young :  corolla  1-2  lines  in  diameter;  the  appendages  in  its  throat  not  con- 
spicuous: nutlets  ovate-oblong,  slightly  carinate  ventrally,  transversely 
rugose;  the  scar  roundish-triangular,  almost  basal.  In  wet  meadows, 
western  Oregon  and  California. 

*  *    Larger-flowered  annuals,  erect  or  diffuse:  limb  of  the  rotate 
corolla  3-5  lines  in  diameter:  nutlets  rugulose. 

A.  Chorisiana  Greene  Pitt.  i.  13.  Pubescence  sparse  and  appressed 
except  on  the  calyx :  stem  1-2  feet  high,  freely  branching,  the  branches  at 
length  recurving :  larger  leaves  2-4  inches  long :  racemes  elongated,  loose 
and  leafy  below:  pedicels  filiform,  4-8  lines  long:  calyx  little  accrescent, 
the  campanulate  segments  about  a  line  long  :  corolla  3-5  lines  broad :  nut- 
lets ovate,  little  more  than  half  of  a  line  long,  carinate  ventrally  only,  the 
keel  and  scar  closely  approached  but  not  covered  by  the  lateral  angles,  the 
obtuse  rugse  of  the  back  running  into  more  or  less  favose  meshes  among 
minute  granulations.  On  Vancouver  Island  B.  C.  and  at  San  Francisco 
Bay  California,  perhaps  at  intermediate  stations. 

A,  hirta  Greene  1.  c.  161.  Setose-hispid  throughout  with  spreading 
or  somewhat  deflexed  hairs  and  no  appressed  pubescence:  stem  erect  and 
stoutish,  10-16  inches  high,  simple  below  with  several  pairs  of  connate- 
sheathing  linear  leaves,  loosely  racemose  above:  racemes  in  pairs,  bract- 
le&s :  pedicels  slender,  a  line  long :  calyx  2  lines  long,  not  enlarging  in  fruit, 
its  segments  erect  in  fruit,  very  hirsute :  corolla  3  lines  broad :  nutlets 
ovate,  dark-colored,  scarcely  carinate  except  ventrally,  the  dorsal  face 
granulate  and  obscurely  rugulose.    In  wet  places,  Umpqua  Valley  Oregon. 

A.  Sconleri  Greene  1.  c.  18.  Eritrichium  Scouleri  A.  DC.  Sparsely 
appressed-hirsute :  stem  6-18  inches  high,  usually  diffusely  branching  from 
the  base  with  slender  ascending  branches  and  few  pairs  of  connate-clasp- 
ing linear  leaves :  flowers  in  geminate,  or  sometimes  paniculate  slender 
racemes,  most  of  them  bractless,  very  fragrant :  pedicels  erect  or  ascending, 
at  most  a  line  long :  calyx  erect  and  not  enlarged  in  fruit :  corolla  3-4  lines 
broad,  the  appendages  in  the  throat  conspicuous,  yellow,  puberulent:  nut- 
lets ovate,  }^  line  long,  carinate  on  both  sides  at  the  apex  and  ventrally 
down  to  the  linear-oblong  scar,  dorsal  surface  obviously  granulate  and  in- 
distinctly rugulose.    Common  in  wet  places,  western  Oregon  and  Wash. 

A.  Henderson!  A.  Nelson  Eryth.  vii,  69.  Sparsely  and  rather  softly 
strigose-pubescent  throughout :  stem  simple  at  the  base,  sparingly  branch- 
ed above,  erect,  slender,  8-16  inches  high :  leaves  bro^idly  linear,  2-3  inches 
long,  acutish :  racemes  naked,  at  length  long  and  slender,  the  uppermost 
gendnate  with  a  flower  in  the  fork :  pedicels  short :  calyx-segments  linear, 
in  fruit  about  2}4  lines  long,  strigose-hispid :  corolla  2)^-3  lines  in  diame- 
ter, the  throat  nearly  closed  by  the  conspicuous  emarginate  appendages : 
nutlets  ovate,  subacute,  1-1}4  lines  long,  very  closely  and  finely  muriculate, 
with  a  few  small  rounded  papillae  interspersed,  moderately  carinate  on  the 
ventral  side.    Eastern  Washington  and  adjacent  Idaho. 


PIPTOCALYX  BORAGINAOEiE  483 

ERBMOCARYA 

*  *  *    Perennial  by  creeping  and  rooting  stems:  flowers  middle-sized. 

A.  mollis  Greene  1.  c.  20.  Krynitzkia  mollis  Gray.  Copiously  soft- 
villous,  even  to  the  calyx :  stems  rather  stout,  spreading  or  ascending,  at 
length  a  foot  or  more  long:  leaves  linear-Ungulate,  2-3  inches  long  ])y  3-4 
lines  broad,  obtuse:  racemes  at  length  elongated,  bractless:  limb  of  the 
corolla  3-4  lines  broad:  nutlets  trigonous  ovate,  slightly  obcompressed, 
hardly  at  all  carinate  on  the  back,  coarsely  rugose-areolate,  attached  bv  a 
quarter  or  a  third  of  their  length  to  an  oblong-pyramidal  gynobase,  the 
scar  ovate-lanceolate.  Borders  of  alkaline  ponds,  southeastern  Oregon  to 
California. 

8    PIPTOCALYX  Torrey  Bot.  Wilkes  414,  t.  12. 

Small  dichotomously  branched  annuals  with  narrow  leaves  and 
small  dowers  sessile  in  the  forks  or  in  the  axils  of  leaves  or 
bracts.  The  root  giving  a  deep  purple  stain.  Calyx  early  cir- 
cumscissile,  the  5-cleft  upper  portion  falling  away,  leaving  the 
membranaceous  base  persistent  around  the  fruit.  Pedicels  ver}^ 
short,  persistent.  Corolla  with  naked  and  open  throat,  the  tube 
not  surpassing  the  calyx.  Anthers  mucronate,  included.  Fruit 
of  4  rather  distinctly  margined  nutlets. 

P.  circamscissns  Torrey  1.  c.  Krynitzkia  circvmscissa  Gray  Hispid- 
canescent  throughout:  stem  1-4  inches  high,  densely  branched  from  the 
base:  leaves  linear  or  the  lowest  spatulate,  3-6  lines  long,  crowded  on  the 
upper  part  of  the  branches :  calyx  hispid,  its  linear  lobes  foliaceous,  about 
a  line  long:  limb  of  the  white  corolla  about  a  line  broad:  nutlets  oblontf- 
ovate,  not  carinate,  smooth  or  minutely  tuberculate,  attached  for  nearly 
their  whole  length  to  the  pyramidal-subulate  gynobase,  the  ventral  groove 
narrow  and  divaricately  forked  at  the  base.  On  dry  sandy  plains,  eastern 
Oregon  to  Brit.  Columbia,  California  and  Arizona. 

9    EREMOCARYA  Greene  Pitt,  i,  58. 

Hirsute-canescent  small  annual  herbs  with  chiefly  radical 
leaves  in  rosulate  tufts  and  small  white  flowers  on  persistent  ped- 
icels in  dense  leafy-bracted  geminate  racemes:  the  root  giving  a 
deep  purple  stain.  Calyx  5-parted  to  the  base,  in  fruit  campanu- 
ulate,  persistent :  the  segments  nerveless  and  not  bristly-hispid. 
Style  enlarged  in  fruit  and  persistent.  Nutlets  neither  margined 
nor  carinate,  erect,  attached  for  their  whole  length  to  a  slender 
columnar  gynobase  by  a  groove  that  does  not  fork  nor  enlarge  at 
base,  smooth  or  papillose-scabrous. 

E.  micrantha  Greene  1.  c.  Krynitzkia  micrantha  Gray.  Hirsute- 
canescent  :  stem  slender,  2-5  inches  high,  at  length  diffusely  branched,  the 
numerous  racemous  branches  repeatedly  dichotomous  and  copiously  leafy- 
bracted  :  leaves  linear,  2-4  lines  long:  racemes  mostly  geminate  with  a 
flower  in  the  fork,  4-6  lines  long,  densely  flowered :  corolla  barely  a  line 
high,  and  its  lobes  H-%o(  a  line  long,  obscurely  appendajjed  in  the  throat : 
style  becoming  thicker  than  the  gynobase,  or  even  pyramidal ;  nutlets 
oblong-ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  smooth  and  shining  or  dull  and  punc- 
ticulate.     Dry  plains,  southeastern  Oregon  to  California,  Utah  and  Arizona- 

10  PLAGIOBOTHRYS  Fischer  &  Meyer  Ind.  Sem.  Hort.  Petrop.  ii.  49. 

Usually  rather  slender  soft-pubescent  annuals  with  most  of 
their  leaves  in  a  close  radical  tuft,  and  rather  small  white  flowers 


484  BORAGINACE^  plaqiobothrys 

on  short  persistent  pedicels  in  elongating  circinate  racemes.  Ca- 
lyx 5-cleft  or  5-parted,  closed  or  campanulate  or  even  spreading 
and  more  or  less  enlarged  in  fruit,  persistent  or  irregularly  cir- 
cumscissal  near  the  base.  Corolla  short,  with  more  or  less  con- 
spicuous appendages  in  its  throat.  Nutlets  broadly  ovate-trigon- 
ous, incurved,  carinate  on  both  sides  toward  the  apex,  the  back 
irregularly  transversely  rugose,  attached  by  the  middle  of  the 
concave  or  seemingly  hollowed  ventral  lace  to  a  globular  or  short- 
conical  gynobase,  tardily  detached,  leaving  a  kind  of  caruncle  at 
the  insertion  and  corresponding  depressed  cavities  on  the  gyno- 
base, often  only  1  or  2  maturing. 

*  Nutlets  crustaceous  or  nearly  so,  usually  only  1  or  2  maturing  and 
then  horizontally  incumbent  at  maturity  on  the  subglobose  or  merely 
convex  gynobase:  the  caruncle  short  and  broad,  not  atipiform,  leaving 
orbicular  depressions  on  the  gynobase. 

+-  Caruncle  annular,  merely  bordering  a  deep  circular  pit. 

P.  campestris  Greene  Pitt  ii,  282.  P.  rufescens  Gray,  not  F.  &  M. 
Pubescent  with  soft  white  hairs :  stem  slender,  erect,  10-30  inches  high, 
simple  up  to  the  1-3  racemes :  radical  leaves  numerous,  1-2  inches  long, 
oblanceolate,  usually  withering  at  flowering  time;  cauline  leaves  smaller, 
linear-obiotig  to  lanceolate,  sessile,  with  a  broad  somewhat  clasping  base: 
racemes  usually  3,  the  lower  one  smallest,  the  others  geminate  with  a 
flower  in  the  fork,  sparsely  flowered:  calyx  of  linear-lanceolate  nearly  dis- 
tinct sepals  3  lines  long,  rusty-hirsute  when  young :  corolla  but  little  longer 
thah  the  calyx,  the  limb  2-S  lines  broad :  nutlets  a  line  long,  little  incurved, 
nearly  orbicular,  abruptly  short-beaked,  sharply  carinate  on  the  back  and 
the  sides  sharply  angled  and  reticulate-rugose.  On  dry  hillsides,  southern 
Oregon  and  California. 

+-  -«-  Caruncle  forming  a  wen- shaped  or  tongue-shaped  process  that 
fits  into  a  corresponding  cavity  in  the  merely  convex  gynobase. 

■•*  Calyx  persistent,  not  circumscissile  near  the  base :  mature  nutlets 
abruptly  contracted  at  base  and  apex  so  as  to  become  cruciately  4-lobed 
vitreous  shining  or  enameled. 

P.  lenellus  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xx,  283.  Pubescent  with  rather  soft 
hairs  :  stem  slender  erect  or  ascending,  6-10  inches  high,  usually  branching 
from  the  base :  radical  leaves  numerous,  in  a  dense  rosulate  taf t,  broadly 
linear  to  lanceolate,  6-12  lines  long ;  cauline  leaves  few,  lanceolate  to  near- 
ly ovate,  sessile  by  a  broad  somewhat  clasping  base :  racemes  usually  gem- 
inate without  a  flower  in  the  fork,  rather  densely  flowered :  calyx  2  lines 
long,  fulvous-hirsute,  cleft  to  below  the  middle,  the  lobes  acuminate-trian- 
gular :  corolla  about  a  line  broad :  nutlets  vitreous-shining,  sharply  carinate 
on  the  back,  transversely  rugose  and  sharply  tuberculate.  Common  in 
open  places,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California. 

P.  asper  Greene  Pitt,  iii,  262.  "  Of  the  P.  fm^ZZws  group,  but  larger 
than  the  others  and  rather  diffusely  branched  or  many-stemmed  from  the 
rosulate  tuft  of  basal  leaves,  the  branches  hispid,  floriferous  almost  throu- 
ghout, many  of  the  calyces  subtended  by  a  leafy  bract;  leaves  rather 
roughly  hirsute  or  almost  hispid:  calyx  large  and  nutlets  %  line  long,  vit- 
reous and  shining,  lineately  rugose  transversely  and  with  or  without 
murications.  " 

"  Frequent  from  northern  California  to  Washington.  Easily  distinguish- 
ed at  sight  by  its  large  size,  its  many  stems,  and  its  stiff  harsh  pubescence." 


PLAGI0B0THRY8  BORAGINACE^  485 

OREOGARYA 

-^  **    Calyx  persistent,  not  circumscissile  near  the  base:   nutlets 
broadly  ovate  and  not  at  all  cruciform. 

P.  Shastensis  Greene.  Gray  1.  c.  284.  Canescently  silky-tomentose : 
stem  very  slender,  4-10  inches  high,  not  branching  from  the  base,  simple 
up  to  the  1-3  racemes :  radical  leaves  linear  to  linear-spatulate,  4-8  lines 
long,  appressed-silky  above,  hispid-ciliate;  cauline  leaves  few  linear-lanceo- 
late, smaller  :racemes  few-flowered;  calyx  cylindraceous,4  lines  long  eilky- 
lanate  both  sides,  cleft  to  near  the  middle;  the  lobes  lingular  and  acute, 
nutlets  shining,  strongly  incurved,  carinate  on  the  back,  obscurely  trans- 
versely rugose  but  not  muricate.  On  a  gravelly  plain  near  Grant's  Pass 
Oregon,  and  Shasta  Valley  California. 

P.  colorans  Greene  Pitt,  iii, 262.  Canescently  tomentose  or  the  leaves 
and  calyces  appressed-silky:  stem  2-8  inches  high,  erect,  not  branching 
from  the  base :  radical  leaves  linear,  an  inch  or  more  long,  in  a  loose  rosu- 
late  tuft;  cauline  leaves  numerous,  linear  to  lanceolate:  racemes  long  and 
slender,  few- to  many-flowered  often  leafy-bracted  below:  calyx  almost 
globular,  2-3  lines  in  diameter,  cleft  to  below  the  middle,  the  acuminate- 
triangular  lobes  connivent  over  the  fruit,  sparingly  hispid :  nutlets  broadly 
orbicular,  abruptly  stout- beaked,  strongly  carinate  on  the  back,  strongly 
transverse  rugose,  obscurely  muricate  on  the  ridge-^.  On  gravel-bars  along 
the  creek  at  Hornbrook  California;  so  near  the  state  line  that  it  may  be 
looked  for  in  adjacent  Oregon. 

^*   ++   ^>      Calyx  at  maturity  more  or  less   promptly   deciduous 
circumscissilly  near  the  base. 

P.  canescens  Benth.  PI.  Hartw.  326.  Villous-pubescent  and  some- 
what cinereous  or  canescent  especially  the  calyx,  which  when  young  may 
be  fulvous  or  even  somewhat  rufescent:  stem  diffusely  branched  from  the 
base,  10-12  inches  high :  leaves  linear :  calyx  2-3  lines  long,  in  fruit  loosely 
erect  or  sometimes  more  open  and  accrescent,  rarely  disposed  to  be  cir- 
cumscissile at  base :  nutlets  opaque,  not  vitreous,  slightly  carinate  on  the 
back,  rugose  with  sparse  and  somewhat  reticulated  obtuse  wrinkles.  Co- 
lumbia Valley  to  California. 

P.  nothofalYUS  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xx,  285.  Soft-hirsute  through- 
out: stems  erect,  1-2  feet  high,  branching  from  the  base:  radical  leaves 
oblong  or  lanceolate  to  linear,  1-2  inches  long,  numerous  in  a  dense  rosu- 
late  tuft ;  cauline  leaves  lanceolate  to  linear,  sometimes  1  or  2  pairs  opposite : 
racemes  usually  geminate  or  in  threes  with  a  flower  in  the  fork,  at  length 
long  and  slender  and  loosely- flowered  :  calyx  cleft  only  to  the  middle,  silky- 
villous,  rufescent  only  when  young,  soon  fulvous  or  whitish,  1-i  lines  long, 
the  acuminate  lobes  connivent  over  the  nutlets,  soon  circumscissile,  leav- 
ing a  persistent  base  which  surrounds  the  lower  half  of  the  nutlets  :  corolla 
2-3  lines  broad :  nutlets  abruptly  stout-beaked,  carinate  on  the  back,  trans- 
versely rugose  and  minutely  granulate.  Common  on  open  hillsides,  Brit. 
Columbia  to  California  west  of  the  Cascade  Mountains. 

*  *  Coarse  and  rough-hispid  much  branched  low  annuals  with  ob- 
long or  lanceolate  leaves,  the  upper  subtending  and  equalling  or  ex 
ceeding  the  flower-clusters  :  nutlets  inserted  by  a  scar  above  the  mid- 
file,  ventrally  carinate  only  above  the  round  scar,  which  is  attached 
to  the  depressed  gynobase  by  a  small  and  soft  false  caruncle. 

P.  hispidus  Gray  1.  c.  286.  Rough-hispid  throughout:  stem  stout, 
4-8  inches  high,  profusely  branched :  lower  leaves  linear-spatulate ;  upper 
leaves  oblong,  6  lines  long :  calyx  5-parted,  open  in  fruit,  not  circumscissile : 
nutlets  turgid,  ovoid,  obliquely  incumbent,  acute  at  the  apex,  obscurely 
carinate  on  the  back,  opaque,  papillose-granulate,  the  scar  hardly  above 
the  middle.     Southeastern  Oregon  to  eastern  California. 


486  BORAGINACEiE  obeocabya 

CRYPTANTHE 

11    OREOCARYA  Greene  Pitt,  i,  57. 
KRYNITZKIA  §  Pseudokrynitzkia  Gray. 

Coarse  perennial  or  biennial  herbs  with  alternate  leaves  and 
mostly  white  flowers  on  persistent  pedicels,  in  glomerate  or  pan- 
iculate, bracted  racemes.  Calyx  5-parted  to  the  base,  more  or  less 
spreading  in  fruit,  not  circumscissile  nor  deciduous.  Corolla  with 
prominent  folds  in  the  throat,  and  at  base  within  10-squamellate 
or  annulate-glandular.  Nutlets  not  carinate  on  the  back,  triangu- 
lar or  triquetrous,  with  acute  but  not  winged  lateral  angles,  at- 
tached for  most  of  their  length  to  a  commonly  subulate  gynobase, 
the  scar  very  slender  and  usually  with  transversely  dilated  base. 

*  Tube  of  the  corolla  not  longer  than  the  calyx  and  little  if  any 
longer  than  its  lobes;  with  a  ring  of  10  small  scales  or  glands  near  the 
base  within :  anthers  oval  or  oblong :  style  rather  short. 

0.  srlomerata  Greene  Pitt,  i,  58.  Cynoglossum  glomeratum  Pursh. 
Krynitzkia  glomerata  Gray.  Grayish-hirsute  and  hispid:  stems  stout, 
erect,  6-20  inches  high,  from  the  crown  of  a  biennial  or  short-lived  peren- 
nial root :  leaves  spatulate  or  linear-spatulate,  1-2  inches  long :  inflorescence 
thyrsiform,  and  usually  dense  the  short  and  often  forked  lateral  spikes  at 
length  commonly  exceeding  the  subtending  leaves :  sepals  very  setose-his- 
pid, linear,  2-3  lines  long:  limb  of  the  corolla  3-5  lines  in  diameter,  the 
crests  in  the  throat  truicate :  nutlets  formine  an  ovoid  fruit,  each  triangu- 
lar-ovate, sparsely  more  or  less  tubercu late-rugose  on  the  back,  with  sharp 
lateral  edges,  the  sulcate  ventral  angle  extending  into  a  broad  basal  scar. 
On  dry  hillsides,  eastern  Washington  to  New  Mexico,  Nebraska  and  the 
Saskatchewan. 

0.  sericea  Greene  1.  c.  Krynitzkia  sericea  Gray.  Canescent  with  a 
dense  silky  pubescence  and  bristly-hirsute :  stems  stout,  simple,  4-8  inches 
high,  from  a  somewhat  woody  perennial  caudex,  leafy  :  leaves  spatulate  or 
oblanceolate,  obtusej>t|.the  apex,  narrowed  below  to  a  broad  petiole,  in- 
cluding the  petiole  1-2  inches  long  :  flowers  numerous,  in  a  short  thyrsus : 
calyx  cleft  nearly  to  the  base,  the  linear  or  lanceolate  segments  about  equ- 
alling the  tube  of  the  corolla,  bristly-hirsute :  limb  of  the  corolla  3-5  lines 
broad,  the  ovate  lobes  2  lines  long :  nutlets  oblong-ovate,  obtuse,  somewhat 
rugose-tuberculate  on  the  back.  Dry  hillsides,  eastern  Washington  and 
Oregon  to  Utah  and  Colorado. 

*  *  Tube  of  the  salver  form  corolla  longer  than  the  calyx  and  twice 
or  thrice  the  length  of  the  lobes ;  the  ring  within  at  the  base  of  the 
tube  inconspicuous  and  truncate:  crests  of  the  throat  large,  often  elon- 
gated: anthers  linear-oblong:  style  long  and  filiform. 

0.  leucophsea  Greene  1.  c.  Myosotis  leucophaea  Dougl.  Krynitzkia 
leucophaea  Gray.  Silky-strigose  and  silvery-canescent :  stems  many  or  few 
from  the  lignescent  base  or  root,  6-12  inches  high :  leaves  lanceolate  to 
linear,  acute,  2-4  inches  long:  inflorescence  glomerate-spicate  hispid  with 
whitish  or  yellowish  hairs  and  slender  bristles :  calyx  5-cleft  nearly  to  the 
base,  the  linear  segments  3-4  lines  long*,  corolla  yellow:,  with  tube  longer 
than  the  calyx:  nutlets  ovate  triquetrous,  very  smooth  and  polished, 
ivory-like,  1,^-2  lines  long;  gynobase  very  slender.  On  sandy  plains, 
Brit,  Columbia  to  California  and  Utah.     East  of  the  Cascade  Mountains. 

12    CRYPTANTHE  Lehm.  Sem.  Hort.  Hamburg.     1832. 
KRYNITZKIA  F.  &  M.  Ind.  Sem.  Hort.  Petrop.  vii,  52.     18U. 

Low  setose  or  hispid  branching  annuals  with  narrow  alternate 


CBYPTANTHE 


BORAGINAOEiE  487 


leaves  and  small,  mostly  white,  flowers  on  very  short  pedicels  in 
scorpioid  racemes.  Calyx  5-parted  or  5-cleft,  the  segments  erect, 
usually  closely  embracing  the  fruit  and  deciduous,  falling  with 
the  mature  nutlets.  Corolla  rotate,  its  tube  not  surpassing  the 
calyx;  usually  with  5  scales  closing  the  throat.  Stamens  includ- 
ed. Style  short.  Nutlets  attached  by  the  ventral  angle  or  groove 
from  the  base  up  at  least  one  third  or  one  half  way,  or  for  the 
whole  length  to  an  elevated  gynobase,  the  back  convex  and  not 
carinate  nor  transversely  rugose. 

§    Fruiting  calyx  closed  over  the  nutlets  and  falling  with  them. 

*  Sepals  lanceolate  or  linear,  traversed  by  a  rigid  and  stout  mid- 
rib: nutlets  thick-walled,  opaque  or  dull. 

C.  Fendleri  Greene  Pitt,  i,  120  Rough-hispid :  stem  erect,  10-12  inches 
high,  paniculately  branched,  rigid:  leaves  linear,  an  inch  or  more  long : 
segments  of  the  mature  calyx  2  lines  long,  linear,  hispid  with  pungent 
bristles:  nutlets  usually  all  four  maturing  and  alike,  smooth,  ovate-acum- 
inate, hardly  a  line  long,  attached  for  nearly  their  whole  length  to  the 
nariow  subulate  gynobase.  Eastern  Washington  to  the  Saskatchewan 
and  New  Mexico. 

*  *  Midrib  of  the  narrow  setose-hispid  sepals  not  conspicuously  if 
at  all  thickened :  nutlets  very  smooth  and  mostly  shining,  acute  or 
acuminate,  with  rounded  sides  and  rather  thin  or  brittle  pericarp. 

+-  Nutlets  conspicuously  acuminate,  only  1  or  very  rarely  2  matur- 
ing, attached  for  not  more  than  the  lower  third  to  the  short  and  nar- 
row gynobase  which  it  very  much  surpasses. 

C.  flaccida  Greene  Pitt,  i,  115.  Myoaotis  Jlaccida  Lehm.  Cinereous 
with  short  appressed  pubescence:  stem  slender,  4-12  inches  high,  strict, 
paniculately  branched :  leaves  numerous,  linear-spatulate  to  almost  fili- 
form, erect,  c»ften  appressed:  spikes  usually  in  pairs  or  3  together,  almost 
filiform,  many-flowered:  calyx  in  fruit  erect  appressed  to  the  peduncle,  2 
lines  long  or  more ;  sepals  filiform-linear,  thickish  below,  their  bases  very 
hispid  with  deflexed  and  strong  but  not  pungent  Jbristles :  nutlets  subterete, 
ovate-lanceolate  and  rostellate-acuminate,  the  groove  of  the  attachment 
enlarged  at  base  but  not  furcate.  Common  on  the  dry  interior  plains,  Brit, 
Columbia  to  California. 

€•  multicaule.  Densely  hirsute  with  short  erect  but  not  appressed 
white  hairs :  stems  several  from  the  crown  of  a  rather  stout  root,  strictly 
erect,  4-10  inches  high,- simple  up  to  the  short  somewhat  paniculate  inflor- 
escence: lower  leaves  numerous,  linear-spatulate,  1-2  inches  long;  upper 
leaves  almost  filiform,  erect,  12-18  lines  long :  spikes  short  and  rather  stout, 
hispid  hirsute  with  spreading  hairs,  an  inch  or  less  long,  densely-flowered : 
segments  of  the  calyx  acuminate-lanceolate,  barely  2  lines  long,  their  bases 
hispid  with  spreading  white  hairs :  nutlets  subterete,  rostellate-ovate,  light 
brown,  the  groove  of  the  attachment  not  perceptibly  enlarged  at  the  base. 
Along  the  Des  Chutes  river  at  Sherar'tf  Bridge  Oregon. 

C.    rostellata  Greene  Pitt,  i,  116.    Canescent  with  a  rather  sparse  ap- 

Eressed  pubescence:  stem  slender,  erect,  paniculately  branched,  4-8 inches 
igh :  leaves  linear-spatulate  to  linear-lanceolate,  less  than  an  inch  long^ 
the  lower  ones  opposite  with  more  or  less  connate-clasping  base,  the  upper 
ones  smaller  and  alternate:  spikes  solitary  or  geminate,  slender,  1-2  inchcg 
long :  calyx  erect  but  not  appressed  to  the  rachis,  about  2  lines  long :  sepalg 
filiform-linear,  hispid  with  short  spreading  but  not  reflexed  somewhaj. 
pungent  white  bristles:  nutlets  triangular-ovate,  flattish,  rostellate-acum_ 


488  BORAGINACEiE  cryptanthe 

inate,  a  line  long,  the  groove  of  the  attachment  divaricately  forked  and 
somewhat  open  at  the  base.  On  dry  hillsides,  southern  Oregan  and  adja- 
cent California. 

-^  •*-  Nutlets  usually  all  4  maturing  and  all  alike,  either  flattish  or 
angied  ventrally,  ovate  in  outline  and  acute  or  short  acuminate,  at- 
tached for  half  or  nearly  their  whole  length  to  the  subulate  gynobase, 
the  slender  groove  not  dilated  at  base  into  an  open  areola  or  scar. 

C.  lelocarpa  Greene  1.  c.  17,  Krynitzkia  leiocarpa  F.  &  M.  Strigose 
pubescent:  stem  6-18  inches  high,  diffusely  branching:  spikes  single  or 
sometimes  in  pairs,  often  leafy  at  base,  bractless  above :  leaves  spatulate  or 
linear  1-1)^  inches  long :  calyx  erect,  a  line  long,  densely  strigose-hirsute 
and  with  some  coarser  spreading  bristles:  nutlets  flattish,  the  slender 
ventral  groove  continuous  to  the  very  base  of  the  nutlet  and  not  at  all 
furcate,  attached  nearly  their  whole  length  to  the  subulate  gynobase. 
Near  the  coast,  Washington  to  California. 

C.  affinis  Greene  1.  c.  119.  K.  affinis  Gray  Rough-pubescent:  stem 
slender,  6-12  inches  high,  diffusely  branched:  leaves  spatulate,  1-2  inches 
long:  spikes  solitary,  or  sometimes  in  pairs,  often  leafy  at  base:  sepals 
linear  lanceolate  much  longer  than  the  nutlets,  strigose-hirsute  with  a 
few  stout  pungent  spreading  bristles:  nutlets  somewhat  turgid,  the  groove 
simple  and  continuous  to  the  very  base,  attached  only  up  to  the  middle  to 
the  slender  pyramidal  gynobase,  the  free  apical  portion  a  little  diverging. 
Among  pines  on  the  edge  of  forests,  eastern  Washington  to  C&lifornia  and 
Idaho. 

C.  Torreyana  Greene  1.  :;.  118.  K,  Torreyana  Gray.  Hispid-hirsute: 
stem  rather  stout,  9-12  inches  high,  paniculately  branched  from  the  base: 
leaves  linear-oblong,  1-2  inches  long :  spikes  solitary  or  often  in  pairs,  1-4 
inches  long:  sepals  lanceolate,  in  fruit  attenuate  upward,  twice  as  long  as 
the  nutlets,  setose-hispid  with  stout  spreading  bristles:  nutlets  ovate, 
acute,  attached  barely  to  the  middle  to  the  subulate-pyramidal  gynobase, 
the  ventral  groove  divergently  forked  at  base  but  without  an  open  areola. 
Oregon  to  California  and  Idaho. 

*  *  *  Nutlets  muriculate  or  rough-papillose,  all  4  alike,  sometimes 
only  1  or  2  maturing,  ovate-trigonous,  attached  from  the  base  to  or 
nearly  to  the  apex :  the  ventral  groove  with  or  without  an  areola. 

C.  barblgera  Greene  1.  c.  114.  Eritrichium  barbigerum  Gray.  His- 
pid and  hirsute:  stem  4-12  inches  hign.  freely  branching;  leaves  linear, 
an  inch  or  less  long:  spikes  solitary  or  paniculate  :  sepals  narrowly  linear, 
3-5  lines  long  thickly  beset  with  long  shaggy  bristles,  loose  above:  nutlets 
acumirjate-ovate,  very  rough-muricate,  ashy-gray,  the  open  groove  a  little 
dilated  at  base.  On  dry  plains,  southeastern  Oregon  to  California  and 
Arizona. 

C.  ambigua  Greene  1.  c.  113.  K.  ambigua  Gray.  Rough-hirsute  and 
the  stem  strigose-pubescent  also:  stem  stoutish,  1-2  feet  high,  paniculately 
branched;  leaves  oblong  to  linear  ^r  linear-lanceolate,  6-20  lines  long; 
spikes  usually  in  pairs  with  a  flower  in  the  fork,  naked,  slender,  sparsely 
to  rather  densely  flowered :  sepals  lanceolate,  but  little  more  than  a  line 
long,  somewhat  connivent  over  the  fruit,  setose-hispid:  nutlets  ovate-tri- 
gonous, barely  convex  on  the  back,  minutely  papillose-scabrous,  the  vent- 
ral groove  closed  above  but  moderately  or  barely  open  at  the  basal  bifur- 
cation.    On  dry  stony  hillsides,  Oregon  and  Washington  to  California. 

C.  mnricnlata  Greene  I.  c.  113.  K.  muriculata  Gray.  Hispid-hir- 
sute with  spreading  hairs :  stem  stoutish,  6- 12  inches  high  :  leaves  spatulate 
or  the  upper  ones  linear,  about  an  inch  long :  spikes  ofteii  in  pairs  or  col- 
lected in  a  3-5-radiate  paniculate  cyme:  sepals  in  fruit  2  lines  long,lanceo- 


CRYPTANTHE  BORAGINACE^  489 

AMSINCKIA 

late,  hispid,  somewhat  connivent  over  the  fruit:  nutlets  deltoid-ovate  in 
outline,  half  the  length  of  the  sepals,  sharply  muricate  over  the  back, 
which  is  hardly  convex  except  by  a  slight  dorsal  ridge,  and  with  distinct 
and  thickisb  but  acutish  lateral  angles  these  muricate-papillose  like  the 
back,  attached  for  %  of  their  length  to  the  subulate  gynobase,  the  ventral 
groove  open  and  abruptly  dilated  at  the  bifurcate  base.  On  dry  hillsides, 
eastern  Washington  to  California  and  Arizona. 

k  k  ^  Fruiting  calyx  persistent,  open  and  discharging  the  fruit :  nut- 
lets all  4  or  all  but  1  scarious-winged  at  the  margins,  attached  by  the 
whole  length  of  the  ventral  groove. 

C.  pterocarya  Greene  1.  c  120.  K.  plerocarya  Qray.  Papillose-hir- 
sute: stem  slender,  rather  strictly  branching,  6-12  inches  high:  leaves 
linear  or  the  lowest  spatulate,  6-12  lines  long:  spikes  usually  in  pairs, 
bractless:  sepals  in  fruit  2  lines  long,  ovate,  rusty-hirsute  and  the  midrib 
setose-hispid:  nutlets  oblong-ovate,  rough  or  granulate-tuberculate  on  the 
rounded  back,  attached  for  nearly  the  whole  length  to  the  filiform-sub- 
ulate gynobase  by  a  narrow  groove  which  widens  gradually  to  the  base, 
one  of  them  commonly  wingless  and  roundei  at  the  sides,  the  others 
with  lateral  angles  extended  into  a  broad  radiately  striate  wing  with 
crenulate  or  toothed  or  even  pectinate  margins.  Dry  sandy  plains,  eastern 
Washington  to  California,  New  Mexico  and  Arizona. 

13    AMSINCKIA  Lehm.  Del.  Sem.  Hamb.  1831:  7. 

Coarse  hispid  annuals  with  alternate  oblong-ovate  to  linear 
leaves  and  small  yellow  flowers  in  at  length  loose  spikes  or  ra- 
cemes without  bracts  except  sometimes  to  the  lowest.  Calyx 
5-parted,  persistent.  Corolla  salverform  or  at  the  throat  some- 
what fannelform,  more  or  less  plaited  in  bud  at  the  sinuses,  with 
tube  exceeding  the  calyx  and  rounded  lobes,  the  throat  naked,  or 
with  minute  hairy  tufts  opposite  the  lobes.  Filaments  short. 
Style  filiform;  with  capitate  2-lobed  stigma.  Nutlets  ovate-tri- 
angular or  triquetrous,  coriaceous  or  crustaceous,  attached  above 
the  middle  to  an  oblong-pyramidal  gynobase,  the  scar  ovate  or 
oblong.     Cotyledons  each  2-parted  thus  api-arently  four. 

A.  intermedia  F.  &  M.  Ind  Sem.  Petrop.  26.  Rough-hispid  through  - 
ont :  stem  erect,  usually  1-2  feet  high  and  sparingly  branched  above;  the 
bristles  even  of  the  calyx  white  or  merely  yellowish  :  leaves^linear  or  the 
lower  ones  lanceolate,  1-4  inches  long:  spikes  solitary  or  in  pairs:  sepals 
narrowly  lanceolate,  obtuse,  at  length  %  inch  long:  corolla  bright  yellow, 
3-5  lines  long,  its  tube  equalling  the  calyx,  the  limb  with  very  short 
rounded  lobes  and  no  appendages  in  the  throat :  nutlets  not  half  as  long 
as  the  sepals,  trigonous,  carinate  on  the  back  and  strongly  muriculate, 
attached  near  the  base  to  the  short  conical  gynobase.  Dry  plains,  Brit. 
Columbia  to  California. 

A.  lycopsoides  Lehm.  Del.  Sem.  Hamb.  1831,  7.  Bather,  spaiingly 
setose-hispid  with  pungent  bristles:  stem  rather  w^ak,  1 -4  feet;high  with 
numerous  loose  straggling  branches:  leaves  lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  1-4 
nches  long,  acute  at  the  apex,  hispid- ciliate:  spikes  usually  in  pairs,  at  length 
oug  and  sparsely-flowered:  sepals  lineai*- lanceolate,  at  length  spreading  and 
3  or  4  times  longer  than  the  nutlets,  papillose-hispid:  corolla  almost  2  lines 
in  diameter,  somewhat  funnelform,  the  tube  but  little  longer  than  the  calyx: 
nutlets  oblong-ovate,  about  a  line  long,  very  rough  muricate.  In  rich  alluvial 
ground,  western  Oregon  and  Washington  to  California. 


490  BORAGINACE^  mertensia 

Var,  bracteosa  Gray  Syn-  Fl.  ii,  198.  Smaller-flowered  and  more 
decumbent,  with  most  of  the  flowers  subtended  by  a  foliaceous  bract.  Near 
the  Coast,  Puget  Sound  to  California. 

14    MERTENSIA  Roth  Catal.  Bot.  i,  34:  1797. 

Perennial  herbs  with  alternate  leaves  and  rather  large  blue 
purple  or  white  flowers  in  panicles,  cymes,  or  racemes.  Calyx 
4-parted,  herbaceous,  the  lobes  lanceolate  or  linear,  little  enlarged 
in  fruit.  Corolla  tubular  funnelform,  crested  or  unappendaged  in 
the  throat,  its  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  inserted  on 
the  tube  of  the  corolla,  included  or  scarcely  exserted.  Filaments 
flattened  or  filiform.  Anthers  oblong  or  linear,  obtuse.  Style 
filiform  with  entire  stigma.  Nutlets  erect,  coriaceous,  wrinkled 
when  mature,  attached  by  a  small  or  short  scar  just  above  their 
bases  to  a  flat  strongly  convex  gynobase. 

M.  oblongifolia  Don  Syst.  iv,  320.  Stem  slender,  4-8  inches  high, 
usually  solitary  from  the  short  and  thick  corm-like  root:  leaves  oblong  to 
spatulate-lanceolate,  obtuse,  6-20  lines  long,  the  lowest  ones  small,  the  largest 
ones  in  the  middle,  smooth  or  the  upper  face  scabrous  with  minute  stiff 
hairs:  flowers  rather  numerous,  in  a  somewhat  close  terminal  cluster:  lobes 
of  the  calyx  lanceolate  little  more  tlian  a  line  long,  minutely  ciliate:  corolla 
funnelform,  with  a  broad  purple  tube,  6  lines  or  more  long,  and  ample  blue 
limb,  the  throat  rather  abruptly  dilated  and  open  with  pubescent  crests  at  its 
base  on  a  line  with  the  stamens:  filaments  as  broad  and  not  longer  than  the 
anthers:  style  long  and  capillary,  not  exsei-ted:  nutlets  dull  and  with  obtuse 
angles.  In  moist  places.  Blue  Mountains  of  Oregon  to  Nevada,  Utah  and  the 
borders  of  Brit.  Columbia. 

M.  longiflora  Greene  Pitt,  iii,  261.  Glabrous  except  the  setulose-scab- 
rous  upper  face  of  the  leaves:  lowest  leaves  elliptic-lanceolate,  on  long  and 
slender,  petioles,  the  upper  ones  obovate  oval  or  OTate,  rounded  or  even  cor- 
date at  base  and  closely  sessile,  all  very  obtuse,  the  largest  2  inches  long  by 
an  inch  broad:  floral  bracts  acutish:  flowers  in  a  rather  dense  strictly  termin- 
al and  subcorymbose  panicle:  calyx  rather  large,  cleft  to  near  the  base,  the 
lobes  lanceolate:  corolla  about  an  inch  long,  with  long  slender  tube  and  short 
erect  narrow-campanulate  limb:  the  almost  capillary  style  nearly  equalling 
the  corolla.     Eastern  Washington.  Perhaps  only  a  form  of  M.  oblongifolia. 

M.  Sibirica  Don  Syst.  iv,  320.  Glabrous  and  smooth  or  nearly  so; 
pale  and  glaucescent :  stems  erect  1-3  feet  high  from  a  thick  branching  root, 
very  leafy:  leaves  oblong  to  lanceolete  and  acute,  or  the  lowest  ones  some- 
times obovate  and  obtuse,  hirsute-ciliate,  all  petioled,  1-4  inches  long:  racemes 
short,  somewhat  panicled;  floral  bracts  like  the  leaves,  9-10  lines  long:  lobes 
of  the  ealyx  lanceolate,  about  2  lines  long,  commonly  ciliate:  corolla  blue, 
funnelform,  8-10  lines  long,  the  broad  tube  neaiMy  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx, 
shorter  than  the  ample  limb,  sparingly  pubescent  within:  filaments  as  broad 
and  much  shorter  than  the  anthers:  style  slightly  exserted.  Along  mountain 
streams:  Calif oraia  to  the  Arctic  regions  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

M.  panicnlata  Don  Syst.  iv,  318.  Roughish-pubescent:  stem  erect, 
1-3  feet  high,  branched  above:  leaves  thin,  pinnately  veined,  the  lower  ones 
ovate,  rounded  or  cordate  at  base,  2-5  inches  long,  long-petioled,  upper  ones 
ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base  into 
mostly  slender  petioles:  racemes  several-flowered,  in  loose  terminal  panicles: 
flowers  purple-blue,  6-8  lines  long,  on  filiform  pedicels  4-10  lines  long:  calyx- 
lobes  lanceolate,  acute,  about  2  lines  long:  corolla  funnelform,   crested  in 


MERTEN8IA  BORAGINACE^  ^1 

PNEDMABIA 

the  throat,  the  tube  about  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx,  and  longer  than  the 
limb:  filaments  flattened,  slightly  longer  than  the  anthers:  style  filiform,  usu- 
ally somewhat  exserted:  nutlets  rounded.  In  damp  woods,  California  to 
Alaska,  and  Hudson  Bay  to  Michigan,  Nebraska  and  the  Kocky  Mountains. 

M.  platyphylla  Heller  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Clnb  xxvi,  548.  Stems  weak, 
16-80  inches  high,  branched  above,  the  branches  slender  and  spreading:  leaves 
all  thin,  light  green,  papillately  roughened  above;  radical  leaves  usually 
about  a  foot  long  including  the  petiole,  of  about  8  inches,  which  is  rough  on 
the  margins;  blade  broadly  ovate,  3-4  inches  broad,  abruptly  acuminate,  usu- 
ally cordate  at  base;  lower  stem-leaves  broadly  ovate,  abruptly  acuminate, 
on  petioles  about  an  inch  long;  upper  ones  ovate-lanceolate,  gradually  acu- 
minate, sessile  or  nearly  so,  contracted  at  base:  flowers  in  loose  teiminal  pan- 
icles: pedicels  slender,  3-7  lines  long,  pubescent  with  short  appressed  haii's: 
sepals  linear-lanceolate,  3-4  lines  long,  ciliate:  corolla  bright  blue,  or  turning 
rose-color  6-8  lines  long,  broad  funnelform,  the  tube  about  2  lines  long, 
the  acutish  lobes  with  broad  sinuses  at  base:  anthers  oblong:  style  slightly 
exserted.     In  rich  moist  ground,  western  Washington  and  Oregon, 

M.  uutans.  Stems  simpje,  1-8  fi-om  the  crown  of  a  thick  branching  root, 
3-10  inches  high,  veiy  leafy  to  the  top:  leaves  oblong  to  lanceolate  or  the 
1  west  sometimes  spatulate,  the  largest  ones  in  the  middle  of  the  stem  1-3 
inches  long,  mostly  sessile  by  a  broad  base  or  the  lowest  sometimes  petioled, 
all  papillose-granulate  above,  not  at  all  pubescent:  flowers  in  a  dense  terminal 
drooping  panicle,  sessile  or  on  short  pedicels:  sepals  lanceolate,  barely  2 
lines  long,  obscurely  ciliate:  corolla  6-8  lines  long,  funnelform,  with  a  broad 
purple  or  pinkish  tube  twice  or  thrice  as  long  as  the  calyx:  filaments  as  oroad 
as  and  fully  as  long  as  the  anthers:  style  slender,  often  slightly  exserted.  On 
the  north  side  of  high  ridges,  eastern  Oregon  and  Washington. 

15    PNEUMARIA  Hill  Veg.  Syst.  vii,  40,  t.  36. 

Glabrous  fleshy  perennials  with  alternate  leaves  and  small  blue 
pinkish  or  white  flowers  in  loose  terminal  leafy-bracted  racemes. 
Calyx-lobes  somewhat  enlarged  in  fruit.  Corolla  tubular-campanu- 
late,  crested  in  the  throat,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud, 
slightly  spreading.  Filaments  scarcely  exserted.  Ovary  4-divid- 
ed ;  style  slender.  Nutlets  erect,  fleshy,  attached  just  above  their 
bases  to  the  somewhat  elevated  gynobase,  smooth  and  shining, 
acutish-margined,  becoming  utricular-like  when  mature. 

P.  maritima  Hill  1.  c.  40,  t.  37,  fig.  3.  Very  smooth,  pale  and  glau- 
cous, much  branched  and  spreading;  leaves  fleshy,  ovate,  obovate,  or  spat- 
ulate-oblong,  an  inch  or  two  long,  upper  surface  becoming  pustulate :  flowers 
small,  3  or  4  lines  long,  on  long  and  slender  pedicels :  tube  of  the  blue  or 
whitish  corolla  hardly  as  long  as  the  limb  and  shorter  than  the  ovate-tri- 
angular lobes  of  the  calyx,  the  crests  in  the  throat  evident :  filaments  rather 
narrower  and  much  longer  than  the  panthers :  nutlets  acute,  fleshy -herba- 
ceous, in  a.^e  becoming  utricular,  the  scar  small.  Along  the  Coast, 
Puget  Sound  to  Alaska,  and  Hudson_Bay|to.New  England  also  Europe. 

16    MYOSOTIS.  L.  Gen.  n.".180. 

Low  annual  biennial  or  perennial  herbs  with  alternate  leaves 
and  small  blue  pink  or  white  flowers  in^so  called  spikes  or  racemes. 
Calyx  5-parted  or  5-cleft.  Corolla  salverform  or  rotate,  the  tube 
rarely  surpassing  the  calyx,  the  throat  with  small  and  blunt  crests 
at  the  base  of  the  small  and  rounded  lobes  :  these  convolute  in  the 


492  BORAGINACE^  myosotis 

LITHOSPERMUM 

bud.  Stamens  included,  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  with 
filiform  filaments  and  obtuse  anthers.  Style  filiform,  included. 
Nutlets  smooth,  somewhat  compressed,  thin-crustaceous  in  tex- 
ture, attached  to  the  flat  gynobase  at  the  very  base,  the  scar  minute. 

M.  PALUSTRis  Lam.  Fl.  Fr.  ii.  283.  Appressed-pubescent :  stems  slen - 
der,  soon  decumbent,  rooting  at  the  lower  nodes,  6-18  inches  long:  leaves 
oblong  to  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse,  narrowed  at  the  base, 
1-3  inches  long,  the  lower  ones  petioled,  the  others  sessile  :  racemes  loosely 
many-flowered:  pedicels  longer  than  the  calyx:  calyx-lobes  triangular, 
shorter  than  the  tube,  spreading  in  fruit,  beset  with  fine  and  short  appres- 
sed  hairs,  none  of  them  hooked  or  gl and- tipped :  corolla  blue  with  yellow 
throat,  3-4  lines  in  diameter:  nutlets  somewhat  angled  or  carinate  on  the 
ventral  face.    In  wet  places,  western  Oregon.     Escaped  from  gardens. 

M.  alpestris  Schmidt  Fl.  Bohem.  Cent  iii,  Nr.  225.  Stems  tufted, 
erect,  3-9  inches  high,  from  a  perennial  root:  leaves  oblong,  linear,  or  lan- 
ceolate: flowers  in  rather  dense  racemes :  pedicels  short,  and  thick,  ascend- 
ing, seldom  longer  than  the  calyx:  calyx  almost  5-parted,  hirsute  with 
erect  hairs,  mixed  near  the  base  with  some  more  spreading  and  hooked 
ones,  erect  in  fruit:  corolla  blue,  the  flat  limb  3-4  lines  in  diameter:  nutlets 
more  or  less  margined  and  carinate  ventrally  at  the  apex.  In  the  moun- 
tains of  Oregon  to  Kotzebue  Sound  and  the  northern  Rocky  Mountains. 

M.  macrosperma  Engelm.  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  xlvi,  98.  Roughish-hirsute 
or  hispid:  stem  erect,  3-12  inches  high  from  an  annual  or  biennial  root, 
simple  or  branched :  leaves  from  spatulate-oblong  to  oblanceolate  or  oblong, 
obtuse,  3-12  lines  long,  the  largest  ones  in  the  middle :  racemes  strictly 
erect :  pedicels  erect  or  appressed  to  the  rachis  below  but  spreading  above, 
less  than  a  line  long:  calyx  unequally  6-cleft,  the  lobes  lanceolate,  acute, 
longer  than  the  tube,  sometimes  the  lower  ones  twice  as  long  as  the  upper: 
corolla  white,  the  limb  2-3  lines  broad  nutlets  convex  on  the  back,  carinate 
and  margined  on  the  ventral  face.  In  prairies,  Brit  Columbia  to  Oregon, 
Idaho,  Texas  and  Florida. 

17    LITHOSPERMUM  Tourn.  L.  Gen.  n,  181. 

Annual  or  perennial  pubescent  or  hairy  herbs  with  sessile  alter- 
nate leaves  and  small  or  rather  large  white,  yellow  or  blue  flowers 
axillary  or  subaxillary  in  leafy-bracted  spikes.  Calyx  5-parted 
or  5-cleft  the  lobes  or  sepals  narrow.  Corolla  salverform  or  fun- 
nelform ;  its  lobes  rounded,  imbricated  in  the  bud ;  the  throat 
pubescent  or  crested.  Filaments  short,  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the 
corolla.  Style  slender:  stigma  capitate,  2-lobed  or  sometimes 
truncate.  Ovary  of  4  distinct  lobes.  Nutlets  4  or  by  abortion 
fewer,  ovate,  usually  white  and  smooth,  erect,  attached  by  the  base 
to  the  flat  gynobase ;  the  scar  flat  and  rather  small. 

L.  Califoriiicum  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  x,  51.  Canescently  pubes- 
cent and  papillose-hispid  throughout :  stems  ascending,  4-14  inches  long, 
several  from  the  crown  of  a  thick  perennial  root,  very  leafy,  simple,  or 
sparingly  branched  above :  leaves  bract-like  below,  gradually  enlarged  up- 
ward, the  largest  ones  in  the  middle,  linear  to  broadly  lanceolate,  or  the 
upper  ones  not  rarely  ovate,  sessile  or  nearly  so  1-3  inches  long :  peduncles 
1-2  lines  long:  sepals  linear,  4-8  lines  long:  corolla  bright  yellow,  hardly 
an  inch  long,  narrow-funnel  form,  its  proper  tube  about  equalling  the  calyx, 
its  ample  throat  much  longer  than  the  very  short  lobes,  pubescent  outside, 
almost  destitute  of  crests,  the  glandular  ring  at  the  base  of  the  tube  naked : 


LrmospERMUM  CONVOLVULACE^  4^3 

anthera  oblong,  sessile :  style  2-lobed  at  the  apex :  nutlets  white,  smooth 
and  polished,  the  inner  face  rather  conspicuously  carinate.  On  dry  rocky 
hillsides,  southwestern  Oregon  to  California. 

L.  pilosum  Nutt.  Journ.  Phil.  Acad,  vii,  43.  Soft-hirsute  and  pu- 
bescent, pale  or  canescent  stems  numerous  from  the  crown  of  a  thick  per- 
ennial root,  6-18  inches  high,  mostly  simple,  very  leafy :  leaves  linear  to 
linear-lanceolate,  2-4  inches  long,  mostly  tapering  from  near  the  base  to 
apex,  often  small  and  bract-like  below :  flowers  densely  crowded  in  a  leafy 
thyrsus :  sepals  linear  3-4  lines  long,  hispid :  corolla  campanulate-f unnel- 
form,  about  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  silky  outside,  dull  greenish-yellow, 
the  lobes  equalling  the  throat,  nearly  naked  at  the  throat  but  obscurely 
puberulent  and  thickened  under  each  lobe :  style  slender :  nutlets  broadly 
ovate,  acute,  smooth  and  polished.  2-3  lines  long  white  and  bony.  Common 
on  dry  hillsides  and  plains,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California,  and  Nebraska. 

Order  LXVI   CONVOLVULACE.E  Vent.  Tabl.  ii,  394. 

Herbs,  or  some  tropical  species  shmbs  or  trees,  with  generally 
twining  or  trailing  stems,  usually  milky  juice,  alternate  leaves 
without  stipules,  or  leafless,  truly  axillary  regular  5-merous,  or 
rarely ^4:-merous  flowers,  except  as  to  the  pistil  which  is  almost 
always  2-carpellary.  Calyx  mostly  of  distinct  and  imbricated 
sepals ,  persistent.  Corolla  either  plicate  and  the  pleats  convolute 
or  induplicate-valvate  or  sometimes  imbricate  in  the  bud,  the 
limb  either  lobed  or  entire.  Stamens  as  many  as  lobes  of  the 
corolla  and  alternate  with  them,  usually  inserted  low  down  on 
the  tube  of  the  corolla;  hypogynous  disk  usually  annular  and 
manifest.  Ovary  2-celled  or  rarely  3-celled,  with  a  pair  of 
anatropous  ovules  in  each  cell,  or  spuriously  4-  or  6-celled, 
each  cell  being  more  or  less  divided  into  a  pair  of  1-ovuled 
half -cells  by  a  false  partition ,  or  rarely  2-  or  4-parted  from  above 
around  the  style,  Style  single  or  once  or  twice  divided :  stigma 
terminal  or  introrse.  Fruit  capsular  or  sometimes  fleshy. 
Seeds  comparatively  large,  filled  by  a  crumpled  or  pleated  em- 
bryo involving  or  partly  surrounding  a  little  mucilaginous  or 
fleshy  albumen,  its  cotyledons  ample  and  foliaceous,  or  in  Cus- 
cuta  a  spiral  embryo  without  cotyledons. 

Tribe  1  Plants  with  ordinary  foliage,  not  parasitic.  Ovary 
entire. 

1  Convolvulus    Corolla  plicate  at  the  sinuses  pleats  twisted  in  the  bud : 

style  undivided  or  cleft  only  at  the  apex. 

Tribe  ii  Leafless  parasitic  twining  herbs  without  green  color. 

Tribe  1  Convolvuleae  Choisy  in  DC.  Prodr.  ix,  335  Plants  with 
mostly  twining  or  trailing  stems,  mostly  milky  juice  and  ordinary 
foliage,  not  parasitic.    Ovary  entire. 

2  Cuscuta    Corolla  with  mostly  spreading  lobes,  between  convolute  and 

imbricate  in  the  bud. 

1    CONVOLVULUS  L.  Gen.  n.  215. 
Herbs  with  trailing  twining  or  erect  stems,  broad  leaves  and 


494  CONVOLVULACJEiE  convolvdldb 

large  flowers  mostly  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves.  Sepals 
nearly  equal  or  the  outer  largest,  bractless  or  with  a  pair  of  bracts 
at  their  base.  Corolla  campanulate,  or  short  and  open  funnelform, 
with  more  or  less  5-angulate  or  obscurely  5-lobed  border,  deeply 
plaited  down  the  sinuses  in  the  bud,  the  plants  convolute,  com- 
monly straight,  sometimes  twisted.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  tube 
of  the  corolla,  included.  Style  filiform:  stigmas  two,  subulate  or 
flat,  and  from  narrowly  Hnear  to  oval.  Capsule  globose,  2-celled, 
the  cells  2-ovuled  and  commonly  2-seeded.  Embryo  with  broad 
and  foliaceous  cotyledons  folded  and  crumpled  in  the  seed. 

*  A  pair  of  thin  membranaceo-foliaceous  bracts  close  to  the  calyx, 
and  enveloping  or  partly  enveloping  it :  stigmas  from  ovate  to  oval 
or  oblong :  flower8(in  ours) solitary. 

C.  Soldanella  L.  Sp.  ]59.  Glabrous,  fleshy:  stems  low  and  mostly 
short,  creeping  or  trailing :  leaves  reniform,  entire  or  obscurely  angukte, 
often  emarginate,  an  inch  or  two  wide,  long-petioled :  bracts  roundish, 
obscurely  cordate,  not  longer  than  the  sepals:  corolla  pink-purple,  1-2 
inches  long,  short-funnel  form :  stigmas  ovate.  Sandy  sea-shores,  Puget 
Sound  to  California.    Europe  &c. 

€•  seplum  L.  Sp.  153.  Glabrous  or  more  or  less  pubescent,  freely  twin- 
ing: leaves  slender-petioled,  deltoid-hastate  and  triangular-sagittate,  2-6 
inches  long,  acute  or  acuminate;  the  basal  lobes  or  auricles  either  entire 
or  angulate-2-3-lobed :  peduncles  mostly  elongated :  bracts  cordate-ovate  or 
somewhat  sagittate,  commonly  acute:  corolla  broadly  funnelform,  2  inches 
long,  white  or  tinged  with  rose-color:  stigma  from  ovate  to  oblong.  Along 
streams,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California  and  across  the  Continent. 

*  *    Stigmas  linear  or  oblong-linea 

C.  occidentalis  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xi,  89.  Glabrous  or  minutely 
pubescent:  stems  freely  twining  or  prostrate:  leaves  alender-petioled, from 
angulate  cordate  to  sagittate  or  the  upper  hastate:  peduncles  elongated, 
surpassing  the  leaf :  bracts  large  and  covering  the  calyx  or  variously  small- 
er and  shorter  to  lanceolate  or  linear  and  more  or  less  foliaceous  in  texture : 
corolla  campanulate-funnelform  white  or  pinkish  to  cream-color,  12-18  liaes 
long :  stigmas  linear.    Dry  hills,  Oregon  and  Washington  toCalifornia. 

C.  nyctaglneus  Greene  Pitt,  iii,  327.  C.  Calif ornicus  of  Authors  as 
to  the  Oregon  plant.  Stems  slender,  2-10  inches  long,  herbaceous  to  the 
ground:  leaves  roundish-ovate  or  semicircular  in  outline,  rounded  or 
abruptly  acute  at  the  apex,  with  or  without  a  small  hastate  lobe  on  each 
side  near  the  abruptly  contracted  and  somewhat  cuneately  tapering  base, 
the  blade  1-2  inches  long  by  about  as  broad,  all  on  slender  petioles  4-6, 
inches  long :  flowers  few,  all  in  the  axils  of  the  lowest  leaves :  peduncles 
about  an  inch  long:  bracts  oval,  obtuse  or  almost  truncate,  barely  equalling 
the  obtuse  ai\d  muncronate  sepals:  corolla  about  2  inches  long  by  1)J 
broad,  white:  stigma  oblong-obovate,  nearly  2  lines  long:  fruiting  charac- 
ters not  observed.  Rather  common  throughout  the  Willamette  Valley  and 
southward  to  the  border  of  California. 

C.  polymorphas  Greene  Pitt,  iii,  331.  Herbage  pale  and  puberulent : 
stems  slender,  2-4  feet  long,  twining,  herbaceous  to  the  base :  leaves  from 
reniform-hastate  to  subsagittate,  rather  prominently  and  sharply  mucron- 
ate,  the  blade  10-18  lines  long,  short-petioled :  peduncles  short,  1-flowered: 
bracts  narrowly  elliptic,  situated  a  short  distance  below  the  calyx  and  their 
tips  just  reaching  its  base  or  longer  and  partly  embracing  it :  sepals  very 
unequal,  the  outer  often  broadly  oval  and  truncate  and  only  half  the  length 


CONVOLVULUS  CON.VOLVULACEiK  495 

CUSCUTA 

of  the  narrower  inner  ones :  corolla  12-18  lines  broaij,  yellowish :   stigmas 
oblong.     On  dry  prairies,  southern  Oregon  to  California. 

*  *  *    Stigma  filiform  or  narrowly  linear:  no  bracts  at  or  near  the 
base  of  the  calyx. 

C.  AEVENSis  L.  Sp.  153.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so ;  stems  trailing  or  de- 
cumbent, very  slender,  1-23^  feet  long,  simple  or  branched :  leaves  slender- 
petioled,  ovate  or  oblong,  entire,  obtusish  and  mucronulate  or  acutish  at 
the  apex,  sagittate  or  somewhat  hastate  at  the  base,  1-2  lines  long,  the 
basal  lobes  spreading,  acute:  peduncles  1-4-flowered  (commonly  2-flower- 
ed),  shorter  than  the  leaves,  1-S-bracted  at  the  summit,  usually  with  an- 
other bract  on  one  of  the  pedicels :  sepals  oblong,  obtuse,  1%  lines  long : 
corolla  pink  to  white,  8-12  lines  broad.  In  fields  and  waste  places.  Nat- 
uralized from  Europe. 

Tribe  2  Cuscuteas  B  &  H.  Gen.  ii,  881  Leafless  parasitic  red 
or  yellow  twining  herbs  without  foliage  or  green  color.  Corolla  imbri- 
cated in  the  bud,  appendaged  below  the  stamens.  Ovary  entire. 

2    CUSCUTA  Tourn.    L.  Gen.  n.  170. 

Parasitic  herbs,  destitute  of  all  green  color  and  of  foliage,  except 
scale-like  bracts,  and  small  whitish  flowers  in  cymose  clusters. 
Calyx  5-  (rarely  4-)  parted  or  cleft.  Corolla  from  campanulate 
or  somewhat  urceolate  to  short-tubular,  with  the  mostly  spreading 
lobes  between  convolute  and  imbricate  in  the  bud,  not  plicate, 
marcescent  persistent,  either  at  the  base  or  summit  of  the  capsule. 
Stamens  inserted  in  the  throat  of  the  corolla  above  as  many  scale- 
like lacerate  appendages  (these  rarely  absent).  Ovary  globular, 
2-celled  and  4  ovuled.  Styles  distinct  or  rarely  united,  persistent: 
stigmas  globose,  or  in  foreign  species  filiform.  Capsule  1-4-seeded, 
circumscissile  or  transversely  bursting,  or  indehiscent.  Seeds 
large,  globular,  or  angled  by  mutual  pressure.  Embryo  filiform, 
spirally  coiled  in  firm-fleshy  albumen,  wholly  destitute  of  co- 
tyledons, but  the  apex  ol  the  plumule  often  beariug  a  few  alternate 
scales.  Seeds  germinating  in  the  ground  but  not  rooting  in  it, 
developing  into  filiform  branching  stems  which  twine  dextrorsely 
upon  herbs  or  shrubs  and  becoming  parasitic  by  means  of  suckers 
which  penetrate  the  bark  in  contact,  the  base  soon  dying. 

C.  aryensis  Beyrich.  Stems  pale  yellow,  slender,  low:  flowers  barely 
a  line  long,  nearly  sessile,  in  small  dense  clusters :  calyx  gamosepalous, 
with  obtuse  mostly  broad  lobes :  corolla  nearly  campanulate,  5-lobed,  the 
lobes  acute  or  acuminate,  as  long  as  the  tube ;  its  scales  large,  ovate,  as 
long  as  or  longer  than  the  tube,  densely  fringed  all  around  with  short  ir- 
regular processes:  style  shorter  than  the  ovary:  stigmas  capitate:  capsule 
depressed-globose,  indehiscent,  the  withering  corolla  and  usually  the  sta- 
mens persistent  at  its  base.  On  various  low  plants,  Brit.  Columbia  to 
California  and  across  the  Continent.. 

C.  Cephalanthi  Engelm.  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  xxxxiii,  336.  Stems  coarse 
and  yellow,  usually  rather  high-climbing:  flowers  a  line  or  less  long,  on 
short  thick  pedicels,,  often  4-merous:  calyx-lobes  ovate,  obtuse,  shorter 
than  the  corolla-tube :  corolla  cylindric-campanulate,  its  lobes  ovate,  ob- 
tuse and  rounded,  spreading,  shorter  than  the  tube :  scales  shorter  than  the 
tube,  fringed:   style  slender,  as  long  or  longer  than  the  ovary:   capsule 


496  SOLANACE^  cuscuta 

depressed-globose,  capped  with  the  marcescent  corolla.    On  shrubs  and 
tall  herbs,  eastern  Oregon  to  the  Eastern  States. 

C.  Callfornica  Choisy  Cusc.  183.  Stems  capillary,  low :  flowers  rath- 
er small  and  delicate,  in  loose  cymes:  lobes  of  the  calyx  acute:  corolla 
gamopetalous,  campanulate  its  lanceolate-subulate  lobes  as  long  as  the 
campanulate  tube  or  longer :  scales  none,  or  rudimentary :  styles  slender, 
longer  than  the  ovary :  capsule  depressed-globose.  On  Eriogonum  etc. 
southern  Oregon  to  California. 

C.  salina  Engelm.  Bot.  Cal.  i,  536.  Stems  slender,  low:  flowers  white 
delicate,  short- pedicelled  or  clustered:  calyx-lobes  ovate-lanceolate,  acute, 
as  long  as  the  shallow-campanulate  tube  of  the  corolla :  lobes  of  the  corolla 
ovate,  acute,  denticulate;  scales  fringed,  mostly  shorter  than  the  tube, 
sometimes  incomplete :  filaments  about  as  long  as  the  oval  anthers :  style 
equalling  or  shorter  than  the  ovary:  capsule  pointed,  mostly  1 -seeded, 
surrounded  by  the  marcescent  corolla.  In  saline  or  brackish  marshes 
along  the  coast,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California. 

Order  LXVII    SOLANACE^  Pers.  Syst.  i,  214. 

Herbs  shrubs  or  even  trees  with  alternate  or  rarely  opposite 
leaves  without  stipules,  watery  juice  and  perfect  regular  or 
nearly  regular  4-5-merous  flowers  in  variously  modified  cymes; 
the  pedicels  either  not  accompanied  by  bracts,  or  not  in  their 
axils.  Calyx  inferior,  gamosepalous.  Corolla  rotate,  campan- 
late,  funnelform,  salverform  or  tubular,  mostly  5-lobed,  the 
lobes  induplicate-valvate  or  plicate  in  the  bud.  Stamens  as 
many  as  lobes  of  the  corolla  and  alternate  with  them,  inserted 
on  the  tube  of  the  corolla :  anthers  2-celled,  dehiscent  at  the  apex 
or  longitudinally.  Ovary  entire,  normally  2-celled,  with  the 
placentae  in  the  axis,  many-ovuled,  surmounted  by  an  undivided 
style:  stigmas  entire  or  sometimes  bilamellar.  Ovules  anatro- 
pous.  Fruit  a  berry  or  capsule.  Seeds  numerous,  the  testa 
sometimes  roughened.  Embiro  terete,  spirally  curved  or  nearly 
straight,  in  fleshy  albumen,  the  cotyledons  rarely  much  broad- 
er than  the  radicle. 

Tribe  i  Corolla  mostly  short,  with  the  limb  plicate  or  valvate 
in  the  bud.  Stamens  all  perfect.  Fruit  berry-like,  at  least  not 
dehiscent,  sometimes  nearly  dry. 

1  Solannm    Calyx  little  or  not  at  all  enlarged  in  fruit :  anthers  longer 

than  their  filaments,  connivent  into  a  cone,  or  slightly  connate;  the 
cells  opening  at  the  apex,  or  sometimes  longitudinally. 

2  Fhysalis    Calyx  usually  much  enlarged  in  fruit :  anthers  unconnected 

and  not  connivent. 

Tribe  ii  Corolla  mostly  long  with  the  limb  either  plicate  or 
imbricate  in  the  bud.     Stamens  all  perfect.     Fruit  a  capsule. 

8    Datura    Calyx  prismatic  or  tubular,  5-tootbed,  in  ours  at  length  cir- 
cumacissile  near  the  base:  fruit  a  4-valved  mostly  prickly  capsule. 

Tribe  hi  Corolla  usually  long,  with  the  limb  induplicate-im- 
bricate  in  the  bud.     Stamens  all  perfect.     Fruit  in  ours  capsular. 

I 


80LANUM  SOL  AN  ACE  ^  497 

4    Nicotiana    Calyx  persistent  and  more  or  less  investing  the  capsule: 
fruit  a2-celled  spuriously  4-valved  capsule. 

Tribe  I  Solanex  Endl.  Gen,  664-  Corolla  with  the  regular 
limb  plicate  or  valvate  in  the  bud,  usually  both;  that  is  the  sinuses  or 
what  answers  to  them  plicate  and  the  edges  of  the  lobes  induplicate. 
Stamens  normally  5,  all  perfect.  Fruit  berry-like  or  at  least  indehis- 
cent,  sometimes  nearly  dry,  seeds  flattened:  embryo  curved  or  coiledf 
slender;  the  semiterete  cotyledons  not  broader  than  the  radicle. 

1     SOLANUM  Tourn.    L.  Gen.  n-  251. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  with  alternate  leaves  and  white  blue  purple  or 
yellow  flowers  in  cymes  panicles  or  racemes.  Calyx  campanulate 
or  rotate,  mostly  5'toothed  or  5-cleft,  not  inflated  in  fruit.  Co- 
rolla rotate,  the  limb  5-angled  or  5-lobed,  the  tube  very  short. 
Stamens  inserted  in  the  throat  of  the  corolla  :  anthers  longer  than 
their  filaments  connate  or  connivent  into  a  cone,  opening  at  the 
apex  by  a  pore  or  short  slit,  and  sometimes  also  longitudinally 
even  to  the  base.  Ovary  usually  2-celled.  Fruit  mostly  globose, 
the  calyx  either  persistent  at  its  base  or  enclosing  it. 

S.  NIGRUM  L.  Sp.  186  (Nightshade)  Green  and  almost  glabrous 
or  tlie  younger  parts  pubescent :  stem  erect,  freely  branching,  1-2  feet 
high  from  an  annual  root :  leaves  mostly  ovate,  petioled,  1-3  inches  long,  en- 
tire, repand  or  sinuate- toothed,  acutish  to  acuminate  at  the  apex,  cuneate 
to  rounded  at  base:  peduncles  lateral,  unbellately  3-10-flowered,  6-18  lines 
long :  flowers  white,  on  pedicels  3-7  lines  long :  calyx-lobes  oblong,  obtuse, 
spreading,  much  shorter  than  the  corolla,  4-10  lines  in  diameter,  the  spre- 
ading or  reflexed  lobes  acute :  filaments  more  or  less  hairy  inside :  anthers 
oblontr,  obtuse,  loosely  connivent :  style  slightly  exserted :  berries  globose, 
smooth  and  glabrous,  black  when  ripe,  4-5  lines  in  diameter,  on  nodding 
pedicels.  Waste  places  and  cultivated  fields.  Widely  distributed  in  near- 
ly all  countries  as  a  weed,  perhaps  indigenous. 

S.  viLLOsuM  Lam.  Enclycl.  Meth.  iv,  286.  Loosely  villous :  stem  erect, 
freely  branching  from  the  base,  1-2  feet  high  from  ati  annual  root :  leaves 
ovate  to  broadly  lanceolate  the  blade  1-2  inches  long,  coarsely  sinuate- 
toothed,  narrowed  below  to  a  more  or  less  winged  slender  petiole :  pedunc- 
les lateral  3-8-  flowered,  1-2  inches  long :  flowers  white,  on  pedicels  3-6  lines 
long :  calyx-lobes  triangular-ovate  half  as  long  as  the  corolla  enlarging  at 
length  and  embracing  the  fruit :  corolla  4-5  lines  in  diameter  the  merely 
spreading  lobes  acute :  filaments  glabrous  to  the  base :  anthers  oblong  ob- 
tuse :  berries  globular,  3-4  lines  in  diameter,  yellow  when  ripe.  In  fields 
and  waste  places,  southern  Oregon  and  western  California.  Introduced 
from  southern  Europe. 

S.  triflorum  Nutt.  Gen.  i,  128.  Slightly  hairy  or  nearly  glabrous: 
stem  branching,  1-3  feet  high  from  an  annual  root :  leaves  oblong,  2-4 
inches  long,  pinnatifid,  with  entire  or  dentate  oblong  to  lanceolate  lobes 
and  broad  rounded  sinuses :  peduncles  lateral,  1-3-flowered,  6-12  lines  long : 
calyx-lobes  oblong  to  lanceolate,  shorter  than  the  corolla,  persistent  at  the 
base  of  the  berry :  corolla  white,  4-5  lines  in  diameter:  anthers  oblong,  ob- 
tuse :  berries  globose,  green  and  about  5  lines  in  diameter  when  mature. 
In  fields,  and  waste  places,  Idaho  to  Ontario,  Nebraska  and  Arizona. 

S.  nmbellifernm  Esch.  Mem.  Acad.  Petrop.  x,  281.  Tomentose-pu- 
bescent  and  cinereous  with  short  many-branched  hairs,  sometimes  glab- 
rate :  stems  erect  or  declined,  woody  below,  1-2  feet  long  from  a  perennial 


498  SOLANAOEvE  solanum 

PHYSALIS 

root:  flowering  branches  mostly  short  and  leafy:  leaves  commonly  oblong 
to  obovate,  obtuse,  rarely  ovate  and  acute,  entire,  half  inch  to  2  inches 
long,  more  or  less  acute  or  narrowed  at  base,  or  the  lower  and  larger  ones 
rounded,  on  short  petioles ;  flowers  in  short-peduncled  few-several -flowered 
umbels :  calyx-lobes  about  2  lines  long  in  flower,  ovate,  obtuse :  corolla  8-lQ 
lines  broad,  blue  to  white,  angulately  5-lobed,  widely  rotate:  anthers  ob- 
tuse, the  cells  opening  by  a  short  vertical  slit  at  the  apex,  which  extends 
downward  to  the  base :  berries  purple,  the  base  covered  by  the  appressed 
moderately  enlarged  calyx.     On  stony  hillsides,  southern  Oregon  to  Calif. 

S.  siSYMBRiFOLiUM  Lam.  Dunal  in  DC.  Prodr.  xiii,  49.  Villous-pu  - 
bescent  with  simple  more  or  less  glandular  and  viscid  hairs,  mixed  on  the 
leaves  with  some  few-rayed  stellate  ones ;  much  armed  even  to  the  calyx 
with  long  subulate  straight  prickles:  stem  stout,  2-3  feet  high,  branching: 
leaves  deeply  pinnatifid  and  the  oblong  lobes  sinuate  or  even  again  some- 
what pinnatifid :  flowers  several  or  numerous,  in  terminal  or  soon  lateral 
pedunculate  racemes;  lobes  of  the  5-parted  calyx  lanceolate,  becoming 
ovate-lanceolate  and  at  length  loosely  and  completely  or  incompletely  cov- 
ering the  globose  red  berry :  corolla  light  blue  or  white,  1-2  inches  broad, 
5-lobed:  anthers  lanceolate.    On  ballast  grounds  at  Portland  Oregon. 

2  PHYSALIS  L.  Gen.  n.  250.  (ground  cherry) 
Annual  or  perennial  herbs  with  entire  or  sinuately- toothed 
leaves  and  yellow  or  white  flowers  on  axillary  and  solitary  ped- 
uncles. Calyx  campanulate,  5-toothed,  in  fruit  enlarged  and 
bladderlj^-inflated,  membranaceous,  5-angled,  or  prominently  10- 
ribbed  and  reticulated,  wholly  inclosing  the  pulpy  berry,  its  teeth 
mostly  connivent.  Corolla  rotate  or  rotate-campanulate,  plicate  in 
the  bud,  5-angulate  or  obscurely  5-lobed.  Stamens  inserted  near 
the  base  of  the  corolla  :  anthers  oblong,  longer  than  their  filaments, 
not  connivent,  opening  by  a  longitudinal  slit.  Style  slender,  some- 
what bent ;  stigma  2-cleft.  Seeds  numerous,  kidney-shaped,  flat- 
tened, with  a  thin  edge,  finely  pitted. 

P.  ixocarpa  Brot.  Hornem.  Hofn.  Supp.  26.  A  little  hairy  or  pu- 
bescent when  young :  stem  erect,  much  branched,  1-2  feet  high  from  an 
annual  root :  leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  repand  or  sinuate-toothed  or  entire, 
1-2  inches  long  or  rarely  longer,  on  long  and  slender  petioles :  pedicels  only 
1-3  lines  long :  calyx-lobes  short,  broadly  triangular,  shorter  than  the  tube : 
corolla  bright  yellow  with  purple  throat;  6-12  lines  broad :  fruiting  calyx 
rounded-ovoid,  obscurely  10-angled,  often  purple-veined,  at  last  often  filled 
with  the  berry  which  sometimes  bursts  it.  Native  of  Mexico :  escaped 
from  cultivation  in  eastern  Washington. 

P.  prninosns  L.  Sp.  184.  Villous  or  pubescent  with  simple  viscid 
hairs :  stem  stout,  from  an  annual  root,  1-2  feet  high,  with  at  length  wide- 
ly spreading  branches, obtusely  angled:  leaves  firm, 2-5 inches  long,  ovate- 
cordate,  generally  very  oblique  at  the  base  and  deeply  sinuate-toothed 
with  broad  and  often  obtuse  teeth :  peduncles  1-2  lines  long,  in  fruit  about 
6  lines  long:  calyx  villous  or  viscid,  the  lobes  as  long  as  the  tube,  narrow- 
but  not  subulate-tipped:  corolla  2-5  lines  broad,  dull  yellow  with  purplish- 
brown  eye :  anthers  yellow  or  violet :  fruiting  calyx  12-18  lines  long,  ovoid, 
cordate  at  base,  reticulated ;  berry  yellow  or  green.  Eastern  Washington. 
Probably  introduced  from  the  Southern  States. 

P.  lauceolata  Michx.  Fl.  i,  149.  Sparingly  hirsute  with  flat  hairs : 
stems  at  first  erect,  later  spreading  or  diffuse,  only  slightly  angled,  about 
18  inches  long  from  a  slender  creeping  perennial  rootstock :  leaves  broadly 
oblanceolate  or  spatulate,  tapering  into  the  petiole,  acute  or  obtuse,  nearly 


DATURA  SOLANACEiE  499 

NICOTIAN  A 

alwaya  entire,  rarely  wavy  but  never  sinuately  toothed,  thickiah  :  pedun- 
cles 5-10  lines  long,  reflexed  in  fruit :  calyx  strigose-villous,  rarely  glabrous, 
its  lobes  triangular-lanceolate :  corolla  dull  yellow  with  a  brownish  centre, 
about  8  lines  broad :  fruiting  calyx  rounded  ovoid,  not  sunken  at  the  base, 
indistinctly  10-angled  :  berry  yellow  or  greenish.  On  dry  piairies,  Idaho 
and  eastward  to  Illinois  and  the  Carolinas. 

Tribe  2  Hyoscyamese  Endl.   Gen.  664.      Corolla  with  the  limb 
either  plicate  or  imbricate  in  the  bud.     Stamens  5,  all  perfect.     Fruit 
a  2-celled,  or  falsely  4-celled    capsule.     Seeds  flattened.     Embryo 
curved:  the  semiterete  cotyledons  not  broader  than  the  radicle, 
3    DATURA  L.  Gen.  n.  246. 

Herbs  shrubs  or  trees  with  alternate  leaves  and  large  white 
purple  or  violet  flowers  solitary  in  the  forks  of  the  stem  or  branch- 
es. Calyx  elongated-tubular  or  prismatic,  its  apex  5-cleft  or 
spathe-like  in  our  species  circumscissile  near  the  base.  Corolla 
funnelform  the  limb  plaited,  5-lobed.  Stamens  inserted  at  or 
below  the  middle  of  the  corolla-tube,  included  or  but  little  exsert- 
ed:  filaments  filiform.  Ovary  2-celled  or  falsely  4-celled:  style  fili- 
form :  stigma  slightly  2-lobed.  Capsule  4-valved  from  the  top  or 
bursting  irregularly. 

D.  STRAMONIUM  L.  Sp.  179.  Glabrous  or  the  young  parts  sparingly 
pubescent :  stem  stout,  1-5  feet  high  from  an  annual  root,  freely  branching  : 
leaves  thin  ovate  in  outline,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the.  apex,  mostly  nar- 
rowed at  the  base,  3-8  inches  long,  irregularly  sinuate-lobed,  the  lobes 
acute,  on  petioles  1-4  inches  long :  calyx  prismatic,  less  than  half  the  length 
of  the  corolla,  circumscissile  near  the  base :  corolla  white  3-4  inches  high, 
the  limb  l>^-2  inches  broad  :  capsule  erect,  thickly  armed  with  short  stout 
prickles,  the  lowest  ones  mostly  shortest.  In  fields  and  waste  places,  Brit. 
Columbia  to  California  and  across  the  Continent.    Introduced  from  Asia. 

Tribe  3  Cestrinese  Corolla  with  regular  limb  induplica.te-valvate 
or  induplicate-imbricate  in  the  bud.  Stamens  all  perfect.  Fruit 
either  baccate  or  capsular:  seeds  little  or  not  at  all  flattened.  Embryo 
either  straight  or  only  slightly  curved,  the  cotyledons  usually  broader 
than  the  radicle. 

4    NICOTIANA  Tourn.     L.  Gen.  n.  248. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  with  large  alternate  leaves  and  rath- 
er large  white,  yellow,  greenish  or  purplish  flowers  in  terminal, 
often  bracted  racemes  or  panicles.  Calyx  tubular-campanulate 
or  ovoid,  5-cleft,  persistent.  Corolla  funnelform  or  salverform, 
plicate  and  somewhat  imbricate  in  the  bud,  filaments  filiform, 
mostly  included,  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla  :  anthers  ovate 
or  oblong  often  explanate  after  dehiscence.  Ovary  normally  2- 
celled,  with  long  and  thick  placentae  bearing  very  numerous 
ovules  and  seeds.  Style  slender:  stigma  depressed-capitate  and 
often  2-lobed.  Fruit  a  capsule,  more  or  less  invested  by  the  calyx, 
septicidal  and  also  usually  loculicidal  at  summit,  the  valves  or 
teeth  thus  becoming  twice  as  many  as  cells.  Seeds  very  small, 
with  granulate  or  rugose-foveolate  testa.  Cotyledons  little  broader 
than  the  radicle.  Ours  all  annuals  with  white  or  greenish  flowers. 


500  SOLANACE^  nicotiana 

SCROPH  UL  ARI  AC  E  Ji: 

N.  attenuata  Torr.  Watson  Bot.  King  276,  t.  27  fig.  1-2,  More  or 
less  viscid-pubescent:  stem  rather  slender,  1-3  feet  high,  usually  strict  and 
simple  up  to  the  paniculate  inflorescence:  lower  leaves  ovate  or  oblong, 
2-4 inches  long;  the  upper  from  oblong-lanceolate  and  acuminate- attenuate 
to  linear;  all  on  slender  petioles:  inflorescence  loosely  paniculate,  naked 
above:  pedicels  short:  calyx-teeth  triangular-lanceolate  or  subulate,  with 
thin  edges,  almost  equal,  much  shorter  than  the  tube,  not  over  if^  lines 
long  and  not  surpassing  the  capsule:  corolla  dull  white  or  greenish,  glab- 
rous, slender-salverform,  the  tube  13^-2  inches  long,  the  obscurely  5-lobed 
or  angulate  limb  4-6  lines  in  diameter,  opening  only  at  night  and  usually 
closing  before  noon,  or  under  sunshine,  filaments  slender,  equally  inserted 
low  down  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla :  capsule  2-5  lines  long,  ovate,  acute, 
2-valved,  the  valves  bifid.  Along  streams,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California 
and  Nevada,  east  of  the  Cascade  Mountains. 

N.  Bigelovil  Watson  Bot.  King  276,  t.  27  fig.  3-4.  Soft-pubescent 
and  more  or  less  viscid  :  stem  stoutish,  erect,  i-3  feet  high :  lower  leaves 
broadly  lanceolate,  sessile  or  on  short  and  broad  petioles,  5-7  inches  long, 
obtuse  or  acutish,  the  upper  ones  generally  reduced  upward,  lanceolate 
and  more  or  less  attenuate  to  linear,  sessile  and  with  more  or  less  clasping 
base:  inflorescence  loose-racemiform,  with  all  the  upper  flowers  bractless: 
pedicels  short  and  rather  stout :  calyx- teeth  unequal,  linear- subulate,  about 
equalling  the  tube,  surpassing  the  capsule:  tube  of  the  corolla  1-2  inches 
long,  narrow,  with  a  gradually  expanded  throat;  the  limb  12-18  lines  in 
diameter,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  acute,  expanding  only  at  night  or  in  cloudy 
weather :  filaments  more  or  less  unequally  inserted  in  the  upper  part  of  the 
tube  of  the  corolla :  capsule  thin-walled,  obtuse,  4-6  lines  long,  2-celIed,  and 
4-valved  at  the  apex.  Dry  grounds,  Umpqua  Valley  Oregon  to  California 
and  Nevada. 

N,  qnadrivalvis  Pursh  Sims  Bot.  Mag.  t.  1778.  Viscid-pubescent: 
stem  stout,  1-2  feet  high,  branching  from  near  the  base:  leaves  oblong  or 
the  lowermost  ovate-lanceolate  and  the  uppermost  lanceolate  or  linear, 
acute  at  both  ends,  sessile  or  slender-petioled,  4-6  inches  long  including 
the  petiole:  flowers  rather  few,  on  short  slender  pedicels:  calyx-teeth 
linear,  about  equalling  the  4-celled  or  rarely  3-ceIled  globular  capsule: 
tube  of  the  corolla  barely  an  inch  long,  the  5'-lobed  limb  IK  inches  in  di- 
ameter, its  lobes  ovate  and  obtusish,  veiny:  filaments  unequally  inserted 
in  the  upper  part  of  the  tube  of  the  corolla.  Along  streams,  Oregon  and 
Washington.     Was  cultivated  by  the  Indians, 

Var.  multivalvis  Gray  Bot.  Cal.  i,  546.  Stouter  and  with  the  calyx 
corolla  and  stamens  5-8merous  and  capsule  several-celled,  sometimes  an 
inch  in  diameter.  Oregon.  Probably  an  abnormal  form  from  cultivation 
by  the  Indians. 

Order  LXVIII  SCROPHULARIACE^  Lindl.  Nat.  Syst.  288. 
RHINANTHACEJi: 

Herbs  shrubs  or  trees  with  alternate  or  opposite  leaves  with- 
out stipules  and  perfect  mostly  complete  and  irregular  flowers. 
Calyx  inferior,  persistent  4-5-toothed  or4-5-cleft.  or  sometimes 
split  on  one  or  both  sides,  the  lobes  or  segments  valvate-imbri- 
cate  or  distinct  in  the  bud.  Corolla  gamopetalous  the  limb  2- 
lipped  or  nearly  regular,  wanting  in  one  species  of  83^1  thy ris. 
Stamens  2.  4,  or  5,  didynamous  or  nearly  equal,  inserted  on  the 
corolla  and  alternate  with  its  lobes :  anthers  2-  celled,  the  cells 
equal  or  unequal  or  sometimes  confluently  one-celled*     Pistil 


SCROPHULARIACEJE  501 

one,  entire  or  2-lobed :  ovary  2-celled  or  rarely  1-celled,  with 
the  few-many-ovuled  placenta3  in  the  axis:  ovules  anatropous 
or  amphitropous.  Style  simple,  with  entire,  2-lobed  or  2-lam- 
ellate  stigma.  Fruit  mostly  capsular  and  septicidally  or  loculi- 
cidally  dehiscent.  Seeds  mostly  numerous  with  small  and 
straight  or  only  slightly  curved  embryo  in  fleshy  albumen. 
Cotyledons  little  if  at  all  broader  than  the  radicle. 

I  Inflorescence  simply  centripetal.  Corolla  hardly  if  at  all 
bilabiate  the  two  posterior  lobes  external  in  the  bud. 

'  Tribe  i  Corolla  rotate,  with  hardly  any  tube.  Anthers  con- 
fluently  1  celled,  (^Introduced  weeds). 

1  Vkrbascdm    Leaves  alternate :  Stamens  5,  all  with  anthers 

II  Leaves  mostly  opposite,  at  least  the  lower  ones.  Inflor- 
escence when  simple  centripetal,  when  compound  the  peduncles 
cymosely  few-several-flowered.  Upper  lip  or  lobes  of  the  corolla 
external  in  the  bud. 

Tribe  ii  Corolla  bilabiate  and  more  or  less  tubular:  the  base 
of  the  tube  gibbous  or  saccate  or  spurred  on  the  lower  side. 

2  Linaria    Corolla  with  a  spur  at  the  base : 

3  Antirrhinum    Corolla  merely  saccate  or  gibbous  at  base. 

Tribe  hi  Corolla  more  or  less  bilabiate  and  tubular,  not  sac- 
cate or  otherwise  produced  at  base  on  the  lower  side.  Antherif- 
erous  stamens  4  and  rudiment  of  the  fifth  commonl}^  present. 

*  Corolla  gibbous  or  saccate  on  the  upper  side  of  the  tube :  ovules 
and  seeds  few  or  solitary  in  the  cells. 

4  Collinsia    Corolla  declined,  deeply  bilabiate. 

5  Tonella    Corolla  little  declined,  obscurely  bilabiate. 

*  *    Corolla-tube  not  gibbous  above :  ovules  and  seeds  indefinitely 
numerous. 

■^     Sterile  filament  represented  by  a  scale  on  the  upper  side  of  the 
throat  of  the  corolla. 

•    Scrophalaria  Corolla  short ;  the  tube  ventricose  and  globular  or  oblong. 

■*-  ■*-     Sterile  filament  conspicuous  and  elongated. 

7  Chelone      Corolla    elongated-tubular :   seeds  surrounded  by  a  broad 

membranous  wing. 

8  Pentstemon    Corolla  elongated-tubular :  seeds  angulate,  not  winged. 

*  *  *    Corolla-tube  not  gibbous :  ovules  and  seeds  rather  numerous : 
inflorescence  simply  spicate. 

9  Chionophila    Corolla  tubular,  with  slightly  dilated  throat :  seeds  with 

a  loose  and  arilliform  outer  coat 

Tribe  iv  Corolla  from  bilabiate  to  almost  regular,  not  saccate 
or  otherwise  produced  at  base.  Antheriferous  stamens  2  or  4 : 
no  rudiment  of  the  fifth.  ' 


502  SCROPHULARIACE^ 

*  Calyx  prismatic  and  barely  5-toothed,  or  rarely  campanulate  and 
hardly  5-cleft:  corolla  more  or  less  bilabiate:  stamens  four. 

10  Dlplacus    Shrubby  perennials :  capsule  firm-coriaceous,  narrow  and 
closely  invested  by  the  calyx,  tardily  dehiscent  down  the  upper  suture. 

11  Ennanns    Low  annuals :  capsule  from  almost  bony  and  indehiscent  to 
membranaceous . 

12  Mimnlus    Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  capsule  membranceous  tardily 
separating  from  the  central  placentiferous  column. 

*  *  Calyx  5-parted  or  deeply  4-5-lobed :  antheriferous  stamens  only 
2,  the  posterior  pair,  the  anterior  pair  sterile  rudiments  or  wanting. 

18    Gratiola    Sterile  filaments  none,  or  short  and  entire, 

14    Ilysanthes    Sterile  filaments  present,  slender  and  forked. 

*  *  *  Calyx  and  corolla  both  5  lobed  and  nearly  regular :  antherif- 
erous stamens  4,  nearly  equal. 

16  Limosella    Small  plants  with  the  flowers  on  scapes. 

Ill  Leaves  various.  Lower  lip  or  lateral  lobes  of  the  co- 
rolla external  in  the  bud. 

Tribe  v  Corolla  usually  little  if  at  all  bilabiate,  the  lobes  all 
plain,  the  lateral  or  one  of  them  external  in  the  bud. 

*  Stamens  2,  distinct,  exserted ;  filaments  straight,  inserted  at  or 
below  the  sinuses  between  the  two  lateral  and  the  posterior  lobe.of 
the  corolla. 

10    Synthyris    Corolla  from  oblong  to  short-campanulate. 

17  Veronica    Corolla  from  rotate  with  very  short  tube  to  salverform, 

*  *  Stamens  4,  distinct,  not  exserted,  inserted  on  the  upper  side  of 
the  tube  of  the  corolla 

18  Digitalis    Corolla  tubular-funnelform,  somewhat  irregular. 

Tribe  vi  Corolla  manifestly  bilabiate,  the  upper  lip  erect  and 
concave  or  galeate,  entire  or  emarginate,  rarely  2-cleft,  the  lower 
3-cleft,  exterior  in  the  bud. 

*    Ovules  and  usually  the  seeds  numerous. 

■*-  Anther-cells  unequal  or  dissimilar,  the  outer  one^'affixed  by  its 
middle,  the  other  pendulous  from  Its  upper  end,  mostly  smaller,  some- 
times sterile. 

19  Castilleia    Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  much  longer  than  the  very  short 
and  3-toothed  lower  one. 

20  Orthocarpus    Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  scarcely  longer  and  usually 
narrower  than  the  inflated  l-S-saccate  lower  one. 

2 1  Adenostegia    Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  not  longer  nor  much  if  any 
narrower  than  the  3-crenulate  or  entire  lower  one. 

-*-  -•-     Anther-cells  equal,  parallel  and  alike  in  all  4  stamens. 

22  Pedlcnlaris    Calyx  split  anteriorly,  not  inflated  in  fruit. 

23  Rhinanthus    Calyx  4-toothed,  inflated  in  fruit. 

*  *    Ovules  only  two  in  each  cell,   one  sessile  and  ascending,  the 
other  laterally  attached. 


VEBBASCtJM  SCROPHULARIACE^  503 

24    Melainpyrnm    Annual  branching  herbs  with  opposite  leaves. 

Series  i  Pseud«)30Lane^  B.  &,  H.  Gen.  ii,  915.  Leaves  all 
alternate.  Inflorescence  centripetal.  Corolla  hardly  if  at  all  bi- 
labiate ;  the  two  posterior  lobes  external  in  the  bud.  All  five 
stamens  sometimes  present  and  perfect. 

Tribe  1  Verbascei^  Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  a;,  188.  Corolla  rotate 
with  hardly  any  tube.     Anthers  by  confluence  one-celled. 

1    VERBASCUM  L.  Sp.  177.     1753. 

Biennial,  or  rarely  perennial,  mostly  tall  and  erect  herbs  with 
alternate  leaves  and  rather  large  flowers  in  terminal  spikes,  ra- 
cemes or  panicles.  Calyx  deeply  5-cleft  or  5-parted.  Corolla  ro- 
tate, 5-lobed,  the  lobes  a  little  unequal,  the  upper  exterior  at  least 
in  the  bud.  Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  corolla,  une- 
qual, all  antheriferous  :  cells  of  the  anthers  confluent  into  one. 
Ovules  numerous.  Style  dilated  and  flattened  at  the  summit. 
Capsule  globose  to  o^^^long,  septicidally  2-valved,  many-seeded, 
the  valves  usually  2-cleft  at  the  apex      Seeds  not  winged. 

V.  Thapsus  L.  Pp.  177.  (Great  Mullien).  Densely  wooUv  through- 
out with  branched  hairs:  stem  stout,  erect,  simple  or  with  a  few  erect 
branches, 2-10  feet  high:  leaves  thick,  oblong  acute,  narrowed  at  the  base, 
dentate  or  denticulate,  4-12  inches  long,  the  radical  ones  on  margined  pet- 
ioles, the  cauline  sessile  with  decurrent  base  causing  the  stf-m  to  appear 
wing  angled :  flowers  yellow,  8-12  lines  broad,  sessile,  very  numerous  in 
dense  terminal  spikes:  stamens  unequal,  the  3  upper  shorter  with  white- 
hairy  filaments  and  short  anthers,  the  2  lower  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  with 
larger. anthers :  capsule  3  4  lines  high  slightly  longer  than  the  calyx,  many- 
seeded.  Roadsides  and  waste  places,  througiiout  Nort^  America.  Intro- 
duced from  Europe. 

V.  Blattaria  L.  Sp.  178  (Moth  Mullien).  Glabrous  or  sparingly 
glandular-pubescent:  stem  strictly  erect,  simple,  slender,  terete,  2-tj  feet 
high:  leaves  oblong  or  ovate  to  lanceolate,  dentate,  laciniate  or  pinnatifid, 
acute  or  acuminate,  the  lower  and  radical  ones  sessile  or  somewhat  petiol- 
ed4-12  inches  long,  seldom  present  at  flowering  time,  the  upper  ones  >^-2 
inches  long  sessile  by  a  truncate  or  cordate-clasping  base:  flowers  in  long 
loose  racemes :  pedicels  spreading  8-12  lines  long,  bracted  at  the  base :  corol- 
la yellow  or  white  with  brownish  marks  on  the  back,  10-12  lines  broad: 
filaments  all  pilose  with  violet  hairs  :  capsule  depressed  globose  3  lines  in 
diameter,  longer  than  the  calyx.  In  fields  and  waste  places  throughout 
the  United  States  and  Canada.     Naturalized  from  Europe. 

II  Antirrhinide^  Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  x,  188.  Leaves 
mostly  opposite,  at  least  the  lower  ones.  Inflorescence  when  sim- 
ple centripetal,  when  compounnd  the  peduncle  cymosely  few  to 
several-flowered.  Upper  lip  or  lobes  of  the  corolla  external  in  the 
bud,  with  a  few  and  irregular  exceptions.  Fertile  stamens  very 
seldom  more  than  four. 

Tribe  2  Antirrhineae  Bhav.  Monog.  Antirrh.  1833.  Inflores- 
cence simple  and  racemous,  or  thp.  flowers  solitary  and  axillary.  Co- 
rolla bilabiate  and  more  or  less  tubular:  the  bnse  af  the  t%be  gibbous 
or  saccate  or  spurred  on  the  lower  side,  and  the  lower  lip  often  with 


504  SCROPHULARIACE^  linaria 

ANTIRRHINUM 

a  'palate  at  the  throat.     Capsule  opening  by  irregular  perforations  or 
lacerate  chinks  not  by  normal  valves. 

2    LINARIA    Tourn.    Jusa.  Gen.  120    (Toad- flax.) 

Herbs,  or  some  exotic  species  shrubby,  with  alternate,  or  the 
lower  and  those  of  sterile  shoots  opposite,  leaves  and  yellow  white 
blue  or  purple  flowers  in  terminal  raceme?  or  spikes.  Caylx  5- 
parted,  the  segments  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Corolla  bilabiate, 
the  upper  lip  erect,  2-lobed,  outside  of  the  lower  one  in  the  bud, 
the  tube  spurred  at  the  base,  or  the  spur  rarely  wanting ;  lower 
lip  spreading,  3-lobed,  its  base  produced  into  a  palate  often  nearly 
closing  the  throat.  Stamens  4  didynamous,  not  exserted.  Cap- 
sule ovoid  or  globose,  opening  by  one  or  more  mostly  3-toothed 
pores  or  slits  below  the  summit.  Seeds  numerous.  Ours  are 
perennials  by  short  rootstocks. 

L.  VULGARIS  Mill,  Gard.  Diet.  ed.  8,  No.  1.  Pale  green  and  slightly 
glaucous:  stems  slender  erect,  very  leafy,  1-3 feet  high  from  short  perenni- 
al rootstock,  glabrous  or  Hparingly  glandular-pubescent  above:  leaves  linear, 
sessile,  entire,  acute  at  both  ends,  mostly  alternate  6-18  lines  long;  flowers 
densely  racemose,  light  yellow,  12-16  lines  long,  the  spur  of  the  erect  corolla 
somewhat  darker ;  the  palet  orange-colored  :  pedicels  2-4  lines  long  nearly 
erect:  calyx-segments  oblong,  acutish,  about  Ij^  lines  long  :  spur  subulate, 
nearly  as  long  as  the  body  of  the  corolla;  middle  lobe  of  the  lower  lip 
shorter  than  the  other  2:  capsule  ovoid  :  eeeds  rugose,  winged.  In  waste 
places.    Introduced  from  Europe. 

L.  Canadensis  Dumont  Bot.  Cult.  ii.  96.  Glabrous :  flowering  stems 
erect  or  ascending  very  slender  simple  or  branched  4-30  inches  high ;  the 
sterile  shoots  spreading  or  procumbent,  very  leafy  :  leaves  linear-oblong,  4- 
15  lines  long,  3^2~1  li^©  wide,  entire,  sessile;  those  of  the  sterile  shoots  often 
opposite :  flowers  blue,  3-4  lines  long,  in  long  slender  racemes  :  pedicels  3-4 
lines  long,  erect,  in  fruit  appressed  to  the  rachis,  minutely  bracted  at  the 
base ;  calyx-segments  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  about  as  long  as  the 
capEule:  spur  of  the  corolla  filiform,  curved,  as  long  as  the  tube  or  longer : 
palate  a  white  convex  2-ridged  projection :  capsule  opening  by  2  apical 
holes,  each  becoming  3-toothed :  seeds  angled,  wingless.  On  rocky  banks, 
Oregon  to  California  and  across  the  continent. 

3    ANTIRRHINUM  Tourn.    L.  Sp.  612. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  with  all  or  all  but  the  lower  leaves 
alternate,  and  rather  large  flowers  in  terminal  racemes  or  solitary 
in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves  or  bracts..  Calyx  5-parted,  the 
segments  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Corolla  irregular,  gibbous  or 
saccate,  but  not  spurred  at  the  base,  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  erect, 
2-lobed;  the  lower  spreading,  3-lobed,  its  base  produced  into  a 
palate  nearly  or  quite  closing  the  throat.  Stamens  4,  didynam- 
ous, included  ;  filaments  filiform,  or  dilated  at  the  summit.  Style 
filiform.  Capsule  ovoid  or  globose,  opening  by  chinks  or  pores 
below  the  summit.     Seeds  numerous,  not  winged. 

A,  leptalenm  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  vii,  373.  Viscid-villous :  stem 
erect  1-2  feet  high  from  an  annual  root  simple  or  branched :  leaves  linear- 
lanceolate  to  linear,  6-18  lines  long,  entire,  the  lower  ones  on  slender 
petioles,  the  uppermost  ones  smaller  and  sessile :  flowers  on  short  pedicels 


ANTiBRHiNUM  SOROPHULARIACEiE  505 

COLLINSIA 

in  the  axils  of  all  but  the  lowest :  calyx -lobes  subulate,  1-2  lines  long :  cor- 
olla 4-6  lines  long,  dull  purplish,  the  lips  nearly  as  long  as  the  tube,  the 
prominent  palate  nearly  closing  the  throat :  filaments  dilated  at  their  apex : 
style  rather  shorter  than  the  capsule,  thickened  below,  bent  forward,  indu- 
rated and  persistent:  capsule  about  equalling  the  calyx,  somewhat  oblique, 
the  cells  opening  by  1  or  2  holes:  seeds  rugose-pitted.  On  bare  hillsides, 
Cow  Creek  Mountains  Oregon  to  the  Sierra  Nevadas  in  California. 

A.  Eingii  Watson  Bot.  King  215  t.  21.  Nearly  glabrous  throughout 
or  puberulent  or  even  woolly  at  base:  stem  slender,  6-18  inches  high,  from 
an  annual  root,  simple  or  branched,  often  bearing  prehensile  branchlets 
above :  leaves  from  oblong  to  lanceolate  or  linear,  attenuate  to  a  short  peti- 
ole, 6-12  lines  long,  alternate  or  the  lower  ones  often  opposite:  pedicels  1-3 
lines  long:  calyx-segments  unequal,  the  posterior  one  oblong,  obtuse,  nearly 
equalling  the  corolla,  the  rest  oblong,  acute,  a  half  shorter:  corolla  dull 
white,  3-4  lines  long  the  upper  lip  2-  lobed :  capsule  globose,  1-2  lines  in 
diameter,  somewhat  oblique,  terminated  by  the  short  straight  and  very 
slender  style :  seeds  deeply  reticulated.  Eastern  Oregon  to  Nevada  and 
Utah. 

Trihe  3  Chelonex  Benth,  in  DC.  Prodr.  x.  188.  Herbs  with 
at  least  the  lower  leaves  opposite  and  normally  compound  inflorescence. 
Corolla  more  or  less  bilabiate  and  tubular,  not  saccate  or  otherwise 
produced  xit  base  anteriorly.  Antheriferous  stamens  4y  (ind  rudi- 
ment of  the  fifth  commonly  present.     Capsule  dehiscent  by  valves. 

4     COLLINSIA  Nutt.  Journ.  Acad.  Phil,  i,  190  t.  9.    1817. 

Low  annual  herbs  with  opposite  or  verticillate,  leaves  and  blue 
pink  or  variegated  flowers  verticillate  or  solitary  on  ebracteate 
simple  pedicels  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves.  Calyx  campan- 
ulate,  5-cleft.  Corolla  irregular,  gibbous  or  saccate  on  the  upper 
side:  the  tube  short  and  the  limb  deeply  bilabiate:  the  upper  lip 
2-cleft,  the  lobes  erect  or  recurved  ;  lower  lip  larger,  3-lobed  the 
lateral  lobes  spreading  or  drooping,  the  middle  one  condu plicate 
into  a  keel-like  sack  and  enclosing  the  4,  declined  stamens  and 
filiform  style.  Filaments  filiform,  the  lower  pair  inserted  higher 
on  the  corolla  than  the  others,  the  fifth  represented  by  a  gland  at 
the  base  ofthe  corolla  on  the  upper  side.  Anthers  round- re niform 
the  2  cells  confluent  into  one  at  the  apex.  Ovules  few  in  the 
cells.  Capsule  ovate  or  globose,  at  first  septicidal ;  the  valves 
soon  cleft  in  the  middle.  Seeds  amphitropous  and  peltate,  concave 
ventrally. 

*    Peduncles  deflexed  in  fruit :  seeds  terete  or  nearly  so,  not  margined. 

C.  grandiflora  Dougl.  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1107.  Glabrate  or  minu- 
tely pubescent :  stem  rather  weak,  6-12  inches  long  sparingly  branched  from 
the  base :  lower  leaves  orbicular  to  obovate  or  oblong,  on  slender  petioles, 
the  blade  4-6  lines  long,  often  coarsely  toothed ;  upper  ones  spatulate  or 
oblong  to  lanceolate  or  linear,  10-18  lines  long,  sessile  or  short-petioled, 
sparingly  and  obscurely  dentate,  usually  3  or  4  in  a  whorl:  peduncles  slen- 
der, in  fruit  an  inch  or  more  long  and  refiexed,  usually  only  2  or  4,  ofteh 
only  one  and  opposite  a  branch :  calyx-lobes  lanceolate-subulate,  about  two 
lines  long,  longer  than  the  campanulate  tube,  very  acute:  corolla  about  6 
lines  long,  strongly  declined,  the  throat  a  little  longer  than  the  lobes,  sac- 
cate, nearly  white,  as  broad  as  long ;  upper  lip  light  blue,  middle  lobe  of 


506  SCROPHULAKIACEtE  colunsia 

the  lower  lip  purple,  the  others  dark  blue :  gland  very  small,  slightly  stip- 
itate :  seeds  not  wing-marg  ned.  On  gravelly  banks  and  open  places  along 
the  Columbia  and  Willamette  rivers  in  Oregon  and  Washington. 

C.  parviflora  Dougl.  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1802.  Glabrous  or  minutely 
puberulent:  stem  slender  and  weak  2-20  inches  long,  branching  from  near 
the  base;  the  branches  weak  and  straggling:  leaves  oblong  to  lanceolate, 
6-12  lines  long  the  lower  ones  opposite  and  rather  long  petioled  ;  the  upper 
ones  in  whorls  of  3-5  and  sessile  or  nearly  so,  all  entire  or  sparsely  toothed  : 
peduncles  solitary,  or  above  3-5  in  the  whorls,  6-18  lines  long  reflexed  in 
fruit:  calyx-lobes  triangular-subulate,  very  acute,  a  line  or  more  long:  co- 
rolla blue  and  white,  3-4  lines  long,  the  throat  about  as  long  as  the  lips,  not 
very  strongly  saccate :  gland  small,  capitate,  short-stipitate :  capsule  globose, 
a  little  shorter  than  the  calyx :  seeds  thickish,  not  margined.  Common 
in  moist  places,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California,  Arizona  and  Michigan. 

C.  Torreyi  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  vii,  378.  Viscid-glandular:  stem 
slender,  2-4  inches  high,  divergently  branched:  leaves  thickish,  the  lower 
ones  orbicular  to  oblong,  the  blade  4-6  lines  long,  on  petioles  as  long  as 
the  blade :  upper  ones  oblong  to  linear,  8-12  lines  long,  short-petioled ;  the 
uppermost  ones  reduced  to  subulate  bracts:  flowers  numerous,  on  slender 
peduncles  6-8  lines  long:  calyx  about  2  lines  long,  cleft  to  the  middle,  the 
lobes  broadlv  subulate  and  acute:  corolla  blue  and  white;  the  lips  as  long 
as  the  tube  and  strongly  saccate  throat:  peduncles  reflexed  in  fruit:  cap- 
sule ovoid,  about  equalling  the  calyx:  seeds  oblong,  nearly  terete.  In 
open  places  in  the  higher  parts  of  the  Siskiyou  and  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains. 

*  *  Peduncles  erect  in  fruit:  seeds  meniscoidal,  acute-margined. 
C.  mnltiflora.  Scurfy-puberulent :  stem  erect,  with  rather  numerous 
ascending  or  spreading  branches,  6-12  inches  high :  lower  leaves  obovate 
to  spatulate,  petioled;  those  of  the  middle  of  the  stem  and  branches  linear- 
oblong,  sessile,  12-18  lines  long;  the  uppermost  ones  reduced  to  small 
linear- lanceolate  or  almost  filiform  bracts :  flowers  only  in  the  upper  axils, 
very  numerous,  in  dense  whorls:  peduncles  filiform,  4-10  lines  long,  erect 
in  frnit:  calyx-lobes  triangular  subulate,  very  acute,  about  2  lines  long, 
nearly  thrice  as  long  as  the  campanulate  tube:  corolla  about  6  lines  long, 
the  throat  saccate  at  base,  light  blue;  the  lips  blue  and  white,  In  damp 
places,  Willamette  Valley,  Oregon. 

C.  pnsilla.  C.  grandiflora  var.  pusilla  Gray.  Stem  2-6  inches  high, 
sparingly  branched  below :  lower  leaves  orbicular  to  obovate  or  spatnlate, 
petioled,  entire  or  coarsely  toothed ;  upper  ones  oblong,  6-12  lines  long, 
sessile :  flowers  numerous,  in  t^>e  upper  axils  only;  peduncles  4-6  lines  long  : 
calyx-lobes  acuminate-triangular,  longer  than  the  tube :  corolla  3-4  lines 
long,  blue  and  violet,  the  throat  saccate  and  as  broad  as  long.  In  open 
places,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California,  west  of  the  Cascade  Mountains. 

C.  sparsiflora  F.  &  M.  Ind.  Sem.  Petrop.  ii,  33,  1835.  Glabrous 
throughout :  stem  slender,  simple  or  sparingly  branched  from  the  base,  4-10 
inches  high  :  lower  leaves  orbicular  to  oblong,  petioled ;  upper  ones  oblong 
to  lanceolate,  sessile,  4-8  lines  long,  all  opposite  and  more  or  less  toothed 
or  entire:  peduncles  usually  solitary,  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves,  6-12 
lines  long,  erect  in  fruit:  calyx-lobes  linear,  acute,  slightly  unequal,  longer 
than  the  capsule:  corolla  4-6  lines  loi'g,  violet,  the  saccate  throat  very 
oblique  but  not  transverse;  lower  lip  but  little  if  any  longer  than  the  up- 
per: filaments  hirsute  below:  gland  sessile,  elongated-subulate:  seeds 
acute-margined  or  narrowly  winged.  In  moist  or  wet  rocky  places,  Ore- 
gon to  California* 

C.  glandnlosa.  Glandular-puberulent  above ;  somewhat  cinereous  be- 
low: stem  stoutish,  erect,  j-paringly  branched  above,  6-10  inches  high: 
lowest  pair  of  leaves  spatulate,  6-8  lines  long,  short  petioled;  upper  onee 


coLLiNsiA  SCROPHULARIAOE^  507 

TONELLA 

linear  or  narrower,  1-2  inches  long,  coarsely  toothed  or  subpinnatifid  to 
entire,  only  the  uppermost  in  whorls  of  3-4 :  peduncles  6-8  lines  long,  erect, 
usually  solitary:  calyx  about  3  lines  long,  cleft  to  the  middle;  the  lobes 
triangular,  obtusish:  corolla  4-5  lines  long,  violet;  the  lips  about  2  lines 
long:  capsule  ovoid,  hardly  as  long  as  the  calyx:  seeds  narrowly  winged. 
In  wet  places  about  Cold  Camp,  eastern  Oregon. 

C.  Rattani  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xx,  50.  Somewhat  cinereous  with 
a  very  minute  pubescence  below,  glandular  above :  stem  slender,  strictly 
erect,  6-18  inches  high,  sparingly  branched  above :  lower  leaves  spatulate, 
the  blade  4-6  lines  long,  slender" petioled ;  upper  ones  linear  to  almost  fili- 
form ,  sessile  by  a  broad  base,  entire,  opposite  or  in  whorls  of  3-6, 1-2  inches 
long :  pedicels  about  6  lines  long,  erect,  solitary  or  3-6  in  the  upper  whorls ; 
calyx-lobes  broadly  lanceolate  rather  obtuse,  about  as  long  as  the  tube : 
corolla  3-4  lines  long,  violet  and  white,  but  little  declined  ;  the  lips  only  a 
line  or  two  long,  the  upper  one  with  a  double  callosity:  gland  subulate; 
ovules  only  2  in  each  cell :  capsule  globular,  equalling  the  calyx ;  seeds 
meniscoidal,  slightly  wing-margined.  On  dry  open  hillsides,  Washington 
to  California. 

C.  linearis  Gray  1.  c.  Minutely  puberulent :  stem  slender,  6-12  inches 
high,paniculately  branched  above:  leaves  all  linear,  1-3  inches  long,  those 
of  the  inflorescence  reduced  to  filiform  bracts;  all  entire  or  the  lowest  ones 
obscurely  dentate :  pedicels  slender,  erect,  4-6  lines  long :  calyx  less  than 
3  lines  long,  cleft  to  below  the  middle,  the  lobes  triangular-lanceolate,  acute  : 
corolla  much  declined,  gibbous- saccate,  6-8  lines  long,  the  light  blue  and 
white  lips  longer  than  the  tube  and  throat ;  upper  lip  with  a  2-lobed  callus : 
gland  filiform-subulate :  ovules  3  in  each  cell :  seeds  very  slightly  margined. 
In  dry  open  places,  southern  Oregon  to  California. 

5    TONELLA  Nutt.    Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  vii,  378. 

Small  annual  herbs  with  opposite  leaves  and  small  flowers  on 
filiform  axillary  naked  peduncles.  Calyx  campanulate,  5-lobed, 
persistent.  Corolla  little  declined,  obscurely  bilabiate,  the  5  more 
or  less  unequal  lobes  somewhat  rotately  spreading,  the  lower  not 
enclosing  the  soon  ascending  stamens  :  the  tube  slightly  gibbous 
posteriorly.  Filaments  filiform  the  lower  pair  inserted  on  the 
corolla-tube.  Ovules  and  seeds  1  or  2  in  each  cell.  Capsule  sub- 
globose,  septicidally  dehiscent.  Seeds  ovate,  convex  on  the  back; 
the  ventral  face  concave. 

T.  collinsioides  Nutt.  Mss.  T.  tenella  Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  x,  293. 
Nearly  glabrous :  stem  weak  and  filiform,  diffusely  branched  from  the  base, 
6-12  inches  long :  lower  leaves  round  or  reniform  in  outline  more^or  less 
deeply  3-5-lobed  or  trifoliolate,  on  slender  petioles  longer  than  the  blade, 
the  others  short-petioled  or  sessile,  ovate  to  lanceolate,  coarsely  toothed 
to  entire,  many  of  them  3-parted  or  else  quite  divided  into  oblong  or  lan- 
ceolate divisions  or  leaflets;  the  uppermost  in  whorls  of  three,  simple'and 
shorter  than  the  long  filiform  pedicles :  corolla  blue,  a  line  long,  its  5  lobes 
of  equal  length,  the  lower  one  transversly  oval  or  roundish  very  much 
larger  than  the  oblong  lateral  and  upper  ones  and  separated  from  them^by 
deeper  sinuses :  ovules  solitary  in  the  cells :  capsule  globose,  longer  than 
the  calyx.     Common  in  shady  places,  Krit.  Columbia  to  California. 

T.  floribunda  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  vii,  378.  Glabrous  through- 
out :  stem  stout  erect,  3-20  inches  high,  paniculately  branched :  lower  leaves 
ovate  mostly  simple,  on  slender  petioles  ;  most  of  the  cauline  3-5-foliolate, 
the  leaflets  lanceolate  to  linear,  1-2 inches  long:  whorls  numerous,  in  loose 
elongated  racemes  each  of  3-10  flowers :   calyx  2  lines  long  its  subulate 


508  SCROPHULARIACE^  scrophularia 

CHELONE 

lobes  longer  than  the  tube,  acute,  minutely  serrulate :  corolla  rotate,  3-4 
lines  broad,  much  exceeding  the  calyx,  blue  and  white,  the  three  lobes  of 
the  lower  lip  obovate  and  nearly  alike,  smaller  than  those  of  the  2- cleft 
upper  lip:  ovules  and  seeds  3  or  4  in  each  cell.  In  copses,  eastern  Wash- 
ington to  Idaho  and  Oregon. 

6  SCROPHULARIA  Tourn.  L.  Sp.  619. 

Coarse  perennial  herbs,  some  exotic  species  shrubby,  with  most- 
ly opposite  leaves  and  small  purple,  greenish  or  yellow  flowers  in 
terminal  panicled  cj'mes.  Calyx  5-parted  or  5-cleft,  the  lobes 
mostly  obtuse,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Corolla  irregular,  the 
tube  globose  to  oblong,  not  gibbous  nor  spurred  at  the  base ;  the 
limb  5-lobed,  four  of  them  erect,  the  fifth  or  anterior  one  shortest 
and  reflexed  or  spreading:  the  upper  pair  largest  and  external  in 
the  bud.  Anthers  5,  four  of  them  antheriferous  and  declined, 
mostly  included:  cells  of  the  anthers  confluent  at  the  apex  into 
one  :Ithe  fifth  stamen  reduced  to  a  scale  on  the  upper  side  of  the 
corolla-tube.  Style  filiform,  with  capitate  or  truncate  stigma. 
Capsule  ovoid  septicidally  dehiscent.  Seeds  numerous,  rugose, 
not  winged. 

S.  Californica  Cham.  Linn,  ii,  585.  Minutely  puberulent  and  the 
inflorescence  glandular :  stems  stout,  2-4  feet  high  simple :  leaves  oblong- 
ovate  with  truncate  or  cordate  base  and  acute  or  acuminate  apex,  or  the 
upper  narrowly  deltoid,  coarsely  doubly  serrate,  or  sometimes  laciniate- 
incised,  2-4  inches  long,  the  lower  ones  smaller  and  sometimes  with  a  pair 
of  detached  lobelets  near  the  summit  of  the  petiole :  thyrsus  very  loose  and 
often  few-flowered,  mainly  naked :  pedicels  slender,  8-20  lines  long :  calyx 
cleft  nearly  to  the  base,  the  ovate  lobes  1-2  lines  long,  corolla  greenish- 
purple,  its  ovoid  tube  3-4  lines  long,  the  limb  short :  rudiment  of  the  fifth 
stamen  spatulate  or  cuneiform  either  roundish  or  acutish  at  base :  capsule 
ovoid  3-4  lines  in  diameter.  Moist  grounds.  Siskiyou  Mountains  of  Oregon 
to  California  and  Nevada 

S.  occidentalis  Bicknell  Bull.  Torr.  Bot  Club  xxiii,  315.  S.  nodosa 
var.  occidentalis  Rydh.  More  or  less  soft-pubescent  and  glandular :  stems 
stout,  3-5  feet  high:  leaves  ovate  or  slightly  cordate  at  base,  acute  or  acu- 
minate, 2-8  inches  long,  doubly  and  sharply  serrate  or  incised,  often  with 
fascicles  of  smaller  leaves  in  their  axils:  thyrsus  with  short  branches: 
flowers  numerous :  calyx-segments  rounded-elliptical,  obtuse,  slightly  mar- 
gined: sterile  filament  very  broad,  reniform,  stipitate.  In  alluvial  soil, 
Oregon  and  Washington  to  Dakota. 

S.  Marylandica  L.  Sp.  619  ?.  Glabrous  below,  somewhat  glandular- 
puberulent  above:  stems  slender,  erect,  3-10  feet  high,  usually  with  widely 
spreading  branches:  leaves  membranaceous,  slender-petioled,  ovate  or 
ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  sharply  serrate,  narrowed  trun- 
cate or  subcordate  at  base,  3-12  inches  long:  flowers  greenish-purple,  3-4 
lines  long,  very  numerous  in  the  nearly  leafless  thyrsus :  pedicels  slender, 
ascending,  4-12  lines  long:  calyx-lobes  broadly  ovate,  obtuse,  about  the 
length  of  the  tube :  corolla  green  and  dull  outside,  brownish-purple  and 
shining  within,  little  contracted  at  the  throat,  the  2  lateral  lobes  slightly 
spreading;  the  upper  lip  erect,  its  lobes  short  and  rounded :  sterile  filament 
dull  purple :  capsule  subglobose  with  a  slender  tip.  In  woods  and  thickets, 
Oregon  and  Washington  to  the  Eastern  States. 

7  CHELONE  L.  Sp.  611.     (1753.) 

Perennial  herbs  with  opposite  leaves  and  large  white  red  or 


CHELONE  SCROPHTJLARIACE^  60d 

PENTSTEMON 

purple  flowers  in  dense  terminal  and  axillary  spikes  or  thyrsoid 
panicles.  Calyx  5-parted,  bracted  at  the  base,  the  segments  ovate 
or  lanceolate..  Corolla  irregular,  the  tube  elongated,  enlarged 
above,  the  limb  bilabiate  :  upper  lip  concave,  emargin ate  or  entire, 
exterior  in  the  bud :  lower  lip  spreading,  3-lobed.  Stamens  5, 
included,  4  of  them  antheriferous,  didynamous,  the  fifth  sterile 
and  smaller:  filaments  slender:  anthers  cordate,  woolly.  Style 
filiform:  stigma  small,  capitate.  Capsule  ovoid,  septicidally  de- 
hiscent.    Seeds  numerous,  compressed,  winged. 

C.  neniorosa  Dougl.  Lindl  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1211.  Glabrous  except  the 
inflorescence  which  is  glandular-pubescent:  stems  1-4  feet  high,  usually 
simple :  leaves  ovate  to  lanceolate,  2-4  inches  long,  irregularly  serrate, 
acute  or  acuminate,  often  subcordate,  on  very  short  petioles :  flowers  pedi- 
celled,  in  a  loose  terminal  panicle:  bracts  and  sepals  pubescent,  lanceolate, 
acuminate,  the  latter  3-4  lines  long :  no  bractlets  under  the  calyx  :  corolla 
violet-purple,  12-16  lines  long,  with  wide  open  mouth,  very  short  2-cleft 
and  not  at  all  fornicate  upper  lip  and  3-lobed  spreading  lower  one,  the 
lobes  broad  and  rounded,  the  ample  throat  glabrous:  antheriferous  fila- 
ments glabrous,  the  sterile  one  slender-subulate  and  bearded  on  the  upper 
side  near  the  apex :  anthers  densely  woolly :  capsule  ovoid,  half  inch  long 
or  more.  On  rocky  banks  along  mountain  streams,  Brit.  Columbia  to 
California. 

8    PENTSTEMON  Soland.  in  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  iii,  511.     (1789.) 

Perennial  herbs  with  opposite  leaves  and  purple,  blue  white, 
red  or  yellow  flowers  in  terminal  thyrses  panicles  or  racemes. 
Calyx  5-parted,  the  segments  imbricated.  Corolla  irregular,  with 
ample  throat,  not  gibbous  anteriorly,  and  bilabiate  limb:  the 
upper  lip  2-lobed ;  the  lower  one  3-lobed.  Stamens  5,  not  exsert- 
ed,  4  of  them  antheriferous  and  didynamous,  the  other  sterile  and 
as  long  as  or  shorter  than  the  others.  Anther-cells  either  united 
or  confluent  at  the  apex.  Style  filiform,  with  small  entire  stigma. 
Seeds  numerous,  angled  but  not  winged. 

§  1  EuPENTSTEMON  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  vi,  57.  Anther- 
cells  soon  divaricate  or  divergent,  united  and  often  confluent  at 
the  apex,  dehiscent  for  nearly  or  quite  their  whole  length. 

*    Low  and  suffruticose  with  coriaceous  leaves :  anthers  densely 
woolly  with  long  soft  hairs,  at  length  peltately  explanate. 

P.  LewMi  Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  x,  321.  (1846.)  P.  Menziesii  Gray 
in  part,  Oerardia  fruticosa  Pursh.  Fl.  423  (1814.)  Glabrous  or  more  or 
less  cinereous :  a  tufted  shrub  1-2  feet  high  with  lateral  leafy  branches,  the 
central  ones  bearing  peduncled  racemes :  leaves  thick,  ovate  or  obovate  to 
oblong,  6-12  lines  long,  serrate,  the  lower  short-petioled :  inflorescence  ra- 
cemes; the  peduncles  almost  all  1-flowered :  sepals  lanceolate,  of  ten -acu- 
minate:  corolla  lilac-purple,  an  inch  or  more  long,  tubular- funnelform  and 
moderately  bilabiate :  stamens  rather  deeply  included :  sterile  fllament 
long  and  glabrous.  Arid  mountain  tops,  eastern  Washington  to  Brit. 
Columbia  and  Montana. 

P.  Menziesii  Hook.  Fl.  ii,  98.  Glabrous  or  more  or  less  pubescent: 
a  low  densely  matted  prostrate  shrub  with  lateral  leafy  branches,  part  of 
which  bear  erect  flowering  shoots  2-6  inches  high  :  leaves  thick,  3-10  lines 


510  SCROPHULARIACE^  pentstemon 

long,  obovate,  more  or  less  dentate,  most  of  them  petioled :  flowering  stems 
1-6  inches  long,  bearing  several  pairs  of  orbicular  or  oblong  leaf-like  bracts : 
pedicels  slender:  sepals  lanceolate,  acute,  about  4  lines  long :  corolla  purple, 
tubular-funnelform,  an  inch  or  more  long,  moderately  bilalnate;  the  lower 
lip  bearded  within :  stamens  included :  sterile  filament  densely  bearded. 
On  rocks  and  volcanic  sands,  Brit,  Columbia  to  California. 

P.  Davidsonii  Greene  Pitt,  ii,  241  A  low  semiherbaceous  under- 
shrub,  the  proper  stems  horizontal  and  rooting  at  the  joints,  usually  intri- 
cately branched  :  flowerinng,  and  ascending  sterile  stems  1-3  inches  long, 
very  leafy :  leaves  fleshy,  from  oblong  or  obovate  to  orbicular,  entire,  3-6 
lines  long,  short-petioled,  glabrous  both  sides;  peduncles  leafy -bracted, 
glandular-hairy,  1-4-flowered :  sepals  ovate  to  lanceolate,  often  acuminate, 
3-4  lines  long :  corolla  an  inch  long,  lilac-purple,  ventricose  from  the  tips 
of  the  sepals,  the  lobes  rather  short  and  not  very  unequal;  the  lower  lip 
woolly  within  :  sterile  filament  less  than  half  as  long  as  the  others,  strongly 
bearded  at  and  near  the  apex.  On  the  highest  peaks  of  the  Cascade  and 
and  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains. 

V,  LyalUi  Gray  Syn.  Fl.  Supp.  440.  Puberulent  or  nearly  glabrous 
up  to  the  racemiform  inflorescence :  flowering  stems  2  feet  high,  herbace- 
ous (the  base  unknown) :  leaves  elongated-linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  3-5 
inches  long,  2-4  lines  wide,  sparingly  serrulate :  sepals  linear-lanceolate 
and  attenuate-ac  uminate :  corolla  purple,  inch  and  a  half  long :  sterile 
filament  glabrous.  On  cliffs  of  Lake  Pend  d'Oreille  Idaho  to  Montana  and 
Brit.  Columbia. 

P.  mpicola.  P.  Newberryi  var.  rupicola  Piper  Bull.  Torr.  Club  xxvii, 
S97.  A  much  branched  densely  cespitose  decumbent  shrub,  3-4  inches 
high :  pilose-puberulent  below,  the  inflorescence  glandular-viscid :  leaves 
ovate  or  orbicular,  more  or  less  dentate,  glaucous  with  a  persistent  bloom, 
thick,  not  turning  black  in  drying,  3-5  lines  long :  flowers  3-6,  in  a  rather 
close  corymb:  sepals  ovate,  acute,  ciliate-glandular,  about  3  lines  long : 
corolla  about  inch  and  a  half  long,  bright  rose-crimson,  naked  in  the  throat, 
decidedly  ventricose,  somewhat  bilabiate,  the  lobes  oblong,  obtuse :  sterile 
filament  short  and  glabrous.     Dry  cliffs.  Mount  Rainier  Washington. 

P.  Bouglasii  Hook.  Fl.  ii,  98.  Stems  woody  and  much  branched  at 
base,  4-8  inches  long,  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  or  ovate-oblong,  6-18  lines 
long,  entire:  inflorescence  glandular- pubescent,  racemose,  the  pedicels  al- 
most all  1-flowered,  usually  1-2-bracteolate :  sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  atten- 
uate-acuminate: corolla  lilac-purple  with  pink  base,  an  inch  or  more  long, 
tubular-funnelform  and  moderately  bilabiate :  sterile  filament  short  and 
slender.    On  rocks,  interior  of  Oregon  and  Washington. 

P.  Scouleri  Dougl.  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1377,  Stems  woody  and  much 
^branched  at  base,  6-12  inches  long :  leaves  lanceolate  to  linear-lanceolate, 
acute,  1-3  inches  long,  sparingly  and  acutely  serrulate:  inflorescence 
viscid-pubescent,  racemose,  the  pedicels  almost  always  all  1-flowered :  sepals 
ovate-lanceolate  or  narrower,  attenuate-acuminate,  corolla  one  and  a  naif 
inches  long,  violet-purple,  tubular-funnelform  and  moderately  bilabiate: 
sterile  filament  short  and  slender.  On  rocks  and  mountain  tops,  interior 
of  Oregon  and  Washington. 

P.    Cardwellii.     Glabrous  throughout  or  the  inflorescence  minutely 

fmberulent :  stems  woody  at  base,  declined  or  ascending,  6-10  inches  long : 
eaves  thick,  not  shining,  lanceolate  to  ovate,  6-12  lines  long,  incisely  ser- 
rate, all  narrowed  at  base :  peduncles  mostly  1-flowered  and  2-bracteolate : 
sepals  narrow- lanceolate,  4-5  lines  long,  longer  than  the  tube  of  the  corolla, 
obtuse  :  corolla  purple,  1-1)4  inches  long,  tubular-funnelform,  with  short 
tube,  ample  throat  and  moderately  bilabiate  limb;  the  throat  woolly  with- 
in on  the  lower  side ;  upper  lip  of  2  rounded  lobes,   the  lower  of  3  oblong 


PENTSTEMON  SOROPHULARIACEiE  511 

ones,  the  middle  one  longest:  sterile  filament  short  and  slender,  sparingly 
bearded.  On  dry  gravelly  plains  in  the  Cascade  Mountains  near  the  base 
of  Mount  Hood  Oregon. 

P.  Adamsianas.  Glabrous  except  the  inflorescence :  stems  shrubby 
and  much  branched  at  base,  4-10  inches  high,  the  numerous  short  branch- 
es densely  leafy :  leaves  thick,  dark  green,  very  smooth  and  ghining,  oblong 
or  lanceolate  to  obovate,  6-18  lines  long,  entire  or  sparsely  and  sharply 
serrate  above  the  middle,  attenuate  below  to  a  short  and  broad  petiole,  or 
those  of  the  flowering  stems  sessile :  inflorescence  racemose,  glandular  with 
small  stipitate  glands :  peduncles  mostly  1-flowered,  2-6  lines  long :  sepali 
broadly  ovate,  acuminate,  about  2  lines  long :  corolla  less  than  an  inch 
long,  dark  purple,  tubular-funnelform,  with  broad  tube  longer  than  the 
calyx,  ample  throat  nearly  as  broad  as  long,  and  strongly  bilabiate  limb, 
the  lower  lip  woolly  at  base:  sterile  filament  shorter  than  the  others, 
bearded  ou  the  upper  side  nearly  its  whole  length.  On  dry  ridges  of  Mount 
Adams  Washington. 

P.  BarrettsB  Gray  Syn.  Fl.  Supp.  440.  Glabrous  throughout  and 
very  glaucous :  stems  stout  and  shrubby,  about  a  foot  high  densely  branch- 
ed below :  leaves  ovate  to  oblong  or  lanceolate,  1-3  inches  long  very  thick 
and  leathery  flowering  branches  or  peduncles  short,  leafy  up  to  the  inflor- 
escence :  peduncles  short.often  2- flowered:  sepals  oblong,more  or  less  abrup- 
tly acuminate,  2  lines  long, scarious-coriaceous :  corolla  lilac- purple,  1}4  inc- 
hes long,  tubular-funnelform,  with  broad  tube  longer  than  the  calyx,  com- 
paratively narrow  throat  and  sttongly  bilabiate  limb,  woolly  on  the  lower 
side  within :  sterile  filament  as  long  as  the  others,  not  bearded.  On  a  bare 
rocky  ridge  above  Hood  River  Oregon. 

*  *  Herbs  with  simple  stems  and  closely  sessile  mostly  very  glab- 
rous entire  cauline  leaves :  inflorescence  never  glandular- pubescent  or 
viscid :  flowers  showy :  corolla  blue  or  violet,  ventricose-ampliate  above : 
the  lobes  of  the  moderately  or  slightly  bilabiate  roundish  and  equally 
spreading:  anthers  with  the  diverging  or  divaricate  and  distinct  cells 
dehiscent  from  the  base  nearly  or  quite  to  but  not  confluently  through 
the  apex,  not  peltately  explanate  after  dehiscence,  either  glabrous, 
pilose  or  long-pilose. 

P.  glaber  Pursh  Fl.  728.  Glabrous  and  glaucous  or  glaucescent: 
stem  stout,  1-2  feet  high:  leaves  obovate  tospatulate,  narrowed  below  into 
petioles,  including  the  petiole  2-4  inches  long;  upper  ones  lanceolate  to 
oblong  or  linear :  thyrsus  narrow,  more  or  less  secund,  densely  many-flow- 
ered; peduncles  and  pedicels  short,  commonly  very  short:  sepals  from 
orbicular-ovate  and  merely  acute  to  ovate-lanceolate  or  strongly  acuminate 
from  a  broad  base,  commonly  with  erose  edges ;  corolla  1-1)^  inches  long, 
bright  blue  to  violet-purple,  rather  abruptly  expanded  above  the  calyx : 
anthers  from  glabrous  to  sparsely  hirsute, '  the  cells'dehiscent  to  or  very 
near  the  apex :  sterile  filament  shorter  than  the  others  and  more  or  leas 
bearded.  On  dry  ridges,  eastern  Washington  to  California,  S.  Dakota  and 
Arizona. 

*  *  *  Herbs,  sometimes  suffrutescent  at  base,  with  simple  stems 
and  mostly  sessile  cauline  leaves:  anthers  glabrous,  dehiscent  from 
base  to  apex  and  through  the  junction  of  the  2  cells,  open  after  dehis- 
cence commonly  completely  1-celled. 

P.  Dayanus.  Glabrous  below,  pubescent  above :  stems  rather  slender, 
6-18  inches  high :  lower  leaves  obovate  to  lanceolate  or  linear,  laciniately 
toothed  or  entire,  narrowed  below  to  slender  petioles  as  long  or  longer  than 
the  blades,  including  the  petioles  2-4  inches  long;  cauline  linear-lanceolate 
to  linear,  gradually  reduced  upward  to  email  bracts,  all  but  the  lowermost 
sessile  and  more  or  less  clasping  by  a  broad  base,  lanceolate  oi  broader, 


512  SCROPHULARIACE^  pentstemov 

mostly  entire:  thyrsus  interrupted,  leafy  below,  the  clusters  several-flower- 
ed: peduncles  and  peHicels  short:  sepals  lanceolate,  gradually  acuminate, 
very  acute,  about  3  lines  long,  conspicuously  ciliale:  corolla  blue  or  purple, 
8-10  lines  long,  funnelform,  with  a  broad  tube  longer  than  the  calyx,  and 
abruptly  enlarged  throat,  the  lower  lip  bearded  at  base :  sterile  filament  as 
long  as'  the  others,  bearded  with  yellowish  hairs.  Hillsides  and  plains. 
Muddy  Station.  John  Day  Valley  Oregon. 

P.  acuminatns  Dougl.  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1285.  Glabrous  and  more 
or  less  glaucous:  stems  stout,  6-  20  inches  high:  leaves  coriaceous,  some- 
what cartilaginous-margined,  entire;  radical  and  lowest  cauline  obovate 
or  oblong,  petioled ;  middle  cauline  lanceolate,  2-3  inches  long;  those  sub- 
tending the  flowers  long-acuminate  from  a  broadly  ovate  cordate-clasping 
base:  thyrsus  strict,  leafy  below,  the  clusters  several-flowered:  peduncles 
and  pedicels  mostly  very  short:  sepals  ovate  and  acute  to  lanceolate  and 
acuminate,  3-5  lines  long :  corolla  lilac  or  violet,  8-10  lines  long,  funnelform, 
the  throat  very  gradually  enlarged  from  the  broad  tube :  sterile  filament 
usually  bearded  at  the  enlarged  apex :  capsule  firm-coriaceous,  acute,  lon- 
ger than  the  calyx.  Sandy  plains,  Brit.  Columbia  to  eastern  Oregon,  Ne- 
vada, Nebraska  and  the  Saskatchewan. 

P.  miser  Gray  Syn.  Fl.  Supp.  441.  Pruinose-pubescent  and  the  in- 
florescence glandular-viscid  but  not  villous :  stems  10-18  inches  high :  radi- 
cal leaves  spatulate  or  obovate ;  cauline  lanceolate,  an  inch  or  less  long : 
sepals  lanceolate,  merely  acute:  corolla  violet  or  bluish,  only  half  inch  long, 
rather  tubular  than  funnelform,  the  throat  little  dilated:  spreading  lobes 
short ;  base  of  the  lower  lip  moderately  villous ;  sterile  filament  with  dilated 
and  curved  tip  hardly  projecting  from  the  throat  densely  yellow-bearded 
down  one  side.    Along  the  Malheur  river  eastern  Oregon. 

P.  pruinosns  Dougl.  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1280.  Pruinose  pubescent: 
stems  about  a  foot  high  :  leaves  from  ovate  to  oblong,  glaucescent,  an  inch 
or  two  long;  the  radical  and  lowest  cauline  and  also  uppermost  cauline 
commonly  entire ;  the  others  acutely  and  rigidly  dentate  or  denticulate : 
thyrsus  virgate,  interrupted :  peduncles  and  pedicels  short,  these  and  the 
lanceolate  attenuate-acuminate  sepals  viscidly  villous :  lower  lip  of  the 
deep  blue  corolla  slightly  hairy  within.  Interior  of  Oregon  and  Washing- 
ton.    Little  known. 

P.  OYatus  Dougl,  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2903,  puberulent  or  pubescent  i 
stems  stout,  2-4  feet  high  :  leaves  ovate,  the  radical  and  lowest  cauline 
slender-petioled,  the  others  sessile,  all  with  more  or  less  cordate  base  and 
coarsely  toothed,  the  blade  2-4  inclies  long,  bright  green:  thyrsus  panicu- 
late, the  lower  peduncles  often  longer  than  the  clusters :  pedicels  short, 
glandular:  sepals  ovate  to  Ijinceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  about  2  lines 
long,  more  or  less  glandular:  corolla  bright  blue,  8-10  lines  long,  tubular- 
funnelform,  minutely  hairy  outside,  moderately  bilabiate,  the  lower  lip 
bearded  at  the  base :  sterile  filament  as  long  as  the  others  and  bearded  at 
the  apex:  capsule  ovoid,  acuminate,  longer  than  the  calyx.  On  the  banks 
of  the  Willamette  river  near  Portland  Oregon  to  Brit.  Columbia  and  Idaho. 

P.  Whitedii  Piper  Bot.  Gaz.  xxi  490.  puberulent  below  and  glandu- 
lar pubescent  above :  stems  several  from  a  lignescent  base  8-12inche8  high : 
radical  leaves  glabrous  or  sparingly  puberulent,  narrowly  spatu late-lanceo- 
late, acute,  saliently  dentate  with  large  obtuse  teeth,  or  rarely  entire  or 
nearly  so,  2-4  inches  long:  cauline  about  4  pairs,  ovate-lanceolate,  acute, 
entire  or  sparingly  dentate,  clasping  at  base :  thyrsus  virgate,  interrupted : 
pfeduncles  and  pedicels  short :  sepals  broadly  lanceolate,  acute,  3-4  lines 
long:  corolla  bright  blue,  bilabiate  7-10  lines  long, glandular-pubescent  out- 
side, the  lobes  puberulent  within,  throat  sparsely  bearded :  sterile  filament 
bearded  on  one  side  nearly  its  whole  length  with  yellow  hairs.  On  rocky 
•oil,  near  Wenatche,  eastern  Washington. 


FENT8TEMON  SCROPHULARIACEiE  513 

P.  attennatns  Dougl.  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1295.  Stems  strict,  1-2  feet 
high;  the  summit  and  inflorescence  pubescent  and  viscid:  lower  leaves 
narrowly  oblong  or  ovate  to  lanceolate,  the  blade  6-18  lines  long,  on  peti- 
oles as  long  or  longer;  the  upper  linear  to  ovate-lanceolate,  sessile:  thyrsus 
spiciform,  interrupted,  the  peduncles  and  pedicels  short:  sepals  ovate  or 
oblong- lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  2-3  lines  long,  narrowly  scarious- 
margined:  corolla  narrowly  funnelform,  8-11  lines  long,  blue,  ochroleucous 
or  yellow:  sterile  filament  bearded  at  the  ape^.  Interior  of  Oregon  to 
Idaho. 

¥.  confertns  Dougl.  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1260.  Glabrous  throughout 
or  the  inflorescence  sometimes  pubescent  or  puberulent:  stems  slender, 
6-20  inches  high :  lower  leaves  narrow-lanceolate,  attenuate  below  to  nar- 
row petioles,  including  the  petiole  1-2  inches  long,  mostly  entire;  the 
middle  cauline  largest,  lanceolate,  sessile  by  a  broad  base :  thyrsus  spici- 
form, interrupted,  of  2-5  verticilastriform  dense  many-flowered  clusters: 
pedicels  very  short :  sepals  from  oblong-lanceolate  to  broadly  ovate,  acute 
or  acuminate,  with  broad  scarious  margins  commonly  erose  or  lacerate  : 
corolla  very  narrow,  4-6  lines  long,  yellow,  lower  lip  conspicuously  bearded 
within :  sterile  filament  shorter  than  the  others,  dilated  at  the  summit : 
capsule  acuminate-ovoid,  longer  than  the  calyx.  Prairies  of  eastern 
Oregon  to  Brit.  Columbia  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

Var.  globosus  Piper  Bull.  Torr.  Club  xxvii,  397.  Inflorescence  a 
dense  head-like  panicle  of  many  short-pedicelled  flowers,  rarely  with  a 
second  verticillate  cluster  below :  corolla  intense  blue,  nearly  an  inch  long. 
Wallowa  Mountains,  eastern  Oregon. 

P.  procerus  Dougl.  ex  Graham  in  Edinb.  Phil.  Jour.  1829.  P. 
confertus  var.  cceruleo-purpureus  Gray.  Glabrous  throughout :  stems  slen- 
der, 2-12  inches  high :  leaves  lanceolate,  the  lower  ones  petioled,  1-2  inches 
long,  those  of  the  middle  of  the  stem  largest,  all  usually  entire :  flowers  in 
about  2  dense  verticillate  clusters:  sepals  oblong  or  spatulate,  with  broad 
scarious  erose  margins,  abruptly  acuminate  or  3-toothed  at  the  apex,  about 
2  lines  long:  corolla  bright  blue  and  violet,  about  8  lines  long,  tubular- 
funnelform,  the  lower  lip  bearded  within :  sterile  filament  as  long  as  the 
others  and  bearded  at  the  apex.  On  high  mountains  and  plains,  Brit. 
Columbia  to  California  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

P.    pnlchellus  Greene  Pitt,  iii,  310.    Green  and  glabrous  through|,out :;  ? 
flowerinjj  btems  slender,  from  a  much  branched  woody  base  with  numer- 
ous short  sterile  branches,  2-6  inches  high :  leaves  coriaceous,  entire,  the 
lowest  from  ovate  to  oblanceolate,  6-12  lines  long  including  the  slender 
petiole;  those  of  the  stem  2-3  pairs,  oblong  or  lanceolate- oblong,  sessilera 
thyrsus  short  and  interrupted  :  flowers  numerous,  on  very  short  pedice.s:  -^^ 
sepals  obovate,  abruptly  acute,  with  scarious  more  or  less  erose  margins: 
corolla  bright  blue  to  parple,  about  6  lines  long,  with  narrow  throat  and 
abruptly  spreading  limb,  the  throat  sparsely  hairy  inside.    On  alpine 
summits  of  the  Cascade  and  Blue  Mountains  of  Oregon  and  Washington. 

P.  paniculatus.  Glabrous  throughout:  stems  stout,  very  numerous, 
shrubby  below,  forming  loose  bushy  clumps,  1-2  feet  high:  leaves  linear- 
lanceolate,  entire  or  sparsely  dentate,  all  nearly  alike,  1-2  inches  long, 
2-6  lines  wide,  only  the  uppermost  ones  sessile :  flowers  very  numerous, 
in  open  thyrsoid  leafy  panicles :  pedicels  short :  sepals  ovate  or  oblong  to 
lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  with  narrow  scarious  margins,  3-4  lines 
long :  corolla  ochroleucous,  5-6  lines  long,  tubular,  the  limb  scarcely  spread- 
ing, puberulent  outside,  the  lower  lip  bearded  within:  sterile  filament 
longer  than  the  others,  bearded  at  the  apex.  On  the  high  ridge  between 
the  Klickitat  Valley  and  the  Columbia  river,  opposite  The  Dalles  Oregon. 

P.    humilis  Nutt.  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  vi,  69.    Minutely  puberulent 


514  i?OROPHULARIACEiE  pentstemon 

below,  the  inflorescence  more  or  lesp  viscid-pubescent:  stems  numerous 
from  the  woody  base,  3-10  inches  high,  very  leafy :  leaves  about  an  inch 
long,  the  lower  ones  spatulate  or  oblanceolate,  short-petioled,  somewhat 
glaucescent,  the  upper  ones  oblong  or  linear-oblong,  sessile  and  some- 
what clasping,  all  entire  or  sometimes  somewhat  serrulate :  thyrsus  strict 
and  virgate,  ^-4  inches  long:  peduncles  short  1-5-flowered:  sepals,  ovate 
or  lanceolate  and  acuminate  lax,  about  3  lines  long:  corolla  deep  blue  or 
partly  white,  6-8  lines  long,  tubular-funnelform,  bilabiate,  the  lower  lip 
somewhat  hairy  within  :  sterile  filament  bearded  with  yellow  hairs :  On 
Dry  ridges,  eastern  Oregon  toNevada  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

P.  stenosepalns*  P.  glaucus  var.  stenosepalus  Gray.  Glabrous  or 
more  or  less  rough-pubescent  below,  the  inflorscence  villous-pubescent 
and  viscid :  stems  %to2  feet  high :  lower  leaves  ovate  or  oblanceolate  to 
linear  spatulate,  mostly  dentate,  including  the  petiole  1-4  inches  long: 
upper  ones  lanceolate  with  broad  clasping  base:  thyrsus  small  and  glomer- 
ate: sepals  attenuate-lanceolate,  3-4  lines  long:  corolla  dull  whitish 
to  lurid  purple  or  blue,  10-12  lines  long,  campanulate-ventricose  above  the 
ver)'  short  proper  tube,  the  mouth  widely  spreading,  the  broad  lower  lip 
sparsely  bearded  within :  sterile  filament  bearded  near  the  apex.  Plains  of 
eastern  Oregon  to  Nevada  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

P.  Battani  Gray  Syn.  Fl.  Supp.  441.  Glabrous:  stems  1-3  feet  high: 
leaves  membranaceous,  broadly  lajiceolate,  3-8  inches  long  finely  dentate, 
radical  and  lowest  cauline  attenuate  at  base  into  margined  petioles,  the 
others  half  clasping  by  subcordate  base :  inflorescence  glandular- pubescent, 
cymes  from  the  lower  axils  long-peduncled,  upper  short-peduncled  or  sub- 
sessile:  pedicels  short  or  hardly  any:  sepals  oblong- lanceolate,  acuminate, 
soft-membranaceous,  loose,  4  lines  long :  corolla  pale  purple,  an  inch  long, 
funnelform,  with  short  tube  and  campanulate  throat,  distinctly  bilabiate, 
lower  lip  villous-bearded  within :  sterile  filament  at  length  exserted,  beard- 
ed at  the  apex.  In  open  forest,  Siskiyou  mountains  of  Oregon  and  Cali- 
fornia :  also  reported  from  Idaho. 

Var.  minor  Gray  1.  c.  slender,  with  oblong  leaves  only  an  inch  or 
two  long,  obscurely  denticulate :  thyrsus  simple :  flowers  one-half  smaller : 
sepals  attenuate :  corolla  6-7  lines  long.     With  the  type. 

P.  denstus  Dougl.  Lindl.  Bot,  Reg.  t.  1318,  Completely  glabrous, 
the  calyx  at  most  glandular :  stems  slender,  1-2  feet  high,  numerous  from 
a  woody  base,  strict :  leaves  thickish,  from  ovate  to  oblong-linear  or  lanceo- 
late, 1-2  inches  long,  regularly  and  rigidly  dentate  or  acutely  serrate  or 
some  of  them  entire;  the  upper  cauline  closely  sessile :  thyrsus  virgate  or 
more  paniculate,  mostly  many-flowered :  pedicels  short :  sepals  from  ovate 
to  lanceolate  or  subulate,  nearly  marginless,  acute,  2-3  lines  long :  corolla 
ochroleucous  or  dull  white,  sometimes  partly  blue,  minutely  pubescent, 
4-8  lines  long,  either  narrowly  or  rather  broadly  funnelform,  the  short 
lobes  widely  spreading:  sterile  filament  glabrous,  or  rarely  exserted  and 
sparsely  bearded.  On  gravelly  banks  in  the  dry  interior  region,  Brit.  Co- 
lumbia to  California,  Nevada  and  Montana. 

P.  (jiairdneri  Hook.  Fl.  ii,  99.  Cinereous^puberulent :  stems  rigid, 
2-10  inches  high,  tufted  on  the  stout  shrubby  base :  leaves  linear  or  the 
lower  more  or  less  spatulate,  6-12  lines  long,  all  usually  sessile,  the  upper 
ones  mostly  alternate :  thyrsus  short :  peduncles  short  and  mostly  alternate, 
usually  1-flowered:  sepals  oblong-ovate  to  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate, 
3-4  lines  long:  corolla  6-10  lines  long,  dark  blue  or  purple,  narrow  funnel- 
form, sterile  filament  bearded  on  one  side.  On  high  rocky  ridges  eastern 
Washington  and  Oregon  to  Nevada. 

Var.  hiaus  Piper  Bull.  Torr.  Club  xxvii,  396,  Sepals  larger :  corolla 
larger  and  more  spreading.    Northwestern  Washington. 


PBNTSTKMON  SCROPHULARIACEiE  515 

P.  Oreganus.  P.  Gairdneri  var.  Oreganus  Gray.  Cinereous-puber- 
ulent  and  the  inflorescence  glandular:  stems  numerous  from  a  much 
branched  woody  base,  very  slender,  4-8  inches  high:  leaves  linear  or  the 
lowest  ones  linear-spa tulate,  about  an  inch  long  by  a  line  or  less  wide,  all 
opposite :  thyrsus  very  narrow  and  loose ;  the  peduncles  mostly  l-flowered : 
sepals  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  about  2  lines  lontj:  corolla  tubular  or  but 
little  funnelform,  8-10  lines  long,  obscurely  bilabiate  and  the  lips  but  little 
spreading:  sterile  filament  bearded  on  the  upper  side.  On  drj' ridges, 
southeastern  Oregon. 

P.  laricifolius  H.  &  A.  Bot.  Beech.  376.  Glabrous:  stems  tufted,  2-5 
inches  high :  lignescent  caudex  not  rising  above  the  soil :  leaves  very  slen- 
der, when  dry  filiform,  the  larger  a  fourth  of  a  line  wide,  and  with  the 
margins  revolut'e,  an  inch  or  less  long,  much  crowded  in  subradical  tufts 
and  scattered  on  the  filiform  flowering  stems:  flowers  few,  loosely  racemose, 
slender- pedicelled:  sepals  ovate-lanceolate:  corolla  tubular-f'unnelform, 
6  lines  long,  the  small  purple  limb  obscurely  bilabiate :  sterile  filament 
bearded  on  the  upper  side.    Interior  of  Oregon  to  Wyoming. 

§  2  Saccanthera  Benth.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3391.  Herbaceous 
perennials,  some  woolly  at  base,  mostly  with  ample  and  showy  flow- 
ers. Anthers  sagittate  or  horseshoe-shaped:  the  cells  confluent  at 
the  apex,  and  there  dehiscent  by  a  continuous  cleft,  which  extends 
down  both  sides  only  to  the  middle:  the  base  remaining  closed  and 
saccate :  sometimes  hirsute  never  lanate. 

P.  glandalosas  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1262.  Soft-pubescent  and  viscid : 
stems  rather  stout  2-3  feet  high :  leaves  broad  and  thinnish,  the  lower 
ones  from  ovate  to  oblong,  6-8  inches  long,  dentate :  upper  ones  from  ovate- 
lanceolate  and  acuminate,  to  cordate-clasping,  usually  denticulate :  thyrsus 
contracted  and  interrupted,  leafy  below :  cymes  short-pedunculate,  few-sev- 
eral flowered:  sepals  attenuate-lanceolate,  lax,  6-8  lines  long:  corolla  1-1>^ 
inches  long,  with  funnelform  inflate  1  throat  and  broad  spreading  lips: 
sterile  filament  glabrous.  On  moist  prairies  eastern  Oregon  to  Washington 
and  Idaho. 

P.  yenustus  Dougl.  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1309.  Very  glabrous:  stems 
rather  strict  and  simple,  1-2  feet  high,  leafy :  leaves  thickish  in  texture, 
oblong -lanceolate  or  the  upf)er  ovate-lanceolate,  closely  and  subulately 
serrate,  about  2  inches  long:  thyrsus  naked,  mostly  narrow:  peduncles 
1-3-flowered:  sepals  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  only  a  line  or  2  long,  much 
shorter  than  the  narrow  proper  tube  of  the  corolla :  upper  part  of  the  fer- 
tile filaments  and  of  the  sterile  one  (as  also  usually  anthers  and  lobes  of 
the  corolla  within),  sparingly  pilose.    Eastern  Oregon  to  Idaho. 

P.  diffasus  Dougl.  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1132.  Glabrous  or  merely  pu- 
berulent:  stems  numerous,  diffuse,  10-18  inches  high:  leaves  thin,  from 
oyate  to  oblonglanceolateorthe  upper  subcordate,  sharply  and  unequally, 
sometimes  laciniately,  serrate,  1-4  inches  long:  thyrsus  commonly  inter- 
rupted and  leafy :  pedicels  mostly  shorter  than  the  ovate  or  lanceolate  and 
acuminate,  sometimes  laciniate- toothed  sepals :  corolla  8-12  lines  long, 
violet,  funnelform,  the  lips  widely  spreading :  anthers  and  inside  of  corolla 
glabrous :  sterile  filament  more  or  less  hairy  above.  On  wooded  rocky 
banks  of  the  Cascade  Mountains  in  Oregon  to  Brit.  Columbia. 

P.  Richardsoni  Dougl.  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1121.  Glabrous  through- 
out: stems  very  diffuse  or  decumbent,  6-18  inches  long,  simple  or  panicu- 
lately  branched  above :  leaves  from  ovate  to  narrowly  lanceolate  in  outline, 
and  from  entire  or  incisely  toothed  to  laciniate-pinnatifid,  1-3  inches  long, 
often  alternate:  thyrsus  loosely  panicled,  the  peduncles  2-flowered:  sepals 
ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  about  2  lines  long :  corolla  bright  red  to 


516  SCROPHULARIACEvE  pentstbmon 

purple,  an  inch  long,  funnelform,  with  rather  long  tube  and  ample  throat: 
stamens  and  inside  of  corolla  glabrous,  the  sterile  filament  sometimes 
bearded  at  the  apex:  capsule  ovoid,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx.  On 
cliffs  and  rocky  banks,  Oregon  and  Washington. 

P.  triphyllus  Dougl.  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1245.  Stems  slender  about 
a  foot  high,  usually  simple:  cauline  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  an  inch  or 
more  Ion t^:,  rigid,  from  denticulate  to  irregularly  pinuatifid-laciniate:  the  up- 
per sometimes  ternately  verticillate,  sometimes  alternate:  thyrsus  narrow, 
loosely  paniculate:  sepals  lanceolate,  acuminate:  corolla  comparatively  small 
and  narrow,  6-9  lines  long:  sterile  filament  densely  bearded  at  the  apex. 
Rocky  banks,  Oregon  to  Brit.  Columbia. 

P.  gracilentus  Gray  Pac.  R.  Rep.  vi,  83.  Glabrous:  stems  slender, 
from  a  lignescent  base,  a  foot  or  more  high,  r  aher  few-leaved,  naked  above, 
terminating  in  loose  and  rather  simple  paniijulate  thyrsus:  leaves  glabrous 
and  green,  entire,  lanceolate  or  the  upper  linear  and  the  lower  sometimes 
oblong,  all  narrowed  at  base:  peduncles  viscid-puberulent,  12-5-flowered, 
the  lower  elongated:  pedicels  shoit:  corolla  blue  or  violet,  halfinch  long, 
slender-funnelform,  moderately  bilabiate,  its  lobes  only  2  lines  long,  mode- 
rately spreading:  sterile  filament  slightly  bearded.  Mountains  of  southern 
Oregon  and  adjacent  California. 

P.  Roezli  Regel  Act.  Hort.  Petrop,  ii,  326.  Smooth  below,  the  inflor- 
escence more  or  less  pubescent  and  glandular :  stems  10-18  inches  high  from 
a  woody  base:  leaves  all  lanceolate  or  linear,  or  the  lower  oblanceolate,  en- 
tire, 1-3  inches  long;  thyrsus  either  narrow,  or  more  diffuse  and  paniculate 
with  divergent  branches:  sepals  ovate  to  lanceolate,  about  2  lines  long:  corolla 
blue,  8-10  lines  long,  funnelform,  with  rather  long  tube  and  campanulate 
throat,  sterile  filament  glabrous.  On  gravelly  banks  of  streams,  southern 
Oregon  and^northern  California. 

P.  Cusickii  Gray  Proc,  Am.  Acad,  xvi,  106.  Pale  and  very  minutely 
pruinose-puberulent:  stems  a  foot  or  less  high,  many  from  a  barely  lignescent 
candex,  strict,  equably  leafy  up  to  the  racemiform  loose  thyrsus:  leaves  veiy 
narrowly  linear,  an  inch  or  two  long  by  a  line  or  more  wide,  or  some  of  the 
lower  broader  and  spatulate:  peduncles  1-2-flowered:  sepals  ovate,  acuminate, 
glabrous,  not  glandular:  corolla  barely  9  lines  long,  bright  blue  with  purple 
tube,  a  moderately  enlarged  throat  and  short  lobes:  sterile  filament  spatulate- 
dilated  at  the  very  tip:  very  glabrous.  On  the  slopes  of  Eagle  Creek  Moun- 
tains, northeastern  Oregon. 

P»  Kingii  Watson  Bot,  King  2'53  Pruinose  or  glandular-pubescent,  at 
least  below,  stems  numerous  from!  a  shrubby  base,  ascending,  4-8  inches 
high:  leaves  oblanceolate,  mostly  acute,  entire,  sessile  with  a  narrowad  base, 
the  lowermost  somewhat  spatulate  and  short-petioled,  1-2  inches  long  by  2-4 
lines  wide:  thyrsus  secund,  short  and  rather  leafy  at  base:  peduncles  1-4-flow- 
ered:  sepals  ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  more  or  less  acuminate:  corolla  8 
lines  long,  purple,  dilated  upward,  somewhat  bilabiate :  sterile  filament 
flattened  toward  the  apex,  glabrous.  In  the  mountains  of  eastern  Oregon 
to  Nevada. 

P.  azureus  Benth.  PI.  Hartw.  327.  Glabrous  and  glaucous,  rarely 
pruinose-puberulent:  stems  erect  or  ascending  from  a  woody  base,  1-3  feet 
high:  leaves  from  narrowly-  to  ovate-lanceolate  or  even  broader,  the  upper 
ones  wider  at  base,  the  lowest  more  or  less  petioled,  1-2  inches  long:  thyrsus 
virgate,  loose,  usually  elongated :  sepals  ovate  or  oblong,  scarious-margined, 
with  or  without  a  conspicuous  acumination,  about  2  lines  long:  corolla  1-1 3^2 
inches  long,  azure-blue  verging  or  changing  to  violet,  the  base  sometimes  red. 
disk,  broadly  funnelform,  the  expanded  limb  sometimes  an  inch  in  diameter: 


PENTSTEMOM  SCROPHULARIACEiE  517 

CHIONOPHILA 

Sterile  filament  glabrous.     In  open  places  in  the  Siskiyou  Mountains  of 
Oregon  and  California. 

P.  heterophyllus  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1899.  Glabrous  or  pruinose- 
puberulent,  scarcely  glaucous:  stems  1-2  feet  high  from  a  woody  base,  slen- 
der, often  diffusely  branched :  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear  «>r  only  the  lowest 
oblong-lanceolate,  mostly  narrowed  at  base,  1-4  inches  long:  corolla  an  inch 
or  sometimes  more  long,  with  narrow  tube  rose-purple  or  pink,  sometimes 
changing  to  violet,  sterile  filament  glabrous.  On  rocky  tops  of  the  Siskiyou 
Mountains  in  Oregon  to  Nevada. 

9    CHIONOPHILA  Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  x,  351. 

Dwarf  perennial  herbs  with  thickish  opposite  leaves  and  tubular 
flowers  in  simple  spikes  or  racemes.  Calyx  funnelform,  thin-me- 
branaceous,  becoming  scarious,  merely  and  obtusely  5-loVed.  Co- 
rolla tubular,  with  slightly  dilated  throat  and  bilabiate  limb  :  up- 
per lip  erect  and  slightly  concave,  barely  2-lobed,  the  sides  some- 
what recurved  :  lower  with  convex  densely  bearded  base  forming 
a  palate,  and  3-lobed,  the  short  lobes,  recurving.  Antheriferous 
stamens  4,  didynamous:  anther-cells  divaricate  and  confluent.  Ste- 
rile filament  small  and  short  or  even  minute,  naked.  Style  filiform  : 
stigma  minute  entire.  Capsule  oblong  enclosed  in  the  marcescent 
calyx  and  corolla,  loculicidally  2-valved  the  valves  soon  2-parted: 
placental  dissepiment  flat.  Seeds  rather  large,  with  a  very  loose 
and  arilliform  cellular-reticulated  outer  coat. 

C.  Tweedyi  Henderson  Bull.  Torr.  Club  xxvii,  352,  Dwarf  peren- 
nial: glabrous  or  nearly  so:  leaves  thickish,  entire,  mostly  in  a  radical  tuftt 
spatulate  or  lanceolate,  tapering  beloAV  into  a  scarious-mai'gined  base:  those 
of  the  1-3  inches  high  flowering  stems  1  or  2  pairs,  or  sometimes  alternate, 
linear:  flowers  in  a  few-flowered  raceme:  calyx  short  and  deeply  lobed: 
corolla  saccate  at  base  dorsally,  the  lower  lip  strongly  papillate.  In  the 
Mountains  of  Idaho  and  adjacent  Washington. 

Tribe  4  Gratiolede  Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  x,  189.  Leaves  oppo- 
site or  verticillate  only  the  upper  ones  alternate.  Inflorescence  simple 
and  centripetal:  the  peduncles  solitary  in  the  axils  of  bracts  or  leaves 
and  ebracteolate.  Corolla  from  bilabiate  to  almost  regular,  not  saccate 
or  otherwise  produced  at  base.  Antheriferous  stamens  2  or  4  t^o  rudi- 
ments of  the  fifth. 

10    DIPLACUS  Nutt.  in  Taylor's  Ann.  Nat.  Hist,  i,  137. 

Shrubs  with  opposite  leaves  and  large  yellow  red  or  orange  ax- 
illary flowers  on  solitary  peduncles.  Calyx  tubular,  5-angled  or 
5-toothed,  persistent.  Corolla  tubular,  bilabiate,  the  upper  lip  2- 
lobed,  the  lower  3-lobed,  the  lobes  emarginate  or  variously  toothed 
or  cleft.  Fertile  stamens  4.  Style  slender  with  bilamellate  stigma. 
Capsule  linear-oblong,  closely  invested  by  the  calyx  and  wholly 
inclosed  in  it ;  firm-coriaceous,  with  a  woody  tubercular  enlarg- 
ment  at  the  apex,  incompletely  dehiscent,  opening  by  the  upper 
suture  onl}^,  from  the  base  to  near  the  apex,  the  valves  spreading 
into  a  boat-shaped  open  pod.  Placentae  distinct,  borne  on  the 
middle  of  the  valves.     Seeds  small,  very  numerous. 


518  SCROPHULARIACE^  diplacus 

EUNANUS 

D.  glutinosus  Nutt.  in  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3655.  Shrub  2-6  feet  high , 
nearly  glabrous  but  the  young  parts  glutinous :  leaves  from  narrowly  ob- 
long to  linear,  entire  or  more  or  less  denticulate,  1-4  inches  long,  at  length 
with  revolute  margins,  glabrous  above,  pubescent  beneath  with  branched 
hairs:  flowers  13^-2  inches  long,  short-peduncled :  calyx  an  inch  long, 
5-toothed,  the  teeth  somewhat  unequal,  the  upper  tooth  largest:  corolla 
buff-colored,  obscurely  bilabiate,  the  spreading  lobes  laciniately  toothed  or 
notched.  Along  streams  near  the  coast,  from  the  south  line  of  Oregon 
southward. 

11    EUNANUS  Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  x,  374. 

Dwarf  annual  herbs  with  opposite  leaves  and  large  or  small 
flowers  on  solitary  peduncles  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves. 
Calyx  tubular,  5-angled,  5-toothed,  persistent.  Corolla  funnel- 
form,  with  included  or  rarely  long-exserted  tube,  or  sometimes 
nearly  salverform:  the  limb  usually  5-lobed,  strongly  bilabiate  or 
nearly  regular.  Stamens  4,  didynamous.  Style  filiform:  stigma 
bilamellar  with  the  lobes  unequally  or  equally  petaloid-dilated, 
or  more  or  less  peltate-funnelform  by  the  union  of  the  2  lamelse 
at  their  edges.  Capsule  cartilaginous,  coriaceous,  chartaceous,  or 
even  membranaceous,  gibbous  at  base,  obtuse  and  shorter  than  the 
calyx  or  acute  and  surpassing  it.  Placentae  borne  on  the  middle 
of  the  valves,  not  united  in  the  axis.  Seeds  numerous,  often 
muriculate. 

E.  Bonglasii  Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  x,  374.  Mimulus  Douglasii  Gray. 
Glandular-  or  viscid-pubescent :  stems  6-18  lines  high :  leaves  ovate  or  ob- 
long, obscurely  dentate,  3-nerved  at  base  and  contracted  into  a  petiole, 
including  the  petiole  3-10  lines  long,  the  upper  pair  connate-clasping: 
calyx  tubular,  6  lines  long,  the  teeth  obtuse :  corolla  red  and  purple,  nearly 
1%  inches  long,  with  very  long  filiform  tube  and  funnelform  throat,  the 
lower  lip  very  short,  the  upper  large  and  3-lobed :  capsule  linear  or  linear- 
oblong,  terete,  4-8ulcate,  gibbous  or  somewhat  inflexed  at  the  very  base : 
seeds  small,  apiculate  at  both  ends.  On  dry  gravelly  banks,  Umpqua 
Valley  Oregon  to  California. 

E,  Bigelovii  Gray  Pac.  R.  Rep.  iv,  122.  Mimulus  Bigelovii  Gray, 
Viscid  and  more  or  less  glandular- villous:  stem  1-8  inches  high,  paniculatefy 
branched:  leaves  oblong  or  the  upper  ovate  and  acute,  5-10  lines  long,  con- 
tracted at  base  but  scarcely  petioled,  entire  or  with  a  few  coarse  teeth:  calyx 
4-5  lines  long,  hardly  at  all  oblique,  the  teeth  very  acutely  subulate  from  a 
broad  base,  2  lines  long  or  less,  the  tube  broadly  campanulate:  corolla  crim- 
son, 8-10  lines  long,  with  cylindraceous  throat  and  broad  rotate  limb,  the 
narrow  tube  little  if  any  longer  than  the  calyx:  capsule  oblong-lanceolate, 
acute  or  acutish,  little  exceeding  the  calyx,  the  valves  membranaceous:  seeds 
oblong-linear,  minutely  and  irregularly  reticulated.  On  dry  plains,  south- 
eastern Oregon  to  California  and  Utah. 

E.  Casickii  Greene  Pitt,  i,  o6.  Mimulus  Bigelovii  var  .ovatus  Gray. 
Stem  8-12  inches  nigh,  simple,  or  branched  from  the  base:  leaves  broadly 
ovate,  very  acute,  entii-e,  sessile,  an  inch  or  more  long  and  nearly 
as  broad:  calyx-teeth  very  unequal,  triangular- subulate,  the  very  acute  tips 
somewhat  recurved:  corolla  red- purple,  with  slender  tube  and  quite  regularly 
lobed  rotate  limb  6-10  lines  in  diameter.  On  moist  banks,  southeastern 
Oregon. 

£•     Tolmiei  Benth.  1.  c.    Mimulus  nanus  H,  <&  A.  Glandular  or  viscid : 


EUNANus  SCROPHULARIACEiE  519 

MIMULUS 

stem  stoutish,  }4  "^  inches  high,  simple,  or  branched  from  tlie  base :  leaves 
oblong  or  ovate  to  lanceolate,  entire  or  obscurely  toothed,  contracted  at 
base ;  the  lower  ones  petioled ;  including  the  petiole  4-12  lines  long :  calyx- 
teeth  broadly  lanceolate,  acute,  a  line  long,  about  ^  as  long  as  the  tube; 
corolla  rose-purple  with  yellow  and  dark  purple  in  the  throat;  the  limb 
4-6  lines  broad,  obviously  bilabiate:  capsule  acuminate,  surpassing  the 
calyx ;  the  valves  chartaceous.  On  bare  hills,  eastern  Washington  to  Ne- 
vada and  California. 

E.  Brewerl  Greene  Bull.  Calif.  Acad.  No,  3,  101.  Viscid-pubescent 
with  spreading  gland-tipped  hairs:  stem  slender,  1-10  inches  high,  simple 
or  much  branched:  leaves  linear,  entire,  an  inch  long,  sessile:  peduncles 
slender,  equalling  the  calyx:  teeth  of  the  calyx  short-triangular,  equal: 
corolla  red,  with  short  tube  and  spreading  limb,  4-5  lines  long,  little  longer 
than  the  calyx :  capsule  acute,  not  longer  than  the  calyx,  chartaceous, 
dehiscent  by  the  upper  suture,  the  lower  parting  at  the  apex  only :  the 
placentae  united  below.  In  moist  places,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California,  east 
of  the  Cascade  Mountains. 

MIMULUS  L.  Sp.  634.     1753, 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  with  opposite  leaves  and  mostly 
showy  yellow  blue  or  pink  flowers  on  solitary  peduncles  from 
the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves,  or  racemose  by  the  redaction  of  the 
leaves  to  small  bracts.  Calyx  tubular,  persistent,  5-angled  or  5- 
ribbed,  5-toothed,  the  upper  tooth  usually  largest.  Corolla  irregu- 
lar, its  tube  cylindric  with  a  pair  of  ridges  on  the  lower  side  with- 
in: its  limb  bilabiate;  the  upper  lip  erect  or  reflexed,  2-lobed,  the 
lower  one  spreading  and  3-lobed.  Stamens  4,  didynamous,  in- 
serted on  the  corolla-tube:  anthers  globose,  the  cells  divergent  or 
sometimes  confluent  at  the  apex.  Style  filiform:  stigma  bilamel- 
lar,  the  lobes  equal,  ovate  or  orbicular.  Capsule  obtuse,  not  sur- 
passing the  calyx,  the  valves  membranaceous,  tardily  separating 
from  the  central  columnar  united  placentae. 

M.  cardinalis  Dougl.  Lindl.  Hort.  Trans,  ii,  70.  t.  3.  Villous-pubes- 
cent,  viscid  above :  root  perennial :  stems  stout,  2-4  feet  high  :  leaves  ovate 
or  the  lowest  ovate-lanceolate;  the  upper  connate ;  all  erose-dentate,  2-4 
inches  long,  several-nerved  from  the  base :  peduncles  3-4  inches  long,:  calyx 
oblong-prismatic,  an  inch  or  more  long,  its  short  teeth  nearly  equal :  corol- 
la scarlet  and  yellow,  1-2  inches  long,  with  very  oblique  limb,  the  upper 
lip  erect  with  the  lobes  turned  backward,  the  lower  reflexed,  the  throat 
cylindrical:  stamens  exserted:  capsule  oblong,  sessile:  seeds  with  a  dull 
and  loose  coat,  longitudinally  wrinkled.  In  springy  places  along  streams, 
western  Oregon  to  California  and  Arizona. 

M.  Lewisil  Pursh  Fl,  427  t.  20.  Pubescent  and  more  or  less  viscid  ^ 
stems  numerous  from  a  perennial  root,  1-2  feet  high,  simple :  leaves  from 
oblong-ovate  to  lanceolate,  denticulate,  mostly  acute  or  acuminate,  1-3 
inches  long :  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves :  calyx  prismatic-campanu- 
late,  8-10  lines  long,  its  triangular  teeth  short-acuminate  and  very  acute, 
2-3  lines  long:  corolla  rose-red  or  purplish,  about  \%  inches  long,  with 
broad  throat  and  bilabiate  limb,  lobes  of  the  upper  lip  obcordate,  flat,  of 
the  lower  lip  obovate  and  sparingly  bearded  in  the  throat :  stamens  not 
exserted :  stigmas  oblong :  capsule  oblong :  seeds  with  a  dull  and  loose  coat, 
longitudinally  wrinkled.  Along  mountain  streams,  Brit.  Columbia  to 
California  and  Montana. 

M.    dentattts  Nutt.  in  Herb.  Hook.    Pubescent  with  stout  pilose  hairs : 


520  SCROPHULARIACE.E  MiMOLua 

stems  slender,  6-12  inches  long,  usually  decumbent  or  ascending :  leaves 
ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  coargelv  serrate-toothed,  1-3  inches  long,  short- 
petioled:  peduncles  about  equalling  the  leaves:  calyx-teeth  triangular- 
subulate,  half  the  length  of  the  tube,  nearly  equal:  corolla  golden  yellow, 
an  inch  or  more  long,  the  ample  throat  purple-dotted  and  strongly  bearded 
to  the  base  in  two  lines  inside,  the  bilabiate  limb  an  inch  broad,  its  lobea 
entire  and  ciliate  :  seeds  ovate,  acute,  scrobiculate,  reddish-brown.  Along 
streams  in  the  Coast  Mountains,  Oregon  to  California. 

M.  hirsutns.  Herbage  dark  green,  glabrous  below,  the  inflorescence 
hirsute,  stems  stoutish,  1-2  feet  high  very  numerous  and  cespitose :  root 
perennial  by  short  basal  stolons  :  leaves  oblong  or  oval,  obtuse,  denticulate, 
1-3  inches  long,  the  lower  ones  short- petioled  and  often  laciniately  lobed 
or  lyrate :  peduncles  stout,  often  more  than  an  inch  long :  calyx  campanu- 
late  in  flower,  the  teeth  unequal,  the  upper  one  largest,  the  tube  becoming 
inflated  in  fruit,  often  purple-dotted  or  almost  red,  the  2  lower  teeth 
incurving  and  closing  the  orifice :  corolla  bright  yellow,  an  inch  long,  fun- 
nelform;  lobes  of  the  upper  lip  oblong,  narrowed  at  the  apex,  recurved; 
the  middle  lobe  of  the  lower  lip  5-6  lines  broad,  as  broad  or  broader  than 
I'^ng,  emarginate ;  the  throat  spotted  with  dark  red  on  the  lower  side,  the 
pubescent  lines  reaching  its  base:  stamens  not  exserted:  stigmas  fan- 
shaped,  erose-dentate  and  apiculate:  capsule  oblong,  short  stipitate.  On 
wet  rocks  in  the  Tualatin  and  Willamette  rivers  Oregon  :  beginning  to  flow- 
er about  the  first  of  July. 

M.  grandiflorus.  Herbage  pale  green  and  glabrous  up  to  the  inflores- 
cence which  is  sparsely  hairy:  stems  often  stout,  1-4  feet  higli,  usually 
solitary  or  2-4  together :  root  perennial  by  basal  stolons:  leaves  oblong  to 
ovate,  most  of  them  petioled,  1-5  inches  long,  coarsely  toothed  and  denticu- 
late, the  lower  ones  sublyrate  :  peduncles  1-1)^  inches  long  :  calyx  campanu- 
late,  about  8  lines  long,  its  triangular  acute  teeth  unequal,  2-3  lines  long, 
the  tube  slightly  inflated  in  fruit  and  more  or  less  spotted  with  red,  the  2 
lower  teeth  incurved  and  closing  the  orifice :  corolla  often  nearly  2  inches 
long,  bright  yellow,  lobes  of  the  upper  lip  oblong,  rounded  at  the  apex,  erect 
and  slightly  recurved,  lateral  lobes  of  the  lower  lip  almost  square,  the 
middle  one  broadly  cuneate,  as  long  or  longer  than  broad,  emarginate;  the 
throat  spotted  with  dark  red  or  brown,  the  pubescent  lines  extending  to 
its  base:  stamens  not  exserted;  stigmas  fan-shaped,  erose-dentate  and 
apiculate :  capsule  oblong,  stipitate.  Growing  in  wet  places  along  streams, 
western  Oregon  and  Washington :  beginning  to  flower  early  in  May. 

M.  Langsdorfii  Sims.?  Herbage  light  green,  often  marked  with  dark 
brown:  glabrous  or  the  inflorescence  minutely  pubescent:  stems  terete, 
6-20  inches  high,  usually  paniculately  branched,  erect  or  the  base  often 
horizontal  and  rooting  for  a  few  inches,  thus  perennial :  leaves  orbicular  or 
ovate,  the  blade  6-20  lines  long,  dentate  or  denticulate,  usually  sublyrate, 
purple  beneath,  ail  petioled:  floral  bracts  2-6  lines  long,  connate-clasping: 
pedicels  slender,  about  an  inch  long:  calyx  campanulate,  in  flower  about 
4  lines  long,  often  mottled  with  dark  purple,  at  length  much  inflated,  the 
4  lower  teeth  incurved  and  closing  the  orifice:  corolla  yellow,  10-12  lines 
long  funnelform  ;  lobes  of  the  upper  lip  erect,  oblong,  4-6  lines  long :  the 
middle  lobe  of  the  lower  lip  broadly  cordate,  pendulous :  the  throat  usually 
spotted  with  dark  red.  the  pubescent  lines  running  to  the  base :  capsule 
oblong,  3-4  lines  long,  on  a  stipe  about  aline  long:  seeds  oblong.  Jn  wet 
places,  California  to  Alaska  and  the  Rocky  Mountains:  flowering  from 
early  spring  until  August. 

M.  Scouleri  Hook.  Fl.  ii,  100.  Glabrous  throughout:  stems  erect, 
from  a  stoloniferous  base,  1-2  feet  high :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  1-2 
inches  long,  obtuse  or  acutish,  evenly  callous-dentate,  the  lower  tapering 
into  petioles :  peduncles   1-2  inches  long,  much  longer  than  the  bracts : 


MiMULDS  SCROPHULARIACE^  521 

calyx  campanulate,  in  flower  about  4  lines  long,  the  short  broadly-triangu- 
lar teeth  subequal;  the  tube  at  length  becoming  inflated  and  the  4  lower 
teeth  incurved  over  the  orifice:  corolla  bright  yellow,  a«i  inch  or  more  long, 
strongly  bilabiate,  the  upper  lip  erect,  its  oblong  lobes  reflexed ;  the  lower 
one  ample;  the  pubescent  lines  deep  yellow :  capsule  obovate,  short-stipi- 
tate:  seeds  obovoid,  smooth,  dark  brown.  On  the  banks  of  the  Columbia 
river  at  Tongue  Point  near  Astoria  Oregon. 

M.  nasutns  Greene  Bull.  Calif.  Acad.  No.  3,  112.  Usually  nearly 
glabrouu:  stems  rather  stout,  6-24  inches  long,  *branching  and  flowering 
ifrom  the  base,  distinctly  quadrangular  and  winged :  root  annual,  or  per- 
ennial by  stolons :  leaves  mostly  subradical,  ovate  to  reniform-cordate, 
coarsely  toothed  or  lobed,  purple  beneath,  the  lower  on  broad  petioles,  an 
inch  long,  the  floral  reduced  to  short  bracts  :  peduncles  short,  or  long  and 
filiform,  ascending  or  spreading :  calyx  tubular  lo  campanulate,  in  fruit 
much  inflated,  the  teeth  acute,  very  unequal,  the  upper  one  3  times  as 
long  as  the  others,  the  lower  pair  in  fruit  bent  upward  lying  at  right  angles 
across  and  closely  enfolding  the  other  3 :  corolla  yellow,  4-8  lines  long, 
little  surpassing  the  calyx:  capsule  oval,  obcompressed,  almost  sessile: 
seeds  minute,  oblong.     On  wet  shady  banks,  Oregon  to  California. 

M.  microphyilus  Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  x,  371.  Pubescent,  or  in  the 
smaller  forms  glabrous :  stems  terete,  slender,  usually  simple,  2-12  inches 
high,  racemose  above,  or  in  depauperate  states  with  a  single  terminal 
flower:  leaves  few,  ovate  to  orbicular,  often  cordate  at  base  sometimes 
lyrate,  denticulate  or  coarsely  toothed,  purple  beneath :  peduncles  slender : 
calyx  2-3  lines  long,  often  dotted  with  purple,  oblique  at  the  orifice,  the 
teeth  obscure  or  prominent :  corolla  3-9  lines  long.  In  moist  places,  Wash- 
ington to  California  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

M.  alsinoides  Doiigl.  Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  x.  371.  Glabrous  or  more 
or  less  puberulent  and  musky-scented :  stem  slender,  at  length  diffuse  and 
branching  from  the  base,  3-12  inches  long,  terete :  root  annual :  leaves 
broadly  ovate  or  subcordate  to  ohlong,  the  lower  8-12  lines  long,  coarsely 
toothed,  all  petioled:  peduncles  filiform,  1-2  inches  long :  calyx  tubular, 
Z-S  lines  long,  not  inflated  in  fruit,  the  orifice  oblique ;  the  teeth  small 
and  subequal :  corolla  4-6  lines  long,  stronely  bilabiate,  yellow  with  a 
bright  crimson  spot  in  the  centre  of  the  lower  lip :  capsule  oblong,  acumin- 
ate, filling  the  calyx :  seeds  oblong,  light-colored.  On  wet  rocks,  western 
Oregon  to  Brit.  Columbia :  flowering  in  very  early  Spring. 

M.  breviflorus  Piper  Bull.  Torr.  Club  xxviii,  45.  A  glabrous  to  pu- 
berulent annual :  stem  1-10  inches  high,  erect  simple  or  freely  branching 
from  the  base :  leaves  ovate  to  lanceolate,  entire  or  sparingly  toothed,  3-5- 
nerved  from  the  base,  6-12  lines  long,,  sessile  by  a  broad  base,  or  tapering 
to  a  short  petiole:  peduncles  slender,  about  equalling  the  leaves  in  flower, 
in  fruit  becoming  much  longer:  calyx  oval,  in  fruit  3-4  lines  long,  its  teeth 
nearly  equal,  short-triangular,  acute  :  corolla  pale  yellow,  tubular,  2-3  lines 
long;  the  lobes  short  and  rounded :  stigma  scarcely  exceeding  the  calyx : 
capsule  ovoid,  acutish.     On  moist  banks,  eastern  Washington  and  Oregon. 

M .  rnlslferae  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xi,  98.  From  obscurely  to  dis- 
tinctly viscidulous-puberulent :  stem  erect,  4-10  inches  high,  loosely  bran- 
ching from  the  base :  leaves  broadly  ovate  to  lanceolate-oblong,  sparsely 
denticulate  to  entire,  6-10  lines  long,  the  lower  ones  on  short  margined 
petioles:  peduncles  about  equalling  or  at  length  longer  than  the  leaves: 
calyx  cylindraceous-campanulate,  in  fruit  about  4  lines  long,  with  short 
triangular  acute  or  acuminate  equal  teeth:  corolla  light  yellow,  5-6  lines 
long :  style  longer  than  the  calyx :  capsule  oblong,  acute,  nearly  as  long  as 
the  calyx.     On  bars  along  streams,  Washington  to  California. 

M,    pednncularis  Dougl.  Benth.  Scroph.  Ind.  49.    A  small  erect  vis- 


522  SCROPHULAEIACE^  mimulus 

cid-puberulent  or  pubescent  annual :  stem  slender,  6-18  inches  high :  leaves 
ovate  to  lanceolate,  the  blade  4-6  lines  long,  usnally  acute,  abruptly  con- 
tracted into  rather  broad  petioles,  purple  beneath  and  prominently  3-5- 
yeined  from  the  base  :  peduncles  slender,  1-2  inches  long,  erect  or  ascend- 
ing :  calyx  tubular-campanulate,  about  4  lines  long,  truncate  at  the  apex, 
the  short  acute  teeth  equal :  corolla  yellow,  5-10  lines  long,  the  pubescent 
lines  extending  to  the  base  of  the  throat:  capsule  oblanceolate,  very  short- 
stipitate,  obcompressed :  seeds  globular.  In  moist  shady  places,  eastern 
Oregon  and  Washington. 

M.  Hnksdorfli  Gray  Syn.  Fl  Supp.  450.  A  small  annual  1-3  inches 
high;  whole  herbage  often  reddish-hued;  obscurely  puberulent-viscidulous : 
leaves  oblong-lanceolate  to  linear, 3-6  lines  long,  thickish,  entire,  narrowed 
below  but  scarcely  petioled:  peduncles  filiform,  usually  shorter  than  the 
leaves:  calyx  tubular-campanulate,  in  fruit  3-4  lines  long,  truncate  at  the 
apex,  the  short  and  broad  teeth  all  equal :  corolla  yellow  or  reddish,  about 
3  lines  long,  little  exserted  from  the  calyx  the  limb  less  than  2  lines  wide 
all  5  lobes  obcordate-emarginate ;  throat  beardless  or  nearly  so.  Bare 
places  on  mountains,  eastern  Washington  to  California  and  Utah. 

M.  rubellus  Gray  Bot  Mex.  Bound.  116.  Small  annual  1-6  inches 
high :  very  minutely  and  rather  sparingly  glandular-puberulent  but  not 
viscid :  leaves  narrowly  oblong,  entire  or  with  a  few  prominent  teeth,  nar- 
rowed at  base  but  sessile,  6-10  lines  long, :  peduncles  very  slender,  exceed- 
ing the  leaves :  calyx  cylindraceous,  the  teeth  oblong,  obtuse,  ciliolate, 
equal :  corolla  rose-color  to  yellow,  3-4  lines  long,  the  unequal  lobes  scarcely 
spreading.  In  moist  places,  eastern  Washington  to  California,  Colorado 
and  New  Mexico. 

M.  floribundns  Dougl.  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1225.  Villous  with  spread- 
ing white  hairs  and  viscid :  &tem  rather  slender,  2-20  inches  long,  at  first 
erect,  but  soon  decumbent  and  diffusely  spreading,  flowering  from  the 
lowest  axils  :  root  annual :  leaves  ovate,  or  the  lower  subcordate,  the  blade 
6-12  lines  long  rather  coarsely  toothed,  all  petioled  :  peduncles  spreading, 
about  an  inch  long,  exceeding  the  leaves :  calyx  campanulate,  about  3  lines 
long,  the  short  triangular  acute  teeth  nearly  equal ;  corolla  about  6  lines 
long,  light  yellow,  f unnelform :  capsule  globose-ovoid,  obtuse,  sessile : 
seeds  almost  globular,  light-colored.  On  wet  banks  and  shady  places, 
Washington  to  California  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

M.  moschatus  Dougl.  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1118.  Conspicuously  villous 
and  viscid  throughout:  stems  slender,  weak  and  declined  or  ascending, 
6-18  inches  long :  leaves  broadly  ovate  1-2  inches  long,  all  petioled :  spar- 
ingly dentate :  peduncles  slender,  an  inch  long,  shorter  than  the  leaves  : 
calyx  tubular,  6  lines  long,  the  subulate  teeth  subequal,  half  as  long  as  the 
tube:  corolla  yellow,  the  narrow  throat  about  %  longer  than  the  calyx  the 
lobes  nearly  equal  and  rotately  spreading ;  the  throat  striate  and  spotted 
with  maroon,  the  pubescent  lines  not  extended  to  the  base  :  stamens  not 
exserted:  capsule  lanceolate,  acute:  seeds  globular.  In  springy  places, 
Brit.  Columbia  to  Oregon  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

M.  primnloides  Benth.  Scroph.  Ind.  29.  Stems  K-3  inches  high, 
glabrous  or  pilose-pubescent  with  white  hairs :  perennial  by  stolons :  leaves 
ovate  to  broadly  lanceolate,  entire  or  more  or  less  dentate,  narrowed  below 
but  sessile,  6-12  lines  long,  glabrous  both  sides:  peduncles  filiform,  2-4 
inches  long,  erect,  usually  only  one  to  each  stem:  calyx  tubular-campan- 
ulate, 3-4  lines  long,  the  broad  acute  teeth  all  equal :  corolla  yellow,  about 
8  lines  long,  funnelform ;  lobes  of  the  almost  regular  limb  deeply  emargin- 
ate  orobcordate.    In  mountain  marshes,  eastern  Washington  to  California. 

M,  pllosellns  Greene  Eryth;  iv,  22.  Very  small  and  depressed :  stems 
2-6  lines  high :  perennial  by  stolons :  leaves  obovate  to  oblong,  2-6  lines 


MIMDLU8  SCROPHULARIACE^  §23 

GRATIOLA 

long,  entire  or  sparingly  toothed  toward  the  apex,  glabrous  below,  pilose 
above  with  long  white  jointed  hairs:  peduncles  filiform,  erect,  1-2  inches 
long,  usually  only  one  to  each  plant :  calyx  tubular-campanulate,  about  3 
lines  long,  its  triangular  acute  teeth  nearly  equal :  corolla  golden  yellow, 
3-4  lines  long,  its  nearly  equal  lobes  barely  emarginate.  In  mountain 
marshes,  southern  Oregon  to  California. 

M.  pilosns  Watson  Bot.  King  226.  Herpestis  pilosa  Benth.  Pilose- 
pubescent  throughout  with  soft  white  hairs :  stem  terete,  3-12  inches  high, 
paniculately  branched  from  the  base :  root  annual :  leaves  lanceolate  or 
narrowly  oblong,  sessile,  entire,  1-3  inches  long:  peduncles  slender,  1-2 
inches  long:  calyx  campanulate,  5-cleft,  the  tube  not  prismatic  nor  angled, 
almost  nerveless,  becoming  enlarged  in  fruit,  the  5  lobes  almost  subulate, 
very  acute,  pomewhat  unequal :  corolla  bright  yellow,  3-4  lines  long,  rather 
obscurely  bilabiate,  usually  with  a  pair  of  brown  spots  on  the  16wer  lip: 
capsule  oblong-ovate,  acute.  On  sandy  bars  along  streams,  Washington 
to  California  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

13    GRATIOLA  L.  Sp.  17.     (1753.) 

Erect  or  diffuse  herbs  with  opposite  entire  or  dentate  leaves, 
and  yellow  or  whitish  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  upper 
leaves.  Calyx  5-parted,  the  segments  narrow,  slightly  unequal. 
Corolla  irregular,  with  cylindric  tube  and  more  or  less  bilabiate 
limb:  upper  lip  entire,  emarginate  or  2-cleft ;  lower  one  3-lobed. 
Antheriferous  stamens  2,  the  posterior  pair,  the  anterior  pair  rep- 
resented by  rudiments  or  wanting :  filaments  filiform  :  anther-cells 
distinct,  transverse  and  separated  by  a  broad  connective,  or  par- 
allel and  contiguous.  Style  filiform,  with  dilated  slightly  2-lobed 
stigma.  Capsule  loculicidally  and  septicidally  dehiscent,  ovoid 
or  globose,  4-valved.  Seeds  numerous,  longitudinally  and  trans- 
versely striate. 

G.  Yirginiana  L.  So.  17..  Puberulent  and  somewhat  glandular,  or 
JDelow  glabrous :  stem  erect,  at  length  widely  branching  from  the  base,  3-10 
inches  high,  from  an  annual  root :  leaves  commonly  glabrous,  oblong  or 
oblong-lanceolate,  sessile,  narrowed  at  both  ends,  denticulate,  1-2  inches 
long:  peduncles  slender,  glandular,  shorter  than  or  equalling  the  leaves, 
2-bracteolate  under  the  calyx;  bractlets  as  long  as  the  calyx  or  longer: 
sepals  lanceolate,  acute,  about  3  lines  long :  corolla  4-5  lines  long,  with 
yellowish  tube  barely  t>\ice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  and  whitish  lobes; 
the  2  upper  emarginate:  sterile  filaments  minute  or  none:  anther-cells 
transverse,  separated  by  a  broad  connective :  capsule  ovate,  about  equalling 
the  calyx.  In  wet  or  muddy  places,  California  to  Brit.  Columbia  and 
across  the  Continent. 

G.  ebracteata  Benth.  DC.  Prodr.  x.  595.  Nearly  glabrous  and  ob- 
scurely glandular :  stem  stout,  1-6  inches  high,  branching  and  flowering 
from  the  base :  leaves  lanceolate,  entire  or  sometimes  sparingly  and  sharp- 
ly denticulate,  sessile  by  a  rather  broad  base :  peduncles  slender,  as  long  as 
or  shorter  than  the  leaves,  ebracteate :  sepals  foliaceous,  lanceolate,  at 
length  4-6  lines  long,  equalling  the  yellowish  corolla :  capsule  globose, 
somewhat  4-angled,  much  shorter  than  the  calyx.  On  the  margin  of  pools, 
California  to  Brit.  Columbia. 

14    ILYSANTHES  Raf.  Ann.  Nat.  14.     (1820.) 

Glabrous  annual  or  biennial  herbs  with  opposite  sessile  leaves 
and  small  purplish  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves. 
Calyx  5-parted,  the  segments  linear,  not  subtended  by  bractlets. 


524  SOROPHULAKIACE^  ilysanthes 

LIMOSKLLA 

Corolla  irregular,  the  tube  somewhat  expanded  above,  the  limb 
bilabiate:  upper  lip.2-cleft;  the  lower  larger  and  3-lobed,  spread- 
ing. Fertile  stamens  2,  included,  their  anther-cells  divergent: 
sterile  filaments  2,  two-lobed,  one  of  the  lobes  capitate-glandular, 
the  other  glabrous  and  shorter.  Capsule  oblong  or  ovoid,  septi- 
cidally  dehiscent.     Seeds  numerous,  wrinkled. 

I.  gratioloides  Benth.  DC.  Prodr.  x,  419.  Stem  slender  usually  erect 
at  length  diffusely  branched,  3-8  inches  high :  leaves  ovate,  ovate-oblong 
or  the  lowest  obovate,  sessile  or  slightly  clasping  at  base,  remotely  dentic- 
ulate or  entire,  thickish,  3-7-nerved,  6-12  lines  long;  the  uppermost  ones 
commonly  much  smaller:  peduncles  slender,  2-3  times  as  long  as  the. sub- 
tending leaves :  sepals  linear-lanceolate,  about  2  lines  long,  acute :  corolla 
violet  to  purple,  about  3  lines  long :  capsule  narrowly  ovoid-oblong,  2-3  lines 
long,  longer  than  the  calj'x :  seeds  a  line  long,  reddish,  usually  truncate  at 
the  ends.  In  wet  or  muddy  places,  California  to  Brit.  Columbia  and 
across  the, Continent. 

15    LIMOSELLA  L.  Sp.  631.     (1753.) 

Low  stemless  glabrous  succulent  annual  (or  perennial  by  sto- 
lons) herbs  with  rosulate  leaves  and  small  flowers  on  scape-like 
one-flowered  peduncles.  Calyx  campanulate,  5-lobed.  Corolla 
nearly  regular,  open- campanulate,  with  a  short,  tube  and  5-cleft 
limb.  Stamens  4,  mserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  scarcely 
exserted :  filaments  short;  anthers  confluently  one-celled.  Style 
short :  stigma  capitate.  Ovary  two-celled  at  the  base,  one-celled 
above.  Capsule  two- eel  led  only  at  the  base ;  the  large  central 
placenta  many-seeded.     Seeds  ovoid,  rugulose. 

L.  aquatica  L.  Sp.  631.  Stoloniferous  stems  slender,  1-3  inches  long: 
leaves  lanceolate  to  oblong  or  spatulate,  the  blade  4-6  lines  long,  on  fili- 
form petioles  3-4  times  as  long:  peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves,  arising 
with  the  petioles  from  the  base  of  the  plant,  or  from  nodes  of  the  stolons : 
calyx-lobes  ovate,  acute  or  acutish,  about  the  length  of  the  tube:  corolla 
white  or|pink,  about  a  line  broad,  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx :  stamens 
high  up  on  the  corolla-tube :  filaments  slightly  longer  than  the  anthers : 
capsule.'globose  or  oblong-globose,  obtuse,  1%.  lines  high,  longer  than  the 
calyx.  On  muddy  banks  and  in  brooks,  Washington  to  California  and 
across'the  Continent :    Europe,  Asia  and  S.  America. 

Series^iii  Rhinanthide^  Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  x,  189.  Leaves 
various.  Inflorescence  simply  centripetal.  Lower  lip  or  lateral 
lobes  of  the  corolla  external  in  the  bud.  Stamens  very  rarely 
more  than  four. 

Tribe' 5  Digitaleas  Benth.  I.  c.  Herhs  or  shrubs,  none  parasitic 
Corolla  little  if  at  all  bilabiate;  the  lobes  all  plain:  the  lateral  or  one 
of  them  external  in  the  bud.  Anther-cells  contiguous  at  the  apex, 
and  often  confluent. 

16    SYNTHYRIS  Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  X,  545. 

Perennial  herbsjwith  simple  stems,  mainly  radical  leaves  and 
rather  small  purple  blue  or  pink  flowers  in  terminal  spikes  or 
racemes.  *  Calyx  4-parted :  the  segments  oblong.  Corolla  fiom 
oblong  to  short   campanulate,  4-cleft,  more  or  less  irregular,  rare 


SYNTHYRis  SCROPHtJLARIACEitJ  5^5 

ly  wanting.  Stamens  2.  rarely  4,  inserted  on  the  corolla,  or  on 
the  outside  of  the  hypogynous  disk,  exserted:  filaments  slender: 
anther-cells  parallel  or  somewhat  divergent  below,  not  confluent 
at  the  apex.  Style  filiform,  with  small  capitate  stigma.  Capsule 
compressed,  obtuse  or  emarginate.  Placentae  short,  chiefly  at 
the  centre  of  the  valves.  Seeds  discoidal,  orbicular  or  oval,  with 
very  close  and  strictly  conformed  smooth  coat. 

§  1  Acaulescent  with  naked  scapes.  Ovules  and  seeds  only  a 
pair  in  each  oell,  on  a  short  partition.  Capsule  divaricately  two- 
lobed,  the  cells  transversely  oblong.  Seeds  with  thickened  mar- 
gins incurved  at  maturity. 

S.  rotuudifolia  Gray  Syn.  Fl  ii,  285.  Rootstock  short  and  creeping, 
bearing  a  tuft  of  cordate-orbicular  long-petioled  persistent  leaves  and  sim- 
ple scapes:  leaf-blades  1-2  inches  in  dianaeter,  doubly  crenate  or  crenate- 
incised,  slightly  pubescent,  especially  on  the  veins  beneath :  petioles  and 
scapes  pubescent  with  brownish  hairs :  scapes  4-6  inches  high,  about  equ- 
alling the  leaves,  naked  except  the  ovate- lanceolate  floral  bracts:  flowers 
iew,  in  a  terminal  raceme :  pedicels  slender,  4-6  lines  long,  each  subtended 
by  a  small  bract :  calyx-lobes  ovate,  acute,  ciliate,  3  lines  long :  corolla 
blue  or  purple,  about  4  lines  long.  In  open  woods  on  rocky  soil,  western 
Washington  to  California:  flowering  very  early,  often  in  January. 

§  2  Ovules  and  usually  seeds  several  or  numerous  in  each  cell. 
Capsule  merely  emarginate,  Seeds  plain,  or  meniscoidal,  thin- 
edged. 

S.  reiiiformis  Benth.  1.  c.  Rootstock  short  and  branching:  herbage 
glabrous:  radical  leaves  persistent,  orbicular- reniform,  crenately  incised 
and  the  small  lobes  sharply  toothed,  1-3  inches  in  diameter,  on  stout 
petioles  3-6  inches  long:  flowering  stems 6-10  inches  high,  bearing  several 
small  bract-like  fan-shaped  alternate,  or  the  lowest  opposite,  leaves  and 
numerous  flowers  in  a  dense  terminal  raceme :  pedicels  slender,  shorter 
than  the  subtending  cuneate  or  lanceolate  bracts :  calyx-lobes  lanceolate, 
about  2  lineg  long:  corolla  blue  changing  to  purple,  3-4  lines  in  diameter; 
capsule  truncate,  emarginate.  On  rocky  banks  of  the  Columbia  river  and 
in  the  mountains  of  eastern  Oregon  and  Washington :  flowering  in  early 
spring. 

S.  major  Heller.  S.  reniformis  var.  major  Hook.  Glabrous:  leaves 
persistent,  orbicular-reniform,  1-4  inches  in  diameter,  somewhat  coriaceous, 
with  multilobulate  margins,  on  petioles  2-4  inches  long:  flowering  stems 
longer  than  the  leaves,  bearing  several  fan-shaped  bract-like  leaves  below, 
and  a  dense  spike-like  terminal  raceme  of  purple  flowers :  pedicels  slender, 
shorter  than  the  subtending  bracts:  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  about  2  lines 
long :  corolla  purple,  3-4  lines  broad  :  capsule  strongly  emarginate.  Fertile 
northerly  slope  of  high  mountains,  Idaho. 

S.  pinnatiflda  Watson  Bot.  King.  227,  t.  22.  Somewhat  villous :  rad- 
ical leaves  long-petioled,  broadly  ovate  in  outline,  pinnately  divided,  the 
lowest  of  the  3  or  4  pairs  of  lobes  nearly  distinct,  the  upper  confluent,  all 
laciniately  pinnatifid  and  the  segments  laciniately  toothed:  flowering 
stems  3-8  inches  high,  usually  exceeding  the  leaves,  naked  below :  raceme 
1-2  inches  long,  densely  flowered  above :  pedicels  shorter  than  the  subtend- 
ing ovate  or  oblong  toothed  or  entire  bracts:  calyx-lobes  oblong,  mostly 
obtuse:  corolla  whitish,  nearly  twice  longer  than  the  calyx,  the  lower  lip 
deeply  3-lobed,  the  upper  one  entire:  capsule  elliptical,  tuVgid.  On  rocky 
ridges  in  the  high  mbuntains,  Idaho  to  TJtah. 


526  SCROPHULAtllACE^  atNTHVRis 

VEROMOA 

S.  rubra  Benth.  1.  c.  425.  Lanate  with  soft  white  wool:  herbage  more 
or  less  reddish-hued :  leafy :  radical  leaves  orbicular  or  ovate  to  oblong  or 
lanceolate,  crenulate,  narrowed,  truncate  or  cordate  at  base,  the  blade  1-2 
inches  long,  on  petioles  as  long  or  longer ;  cauline  ovate  to  lanceolate,  6-12 
lines  long,  sessile  or  nearly  so :  pedicels  only  1-2  lines  long :  calyx-lobes 
ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong :  corolla  none :  stamens  inserted  on  the  outside 
of  the  by pogy nous  disk:. capsule  turgid,  emarginate,  slightly  longer  than 
the  calyx.  On  high  open  ridges,  eastern  Oregon  to  Brit.  Columbia  and 
Nebraska. 

17    VERONICA  L.  Sp.  9.     (1753.) 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  (some  exotic  species  shrubs  or  trees) 
with  mostly  opposite,  rarely  verticillate  or  alternate,  leaves  and 
usually  small  blue,  pink  or  white  flowers  in  terminal  or  axillary 
racemes  or  spikes,  or  rarely  solitary.  Calyx  mostly  4-parted, 
sometimes  5-parted,  the  segments  oblong  or  ovate.  Corolla  rotate, 
its  tube  very  short,  the  limb  deeply  and  more  or  less  unequal- 
ly 4-lobed,  rarely  5-lobed,  the  lower  lobe  commonly  smallest. 
Stamens  2,  divergent,  inserted  on  either  side  at  the  base  of  the 
upper  lobe  of  the  corolla:  anthers  obtuse,  their  cells  confluent  at 
the  apex.  Ovary  two-celled:  style  slender;  stigma  capitate: 
ovules  few  or  many  in  each  cell.  Capsule  more  or  less  compressed, 
sometimes  very  flat,  emarginate,  obcordate  or  two-lobed,  loculi- 
cidally  dehiscent.  Seeds  smooth  or  rough,  flat,  plano-convex  or 
excavated  on  the  inner  face. 

*  Perennial  by  stolons,  or  creeping  base :  racemes  in  the  axils  of 
opposite  leaves. 

V.  Americana  Schwein.  Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  x,  468.  .Glabrous 
throughout :  stems  decumbent,  usually  branched,  rooting  at  the  lower 
nodcfs,  6-30  inches  long :  leaves  oblong  to  ovate  or  broadly  lanceolate,  1-3 
inches  long,  sharply  serrate,  truncate,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  base,  all 
distinctly  petiolea :  racemes  peduncled,  loose,  elongated,  2-6  inches  long : 
bractlets  linear,  2-6  lines  long :  pedicels  slender,  6  lines  or  more  long:  sep- 
als oblong,  about  a  line  long :  corolla  blue  or  nearly  white,  usually  striped 
with  purple,  about  2  lines  broad :  capsule  nearly  orbicular,  compressed  but 
not  very  flat,  emarginate,  1}4  lines  high :  seeds  flat.  Common  in  moist  or 
wet  places,  Alaska  to  California  and  across  the  Continent. 

V.  scutellata  L.  Sp.  12.  Glabrous  or  very  sparingly  hairy:  stems 
slender,  ascending  from  a  stoloniferous  base,  1-2  feet  long":  leaves  sessile, 
linear  or  linear- lanceolate,  acute,  remotely  denticulate,  2-3  inches  long: 
flowers  scattered  on  filiform  elongated  and  widely  spreading  pedicels : 
corolla  blue  or  purple,  2-3  lines  broad :  capsule  broader  than  high,  v.)ry 
flat,  deeply  emarginate  at  the  summit,  slightly  so  at  base :  seeds  flat.  In 
ponds  and  wet  places,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California  and  across  the  Continent. 

*  *  Low  perennials  with  ascending  or  erect  flowering  stems  termin- 
ated by  a  single  raceme :  cauline  leaves  above  passing  into  bracts :  seeds 
numerous,  much  compressed  or  meniscoidal. 

V.  Cnslckil  Gray  Syn.  Fl.  ii.  288.  Glabrous:  stems  3-6  inches  high, 
erect,  simple,^  from  creeping  rootstocks :  leaves  ovate  to  oblong,  sessile  or 
nearly  so,  entire,  6-10  lines  long,  the  pairs  crowded  up  to  the  naked  ped- 
uncle of  the  3-9-flowered  raceme :  pedicels  slender,  often  as  long  as  the 
flower  and  longer  than  the  oblong-linear  bracts :  sepals  lanceolate,  about 
2  lines  long :  corolla  blue  or   violet,  4-6  lines  in  diameter,  with  ample 


VERONICA  SCROPH  ULARIACEtE  527 

rounded  lobes:  filaments  filiform,  exserted:  style  filiform,  three  times  as 
long  as  the  calyx :  capsule  elliptical,  merely  emarginate.  Alpine  regions 
of  the  Blue  Mountains  of  Oregon. 

V.  Alleni  Greenman  Bot.  Gaz.  xxv,  263.  Nearly  glabrous  below,  pu- 
bescent above:  stems  3-4  inches  high  :  lower  leaves  much  reduced,  upper 
sessile,  thickish,  oblong  or  oblong-ovate,  5-7  lines  long,  obtuse:  inflores- 
cence glandular-pubescent:  pedicels  1-3  lines  long,  often  exceeding  the 
bracts  :  calyx-lobes  unequal,  oblong  or  oblong-ovate,  obtuse  or  rounded  at 
the  apex  covered  on  the  outer  surface  and  along  th  margins  with  lone: 
glandular  hairs :  corolla  3-4  lines  in  diameter,  white  or  with  a  slightly 
purplish  throat,  the  upper  lobe  subrhombic,  emarginate,  the  lateral  ones 
ovate  or  ovate-rhombic,  somewhat  larger  than  the  lower  one :  stamens 
exserted :  ovary  closely  covered  above  with  short  glandular  hairs :  style 
exserted :  fruit  not  seen.     Along  Paradise  river,  Mount  Rainier  Wash. 

V.  Wormskioldii  Roem.  &  Sch.  Syst.  i,  101.  V.  alpina  of  American 
authors'  not  of  L.  Hirsute- pubescent  or  glabrate :  stems  slender,  simple, 
3-12  inches  high,  from  slender  creeping  rootstocks:  leaves  mostly  shorter 
than  the  internodes,  ovate  to  oblong,  obscurely  crenulate,  6-12  lines  long, 
rounded,  truncate  or  subcordate  at  base,  sessile  or  nearly  so :  racemes 
spiciform  or  subspicate,  dense,  or  interrupted  below:  pedicels  erect, 
shorter  than  the  calyx,  much  shorter  than  the  lanceolate  bracts:  corolla 
violet,  its  limb  2-3  lines  in  diameter,  surpassing  the  stamens  and  short 
style:  capsule  elliptical-obovate,  emarginate.  In  wet  places  in  alpine 
regions,  Alaska  to  California  and  across  the  Continent. 

V.  serpyllifolia  L.  Sp.  12.  Pubescent  or  glabrous:  stems  creeping 
and  branching  at  base,  the  branches  at  length  ascending,  2-^10  inches  long : 
leaves  all  opposite  and  petioled,  or  the  upper  ones  sessile,  oblong  to  oval  or 
ovate,  3-10  lines  long,  crenulate  to  entire :  flowers  in  short  spicate  racemes 
at  the  ends  of  the  stems  or  branches  :  pedicels  equalling  or  longer  than  the 
calyx,  usually  shorter  than  the  lanceolate  or  oblong  bracts :  corolla  pale 
blue  with  darker  stripes,  to  almost  white,  about  2  lines  in  diameter:  sta- 
mens and  style  exserted:  capsule  broader  than  high,  obcordate,  about  a 
line  high,  equalling  the  calyx:  seeds  flat.  In  wet  places  Alaska  to  Cali- 
fornia and  across  the  Continent:  also  in  Europe,  Asia  and  South  America. 

*  *  *  Low  annuals :  flowers  in  the  axils  of  ordinary  or  of  the  upper 
more  or  Isss  reduced  and  commonly  alternate  leaves :  corolla  mostly 
shorter  than  the  leaves. 

V.  peregrina  L.  Sp.  14.  Glabrous,  or  glandular-puberulent :  stem 
erect,  2-6  inches  high,  usually  branched  from  the  base:  leaves  thickish, 
4-12  lines  long,  the  lower  petioled  and  oblong  or  oval,  dentate;  the  others 
sessile,  from  oblong  to  linear-spatulate,  mostly  attenuate;  uppermost  more 
bract-like  and  entire :  pedicels  a  line  long,  much  shorter  than  the  bracts : 
corolla  whitish,  about  a  line  in  diameter,  shorter  than  the  calyx:  stamens 
not  exserted  :Jcapsule  nearly  orbicular,  obcordate  usually  a  little  shorter 
than  the  calyx,  1-1>2  lines  high,  many-seeded:  seeds  flat.  Comraon  in 
moist  or  wet  places  Brit.  Columbia  to  California  and  across  the  Continent. 

V.  ARVENSis  L.  Sp.  13.  Pubescent  annual:  stem  slender,  at  flrst  sim- 
ple and  erect,  at  length  much  branched  and  diffuse,  2-10  inches  long: 
lower  leaves  ovate  or  oval,  opposite,  obtuse  at  both  ends,  crenate  or  crenu- 
late, 2-6  lines  long,  the  lowest  petioled;  upper  leaves  sessile,  alternate, 
ovate  or  lanceolate,  acute  or  acutish,  commonly  entire :  pedicels  very  short: 
corolla  blue  or  white,  about  a  line  in  diameter,  shorter  than  the  calyx : 
capsule  broadly  ovate,  obcordate,  a  line  high.  Common  in  waste  places 
and  pastures,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California  and  across  the  Continent : 
naturalized  from  Europe. 


528  SCROPHULARIACE^  digitalis 

CASTILLKIA 

DIGITALIS  L.  6p.  621.     (1753) 

Tall  biennial  or  perennial  herbs  with  alternate  leaves  and  large 
showy  red,  white  or  purple  tiowers  in  long  terminal  usually  one- 
sided racemes.  Calyx  5-parted,  the  segments  imbricated  Coi*olla 
declined,  somewhat  irregular,  the  tube  contracted  above  the  ovary, 
then  rather  abruptly  expanded,  longer  than  the  4-  or  5-lo^ed 
slightly  bilabiate  limb  :  upper  lip  broadly  emarginate  or  2-cleft ; 
lower  one  3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  largest,  the  lateral  ones  exterior 
in  the  bud.  Stamens  4,  didynamous,  ascending,  mostly  included  ; 
anthers  approximate  in  pairs.  Style  slender,  with  2-lobed  stigma. 
Capsule  ovoid,  septicidally  dehiscent.     Seeds  numerous,  rugose. 

B.  PURPUREA  L.  Sp.  621.  Pubescent:  stems  stout,  1-5  feet  high  :  radi- 
cal and  lower  cauline  leaves  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  6-10  inches  long, 
slender-petioled,  acute  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  base,  dentate:  upper 
leaves  similar  but  smaller,  sessile:  racemes  a  foot  long  or  more,  dense, 
one-sided:  flowers  various-colored,  drooping:  upper  lobe  of  the  calyx  nar- 
rower than  the  4  other  foliaceous  ones:  corolla  1^-2  inches  long,  s|3!otted 
within.  Common  in  rich  alluvial  soil,  especially  along  the  coast,  western 
Oregon  to  Brit.  Columbia :  Naturalized  from  Europe. 

Tribe  vi  Ewphrasiem  Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  x,  189.  Corolla 
manifestly  bilabiate:  theupper  lip  erect  and  concave  or  galeate,  entire 
or  emarginate,  rarely  2'Cleft;  the  lower  34obed,  mostly  spreading^ 
external  in  the  bud.  Stamens  4  and  didynamous  or  rarely  '3,  as- 
cending under  the  upper  lip:  2inther-cells  distinct,  sometimes  one 
abortive  or  wanting.  Style  mostly  filiform,  with  entire  or  2-lobed 
stigma.     Capsule  loculicidally  dehiscent. 

§  Anther-cells  unequal  or  dissimilar,  the  outer  one  affixed  by  its 
middle,  the  other  pendulous  from  its  upper  end,  mostly  smaller,  some- 
times sterile  or  deficient.     Seeds  with  a  loose  reticulated  coat. 

19    CASTILLEIA  Mutis.  L.   f.  Supp.  47.     (1781) 

Herbs  with  alternate  leaves  and  red,  yellow,  purple  or  white 
flowers  in  dense  terminal  leaf y-brac ted  spikes,  the  bracts  often 
brightly  colored  and  much  larger  than  the  flowers.  Calyx  tubu- 
lar, laterally  flattened,  more  or  less  cleft  before  or  behind,  or  both, 
the  lobes  entire  2-cleft.  Corolla  tubular,  very  irregular,  its  tube 
not  longer  than  the  calyx,  its  limb  bilabiate ;  upper  lip  (galea) 
arched,  elongated,  concave  or  keeled,  laterally  compressed,  entire, 
enclosing  the  didynamous  stamens:  lower  lip  short,  often  very 
small,  3-toothed,  3-carinate  or  somewhat  saccate  below  the  short 
teeth. 

*    Annuals  with  fibrous  roots :   at  least  the  upper  part  of  the  bracts 
and  sometimes  the  calyx  petaloid. 

C.  minor  Gray  Bot.  Cal.  i,  573.  Villous-pubescent :  stem  slender, 
strict,  simple  or  with  1  or  2  erect  branches,  l-2}4  feet  high :  leaves  all 
linear- lanceolate  and  entire,  sessile,  acuminate,  2-3  inches  long :  bracts 
similar  to  the  leaves  but  smaller,  red  or  red-tipped,  very  narrow,  equalling 
or  longer  than  the  short-pedicelled  flowers :  calyx  green,  cleft  on  both 
sides  to  about  the  middle,  the  lobes  lanceolate,  acute,  entire  or  2-toothed : 


CASTfLWciA  SCkOPHULARIACEvti  529 

corolla  yellow,  6-10  lines  long,  its  upper  lip  much  longer  thai;i  the  small 
lower  one:  capsule  oblong,  acute,  6-8  lines  long.  In  moist  soil,  eastern 
Oregon  to  Nevada,  New  Mexico  and  Nebraska. 

*  *    Perennials. 

■*-  Calyx  deeper  cleft  before  than  behind,  tubular- cylindraceous 
mostly  colored  red,  as  are  a  part  of  the  bracts  :  corolla  large,  an  inch 
or  two  long,  well  exserted  from  the  lower  side  of  the  spathaceous  calyx 
and  at  lentjth  somewhat  arcuate  or  falcate  exposing  the  protuberant 
and  very  short  callous  lower  lip,  its  galea  about  equalling  the  tube. 

C.  linearifolia  Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  x,  259.  Glabrous  below,  the  in- 
florescence somewhat  pubescent  or  villous :  stems  strict,  2-5  feet  high: 
leaves  linear,  entire  or  some  of  the  upper  sparingly  laciniate,  and  the  up- 
permost and  bracts  3-parted,  3-nervea:  calyx  narrowly  cylindrical,  over  an 
inch  long,  mostly  red  or  crimson,  sometimes  pale,  the  anterior  fissure  very 
much  deeper  than  the  posterior :  the  long  upper  lip  acutely  4-toothed  or 
2-cleft  ana  the  lobes  2-toothed :  corolla  l>^-2  inches  long;  its  narrow  fal- 
cate and  much  exserted  galea  as  long  as  the  tube.  In  the  mountain  s  of 
eastern  Oregon  to  California,  Colorado  and  Arizona. 

■*-  -•-  Floral  leaves  or  bracts  more  or  less  dilated  and  colored : 
calyx  about  equally  cleft  before  and  behind. 

C.  oreopola  Greenman  Bot.  Gaz.  xxv,  264.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so 
oelow,  soft-pubescent  above :  stems  erect,  6-12  inches  high,  somewhat  fur- 
rowed by  the  inconspicuous  decurrence  of  the  leaves:  leaves  sessile,  ob- 
long-lanceolate, 1-2  inches  long  by  3-5  lines  wide,  with  1  or  2  pairs  of 
divaricately  spreading  linear  lobes,  glabrous  or  the  upper  ones  pubescent 
with  long  soft  spreading  hairs;  the  lower  ones  much  reduced,  usually  entire : 
bracts  3-cleft  to  the  middle,  their  lobes  as  well  as  the  calyx  deep  rose-pur- 
ple, (sometimes  crimson  or  white) :  cal)'x  6  lines  long,  about  equally  cleft 
to  the  middle,  the  lobes  oblong-linear,  obtusish :  corolla  an  inch  long,  the 
narrow  exserted  galea  green  on  the  back  :  lower  lip  included,  rather  deeply 
and  subequally  3-lobed :  capsule  glabrous,  about  6  lines  long.  On  the 
snowy  peaks  of  the  Cascade  Mountains  of  Oregon  and  Washington. 

Var,  subintegra  Fernald  Eryth.  vi,  45.  Stems  much  clustered: 
upper  leaves  mostly  entire.  Common  in  mountain  bogs,  eastern  Oregon 
and  Washington. 

C.  rnpicola  Piper.  Fernald  1,  c.  Herbage  often  dark  purple,  pubes- 
cent-hirsute to  villous,  especially  above :  stems  tufted,  usually  numerous, 
from  a  multicipital  caudex,  4-8  inches  high :  leaves  lanceolate  in  outline, 
deeply  cleft  into  3-7  linear  rather  obtuse  lobes,  or  the  lowest  rarely  entire, 
all  sparsely  short  hirsute,  3^-2  inches  long:  bracts  similar  to  the  leaves, 
but  with  rather  broader  lobes,  more  or  less  scarlet-tinged :  flowers  5-15,  in 
a  short  raceme,  deep  scarlet,  the  lower  with  short  pedicels:  calyx  9-12 
lines  long,  the  tube  shorter  than  the  equal  2-lobed  to  entire  lobes :  corolla 
15-18  lines  long,  the  straight  or  curved  galea  much  longer  than  the  calyx ; 
the  minute  saccately  3-lobed  lower  lip  included:  anthers  white,  exserted: 
capsule  oblong,  6  lines  long:  seeds  numerous,  deeply  favose-pitted.  On 
cliffs.  Paradise  valley  Mount  Rainier  Washington. 

C.  angustifolia  (Nutt.)  Don  Syst.  iv,  616.  C.  parviflora  Gray  in  part, 
not  Bong.  Pubescence  of  two  kinds,  the  shorter  tine  and  appressed,  the 
longer,  pilose  hippid:  stems  more  or  less  clustered,  from  a  woody  caudex, 
simple,  or  sparingly  branched  above,  4-12  inches  high  :  lower  leaves  linear, 
entire  or  subentire;  the  upper  cleft  to  near  or  Ijelow  the  middle  into  S-5 
linear  or  linear-lanceolate  long-attenuate  lobes,  the  lateral  ones  rather 
strongly  divaricate  :  bracts  similar  to  the  leaves,  rather  broader  and  more 
deeply  cleft  into  linear  obtuse  segments,  strongly  pilose  toward  the  base, 
the  scarlet  or  rarely  yellowish  tips  velutinous  and  sometimeis  glandular: 


530  SOROPHIJLARIACE.^  (jasTilleia 

calyx  7-8  lines  long,  with  lanceolate  or  lance-ovate  segments :  corolla  1-lK 
inches  long,  the  slightly  exserted  galea  hardly  as  long  as  the  tube  and 
much  longer  than  the  short  3-lobed  lower  lip.  Brit.  Columbia  to  Califor- 
nia and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

Var.  Whitedii  Piper  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  xxvii,  399.  Stems  clus- 
tered on  a  woody  caudex,  erect,  8-12  inches  high :  leaves  all  entire,  lanceo- 
late, 1-3  inches  long :  bracts  broader  than  the  leaves,  the  uppermost  3-lob- 
ed :  otherwise  like  the  type.     Wenatchee  Washington. 

C.  hispida  Benth.  in  Hook.  Fl.  ii,  105.  C  parviflora  Gray  in  part 
not  Bong.  Pilose,  especially  above,  with  long  hairs,  becoming  less  so  with 
age:  stems  stout,  16-20  inches  high,  simple  or  sparingly  branched  :  leaves 
2-4  inches  long,  rather  rigid,  the  lower  ones  attenuate-lanceolate,  entire ; 
upper  ones  becoming  oblong  or  even  obovate,  cleft  above  the  middle  into 
3  lobes  the  middle  lobe  lanceolate,  the  lateral  ones  shorter  and  narrower, 
ascending  or  slightly  spreading:  bracts  rather  broader  and  shorter  than 
the  upper  leaves,  with  softer  pubescence,  mostly  5-cleft,  the  tips  variously 
shaded  with  yellow  and  red :  calyx  13<-1X  inches  long,  the  reddish  or 
yellowish  segments  acute  to  obtuse :  corolla  1)^-2  inches  long,  the  galea  a 
little  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  tube,  and  much  exceeding  the  short 
lower  lip  with  its  unequal  ovate-oblong  involute  lobes.  On  rocky  hillsides, 
Washington  to  California  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

C.  Bradburii  Don  Syst.  iv,  616.  C.  parviflora  Gray  in  part,  not  Bong, 
Pilose  or  glabrate :  stems  8-16  inches  high,  simple  or  often  loosely  branch- 
ed: leaves  1-3  inches  long,,  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  the  upper 
sometimes  obovate,  subcuneate  at  base,  nearly  all  cleft  above  the  middle 
into  3  or  5  lobes,  the  middle  one  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse ;  the 
lateral  ones  linear-lanceolate,  short  mostly  ascending :  calyx  .12-18  lines 
long,  red-  or  nearly  yellow-tipped,  about  equalling  the  bracts :  corolla 
14-24  lines  long,  the  galea  hardly  as  long  as  the  tube.  Brit.  Qolumbia  to 
California  and  the  Rocky  Mountains, 

C.  •  Applegatei  Fernald  Eryth.  vi,  48.  Stems  few  from  an  elongated 
perennial  root,  decumbent  at  base,  densely  glandular  and  with  long  spread- 
mg  hairs:  leaves  lanceolate  or  obovate-lanceolate,  1-2  inches  long,  the 
lowest  entire,  the  others  3-  or  5-cleft,  mostly  to  below  the  middle,  into 
lanceolate  or  linear  ascending  lobes,  all  densely  covered  with  glands  and 
with  some  spreading  soft  hairs,  especially  on  the  margins :  racemes  dense, 
becoming  4-5  inches  long:  bracts  similar  in  outline  to  the  leaves,  scarlet: 
calyx  scarlet,  8-10  lines  long,  the  linear  segments  acutish :  the  upper  ^  of 
the  slender  green-backed  galea  exserted ;  the  greenish  lower  lip  about  a 
line  long,  deeply  cleft  into  3  subequal  linear  incurved  lobes :  capsule  glab- 
rous, oblong,  short-beaked.    On  Mount  Scott,  Klamath  Co.  Oregon. 

C.  pinetoram  Fernald  1.  c.  50.  Stems  slender,  erect,  12-16  inches 
high,  glandular,  and  pubescent  with  short  scarcely  spreading  hairs  :  leaves 
oblong-linear,  1-2  inches  long,  minutely  pilose  and  glandular,  entire  or 
nearly  so :  lower  bracts  like  the  leaves,  the  upper  becoming  cleft  into  3  or 
5  linear  roseate  or  bright  red  segments:  inflorescence  narrow,  the  bracts 
and  flowers  at  first  much  appressed  and  ascending:  calyx  8^9  lines  long, 
with  attenuate-lanceolate  acute  segments :  corolla  about  14  lines  long,  the 
narrow  galea  about  as  long  as  the  tube ;  lower  lip  less  than  a  line  long,  the 
narrowly  deltoid  lateral  lobes  twice  as  long  as  the  middle  one.  In  pine 
woods,  Swan  Lake  Valley  Klamath  Co.  Oregon. 

C.  prninosa  Fernald  1.  c.  Whole  plant  cinereous  with  fine  often  stel- 
late pubescence:  stems  simple  or  slightly  branched  above,  slender,  8-16 
inches  high :  leaves  12-18  lines  long,  the  lowest  linear,  entire,  the  upper 
lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  subentire  or  slightly  and  irregularly  lobed  : 
bracts  3-lobed  above  the  middle,  scarlet  above  , exceeding  the  calyx,  spread- 


CAstiLLBliA  SCUOPHtJLAtllACfiiE  5Sl 

ingat  maturity:  calyx  narrowly  flask-shaped,  6-12  lines  long,  equally  cleft 
before  and  behind,  the  lobes  divided  into  broadly  lanceolate  acutish  seg- 
ments :  corolla  12-14  lines  long,  the  galea  barely  as  long  as  the  tube ;  lower 
lip  very  short,  the  2  broadly  deltoid  lateral  lobes  longer  than  the  middle 
one.     On  rocky  ridges.  Swan  Lake  Valley,  Klamath  Co.  Oregon. 

C.  Elmerl  Fernald  1  c.  Viscid-pilose  throughout:  stems  simple,  sol- 
itary or  in  small  clusters,  8-12  inches  high:  leaves  1-2  inches  long,  rather 
crowded,  ascending,  the  lowest  linear-acuminate,  the  upper  lanceolate  or 
oblong- lanceolate,  the  broader  ones  indistinctly  3-nerved:  bracts  oblong  or 
obovate-oblong,  entire  or  slightly  lobed  at  the  tip,  12-15  lines  long,  the 
lowest  green,  the  uppermost  crimson  or  rose-purple,  calyx  8-10  lines  long, 
a  little  deeper  cleft  before  than  behind,  the  lobes  entire  or  cleft  into  lacini- 
ate  segments:  corolla  12-15  lines  long,  the  green-backed  galea  half  as  long 
as  the  tube ;  the  lower  lip  included  or  slightly  exserted,  with  3  incurved 
lobes  about  )^  as  long  as  the  galea.   On  Wenatchee  Mountain,  Washington^ 

C.  Coyilleana  Henderson  Bull.  Torr.  Club  xxvii,  353.  Glandular  as 
well  as  villous  throughout  with  long  crisp  hairs:  stems  numerous  from  a 
subvertical  rootstock  about  8  inches  high  :  leaves  narrow,  3-parted  above 
into  linear  more  or  less  circinate  lobes,  12-18  lines  long:  bracts  broader 
than  the  leaves,  3-parted  and  the  central  segment  2-3-cleft,  about  equalling 
the  flowers :  calyx  equalling  or  slightly  surpassed  by  the  corolla,  much 
deeper  cleft  behind  than  before,  the  divisions  shortly  cleft  into  lanceolate 
acute  lobes:  corolla  slightly  villous,  conspicuously  glandular  above,  with 
tube  twice  the  length  of  the  lower  lip  which  is  somewhat  saccate  with  3 
deeply  infolded  narrow  plicae  slightly  longer  than  the  3  erect  bright-color- 
ed subcon volute  lobes.     Among  rocks,  Soldier  Mountain,  Idaho. 

C.  miniata  Dougl.  Hook.  Fi.  ii,  106.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so  except 
the  inflorescence :  stems  numerous  and  tufted  on  a  short  rootstock,  mostly 
simple  and  strict,  1-2  feet  high  :  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  or  the  upper 
ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  entire  or  rarely  lacinialely  3-cleft :  bracts  from 
lanceolate  to  oval,  mostly  bright  red.  rarely  whitish,  seldom  lobed:  spikes 
short  and  dense :  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  acutely  2-cleft :  corolla  over  an 
inch  long,  the  galea  exserted,  linear,  longer  than  the  tube,  the  very  short 
lower  lip  protuberant  and  callous,  as  deep  as  long,  with  short  ovate  invo- 
lute teeth.    In  damp  soil,  Alaska  to  California  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

C.  Suksdorfli  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xxii,  311.  Sparsely  villous 
throughout:  stems  slender,  1-2  feet  high,  from  slender  underground  creep- 
ing rootstocks,  simple,  or  sometimes  with  a  few  branches  above,  lower 
leaves  narrowly  lanceolate,  attenuate,  entire,  1-3  inches  long,  upper  ones 
commonly  laciniately  3-lobed,  the  lateral  lobes  linear  and  erect:  bracts 
broadly  cuneate  in  outline,  about  an  inch  long,  deeply  3-lobed,  the 
lobes  often  again  cleft  or  toothed,  bright  red :  spikes  short :  calyx  about 
equalling  the  bracts,  its  oblong,  lobes  acutely  cleft  at  the  apex:  corolla 
over  an  inch  long,  the  galea  exserted,  longer  than  the  tube,  the  very  short 
lower  lip  exserted,  3-lobed.  In  wet  or  marshy  places  in  the  Cascade 
Mountains  of  Oregon  and  Washington. 

C.  Intea  Heller  Bull.  Torr.  Club  xxv,  268.  Lanate-pubescent  throu- 
ghout: stems  clustered,  10-16  inches  high  :  lower  leaves  narrow  lanceolate, 
the  upper  ones  mostly  3-lobed,  the  lobes  all  lanceolate  but  the  lateral  ones 
narrow  and  acuminate,  the  middle  one  usually  again  3-lobed  with  its  lateral 
lobes  narrower:  bracts  pale  yellow,  or  their  tips  somewhat  purple-tinged, 
more  unequally  lobed  or  toothed  than  the  leaves,  their  middle  lobes  broad 
and  rounded,  the  others  narrowly  lanceolate :  calyx  oblong,  about  18  lines 
long,  equally  cleft  before  and  behind  to  the  middle,  the  lobes  obtuse,  slight- 
ly dilated  and  notched  at  the  apex:  corolla  barelj^  exserted,  the  galea  as 
long  or  a  little  shorter  tiian  the  tube.  Grassy  hillsides,  mouth  of  the 
Potlatch  river  Idaho. 


532  SCROPHULARIACE^  cabtilleia 

C.  lutescens  Rydb.  C.  pallida  var.  lutescens  Greenman  Bat,  Gaz. 
XXV,  265.  Stems  several  from  a  somewhat  woody  persistent  base,  12-20 
inches  high,  more  or  less  pubescent,  usually  branched  above  :  lower  leaves 
linear  to  oblong-lanceolate,  entire,  upper  ones  somewhat  broader,  2-5- 
lobed,  all  somewhat  scabrous,  especially  on  the  upper  surface:  bracts  ob- 
long, about  an  inch  long,  laciniately  cut  into  3-5  lobes,  the  lateral  ones 
linear  to  subulate,  the  middle  one  broad  and  rounded  at  the  summit,  green 
or  yellowish  with  whitish  tips :  spikes  dense  and  many-flowered :  calyx 
8-10  lines  long,  pubescent,  its  oblong  lobes  deeply  2-toothed :  corolla  but 
little  longer  than  the  calyx,  the  galea  about  )^  as  long  as  the  tube,  3-4 
times  as  long  as  the  lower  lip.     On  prairies,  eastern  Washington. 

C.  caiiiporum.  C  pallida  var.  cainporum  Greenman  I.  c.  Stems 
usually  several,  rising  from  a  perennial  base;  6-12  inches  high,  more  or  less 
covered  with  a  spreading  pilose  pubescence :  leaves  narrowly  oblong-lance- 
olate, the  lower  mostly  entire,  the  upper  irregularly  laciniately  3-7-lobed 
with  narrow  ascending  lobes,  pubescent  both  sides:  inflorescence  greenish- 
vellow  or  tinged  with  red,  at  length  becoming  much  elongated :  calyx  6-15 
lines  long,  the  lobes  again  shortly  2-lobed  and  obtuse  or  even  rounded  at 
the  summit :  lower  lip  %-%  as  long  as  the  galea.  On  prairies  eastern 
Washington. 

C.  pallescens  Greenman  I.  c.  Orthocarpus  pallescens  Gray.  Cinere- 
ons-puberulent:  stems  6-12  inches  high,  usually  several  from  a  woody 
perennial  base,  simple  or  sparingly  branched  above:  leaves  3-parted  into 
linear  lobes,  or  the  lower  entire :  bracts  similar  to  the  leaves,  with  dilated 
base  or  the  upper  with  shorter  obscurely  whitish  or  yellowish  lobes :  calyx 
deeply  2-cleft,  its  broad  lobes  merely  2-cleft  at  the  summit:  corolla  over  6 
lines  long,  galea  broadish,  obtuse,  the  lower  lip  nearly  half  as  long  as  the 
galea,  obscurely  saccate.  Eastern  Oregon  and  Washington  to  the  Rocky 
Mountains. 

C.  pilosa  Rydb.  Orthocarpus  pilosus  Watson.  From  soft  villous  to 
hirsute-pubescent:  stems  tufted  at  the  crown  of  a  somewhat  woody  root- 
stock,  2-10  inches  high:  leaves  2-3  inches  long,  lanceolate,  3-nerved, 
divaricately  3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  broadest,  dilated  and  rounded  at  the 
apex,  the  lateral  ones  linear:  bracts  shorter  and  broader  than  the  leaves, 
usually  5-lobed,  the  lateral  lobes  linear,  the  middle  one  broad,  rounded  at 
the  summit,  all  tipped  with  pale  yellow:  calyx  about  an  inch  long,  the  ob- 
long lobes  about  as  long  as  the  tube,  emarginate  to  deeply  2-lobed,  the  lobes 
rounded:  corolla  barely  surpassing  the  calyx,  the  straight  and  broad  galea 
about  half  as  long  as  the  tube;  the  lower  lip  3-lobed,  obscurely  saccate, 
more  than  half  as  long  as  the  galea.  On  high  dry  plains,  eastern  Oregon 
to  Nevada  and  Brit.  Columbia. 

C.  Cusickii  Greenman  1.  c.  267.  Stems  several  from  a  procumbent 
base,  16-18  inches  high,  simple,  or  branched  above,  covered  with  a  short 
spreading  cinereous  pubescence :  lower  leaves  linear  to  linear  lanceolate, 
acute,  1-2  inches  long,  upper  ones  somewhat  larger,  usually  laciniately 
lobed  with  1  or  2  pairs  of  slender  spreading  lobes  :  bracts  oblong,  obtuse  or 
rounded  at  the  summit,  usually  eiitire  strongly  ciliate  toward  the  base, 
distinctly  3-nerved  and  rather  strongly  reticulate-veined-,  10-14  lines  long: 
racemes  rather  dense,  2-5  inches  long :  calyx  10-12  lines  long,  pubescent 
outside  equally  cleft  before  and  behind,  its  lobes  linear-oblong,  bidentate 
or  shallowly  2-lobed  at  the  apex :  corolla  12-16  lines  long,  the  galea  scarcely 
twice  as  long  as  the  3-lobed  lower  lip:  capsule  oblong,  about  6  lines  long, 
glabrous.     In  Sumpter  valley,  eastern  Oregon. 

C.  levisecta  (iieenman  I.  c.  Stems  many  from  a  perennial  base,  6-12 
inches  high,  usually  simple,  covered  with  a  more  or  less  spreading  unequal 
pilose  pubescence:  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  1-2  inches  lonjg,  3-5-nerved, 
pubescent  both  sides,  often  bearing  long  pilose  hairs  on  the  veins  beneath. 


CASTiLLEiA  SCROPHULARIACE^  533 

ORTHOCABPUS 

the  lower  somewhat  narrower  and  sometimes  entire,  the  upper  iaciniately 
cut  into  narrow  lobes :  bracts  yellow,  an  inch  or  more  long,  oblong,  sub- 
digitately  lobed  at  the  summit :  calyx  8-10  lines  long,  pubescent  outside, 
the  oblong  lobes  again  rather  deeply  2-lobed,  obtuse  or  rounded  at  the 
summit:  corolla  an  inch  or  more  long,  the  galea  4-6  lines  long, 2 or  3  times 
longer  than  the  shortly  and  obtusely  31obed  lower  lip.  On  dry  plains, 
western  Washington. 

C.  rnstica  Piper  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  xxvii,  398.  Minutely  white- 
pubescent  throughout  and  somewhat  glandular  above :  stems  erect,  simple 
or  more  commonly  with  bome  erect  branches:  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate, 
rather  few,  mostly  entire :  bracts  3-5-cleft,  only  the  lower  longer  than  the 
flowers,  greenish  :  spike  dense,  1-4  inches  long:  calyx  6  lines  long;  short- 
villous,  equHlly  cleft  before  and  behind,  the  segments  slightly  shorter  than 
the  tube,  each  divided  to  the  middle  into  similar  triangular  acuminate 
teeth :  corolla  greenish-yellow,  about  8  lines  long,  the  obtuse  galea  more 
than  half  as  long  as  the  tube :  lower  lip  one-fourth  as  long  as  the  galea, 
saccately  3-lobed,  the  free  portions  acute.  Rocks  of  the  Wallowa  river, 
eastern  Oregon. 

C,  rnbida  Piper  1.  c.  Pubescent  with  short  white  crisp  hairs  and  also 
minutely  glandular:  stems  numerous,  simple,  decumbent,  1-6  inches  long, 
from  a  stout  woody  caudex :  leaves  linear  or  lanceolate,  entire  or  more 
commonly  3-cleft,  6-12  lines  long:  bracts  3-7-cleft,  mostly  tinged  with  dull 
purple:  spikes  short  and  dense:  calyx  more  or  less  villous,  6  lines  long, 
equally  cleft  before  and  behind,  the  lobes  half  as  long  as  the  tube,  each 
again  deeply  cleft  so  that  the  4  triangular  acuminate  teeth  are  subequal : 
corolla  8  lines  long,  the  blunt  galea  only  one  third  as  long  as  the  tube, 
slightly  longer  than  the  saccately  3-lobed  lower  lip,  the  free  portions  ol 
which  are  oblong  and  obtuse.  8ubalpine  on  the  Wallowa  Mountains, 
northeastern  Oregan. 

29    ORTHOCARPUS  Nutt.  Gen.  ii,  56.     (1818.) 

Annual  herbs  with  alternate  leaves  and  yellow,  white  or  purple 
flowers  in  bracted  spikes,  the  bracts  often  bright-colored  Calyx 
tubular  or  tubular-campanulate,  4-cleft.  Corolla  very  irregular, 
the  tube  slender,  the  limb  bilabiate;  upper  lip  little  if  any  longer 
than  the  3-lobed  1-3-saccate  lower  one.  Stamens  4,  didynamous, 
ascending  under  the  upper  lip.  Anther-cells  dissimilar,  the 
outer  one  affixed  by  its  middle,  the  other  pendulous  from  its  upper 
end,  commonly  small,  sometimes  wanting.  Style  filiform,  with 
entire  stigma.  Capsule  oblong,  loculicidally  dehiscent,  many- 
seeded.     Seeds  reticulated. 

§  1  Castilleioides  Gray  Bot.  Cal.  ii,  575.  Corolla  with  the 
lower  lip  simply  or  somewhat  triply  saccate  and  with  conspicu- 
ous mostly  erect  lobes,  the  upper  lip  either  broadish  or  narrow. 
Anthers  all  2-celled.  Seeds  with  a  very  loose  and  arilliform 
cellular-favose  coat. 

*  Upper  lip  narrow  and  nearly  straight,  lanceolate-triangular  or 
broadly  subulate,  naked :  lower  lip  moderately  ventricose  and  some- 
what plicate-trisaccate  for  its  whole  length,  the  teeth  or  lobes  conspicu- 
ons,  erect :  filaments  glabrous :  capsule  oblong  or  oval. 

0.  attennatns  Gray  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  iv,  121.  Minutely  hirsute-pubes- 
cent: stem  slender,  erect,  6-18  inches  high,  simple,  or  branched  from  the 
base  :  leaves  linear  and  attenuate,  often  with  a  pair  of  filiform  lobes,  3-ner- 


534  SCROPHULARIAGE^  orthocarpus 

ved  from  the  base,  2-3  inches  long :  bracts  broader  than  the  leaves,  4-6 
lines  long,  with  1  or  2  pairs  of  filiform  white-tipped  lobes:  spikes  virgate, 
elongated :  calyx  longer  than  the  bracts,  with  4  filiform  white-tipped  teeth 
about  as  long  as  the  tube:  corolla  white,  exceeding  the  calyx,  narrow 
throughout,  the  narrow  lobes  of  the  purple-spotted  lower  lip  nearly  equal- 
ling the  upper  one  :  capsule  oblong,  about 3  lines  long:  seeds  white.  Jn 
moist  open  places,  Puget  Sound  to  California  west  of  the  Cascade  Mts. 

0.  castilleoides  Benth.  Scroph.  Ind.  13.  Minutely  pubescent  or  glab- 
rate  below:  stem  5-12 inches  high,  simple  or  at  length  diffuse  and  corym- 
bosely  branched  :  leaves  from  lanceolate  to  oblong,  usually  laciniately 
lobed,  the  upper  ones  and  bracts  cuneate- dilated  and  incisely  cleft,  herba- 
ceous, or  the  obtuse  tips  whitish  or  yellowish  :  spikes  dense,  short  and  thick : 
calyx  8-10  lines  long,  the  4  oblong  lobes  as  long  as  the  tube,  the  obtuse 
tips  whitish :  corolla  nearly  an  inch  long,  dull  white,  or  purplish-tipped, 
upx)er  lip  narrow  and  straight,  the  lower  ventricose-dilated :  capsule  oblong, 
5-6  lines  long,  obtuse  or  emarginate :  seeds  oblong  or  longer,  dark  brown. 
In  salt-marshes  along  the  coast,  Puget  Sound  to  California. 

*  t  Upper  lip  attenuate  upward,  densely  bearded  on  the  back, 
uncinate  or  incurved  at  the  obtuse  tip,  rather  longer  and  very  much 
narrower  than  the  open-saccate  lower  lip :  filaments  pubescentl 

0.  purpurascens  Benth.  1.  c.  Hirsute  throughout :  stem  erect,  rather 
stout,  at  length  much  branched  from  the  base,  6-12  inches  high :  leaves 
with  lanceolate  base  or  body  and  laciniately  1-2-pinnately  linear  or  filiform 
lobes,  or  the  upper  palmately  cleft,  1-2  inches  long :  bracts  about  an  inch 
long,  crimson  to  purple,  somewhat  dilated,  laciniately  cleft  into  linear  ob- 
tuse lobes :  calyx  8-10  lines  long,  the  4  linear  lobes  nearly  as  long  as  the 
tube :  corolla  crimson  to  purple,  about  an  inch  long,  narrow,  the  ventricose- 
dilated  lower  lip  shorter  than  the  narrow  upper  one :  stigma  large,  depress- 
ed-capitate: capsule  ovate,  acute,  5-6  lines  long:  seeds  orbicular  to  ovate, 
white,  somewhat  winged.    Along  the  coast  southern  Oregon  to  California. 

§  2  EuoRTHOCARPUS  Corolla  with  simply  saccate  lower  lip 
inconspicuously  or  obsoletely  3-lobed,  and  moderately  smaller 
ovate-triangular  galea  with  small  usually  somewhat  uncinate  or 
indexed  tip  or  mucro.  Anthers  all  2-celled.  Stigma  small,  en- 
tire.    Seed-coat  very  loose,  costate-reticulated. 

*  Bracts  conspicuously  different  from  the  leaves,  much  dilated, 
entire,  or  with  narrow  lateral  lobes,  more  or  less  colored,  imbricated 
in  the  dense  spike:  corolla  mostly  rose-color. 

0.  cuspidatus  Greene  Pitt,  iv,  101.  Minutely  pubescent  and  the 
leaves  more  or  less  ciliate :  stem  slender  and  usualljr  simple,  6-20  inches 
high  :  leaves  2-3  inches  long,  linear-lanceolate,  entire  or  laciniately  cut 
into  3  linear  or  almost  filiform  lobes:  bracts  purple,  chartaceous,  ovate- 
lanceolate  to  oval,  6-8  lines  long  by  4-5  broad,  with  or  without  a  pair  of 
short  subhastate  lobes  at  base,  rounded  and  cuspidate,  or  abruptly  short- 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  ciliate  at  base :  spikes  dense,  2-4  inches  long :  calyx 
4-6  lines  long,  sparingly  bristly,  the  4  subulate  very  acute  teeth  about  as 
long  as  the  tube:  corolla  about  an  inch  long,  tubular-f unnelform ,  the  nar- 
row, at  length  strongly  curved,  galea  pubescent  on  the  back,  much  longer 
than  the  inflated  3-toothed  lower  lip  and  two  thirds  as  long  as  the  tube : 
capsule  ovate,  obtuse.  On  high  ridges  of  the  Siskiyou  Mountains  and 
foothills  near  Ashland  Oregon. 

0.  tenuifolins  Benth.  Scroph.  Ind.  12.  Pubescent  and  more  or  less 
hispid:  stem  rather  slender,  4-10  inches  high,  paniculately  branched  to 
simple:  leaves  linear-attenuate,  3- or  5-lobed,  with  filiform  lobes,  6-15 
hues  long :  bracts  oblong,  6-8  lines  long,  rounded  and  minutely  or  not  at 


ORTHOCABPUS  SCROPfiULARIACEifc  5.16 

all  cuspidate  at  the  apex,  ciliate  below  and  with  1  or  2  pairs  of  subulate 
divaricate  lobes,  chartaceous  and  more  or  less  colored  with  red  or  purple : 
calyx  sparsely  hispid,  4-6  lines  long,  its  attenuate-subulate  lobes  almost  as 
long  as  the  tube:  corolla  narrow,  6-8  lines  long,  puberulent,  purplish,  the 
tube  little  surpassing  the  calyx,  the  inflexed  tip  of  the  galea  minute :  an- 
ther-cells oblong,  sparsely  pubescent.  Dry  ground,  eastern  Washington 
to  California,  Montana  and  Brit.  Columbia' 

0.  imbricatns  Torr.  in  Herb.  Watson  Bot.  King  458.  Stem  slender, 
erect,  simple  or  sparingly  branched.  2-10  inches  high,  minutely  pubescent : 
leaves  1-2  inches  long,  linear  to  lanceolate,  attenuate,  the  upper  ones  broad- 
est and  sessile  by  a  broad  base,  all  entire :  bracts  chartaceous,  dull  red, 
oval  to  oblong,  rounded  at  both  ends,  usually  with  a  pair  of  small  subulate 
teeth  near  the  base,  otherwise  entire,  glabrous,  4-5  lines  long :  calvx  2  lines 
long,  2-lobed  to  below  the  middle,  the  lobes  acutely  2-toothed,  ciliate :  co- 
rolla purplish,  4-8  lines  long,  nearly  glabrous,  the  uncinate-tipped  galea 
a  little  longer  than  the  slightly  dilated  3-plicate  lower  lip  :  capsule  obovoid, 
2  lines  long :  seeds  obovoid,  black.  On  grassy  plains  of  the  Cascade  Moun- 
tains of  Oregon. 

*  *    Bracts  herbaceous,  little  if  at  all  colored,  less  or  little  different 
from  the  leaves,  all  3-cleft  and  with  acute  lobes. 

0.  bracteosns  Benth.  I.  c.  Hirsute-pubescent:  stem  strict,  simple  or 
brjmched  above,  6-18  inches  high :  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  1  -2  inches  long, 
all  3-lobed  to  near  the  base  with  narrow  lanceolate  or  filiform  attenuate 
lobes:  bracts  of  the  thickish  and  dense  spike  cuneate-dilated,  shorter  than 
the  flowers,  3-lobed,  the  divergent  lobes  broadly  lanceolate,  acute :  calyx 
pubescent,  about  3  lines  long,  the  4  filiform  teeth  about  as  long  as  the  tube: 
corolla  narrow  funnelform,  rose-purple,  6-8  lines  long,  the  short  galea  but 
little  longer  than  the  much  dilated  3-saccate  lower  lip:  capsule  ovoid,  2-3 
lines  long:  seeds  oblong,  dark-colored.  On  dry  plains,  Brit.  Columbia  to 
California, 

0.  Intens  Nutt.  Gen.  ii.  57.  Pubescent  and  hirsute,  sometimes  vis- 
cid: stem  strict,  8-12  inches  high,  simple,  or  branched  above:  leaves  erect 
or  ascending,  linear  or  lanceolate,  entire  or  sometimes  3-cleft,  long-acumin- 
ate, 12-18  lines  long:  bracts  of  the  dense  spike  lanceolate,  broader  and 
shorter  than  the  leaves,  entire  or  3-cleft,  acute,  green,  mostly  longer  than 
the  flowers:  calyx-teeth  acute,  shorter  than  the  tube:  corolla  yellow,  5-6 
lines  long,  pubescent  outside,  its  galea  ovate,  obtuse,  about  as  long  as  the 
saccate  3-toothed  lower  lip :  capsule  about  as  long  as  the  calyx-tube.  On 
dry  plains,  eastern  Washington  and  Brit.  Columbia  to  California  and  Ariz. 

0.  Tolmiei  H.  &  A.  Bot.  Beech.  379,  Pubescent :  stem  8-15  inches 
high,  loosely  branching :  leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  1-2  inches  long, 
entire  or  rarely  incised :  bracts  divaricately  3-cleft,  the  segments  acumin- 
ate :  spikes  short,  rather  dense :  calyx  2-3  lines  long,  the  tube  twice  as  long 
as  the  ovate  lanceolate  teeth :  corolla  4-6  lines  long,  bright  yellow,  glab- 
rous, the  galea  uncinate,  little  exceeding  the  narrowly  saccate  3plicat€ 
lowtT  lip,  slightly  hairy  on  the  margins,  the  teeth  very  short:  capsule 
oblong,  2  lines  long,  retuse.  compressed :  seeds  4-6,  oblong.  In  the 
mountains  of  southern  Idaho  to  the  Wahsatch  Mountains  of  Utah. 

§  3  Triphysaria  Benth.  Corolla  with  conspicuous  trisaccate 
lower  lip,  very  much  longer  than  the  slender  straight  galea,  its 
teeth  minute  or  small:  tube  filiform  or  slender:  stigma  capitate, 
sometimes  2-lobed. 

*  Lower  lip  of  the  corolla  saccately  three-lobed  from  the  end :  anthers 
one-celled:  seed-cpat  close,  conformed  to  the  nucleus,  apiculate  at  one  or 
both  ends. 


536  SCROPHULARIACEvE  orthocarpus   • 

0.  pusillus  Bentb.  Scroph.  Ind  I'i.  Whole  plant  reddish-brown,  hir- 
sute with  short  hairs;  stem  slender,  1-4  inches  high,  diffusely  branching  and 
flowering  from  the  base:  leaves  lanceolate,  an  inch  or  more  long,  once  or  twice 
pinnatifid  with  filiform  lobes:  bracts  shorter  than  the  leaves,  broadly  cuneate 
in  outline,  3-5-parted  into  filiform  divisions:  calyx  pubescent,  the  4  filiform 
lobes  about  as  long  as  the  tube:  corolla  purplish,  shoiier  than  the  bracts,  2-3 
lines  long,  the  tube  not  •  surpassing  the  calyx,  the  lower  lip  moderately 
3-lobed,  beardless:  capsule  globose,  two  lines  long:  seeds  minute,  dark-colored. 
In  low  open  places,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California. 

0.  eriauthns  Benth.  Scroph.  Ind,  12.  Minutely  pubescent  to  nearly 
glabrous:  stem  6  inches  to  a  foot  high,  fastigiately  or  paniculately  much 
branched:  leaves  two  to  three  inches  long,  pinnately  parted  above  the  entire 
base  into  setaceous  or  filiform  divisions:  bracts  but  little  longer  than  the 
calyx,  with  lanceolate  body  and  filiform  lobes:  calyx  5-6  lines  long,  the  lance- 
olate teeth  about  one  third  as  long  as  the  tube:  corolla  nearly  an  inch  long, 
yellow,  lower  lip  of  three  globular-inflated  sacs,  not  more  than  one  fourth  as 
long  as  the  filiform  pubescent  tube,  the  two  folds  separating  the  sacs  within 
villous-bearded,  galea  subulate,  brownish-purple,  but  little  exceeding  the 
lower  lip.     Low  ground  near  the  coast,  southern  Oregon  and  California 

*  *     Anthers    two-celled:    seed-coat   loose  and  arilliform,  coarsely 
reticulated 

0.  lithospermoides  Benth.  1.  c.  Copiously  hirsute  above,  pubescent 
below:  stem  6-18  inches  high,  strict,  simple,  or  with  some  erect  branches, 
very  leafy:  leaves  lanceolate  or  somewhat  linear,  2-5-cleft,  or  the  lowermost 
simple:  bracts  of  the  dense  many-flowered  spike  cuneate-dilated  and  3-5-cleft, 
about  equalling  the  flowers:  calyx  two  lines  long,  the  short  subulate  teeth 
about  as  long  as  the  tube:  corolla  about  an  inch  long,  cream-color,  or  often 
turning  pale  rose-color:  sacs  of  the  lower  lip  three  lines  deep,  the  teeth  short 
and  inconspicuous:  capsule  ovate.  In  open  places,  southern  Oregon  and 
California. 

0.  lacerus  Benth,  PI.  Hartw.  329.  Rather  soft  hirsute  and  above  vis- 
cid: stem  strict,  simple,  or  branched  above,  6-14  inches  high:  leaves  pinnately 
and  bracts  palmately  3-7- cleft  or  parted,  with  linear  attenuate  lobes:  corolla 
yellow,  6-8  lines  long:  galea  straight,  subulate,  glabrous  or  merely  puberulent: 
low^er  lip  ample,  the  sacs  nearly  as  deep  as  long,  shorter  than  the  galea.  On 
dry  ground,  eastern  Oregon  to  California. 

0.  hispidus  Benth.  Scroph.  Ind.  12,  Soft-hirsute:  stem  slender,  strict 
and  erect,  4-12  inches  high,  simple,  or  with  a  few  erect  branches  neai'  the 
top:  leaves  lanceolate,  6-18  lines  long,  deeply  3-lobed,  with  linear  attenuate- 
lanceolate  lobes:  bracts  similar  to  the  leaves  but  smaller:  spikes  very  dense, 
2-3  inches  long:  calyx  about  4  lines  long,  pubescent,  the  subulate  teeth 
shorter  than  the  tube:  corolla  white,  6-8  lines  long,  the  lower  lip  w^ith  mode- 
rately ample  sacs  longer  than  deep,  surpassed  by  the  subulate  galea:  capsule 
ovoid,  obtuse,  longer  than  the  tube  of  the  calyx:  seeds  obovoid,  dark  grey. 
In  damp  open  places,  western  Oregon  to  California, 

21  ADENOSTEGIA  Benth.  in  Lindl.  Nat.  Syst.  ed.  2,  445. 
CORDYLANTHUS  Nutt. 
Branching  annual  herbs  with  narrow  alternate  leaves  and  in- 
conspicuous flowers  in  leafy-bracted  fascicles  or  spikes  at  the  end 
of  the  branches.  Calyx  spathe-like,  diphyllous,  or  by  the  absence 
of  the  anterior  division  monophyllous.  Coralla  tubular,  slightly 
dilated  upward,  bilabiate,  the  lips  short,  rarely  unequal  in  length. 


ADENOSTEGIA  SCROPHULARIACE^  537 

the  lower  round  and  3-crenulate  or  entire,  the  galea  narrow. 
Stamens  4  and  didynamous,  or  sometimes  the  shorter  pair  want- 
ing. Anther-cells  either  pilose-cilia te  or  with  the  base  and  apex 
minutel}^  bearded.  Style  usually  with  an  uncinately  inflexed 
apex,  thickened  under  the  entire  stigma.  Ovules  several,  ascend- 
ing.    Capsule  compressed,  loculicidal.     Seeds  few. 

A.  ramosa  Greene  Pitt,  ii,  180.  Cordylanthas  ramosus  Null.  Canes- 
cent  with  a  minute  s6abrous  pubescence:  stem  erect,  0-10  inches  high,  bran- 
ching: leaves  piunately  3-5-parted  with  filiform  segments;  the  floral  ones 
with  5-7  equal  filiform  lobes,  scarcely  dilated  at  the  apex:  bracts  entire  or 
2-3-lobed:  flowers  capitate:  calyx  leaves  5-7  lines  long,  ovate  or  oblong,  ob- 
tuse, 4-6-nerved,  the  upper  one  emarginate:  corolla  yellow,  6-8  linen  long: 
stamens  4;  filaments  more  or  less  villous;  anthers  2-celled:  capsule  4-5  lines 
long,  linear-oblong,  20-seeded.     Eastern  Oregon  to  Nevada  and  Wyoming. 

A.  capitata  Greene  1.  c.  Cordylanthus  capitatus  Nutt.  Rlose-pubes- 
cent:  stem  erect,  6-20  inches  high,  branched  above:  lower  leaves  and  those  of 
the  branches  linear,  one  to  two  inches  long,  mostly  entire,  upper  ones  three- 
lobed,  the  lobes  linear  or  filUforai:  floral  leaves  three-cleft  or  subpinnatifid: 
flowers  in  small  capitate  fascicles,  sessile,  usually-  with  a  single  obtuse  bract: 
calyx  two-leaved,  the  lower  leaf  three  to  five-nerved,  the  upper  two -nerved 
and  two-toothed  at  the  apex:  corolla  six  to  eight  lines  long,  purplish,  but 
little  exceeding  the  calyx:  stamens  two;  filaments  flattened,  almost  glabrous: 
anthers  one-celled:  capsule  oblong,  eight-seeded:  seeds  minutely  favose.  In 
open  woods,  eastern  Washington  to  Nevada  and  Idaho, 

A.  viscida.  Minutely  pilose  and  copiously  viscid -glandular:  stem 
erect,  one  to  three  feet  high,  divaricately  much  branched:  leaves  linear-lan- 
ceolate, one  to  three  inclies  long,  mostly  entire,  those  subtending  the  branches 
with  a  pair  of  linear  lobes  near  the  base;  floral  leaves  deeply  three-lobed,  the 
lobes  linear- spatulate,  not  callous-tipped:  flowers  in  small  fascicles  or  solitaiy : 
calyx  two-leaved,  nearly  an  inch  long,  the  lower  leaf  linear-oblong,  obtuse, 
five-nerved,  the  upper  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate,  faintly  five-nerved:  corolla 
purplish,  barely  equalling  the  calyx:  antheriferous  stamens  two,  with  vill- 
ous filaments  and  two-celled  anthers:  sterile  filaments  conspicuous:  fruit  not 
seen.  On  dry  slopes,  eastern  base  of  the  Coast  Mountains  near  Waldo, 
southern  Oregon. 

22    PEDICULARIS  L.  Sp.   603. 

Herbs  with  alternate  or  opposite  leaves  and  yellow,  purple,  red  or 
white  flowers  in  terminal  spikes  or  racemes.  Calyx  tubular,  cleft 
on  the  lower  side  or  sometimes  also  on  the  upper  side,  or  2-5- 
toothed.  Corolla  strongly  bilabiate,  the  tube  cylindric;  the  galea 
laterally  compressed,  concave  or  conduplicate,  sometimes  beaked  ; 
lower  lip  erect  or  ascending,  3-lobed,  the  lobes  spreading  or  re- 
flexed,  the  middle  one  smallest.  Stamens  4,  didynamous,  ascend- 
ing within  the  upper  lip  of  the  corolla  :  anthers  transverse,  ap- 
proximate in  pairs,  their  cells  equal,  parallel,  obtuse  or  rarely, 
mucronate  at  base.  Capsule  compressed,  oblique  or  curved, 
beaked,  many-seeded  loculicidally  dehiscent.  Seeds  reticulated 
pitted,  striate  or  ribbed. 

*    Cauline  leaves  and  flowers  veiiicillate  or  nearly  so, 
P.     Menziesii  Benth.  in  DC.    Prodr.   x,  563.     Nearly   glabrous:  stems 


63M  SCROPHULA.RIACE^  pedicularis 

about  ten  inches  high,  simple:  leaves  deeply  pinnatifid  or  pinuately  parted 
into  oblong  incise ly  toothed  divisions:  lower  whorls  of  the  spike  rather  dis- 
tant: calyx  inflated-globose  its  teeth  phort,  ciliate,  somewhat  crested:  tube  of 
the  corolla  exceeding  the  calyx:  galea  straightish,  slightly  if  at  all  beaked, 
shoi-ter  than  the  depending  lower  lip.    Northwest  Coast  Menzie». 

*  *    Leaves  alternate  or  sometimes  opposite. 

P.  Groenlandica  Retz  Fl.  Scand.  ed.  2,  145.  Glabrous  perennial: 
stems  simple,  erect,  twelve  to  eighteen  inches  high:  leaves  alternate,  lanceo- 
late in  outline,  acute  or  acuminate,  pinnately  parted  or  the  lower  pinnately 
divided  into  lanceolate  acute  crenulate  or  incised  segments,  the  lower  slender- 
petioled,  the  upper  sessile,  two  to  six  inches  long:  spikes  one  to  six  inches 
long,  very  dense:  calyx  Ave  toothed,  nearly  as  long  as  the  tube  of  the  corolla, 
the  teeth  short,  acutish:  corolla  red  or  purple,  the  galea  produced  into  a 
filiform  beak  6-8  lines  long,  which  is  decumbent  upon  the  lower  lip  and 
upwardly  recurved  beyond  it:  capsule  obliquely  ovate,  about  three  lines  long. 
In  mountain  marshes,  Alaska  to  California  and  across  the  Continent, 

P.  contorta  Benth.  in  Hook.  Fl.  ii,  108,  Glabrous  perennial:  stems 
eight  to  twelve  inches  high,  simple,  erect:  leaves  mostly  radical  and  petioled, 
two  to  three  inches  long,  pinnately  parted  into  linear  entire  or  incisely 
serrate  alternate  lobes,  the  upper  similar  but  smaller  and  sessile:  spikes 
cylindrical,  two  to  four  inches  long,  many-flowered:  calyx  four  to  five  lines 
long,  cleft  to  below  the  middle  into  two  triangular  acute  lobes  which  are 
sharply  two-toothed  at  the  apex:  corolla  yellow  or  whitish,  the  galea  produc- 
ed into  a  slender  elongated-subulate  circinate  incurved  beak  equalling  or 
longer  than  the  broad  lower  lip:  capsule  six  lines  long,  exceeding  the  calyx, 
ovoid,  obliquely  acute:  seeds  oblong,  callus  apiculate  at  both  ends.  In 
open  meadows  in  the  Cascade  Mountains   to  Idaho. 

P.  raceiiiosa  Dougl.  Hook,  Fl.  ii,  108.  Glabrous  perennial:  stems 
rather  slender,  one  to  two  feet  high,  simple,  or  sometimes  branched,  leafy  to 
the  top:  leaves  all  cauline,  one  to  two  inches  long,  lanceolate,  undivided, 
finely  serrulate  or  incisely  crenate  and  the  crenations  finely  crenulate,  the 
teeth  mostly  white-tipped,  all  petioled:  flowers  rather  few,  in  a  short  leafy 
raceme:  calyx  somewhat  oblique,  deeper  cleft  before  than  behind,  the  lobes 
abruptly  acuminate,  three  lines  long:  corolla  dull  white  or  yellowish,  six  to 
eight  lines  loni,%  the  galea  produced  into  a  slender  elongated -subulate 
circinate  incurved  beak  nearly  as  long  as  the  broad  lower  lip,  hamate- 
deflexed.  Subalpine  regions,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California  and  the  Eocky 
Mountains. 

P.  Howellii  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xx,  107.  Glabrous  perennial:  stem 
stout,  six  to  eighteen  inches  high,  naked,  or  with  some  small  scales  below, 
above  densely  leafy  up  to  the  short  and  dense  cylindraceous  spike:  leaves  all 
cauline,  one  to  two  inches  long,  oblong,  some  simple  and  undulate- serrate  or 
entire  on  margined  petioles,  others  pinnately  three  to  seven-parted  or  upper 
lobes  more  confluent :  bracts  foliaceous,  ovate,  mostly  acuminate,  more  or 
Ifess  lanate-ciliate,  shorter  than  the  flowers:  calyx  campanulate,  sparsely 
villous,  five-toothed,  the  teeth  ovate,  nearly  entire,  the  posterior  and  lateral 
more  connate:  corolla  white  or  yellowish,  with  exserted  tube  and  a  rather 
long  much  incurved  somewhat  rose-colored  galea  much  longer  than  and 
smrounding  the  short  obscurely  three- lobed  lower  lip.  On  damp  shady 
slopes,  top  of  the  Siskiyou  Mountains  near  Waldo  Oregon. 

P.  ornithorhyncha  Benth.  in  Hook.  1.  c.  Smooth  perennial :  stems 
scapiform,  or  sometimes  bearing  a  pair  of  leaves,  6-8  inches  high,  simple : 
leaves  pinnately  parted  and  the  oblong  or  lanceolate  divisions  incisely 
pinnatifid,  the  lobes  small, dentate :  spikes  interrupted:  calyx  ovate-inflated, 


PEt)iouLARi8  SCROPHULARlACEit:  539 

RHINANTHDS 

the  teeth  nearly  entire :  corolla  about  half-inch  long,  galea  falcate,  with  a 
narrow  beak  longer  than  its  width,  lower  lip  much  smaller.  Mount 
Rainier,  Washington. 

F.  parviflora  J.  E.  Smith  in  Rees'  Cyclop.  1814.  (xlabrous:  sterna 
about  a  foot  high,  branching,  from  a  biennial  or  perhaps  perennial  root: 
leaves  all  pinnately  parted ;  the  small  segments  oblong,  incisely  crenate : 
calyx  two-cleft,  its  lo))es  incisely  cristate:  corolla  narrow,  6  lines  long, 
purplish,  its  lips  much  shorter  than  the  tube;  galea  not  at  all  beaked, 
nearly  straight,  the  anterior  face  curvilinear  and  slender-bidentate  at  the 
lower  part  of  Ihe  apex,  and  a  pair  of  minute  aaditional  denticulations  at 
the  throat.    Alpine  or  8ul)alpine,  Oregon  to  Alaska  and  Hudson  l>ay. 

P.  bracteosa  Benth.  1.  c,  (Habrous  perennial:  stem  stout,  1-3  feet 
high,  erect  and  simple,  leafy  only  near  the  middle:  leaves  linear  to  ovate 
in  outline,  the  radical  few',  petioled,  pinnate,  the  oblong  leaflets  ^-1 
inch  long  and  pinnately  parted,  the  segments  incisely  dentate,  the 
teeth  often  tipped  with  white:  cauline  broader  in  outline,  2-4  inches  long, 
pinnate  or  pinnately  parted,  the  segments  narrowly  lanceolate,  1-2  inches 
long,  coarsely  serrate:  bracts  ovate,  acuminate,  shorter  than  the  flowers: 
spikes  cylindrical,  in  flower  very  dense:  calyx  sparsely  pilose,  9  lines 
long,  its  teeth  sul)ulate  from  a  broad  base:  corolla  about  an  inch  long, 
ochroleucoue,  the  tube  about  equalling  the  calyx;  galea  much  longer  and 
larger  than  the  lower  lip,  its  cucullate  summit  slightly  produced  at  the 
entire  edentulate  orifice,  but  not  l)eaked.  In  open  forests  of  high  moun- 
tains, eastern  Oregon  to  Brit.  Columbia  and  the  Saskatchewan. 

P.  densiflora  Benth.  Hook.  Fl.  ii,  110.  Pubescent  or  glabrate  per- 
ennial:  stem  stout,  6-20  inches  high,  leafy,  simple:  leaves  ample,  4-12 
inches  long,  of  oblong  outline,  bipinnatifid,  or  pinnately  parted  and  the 
lobes  laciniate-dentate,  the  irregular  salient  teeth  cuspidate-tipped: 
lower  bracts  leaf-like,  uppermost  almost  entire  and  equalling  or  shorter 
than  the  flowers  :  spikes  at  first  very  dense,  oblong,  2-.S  inches  long,  in  age 
looser  and  sometimes  a  foot  long:  calyx  campanulate,  about  6  lines  long 
by  4-5  broad.  5- toothed,  the  triangular  acute  teeth  about  half  as  long  as 
the  tube:  corolla  12-18  lines  long,  scarlet;  galea  completely  straight  and 
anteriorly  rectilinear,  very  much  longer  and  larger  than  the  very  small 
3-lobed  lower  lip :  filaments  glabrous.  On  dry  hillsides,  southern  Oregon 
and  California. 

23    RHINANTHUS  L.  Sp.  603. 

Erect  annual  herbs  with  opposite  leaves  and  yellow,  blue  or 
variegated  flowers  in  terminal  secund  leafy-bracted  spikes,  or  sol- 
itary in  the  upper  axils.  Calyx  compressed,  4-toothed,  much 
inflated,  membranaceous  and  veiny  in  fruit.  Corolla  very  irreg- 
ular or  bilabiate,  the  upper  lip  compressed,  arched,  minutely 
2-toothed  below  the  entire  apex,  the  lower  lip  shorter,  3-lobed, 
the  lobes  spreading.  Stamens  4,  didynamous,  ascending  under 
the  galea.  Anthers  pilose,  the  cells  obtuse  at  base,  transverse, 
distinct.  Capsule  orbicular,  flat,  loculicidally  dehiscent,  several- 
seeded.     Seeds  nearly  orbicular,  winged. 

R.  Crista-Oalli  L.  Sp.  603.  Glabrous,  or  pubescent  above:  stem 
slender,  usually  branched,  Jo-2  feet  high:  leaves  lanceolate,  1-2  inches 
long,  sessile,  coarsely  serrate  detita  e:  bracts  broader,  ovate  to  ovate-lan- 
ceolate, incised-dentate,  the  teeth  ucuminae,  or  subulate-t'pped  :  flowers 
yellow,  6-8  lines  long:  coroUa-tu  e  longer  than  the  calyx,  commonly  with 
a  purple  spot  on  one  or  both  lips:  fruiting  calyx  ovate-orbicular,  4-8  line^ 


540  SCROPHULARIACE^  melampyrum 

in  diameter :  capsule  orbicular  or  broader,  nearly  as  broad  as  the  calyx, 
very  flat,  not  oblique.  In  fields  and  waste  places,  Oregon  to  Alaska  and 
across  the  Continent:  Europe  and  Asia. 

24    MELAMPYRUM  L.  Sp,  606. 

Annual  branching  herbs  with  opposite  leaves  and  small  flowers 
solitary  in  the  upper  axils,  or  in  terminal  spikes.  Calyx  4-tooth- 
ed,  the  2  upper  teeth  somewhat  longest.  Corolla  bilabiate,  the 
tube  narrow,  gradually  enlarged  above,  the  upper  lip  compressed, 
obtuse  or  emarginate,  with  a  groove  behind  the  margins,  or  these 
recurved,  or  with  a  tooth  on  each  side,  lower  lip  spreading  or  as- 
cending, 3-toothed,  2-grooved  beneath.  Stamens  4,  ascending 
under  the  galea.  Anther-cells  distinct,  parallel,  obtuse  or  mu- 
cronulate  at  base.  Capsule  flat,  oblique,  loculicidally  dehiscent, 
2-4-seeded.     Seeds  smooth,  strophiolate. 

M.  lineare  Lam.  Encycl.  iv,  22.  Pubescent :  stem  slender,  obscurely 
4-sided  above,  at  length  widely  branched,  6-18  inches  high:  leaves  lanceo- 
late or  linear-lanceolate,  &hort-petioled,  acuminate  or  acute  at  the  apex, 
narrowed,  obtuse  or  the  upper  truncate  at  base,  1-23^  inches  long,  the 
lower  all  entire,  the  upper  floral  ones  ovate  or  lanceolate  with  2-6  bristle- 
pointed  teeth  near  the  base:  flowers  short-peduncled,  4-6  lines  long:  calyx 
about  one-third  the  length  of  the  corolla,  its  subulate  teeth  longer  than  its 
tube:  corolla  white  or  whitish,  puberulent,  the  lower  lip  yellow:  capsule 
4-5  lines  long,  about  2  lines  broad,-  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx.  In  dry 
woods,  Idaho  to  Brit.  Columbia  and  ea8t  to  the  Atlantic. 

Order  LXIX.  OROBANCHACEiE  Lindl.  Nat.  Syst.  ed  2,  287. 

Erect,  siniple  or  branched,  brown  yellowish  purplish  or 
nearly  white,  root-parasitic  herbs  with  the  leaves  reduced  to  al- 
ternate appressed  scales  and  perfect  irregular  flowers  in  ter- 
minal bracted  spikes,  or  sometimes  solitary  or  fascicled  and 
peduncled  in  the  axils  of  the  scales.  Calyx  inferior,  gamosep- 
alous,  4-5-toothed  or  4-5-cleft,  or  split  nearly  or  quite  to  the 
base  on  one  or  both  sides.  Corolla  gamopetalous.  more  or  less 
oblique,  the  tube  cylindric,  or  expanded  above,  the  limb  bi- 
labiate and  5-lobed.  Stamens  4,  didynamous,  inserted  on  the 
tube  of  the  corolla  and  alternate  with  its  lobes,  a  fifth  rudi- 
mentary one  sometimes  present.  Anthers  two-celled,  the  cells 
parallel  and  equal.  Ovary  one-celled,  with  apparently  four 
parietal  placentae  and  numerous,  anatropous,  ovules.  Style 
slender,  with  two-lobed  or  four-lobed  discoid  stigma.  Capsule 
one-celled,  two-valved.  Seeds  numerous,  reticulated,  wrinkled 
or  striate.     Cotyledons  scarcely  differentiated. 

*    Anther-cells  deeply  separated  from  below,  mucronate  or  aristu- 
late  at  base. 

1  Orobanche    Flowers  spicate  and  sessile  or  subsessile. 

2  Thalesia  Flowers  pedunculate,  without  bracts  on  the  peduncle  or  calyx. 

*  *     Anther-cells  parallel  and  muticose  at  base. 
B    Boschniakia    Flowers  sessile  in  a  dense  simple  scaly-bracted  spike. 


OROBANCHE  OROBANCHACE^  541 

THALES[A 

1     OROBANCHE  L.  Sp.  632.     (1753.) 

Glandular-pubescent  reddish  yellowish  violet  or  nearly  white 
herbs,  parasitic  on  the  roots  of  various  plants,  with  scattered  scales 
and  spicate  or  racemose  bracted  and  sometimes  bracteolate  flowers. 
Calyx  split  both  above  and  below  nearly  or  quite  to  the  base,  the 
divisions  2-cleft  or  rarely  entire,  or  more  or  less  unequally  2-5- 
toothed.  Corolla  oblique,  strongly  bilabiate:  upper  lip  erect, 
emarginate  or  2-lobed:  lower  lip  spreading,  o-lobed.  Stamens 
not  exserted :  anther-cells  mostly  mucronate  at  the  base.  Pla- 
centae equidistant  or  approximate  in  pairs.  Style  slender,  usually 
persistent  until  after  the  dehiscence  of  the  capsule :  stigma  pel- 
tate to  funnelform,  entire  or  laterally  2-lamellate. 

0.  comosa  Hook.  Fl.  11,  93.  Aphyllon  comosum  Gray.  Puberulent: 
stems  stout,  2-4  inches  high,  branching  close  to  the  ground:  scales  rather 
few,  oblong-ovate  to  lanceolate:  flowers  corymbose  or  paniculate-racemose, 
on  stout  pedicels  4-8  lines  long :  bractlets  one  or  two,  on  the  pedicels  or 
sometimes  at  the  base  of  the  flower:  calyx  deeply  5-parted;  lobes  subulate- 
linear  and  attenuate,  6-10  lines  long:  corolla  pink  or  pale  purple,  an  inch 
or  more  long;  upper  lip  barely  spreading,  obtuse;  lower  lip  acutely  3-too- 
thed,  spreading:  anthers  woolly:  capsule  oblong,  obtuse,  6  lines  long: 
seeds  very  numerous,  yellowish.  On  dry  hills,  eastern  Washington  to 
California. 

0.  Califorulca  Cham.  &  Schlect.  Linn,  iii,  134.  Aphyllon  Calif orni- 
cum  Gray  Pubescent  with  short  hairs  and  viscid :  fetems  stout,  8-10 
inches  high:  flowers  crowned  in  an  oblong  dense  raceme  or  thyrsus: 
pedicels  shorter  than  the  calyx  :  bractlets  close  to  the  calyx,  linear-lanceo- 
late :  calyx  deeply  5-parted,  the  subulatelinear  lobes  6-10  lines  long :  corolla 
yellowish  or  purplish,  but  little  longer  than  the  calyx  its  short  oblong 
lobes  barely  spreading:  anthers  glabrous  or  slightly  hairy.  Sandy  places, 
Oregon  to  California  and  Nevada. 

0.  pinetoruin  Geyer.  Hook.  Kew  Journ.  Bot.  iii,  297.  Aphyllon 
pineiorum  Gray.  Pubescent  with  short  whitish  hairs :  stems  rather  slen- 
der above  the  thickened  tuber-like  base,  6-12  inches  high :  flowers  subsessile 
or  short  pedicelled,  in  a  long  and  rather  loose  panicle:  calyx  2-bracteolate 
at  base,  deeply  5-cleft,  the  lobes  subulate  from  a  broad  base,  not  longer 
than  the  tube:' corolla  yellowish,  6  lines  long:  anthers  glabrous :  capsule 
oblong,  obtuse,  4  lines  long,  exceeding  the  calyx.  On  the  roots  of  conifer- 
ous trees,  Oregon  to  Brit.  Columbia. 

2    THALESIA  Raf.  Am.  Month.  Mag.  ii,  267.     (1818.) 

APHYLLON  Gray  Man.  290.     {18^48.) 

Glandular  or  viscid-pubescent  herbs,  parasitic  on  the  roots  of 
various  plants,  with  scattered  scales,  and  long-peduncled  yellow- 
ish white  or  violet  complete  and  perfect  bractless  flowers.  Calyx 
nearly  equally  5-cleft,  the  lobes  acute  or  acuminate.  Corolla  ob- 
lique: the  tube  elongated,  curved:  the  limb  slightl}^  bilabiate,  the 
upper  lip  erect-spreading,  2-lobed:  the  lower  lip  spreading,  3-lob- 
ed,  the  lobes  all  nearly  equal.  Stamens  included :  anther-cells 
mucronate  at  the  base.  Ovary  ovoid:  placentae  equidistant  or 
contiguous  in  pairs.  Style  slender,  deciduous  :  stigma  peltate,  or 
transversely  bilamellate. 


642  OROBANCHACE^  thalisia 

BOSCHNIAKIA 

T.  uniflora  Britton  Mem.  Torr.  Club  v,  298.  AphyUon  unifora  Gray. 
Stern  usually  legs  than  an  inch  long,  nearly  subterranean,  bearing  several 
ovate-oblong  scaleb  and  1-4  slender  erect  scape-like  glandular-puberulent 
naked  1-flowered  peduncles  3-8  inches  high  :  calyx  campanulate.  pubescent 
and  glandular.  4-5  lines  high,  its  lanceolate-acuminate  lobes  as  long  as  the 
tube  or  longer:  corolla  violet  or  white,  puberulent outside,  8-12  lines  long, 
the  curved  tube  about  3  times  as  long  as  the  limV),  the  short  lobes  oval  or 
obovate,  obtuse :  capsule  ovoid;  longer  than  the  calyx.  In  woods  and 
thickets,  California  to  Brit.  Columbia  and  across  the  Continent. 

T.  purpurea  Heller  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  xxiv,  313.  Rootstock 
stout,  fascicled  or  sparingly  branched,  2-3  inches  long  mostly  subterranean, 
bearing  a  few  broad  acute  prominently  veined  glabrous  scales,  and  few  to 
several  stout  glandular-pubescent  channeled  scape  like  peduncles  4-6  inch- 
es high  :  calyx  glandular-pubescent,  equally  5-lobed,  the  lobes  prominently 
3-nerved,  the  lateral  nerves  close  to  the  margin,  twice  the  length  of  the 
tube,  long-acuminate  from  a  triangular  base :  corolla  deep  violet-purple, 
16-18  lines  long,  glandular-pubescent ;  lobes  broadly  oblong  or  obovate, 
usually  notched  or  sometimes  merely  rounded,  fringed  with  short  glandu- 
lar hairs,  marked  with  3  yellowish  veins :  stamens  smooth ;  the  anthers 
obovate,  short-acuminate  at  base  :  ovary  glabrous.  Mouth  of  the  Potlatch 
Idaho. 

T.  fasciculate  Britton  1.  c.  Glandular- pubescent  throughout :  stemH 
erect,  2-4  inches  high,  bearing  several  oblong  to  lanceolate  scales  and  3-20 
naked  1-flowered  peduncles  1-4  inches  long :  calyx  broadly  campanulate, 
3-5  lines  high;  its  lobes  triangular-lanceolate  or  triangular-ovate,  acute, 
equalling  or  shorter  than  the  tube:  corolla  nearly  an  inch  long,  yellowish, 
often  tinged  with  purple,  the  curved  tube  3  times  as  long  as  the  limb,  the 
lobes  oblong,  obtuse:  capsule  ovoid  to  globose.  On  sandy  banks,  Brit. 
Columbia  to  California  and  Indiana. 

3    BOSCHNIAKIA  C.  A.  Meyer  Bong.  Veg.  Sitcha.  159. 

P^rect  simple  brown  or  reddish  densely  scaly  glabrous  herbs, 
parasitic  on  JCricaceous  shrubs  or  trees,  with  numerous  flowers  in 
a  simple  dense  scaly-bracted  cone-like  spike.  Flowers  all  alike 
and  fertile,  sessile,  or  short-pedicelled.  Calyx  short,  cupuliform, 
posteriorly  truncate  or  obliquely  shorter,  and  with  o  distant  teeth 
in  front.  Corolla  ventricose:  upper  lip  erect  or  fornicate,  entire  ; 
lower  3-parted.  Stamens  slightly  exserted  :  anther-cells  closely 
parallel  and  muticose  at  base.  Stigma  dilated  and  bilamellar  or 
4-lobed.     Seeds  with  a  thin  reticulated  or  favose  coat. 

B.  strobilacea  Gray  Pacif  R.  Rep.  iv,  118.  Stems  clustered,  4-12 
inches  high  stout  and  thick,  brownish-red  :  scales  ovate  or  the  upper  ones 
more  or  less  cuneate  below,  much  imbricated :  flowering  from  near  the 
ground :  pedicels  stout,  a  line  or  two  long:  calyx  with  a  pair  of  setaceous 
bractlets  at  base,  irregularly  2-5-toothed,  the  teeth  subulate  from  a  broad 
base,  3-4  lines  long,  about  as  long  as  the  tube:  corolla  bilabiate,  8-10  lines 
long,  upper  lip  entire,  its  margins  involute,  lower  lip  2-lobed,  naked :  sta- 
mens densely  woolly  at  base,  shorter  than  the  upper  lip,  anthers  woolly: 
style  a  little  longer  than  the  stamens;  stigma  irregularly  3-5-lobed:  capsule 
globose,  4-valved,  1-celled:  seeds  globose,  a  line  long,  light-colored,  with  a 
spongy  coat.     In  open  woods,  southern  Oregon  to  California. 

B.  Hookeri  Walp.  Rep.  iii,  479.  ?  Stem  comparatively  slender,  3-6 
inches  high:  scales  oblong  to  broadly  ovate,  lax  or  densely  imbricated: 
flowers  sessile:  calvx  ebracteolate,  4-toothed,  the  triangular  acute  teeth 
a  line  or  two  long,  about  as  long  as  the  tube;  corolla  6-8  lines  long,  upper 


UTRicuLABiA  LENTIBULARIACE^  543 

lip  entire,  a  little  longer  than  the  3-toothed  lower  one,  all  more  or  leas 
ciliate:  filaments  woolly  at  base:  anthers  white,  ciliate on  the  sutures: 
style  shorter  than  the  stamens,  with  irregularly  2-5-lobed  stigma.  On 
sandy  plains  near  the  sea,  Oregon. 

Order  LXX.LENTIBULARIACEiE  Lindl.  Veg.  Kingd.  686, 

PINGUICULACE^ 

Aquatic  herbs,  or  terrestrial  in  wet  plaecs,  with  the  leaves  all 
radical,  or  when  floating  opposite  or  verticillate,  and  mostly 
showy  flowers  solitary  or  racemose  on  scapes  or  scape -like  pe- 
duncles. Calyx  inferior,  2-5-parted.  Corolla  bilabiate,  the 
upper  lip  usually  erect,  concave,  or  the  sides  plicate,  entire  or 
2-lobed .  lower  lip  lai*ger,  spreading  or  reflexed,  3-lobed,  with 
a  palate  projecting  into  the  throat  and  a  nectariferous  spur 
beneath.  Stamens  two :  anther-cells  confluent  into  one.  Ovary 
ovoid  or  globose,  one-celled  ovules  numerous.  Style  short  or 
none:  stigma  bilamellate.  Fruit  a  capsule,  irregularly  bursting 
or  dehiscent  by  valves.  Seeds  anatropous,  rugose,  reticulated, 
or  bristle-bearing. 

1  Utricularia  Aquatic  or  bog  plants :  foliage  often  dissected  and  bladder 

bearing. 

2  Finguicnla  Terrestrial  herbs :  leaves  all  radical, in  a  rosulate  tuft,entire. 

1    UTRICULARIA  L.   Sp.  18. 

Herbs  floating  free  in  water,  or  rooting  in  mud,  the  aquatic 
species  with  stems  usually  bearing  finely  dissected  leaves  and 
minute  bladders  :  marsh  species  with  a  few  bladder-bearing  leaves 
or  rootlets  under  ground.  Flowers  racemose  or  solitary  at  the 
summits  of  slender  scapes,  the  pedicels  two-bracteolate.  Calyx 
deeply  two-lobed,  the  lobes  equal  or  nearly  so.  Corolla  bilabiate, 
the  upper  lip  usually  erect  and  entire ;  the  lower  larger.  3-lobed, 
spurred  at  the  base  and  with  a  prominent  palate,  commonly 
bearded  in  the  throat.     Capsule  many- seeded. 

U.  vulgaris  L.  Sp,  18.  Stem  long  and  rather  stout,  densely  leafy: 
leaves  2-3-pinnately  divided  into  filiform  segments,  very  bladdery :  blad- 
ders about  2  lines  long:  scapes  a  foot  or  less  long,  5-16  flowered :  corolla 
yellow,  half  inch  or  more  broad,  with  sides  of  lips  reflexed ;  upper  lip  nearly 
entire,  hardly  longer  than  the  prominent  palate ;  tiie  lower  one  slightly 
3-lobed  and  longer  than  the  conic,  blunt  or  acutish  somewhat  curved  spur. 
Slow  streams  and  ponds,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California  and  across  the 
Continent :  Europe  and  Asia. 

U.  occidentalis  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xix,  95.  Stems  filiform,  8-10 
inches  long:  leaves  scattered,  repeatedly  dichotomously  divided,  the  small 
setaceous  segments  a  line  or  two  long:  scapes  6-10  inches  high,  3-5-flower- 
ed :  corolla  yellow,  4-6  lines  long :  upper  lip  a  little  longer  than  the  broad 
rounded  palate;  spur  broadly  conical,  acutish,  2  lines  long,  ascending. 
In  shallow  water  on  boggy  meadows  near  the  base  of  Mount  Adams, 
Washington. 

U.  minor  L.  Sp.  18.  Stems  slender,  floating,  short:  leaves  much 
scattered  dichotomously  divided,  the  divisions  few  and  setaceous :  bladders 
borne  among  the  leaves,  few,  often  none,  the  largest  not  over  a  line  long : 


544  LENTIBULARIACEif^:  utricularia 

PINGUICULA 

scapes  slender  2-7  inches  high,  racemosely  1-10-flowered :  corolla  pale 
3'ellow,  2-3  lines  broad,  jingent,  the  upper  lip  smaller  than  the  lower;  spur 
usually  reduced  to  a  broad  blunt  protuberance,  shorter  than  the  lips.  In 
shallow  ponds  and  bogs,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California  and  across  the 
Continent :  also  Europe. 

IT.  intermedia  Hayne  in  Schrad.  Journ.  Bot.  i,  18.  Stems  floating 
2-6  inches  long:  leaves  3-6  lines  long,  more  or  less  scattered,  2-ranked> 
repeatedly  dichotomous,  the  segments  linear,  flat,  the  margins  bristly- 
ciliate :  bladders  with  rare  exceptions  borne  on  leafless  branches :  scapes 
capillary,  2-10  inches  high,  rjaked,  or  with  a  few  scales,  1-5-flowered : 
corolla  6  lines  broad,  its  lower  lip  broad  with  a  large  palate  and  exceeding 
the  upper  one :  spur  conic,  subacute,  nearly  as  long  as  the  lip,  to  which  it  is 
appressed.  In  shallow  water,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California  and  across  the 
continent :  also  in  Europe. 

2    PINGUICULA  L.  Sp.  17. 

Acaulescf^nt  herbs  with  fibrous  roots,  entire  rosulate-tufted 
leaves,  the  upper  surface  covered  with  a  viscid  secretion  to  which 
insects  adhere  and  are  captured  by  the  involution  of  the  sensitive 
margins,  and  naked  one-tjowered  scapes.  Calyx  4-5-parted,  or 
bilabiate,  the  upper  lip  2-parted,  the  lower  3-parted.  Corolla  bi- 
labiate, the  upper  lip  2-cleft,  the  lower  3-cleft ;  the  base  produced 
into  a  nectariferous  spur.  Capsule  2-valved,  or  4-valved.  Seeds 
oblong,  wrinkled  or  reticulg-ted. 

P.  ynlgaris  L.  Sp.  17.  Scapes  glabrous  or  minutely  puberulent,  2-6 
inches  high,  recurved  at  the  apex  and  bearing  a  single  large  blue  flower: 
leaJves  3-7  in  a  rosette  at  the  base  of  the  scape,  greasy  to  the  touch  on  the 
upper  side,  ovate  to  lanceolate,  obtuse,  1-2  inches  long,  short-petioled  or 
sessile:  corolla  3-5  lines  broad  when  expanded,  bilabiate,  the  upper  lip 
2-lobed,  the  lower  3-lobed,  larger,  the  tube  gradually  contracted  into  an 
acute  or  obtuse  nearly  straight  spur  2-4  lines  long:  capsule  globose-ovoid, 
longer  than  the  calyx.  On  wet  rocks,  southern  Oregon  to  Alaska  and 
across  the  Continent :  also  Europe  and  Asia. 

Order  LXXI  LABIATE  B.  Juss.  Hort.  Trian.  1759. 

Herbs  shrubs  or  rarely  trees,  mostly  aromatic,  usually  with 
square  stems,  simple  opposite  leaves  without  stipules  and  rather 
small  perfect  flowers  usually  clustered  in  the  axils  of  the  upper 
leaves  or  bracts.  Calyx  3-5-cleft,  3-5-toothed  or  bilabiate, 
persistent.  Corolla  bilabiate;  upper  lip  2-lobed  or  entire,  the 
lower  3-cleft  or  3-parted,  or  rarely  as  if  4  lobes  in  the  upper 
and  one  in  the  lower  lip.  Stamens  mostly  4  and  didynamous, 
rarely  equal,  sometimes  only  two  with  or  without  staminoidea ; 
filaments  distinct,  mostly  slender,  alternate  wifh  the  lobes  of 
the  corolla.  Anthers  introrse,  2-celled  or  confluently  1-celled, 
or  sometimes  of  a  single  cell.  Ovary  4-lobed  or  4-parted,  su- 
perior, each  lobe  or  division  with  1,  mostly  anatropous,  ovule. 
Style  arising  from  the  centre  of  the  lobed  or  parted  ovary, 
filiform,  2-cleft  at  the  apex,  often  unequally  so;  or  one  of  the 
cells  obsolete :  stigma  minute,  usually  2-lobed.  Fruit  of  4  one- 
aeeded  nutlets.     Seeds  erect  from  the  base  of  the  nutlet, mostly 


LABIATE  545 

without   albumen.     Embryo    mostly  straight:  radicle     short, 
inferior. 

I     Ovary  merely  4-lobed,  or  not  deeply  4-parted. 

Tribe  i  Stamens  mostly  exserted  from  the  upper  side  of  the 
corolla,  4  in  all  our  genera. 

1  Trichosteiiia    Limb  of  the  corolla  merely  or  hardly  oblique,  of  5  some- 

what equal  and  similar  lobes. 

2  Tencrium    Limb  of  the  corolla  irregular,  seemingly  bilabiate  the 
upper  lip  either  split  down  or  very  short. 

II     Ovary  deeply  4-parted. 

Tribe  ii  Stamens  not  declined,  the  posterior  pair  shorter  or 
wanting. 

*  Flowers  capitate-glomerate :  corolla  about  equally  4-lobed,  small 
and  short,  hardly  irregular,  but  the  upper  lobe  often  broader  than  the 
others  and  emarginate:  anther-cells  parallel,  without  any  thickish 
connective. 

3  Mentha    Stamens  4,  similar  and  nearly  equal. 

4  Lycopus    Stamens  only  2  with  anthers,  the  upper  pair  sterile  rudi- 

ments or  wanting. 

*  *  Calyx  striate-nerved  or  costate,  not  much  changed  in  fruit : 
corolla  more  or  less  evi<lently  bilabiate,  the  upper  lip  erect,  the  lower 
spreading  and  3-cleft,  destitute  of  bearded  ring  within. 

5  Monardella    Flowers  densely  spicate-verticillastrate ;  upper  lip  of  the 

corolla  2-cleft :  stamens  distant  and  straight,  often  divergent,  never 
convergent  nor  curved. 

6  Micromeria    Flowers  few,   in  the  axils  of  the  leaves :  upper  lip  of  the 

corolla  plain  or  slightly  concave  and  straight:  stamens  unequal  exsert- 
ed :  anther-cells  often  divergent. 

7  Melissa    Flowers  rather  few,  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves :  corolla- 

tube  not  longer  than  the  calyx,  curved. 

8  Pogo^yue    Flowers  verticillastrate-glomerate  and  spicate:  upper  lip 

of  the  corolla  short,  erect  and  entire :  stamens  ascending  and  above 
somewhat  approximate  in  pairs. 

Tribe  hi    Stamens  only  2,  the  posterior  pair  rudimentary  or 
wanting,  straight  or  commonly  parallel-ascending. 

9  Andibertia    Calyx  bilabiate  and  spathaceous,  its  lower  lip  2-cleft: 

filaments  exserted  and  bearing  one-celled  anthers- 

10  Monarda    Calyx  elongated-tubular,  regular  or  nearly  so:  anthers 
2-celled,  both  cells  fertile  and  similar. 

Tribe  iv     Stamens   4,  both  pairs  fertile :   the  posterior  pair 
longest. 

*  Anthers  separated  or  distinct,  not  approximate  in  pairs,  their 
cells  parallel  or  nearly  so. 

11  Agastache    Stamens  divergent  or  distant,  exserted. 

*  *  Anthers  more  or  less  approximate  in  pairs ;  their  cells  divaricate 
or  divergent:  filaments  ascending,  not  exserted. 


546  Labiate 

12  Nepeta    Erect  plants :  flowers  verticillastrate-glomerate  and  apicate  : 
calyx  tubular,  not  bilabiate,  nearly  equally  2-toothed. 

13  Glecoma  Trailing  plants :  flowers  axillary :  calyx  unequally  5-toothed. 

14  Bracocephalum    Erect  plants  with  glomerate-spicate  inflorescence : 
calyx  bilaoiate,  the  upper  tooth  largest. 

Tribe  v     Stamens  4,  ascending  and  parallel,  all  fertile ;  the 
the  anterior  pair  longer  with  the  anthers  by  abortion  one-celled; 
those  of  the  posterior  pair  2-celled. 
16    Scutellaria    Calyx  with  a  strong  projection  on  the  upper  side. 

Tribe  vi  Stamens  4,  all  fertile,  parallel  and  ascending  under 
the  concave  or  somewhat  galeate  upper  lip  of  the  bilabiate  corolla. 

*  Calyx  reticulate-veiny,  membranaceous  or  chartaceous,  more  or 
less  inflated,  deeply  bilabiate;  the  lips  flattened  and  closed  in  fruit; 
upper  lip  plain  and  broad :  corolla  with  inflated  throat  from  a  more  or 
less  exserted  tube. 

16  Brnnella    Inflorescence  verticillastrate-capitateorspicate:  calyx  ob- 
long, somewhat  10-nerved,  upper  lip  truncate,  3-toothed. 

*  *  Calyx  more  or  less  membranaceous  and  inflated  or  enlarged 
after  flowering,  obscurely  nerved,  but  somewhat  veiny,  3-5-lobed,  not 
bilabiate,  open:  corolla  showy;  throat  inflated,  upper  lip  more  or  less 
concave,  not  galeate :  filaments  more  or  less  villous. 

17  Physostegia    Flowers  simply  opposite  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  or 
bracts  :  calyx  nearly  regular  and  equally  5-toothed. 

*  *  *  Calvx  of  firmer  texture,  distinctly  5-10-nerved  or  striate, 
5-10-toothed.' 

-^-  Stamens  included  in  the  short  tube  of  the  corolla,  the  upper  lip 
of  which  is  merely  concave. 

18  MARRUBruM    Calyx  tubular-cylindraceous,  strongly  ribbed,  and  with 
5  or  10  subulate  or  spinulose  teeth. 

•*-  ■*-    Stamens  ascending  under  the  galeate  upper  lip  of  the  corolla 

19  Leonurus    Calyx  turbinate,  5-nerved,  and  with  5  subulate  spineacent 
teeth. 

20  Lamium    Calyx  tubular  or  turbinate-campanulate,  the  5  teeth  subu- 
late but  not  spinescent. 

*-  t-  t-  Stamens  all  or  the  lower  pair  sometimes  deflexed  to  the 
sides  of  the  throat  or  contorted  after  an  thesis. 

21  Stachys    Calyx  tubular-campanulate  or  turbinate,  5-10  nerved  and 
5-toothed. 

I  Nutlets  rugose-reticulated,  with  introrsely  very  oblique  or 
even  ventral  and  comparatively  large  scar  of  attachment.  Ovary 
merely  4-lobed  or  not  very  deeply  4-parted.    Seeds  exalbuminous. 

Tribe  1  Ajugoidea^  Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  xii,  571.  Calyx  5-10- 
nerved.  Stamens  ascending,  mostly  exserted  from  the  upper  side  o/ 
the  corolla  J  4  *^  our  genera.  Ovules  and  seeds  more  or  less  amphi- 
tropous.    Nutlets  obovoid,  dry. 


TRICH08TKMA  LABIATJE  $47 

TEUCRIUM 

1    TRICH08TEMA  L.  8p.  598. 

Annual  or  perennial  erect  branching  herbs  or  sufFrutescent 
plants  with  entire  or  slightly  repand  leaves  and  small  or  middle- 
sized,  mostly  blue,  flowers,  paniculate  or  in  axillary  loose  or 
dense  cymes.  Calyx  campanulate,  very  unequally  or  almost 
equally  5-lobed.  Corolla  with  narrow  tube  and  more  or  less  ob- 
lique limb ;  the  somewhat  similar  lobes  oblong  and  more  or  less 
declined,  i  Stamens  4,  with  long  filaments  that  are  spirally  coiled 
in  the  unopened  limb,  at  length  long-exserted,  and  divaricate  or 
divergent-  anther-cells.  Ovary  deeply  4-lobed.  Amphitropous 
ovules  and  seeds  ascending,  being  attached  below  the  middle. 

T.  oblongnm  Benth.  Lab.  659.  Sof t-villous  throughout ;  stem  simple 
or  branching  frona  the  base,  2-12  inches  high  from  an  annual  root :  leaves 
oblong*or  oval,  with  narrowed  base,  an  inch  or  less  long,  membranaceous, 
costate-veined :  flowers  in  short  glomerate  cymules  shorter  than  the  leaves : 
calyx  nearly  equally  5-parted,  its  lanceolate  acuminate  lobes  about  3  lines 
long,  much  longer  than  the  tube :  corolla  blue,  inconspicuous,  its  tube  not 
surpassing  the  calyx:  filaments  blue,  long-exserted.  In  moist  places, 
western  Washington  to  California. 

T.  laxum  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  vii,  387.  Minutely  soft- pubescent 
annual :  stem  6-14  inches  high,  simple  or  loosely  branched :  leaves  rather 
distant,  lanceolate  and  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  1-2  inches  long.rather 
obscurely  pinnately  veined  tapering  at  base,  mostly  into  a  slender  petiole : 
flowers  in  rather  loose  often  forked  long-peduncled  cymules :  pedicels  a  line 
long:  calyx  campanulate,  about  2  lines  long,  its  equal  ovate-triangular 
acute  lobes  longer  than  the  tube :  corolla  blue,  3-4  lines  long,  almost  glab- 
rous :  stamens  6-8  lines  long.  On  gravelly  bars  along  streams,  southern 
Oregon  to  California. 

T,  lanceolatum  Benth.  1.  c.  Cinereous-pubescent  or  villous  annual : 
stem  6-12  inches  high,  rather  sparingly  branched,  very  leafy :  leaves  much 
longer  than  the  internodes,  ovate-lanceolate  to  lanceolate,  narrowed  below 
to  a  very  short  petiole  or  sessile,  acute  and  minutely  cuspidate,  strongly 
nerved:  flowers  in  small  sessile  or  very  short- peduncled  cymules  much 
shorter  than  the  leaves :  pedicels  a  line  or  two  long :  calyx  campanulate, 
about  2  lines  long,  its  triangular-ovate  acute  lobes  longer  than  the  tube : 
corolla  blue,  6  lines  long,  the  tube  almost  filiform,  somewhat  pubescent. 
Common  in  dry  ground,  western  Oregon  to  California. 

2    TEUCRIUM  L.  Sp.  562. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  with  dentate  or  entire  leaves  and  rather  small 
pink,  white  or  purplish  flowers  in  terminal  bracted  spikes  or 
heads,  or  verticillate  in  the  upper  axils.  Calyx  campanulate.  10- 
nerved,  equally  or  unequally  5 -toothed.  Corolla-tube  short,  the 
limb  irregularly  5-lobed,  the  two  short  upper  lobes  oblong,  erect 
or  declined,  the  lateral  lobes  more  or  less  united  with  the  upper 
ones,  the  lower  lobe  larger,  declined.  Stamens  4,  exserted  betw- 
een the  two  upper  lobes  of  the  corolla,  the  anterior  pair  longest. 
Anther-cells  divergent,  confluent  at  base.  Nutlets  obovoid,  ru- 
gose-reticulated, with  a  broad  introrse  areola. 

T,  occldentale  Gray  Syn.  Fl.  ii,  349.  Villous  or  pubescent  perennial: 
stem  erect  rather  stout,  usually  much  branched,  1-3  feet  high,  the  branches 
ascending :  leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  thin,  acute  or  acuminate 


548  LABIATE  Mentha 

LYCOPUS 

at  the  apex,  sharply  dentate,  mostly  rounded  at  base,  usually  slender-peti- 
oled,  1-3  inches  loug:  spikes  dense,  becoming  3-8  inches  long  in  fruit : 
bracts  lanceolate-subulate  or  the  lower  sometimes  larger :  calyx  villous- 
pubescent,  its  3  upper  teeth  acute  or  acutish :  corolla  4-6  lines  long.  In 
moist  soil,  eastern  Washington  to  California,  Pennsylvania  and  Ontario. 

II  Ovary  deeply  4-parted.  Nutlets  smooth  or  granulate,  with 
small  basal  scar  of  attachment.     Seeds  mostly  exalbumenous. 

Tribe  2  Menthoidex  Benth  in  DC.  Prodr.  xii,  149.  Corolla 
less  strongly  bilabiate  and  the  lobes  flatter  than  in  the  succeeding 
tribeSf  upper  lip  not  galeate  or  concave.  Stamens  not  declined,  the 
posterior  pair  shorter  or  wanting.  Anthers,  in  our  genera,  2-celled; 
the  cells  distinct  or  more  or  less  confluent. 

3    MENTHA  L,.  Sp.  576 

Erect  or  diffuse  herbs  with  simple  mostly  punctate  leaves  and 
small  pink,  purple  or  white  flowers  in  axillary  whorls,  or  dense 
or  interrupted  terminal  spikes.  Calyx  campanulate  to  tubular, 
10-nerved,  regular  to  slightly  bilabiate,  5-toothed.  CoioUa  with 
tube  shorter  than  the  calyx,  and  somewhat  irregular  4-cleft  limb; 
the  posterior  lobe  usually  somewhat  broader  than  the  others,  en- 
tire or  emarginate.  Stamens  4,  equal,  erect,  sometimes  imperfect: 
filaments  glabrous:  anthers  two-celled,  the  cells  parallel.  Ovary 
4-parted  :  style  cleft  at  the  summit.     Nutlets  ovoid,  smooth. 

M.  Canadensis  L.  Sp.  577.  More  or  less  pubescent  perennial :  stems 
erect,  simple  or  branched,  usually  slender,  6-30  inches  high :  leaves  oblong 
or  ovate-oblong-  or  oblong-lanceolate,  slender-petioled  acute  at  the  apex, 
or  the  lower  obtuse,  sharply  serrate,  narrowed  to  a  somewhat  cuneate 
acute  or  obtuse  base,  glabrous  or  very  sparingly  pubescent,  the  larger  2-3 
inches  long:  flowers  all  in  short  and  dense  sessile  axillary  glomerules :  calyx 
oblong-campanulate,  Hensely  or  sparingly  pubescent  all  over,  its  teeth 
about  one  third  as  long  as  the  tube.  In  moist  meadows,  Brit.  Columbia 
to  California  and  across  the  Continent. 

4    LYCOPUS  L.  Sp.  21, 

Perennial  herbs  with  erect  or  diffuse  stems,  mostly  dentate 
leaves  and  small  flowers  bracted  and  verticillate  in  dense  axil- 
lary clusters.  Calyx  campanulate,  regular  or  nearly  so,  4-5- 
toothed,  not  bearded  in  the  throat.  Corolla  campanulate  to  cy- 
lindric,  equalling  or  longer  than  the  calyx,  the  limb  nearly  equal- 
ly 4-cleft,  or  one  of  the  lobes  larger  and  emarginate.  Perfect 
stamens  2,  anterior,  the  posterior  pair  rudimentary  or  wanting ; 
anther-cells  parallel.  Nutlets  smooth,  trigonous,  truncate  at  the 
summit. 

L.  Virginlcus  L.  Sp.  21.  Glabrous  or  puberulent:  stems  slender, 
6-24  inches  high,  simple  or  branched:  propagating  by  long  filiform  some- 
times tuber-bearing  stolons:  leaves  lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  acumin- 
ate at  the  apex,  coarsely  and  sharply  dentate,  narrowed  or  cuneate  at  the 
base,  1-3  inches  long,  6-18  lines  wide,  petioled,  or  the  upper  sessile :  bracts 
short,  oblong:  calyx  about  a  line  long,  4-  or  sometimes  5-toothed,  the  teeth 
ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  obtuse  or  subacute:  corolla  about  a  line  broad, 
nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx  :  nutlets  as  long  or  longer  than  the  calyx. 


LYcopus  LABIATE  549 

MONARDEI.LA 

In  wet  places,  throughout  most  of  North  America. 

L.  rnbellns  Moench  Meth.  Suppl.  146.  Glabrous  or  minutely  puberu- 
lent :  stems  erect  or  ascending,  simple,  or  at  length  freely  branched,  1-3  feet 
high:  leaves  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  or  narrower,  acuminate  at  the 
apex,  sharply  dentate,  narrowed  or  cuneate  at  base.  2-5  inches  long,  6-18 
lines  wide,  usually  tapering  into  conspicuous  petioles :  bracts  minute,  acute 
or  acuminate:  calyx-teeth  triangular-subulate,  herbaceous,  one-half  as 
long  as  the  tube  or  more :  corolla  longer  than  tiie  calyx :  rudimentary 
posterior  filaments  oval  or  oblong :  nutlets  much  shorter  than  the  calyx. 
In  wet  ooil,  western  Oregon  and  Washington  to  New  York  and  Florida. 

L.  Americanus  Muhl,  Bart.  Fl.  Phil.  Prodr.  15.  L.  sinuatus  Ell. 
Puberulent  or  glabrous,  perennial  by  suckers:  stems  stiff,  erect,  simple  or 
branched,  1-2  feet  high :  leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate  in  outline, 
incised,  pinnatifid  or  the  uppermost  merely  serrate,  acute  at  the  apex  2-4 
inches  long,  petioled  :  bracts  subulate,  the  outer  ones  sometimes  exceeding 
the  calyx :  teeth  of  the  calyx  triangular-subulate,  cuspidate,  rigid :  corolla 
little  exceeding  the  calyx :  rudimentary  filaments  thickened  at  their  tips ; 
nutlets  much  shorter  than  the  calyx,  in  wet  soil,  Brit.  Columbia  to  Cali- 
fornia and  across  the  continent. 

L.  lucidns  Turcz.  Benth  in  DC.  Prodr.  xii,  178.  Pubescent  or  glab- 
rate:  stems  usually  stout,  erect,  strict,  leafy,  simple,  or  sometimes  branch- 
ed, 1-3  feet  high :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  at  the  apex,  narrowed  or 
rounded  at  base,  sessile  or  very  short-petioled,  2-6  inches  long.  4-12  lines 
wide,  sharply  serrate  with  acute  ascending  teeth  :  bracts  ovate  or  lanceolate, 
acuminate-subulate,  the  outer  ones  often  as  long  as  the  flowers :  calyx- 
teeth  5,  subulate-lanceolate,  nearly  as  long  as  the  tube:  corolla  little  longer 
than  the  calyx:  rudimentary  filaments  slender,  thickened  at  the  tips: 
nutlets  much  shorter  than  the  calyx.  In  wet  soil,  eastern  Washington  to 
California  and  Minnesota. 

5    MONARDELLA  Benth.  Lab.  331. 

Low  annual  or  perennial  herbaceous  or  suffrutescent  plants 
with  mostly  entire  leaves  and  small  red  purple  or  white  flowers 
in  terminal  heads  subtended  by  broad  often  membranaceous  and 
colored  bracts.  Calyx  tubular,  often  elongated,  10-13-nerved,  5- 
toothed  :  the  teeth  short,  nearly  equal,  straight ;  the  throat  naked 
within.  Corolla-tube  as  long  as  the  calyx:  the  throat  glabrous 
within:  the  limb  somewhat  bilabiate,  the  upper  lip  two-cleft,  the 
lower  3-cleft,  and  the  lobes  all  oblong  or  linear,  flat  and  nearly 
equal.  Stamens  4,  more  or  less  unequal,  or  the  lower  ones  longer, 
straight,  divergent  and  exserted.  Anthers  with  two  parallel  cells 
becoming  divergent  or  divaricate.     Style  very  shortly  two-cleft, 

M.  villosa  Benth.  Lab,  332.  Somewhat  canescent :  stems  slender,  6-18 
inches  high,  branching  from  a  perennial  woody  base,  stiff  and  erect  or  as- 
cending: leaves  rather  distant,  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong,  entire, 
6-12  lines  long,  all  short-petioled :  heads  sessile,  6-10  lines  high,  very  dense; 
bracts  broadly  ovate  to  elliptical,  6-8  lines  long,  7-9-nerved,  villous-ciliate: 
tinged  with  purple :  calyx  4-6  lines  long,  pubescent,  its  short  subulate  teeth 
villous :  corolla  purple  to  white,  pubescent,  the  tube  gradually  enlarged 
from  the  base  and  at  length  a  line  or  more  longer  than  the  calyx;  the  ob- 
long lobes  2-3  lines  long.   On  dry  ridges,  southwestern  Oregon  to  California. 

M.  reflexa.  More  or  less  cinereous  with  a  minute  scurfy  puberulence : 
stems  slender,  6-14  inches  high,  from  a  woody  perennial  base,  simple,  or 
more  or  less  branched :  leaves  ovate  to  lanceolate,  6-12  lines  long,  not  as 


550  LABIATjE  monardella 

micromeria 

long  as  the  internodea,  all  petioled :  heads  often  peduncled,  6-8  lines  high : 
bracts  foliaceous,  spreading  or  refiexed,  lanceolate  to  ovate,  sometimes 
acuminate  from  an  orbicular  base:  calyx  about  5  lines  long,  pubescent; 
its  triangular-subulate  teeth  ciliate :  corolla  purple  to  white;  its  pubescent 
tube  almost  filiform,  hardly  at  all  enlarged  upward,  not  longer  than  the 
calyx ;  its  linear  lobes  nearly  as  long  as  the  tube.  On  gravelly  banks  and 
bars  of  the  Rogue  river,  Oregon. 

M.  purpurea.  Verv  smooth  and  shining  except  the  inflorescence : 
whole  herbage  usually  reddish-purple:  stems  slender,  3-8  inches  high, 
simple,  from  a  woody  perennial  base:  leaves  oblong-ovate  to  lanceolate, 
4-12  lines  long,  mostly  longer  than  the  internodes,  all  petioled,  very  entire 
and  obtuse:  heads  broad  and  rather  loose,  8-10  lines  high,  often  peduncl- 
ed: bracts  broadly  ovate  to  oblong,  never  reflexed,  tinged  with  purple, 
villous-ciliate,  4-6  lines  long :  calyx  about  5  lines  long,  glabrous ;  its  subu- 
late teeth  hirsute :  corolla  about  10  lines  long ;  its  pubescent  tube  very 
slightly  enlarged  upward,  much  longer  than  the  calyx  the  linear  lobes 
about  4  lines  long.  In  dry  rocky  places,  eastern  base  of  the  Coast  Moun- 
tain Sj  southwestern  Oregon. 

M.  odoratissima  Benth.  Lab.  332.  Somewhat  cinereous  with  a  min- 
ute scurfy  puberulence:  stems  often  stoutish  and  much  branched,  4-10 
inches  long,  very  numerous  from  a  perennial  woody  base,  decumbent  or 
ascending :  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  subsessile,  4-12  lines 
long,  mostly  longer  than  the  internodea,  acute  at  both  ends :  heads  6-10 
lines  high :  bracts  broadly  ovate,  very  obtuse,  4-6  lines  long :  calyx  about 
5  lines  long,  puberulent.  its  triangular  acute  teeth  softly  villous :  corolla 
rose-color,  its  pubescent  tube  slightly  dilated  upward,  a  line  or  more  lon- 
ger than  the  calyx,  lobes  oblong-linear,  3-4  lines  long.  In  rocky  ravines, 
eastern  Washington  to  California  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

M,  discolor  Greene  Pitt,  ii,  24.  "  Rigidly  suffrutescent,  diffuse,  a 
span  high :  leaves  small,  (^-^  inch  long),  ovate-lanceolate,  entire,  short- 
petioled,  green  and  nearly  glabrous  above,  white-tomentose  beneath, 
scarcely  punctate,  the  veins  prominent  beneath :  heads  small,  bracts  few, 
ovate  or  oblong,  obtuse,  of  firm  texture,  tomentose-canescent,  not  colored, 
parallel-nerved:  calyx-teeth  short,  acutieh,  woolly-hairy  without:  corollas 
light  purple.  *' 

'*  Gravelly  banks  of  the  Yakima  River  near  Clealum  Washington.  " 

6    MICROMERIA  Benth,  in  Bot.  Reg.  under  n.  1282. 

Shrubs  or  herbs  with  entire  or  merely  dentate  leaves  and  small 
flowers  in  bracted  spikes,  or  few  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves.  Calyx 
tubular,  13-15-nerved,  5-toothed,  the  teeth  subequal  or  somewhat 
bilabiate.  Corolla  short,  its  straight  tube  usually  shorter  or 
hardly  longer  than  the  calyx ;  the  limb  bilabiate ;  upper  lip  erect 
entire  or  emarginate,  lower  lip  spreading,  3-lobed.  Stamens  4, 
arcuate,  shorter  than  the  corolla,  the  anterior  pair  longest :  an- 
thers 2-celled.     Style  beardless. 

M,  Douglasii  Benth.  Lab.  372.  Minutely  pubescent :  stems  slender, 
simple,  trailing,  6-20  inches  long:  leaves  round-ovate,  crenate,  6-12  lines 
long,  on  petioles  2-3  lines  long :  flowers  usually  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the 
leaves  in  the  middle  of  the  stem,  on  filiform  peduncles  4-6  lines  long; 
calyx  about  4  lines  long,  its  acute  triangular  teeth  less  than  a  line  long : 
corolla  about  6  lines  long,  white,  narrow-funnelform,  with  slender  tube 
about  equalling  the  calyx,  ampliate  throat  and  short  rounded  lobes. 
Common  in  wooded  districts,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California. 


MET.I88A  LABIATE  551 

POGOGTNE 

7     MELISSA  L.  Sp.  592. 

Herbs  with  leafv  yteins  broad  dentate  leaves  and  small  white  or 
yellowish  flowers  in  small  axillary  clusters.  Calyx  bilabiate,  ob- 
long-campanulate,  13-nerved,  nearly  naked  in  the  throat :  upper 
lip  flat,  3-toothed;  the  lower  2-parted.  Corolla  exserted,  its  tube 
curved,  enlarged  above,  naked  within,  the  limb  bilabiate  ;  upper 
lip  erect,  emarginate ;  lower  lip  spreading,  3-cleft.  Stamens  4, 
connivent  and  ascending  under  the  upper  lip  of  the  corolla:  an- 
thers 2-celled,  the  cells  divaricate. 

M.  OFFICINALIS  L.  Sp.  592.  Pubescent  perennial:  sterns  rather  stout, 
erect  or  ascending,  12-30  inches  high :  leaves  ovate,  petioled,  pinnately 
veined,  coarsely  dentate  or  crenate-dentate,  1-2^  inches  long::  flowers 
several  in  the  axillary  clusters,  short-pedicelled :  calyx  about  8  lines  long, 
the  teeth  of  its  lower  lip  slightly  exceeding  those  of  the  upper:  corolla 
white,  5-7  lines  long.  In  waste  places :  naturalized  from  Europe. 

8    POGOGYNE  Benth.  Lab.  441. 

Low  annuals  with  mostly  entire  leaves  and  numerous  small 
flowers  in  dense  or  interrupted  terminal  bracted  spikes:  the  bracts 
usually  hirsutely  ciliate.  Calyx  deeply  and  unequally  o-cleft, 
the  teeth  hirsutely  ciliate,  the  two  lower  longest :  the  tube  cam- 
panulate  or  turbinate,  mostly  15-nerved:  the  throat  naked  within. 
Corolla  straight,  tubular-funnel  form,  with  short  lips :  upper  lip 
erect,  entire,  lower  lip  8-lobed,  spreading.  Stamens  4,  the  upper 
pair  shortest,  all  with  anthers,  or  the  upper  pair  sterile,  ascend- 
ing and  above  more  or  less  approximate  in  pairs  :  anthers  2-celled, 
the  cells  parallel  and  pointless.  Style  somewhat  exserted,  beard- 
ed above. 

P.  Bonglasii  Benth.  1.  c.  Stem  commonly  2-6  inches  high,  simple, 
or  branched  from  the  base:  leaves  oblanceolate  to  obovate,  9-15  lines  long, 
narrowed  below  to  a  petiole :  flowers  in  approximate  whorls,  forming  a 
dense,  terminal  spike,  often  with  a  single  accessory  whorl  below,  or 
sometimes  several  of  the  lower  ax'ls  with  flowers  :  bracts  linear,  cuspidate, 
their  margins  ciliate  with  bristly  white  hairs:  calyx  about  4  lines  lon^r, 
the  lower  teeth  about  twice  as  long  as  the  tube,  much  longer  and  narrower 
than  the  others,  all  bristly-ciliate :  rorolla  7-9  lines  long,  blue,  the  palate 
white  dotted  with  purple,  bristly  :  nutlets  smooth,  often  mottled,  minutely 
hispid  at  the  apex.  In  low  places  that  are  covered  with  water  in  winter, 
Jackson  Co.  Oregon  to  California. 

Tribe  3  Monardex  Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  xii,  888.  Antherijer- 
ous  stamens  only  S,  straight  or  commonly  parallel-ascending.  An- 
thers with  narrow  usually  oblong-linear  cells  ,  which  are  either  wide- 
ly separated  on  the  upper  and  lower  ends  of  a  linear  or  filiform 
connective  which  is  usually  longer  than  the  filament  and  articulated 
with  it,  or  the  lower  cell  wanting  or  deformed^  or  the  two  cells  continent 
into  one  linear  cell. 

9    AUDI  BERT!  A  Benth.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1469. 

Shrubs  or  herbs  with  mostly  crenulate  leaves  and  numerous 
flowers  in  capitate-glomerate  or  verticilastrate  terminal  heads  or 


552  LABIATE  audibertia 

MONARDA 

spikes.  Calyx  bilabiate ;  its  lower  lip  deeply  2-cleft,  the  upper 
3-toothed  or  entire,  naked  within.  Corolla  bilabiate ;  its  upper 
lip  spreading,  2-lobed  or  emarginate,  the  lower  lip  spreading,  3- 
lobed.  the  broad  middle  lobe  emarginate.  Stamens  two  ;  filaments 
slender,  exserted,  apparently  simple  and  bearing  a  linear  1-celled 
anther,  or  with  an  articulation,  showing  that  the  portion  above  it 
answers  to  a  filiform  connective,  the  lower  end  of  which  sometimes 
projects  into  a  subulate  point,  but  never  showing  any  trace  of  a 
second  anther-cell :  rudiments  of  the  posterior  pair  of  stamens 
often  present.     Nutlets  smooth,  unchanged  when  wetted. 

A.  incana  Benth.  Lindl.  Hot.  Reg.  t.  1469.  A  much  branched  hoary 
shrub  1-2  feet  high  ,  with  ashy-grey  shreddy  bark :  leaves  spatulate  to  ob- 
ovate,  obtuse  or  retuse,  entire,  thick,  an  inch  or  less  long,  tapering  below 
to  a  slender  petiole :  bracts  obovate  or  oval,  the  innermost  spatulate,  pu- 
bescent and  ciliate,  tinged  with  rose  or  purple  :  calyx  oblong-campanulate,. 
3-4  lines  long,  pubescent,  often  tinged  with  red,  somewhat  curved,  its  ob- 
long lower  lobes  almost  as  long  as  the  broai  emarginate  upper  one:  corolla 
blue,  6-7  lines  long,  the  tube  longer  than  the  calyx :  stamens  long-exserted. 
On  rocky  banks  and  ridges,  eastern  Washington  to  California,  Idaho  and 
Arizona. 

10    MONARDA  L.  Sp.  22. 

Perennial  or  annual  erect  herbs  with  dentate  or  serrate  leaves 
and  rather  large  flowers  in  dense  capitate,  mostly  bracteate  and 
bracteolate  clusters.  Calyx  tubular,  narrow,  lo-nerved,  nearly 
or  quite  equally  5-toothed,  mostly  villous  in  the  throat.  Corolla 
glabrous  within,  usually  pubescent  or  glandular  outside:  the  tube 
slightly  dilated  above:  the  limb  bilabiate:  upper  lip  erect  or 
arched,  emarginate  or  entire :  lower  lip  spreading,  3-lobed,  the 
middle  lobe  longer  or  larger  than  the  others.  Stamens  2,  ascend- 
ing usually  exserted,  the  posterior  pair  rudimentary  or  wanting: 
anthers  linear,  versatile,  2-celled,  the  cells  divaricate,  more  or  less 
confluent  at  the  base.     Nutlets  ovoid,  smooth. 

M.  scabra  Beck  Am.  Journ.  of  Sci.  x,  260.  J/,  fislulosa  var.  mollu 
Benth.  Puberulent  perennial :  stems  usually  slender,  1-23^  feet  high,  usu- 
ally branched:  leaves  thick  or  firm,  pale,  usually  short-petioled,  acuminate 
or  acute  at  the  apex,  rounded  narrowed  or'cordate  at  base,  sharply  or 
sparingly  serrate,  canescentor  puberulent  or  nearly  glabrous,  1-334  inches 
long,  6-12  lines  wide :  heads  terminal,  solitary :  bracts  green  or  tinged  with 
pink :  calyx  puberulent,  often  hairy  at  the  summit,  densely  villous  in  the 
throat,  its  short  subulate  teeth  nearly  erect:  corolla  yellowish  or  pink, 
about  15  lines  long,  pubescent,  sometimes  glandular:  stamens  exserted. 
On  prairies  and  plains,  Brit.  Columbia  to  Idaho,  Arizona,  Texas  and  Neb. 

Tribe  5.  Nepeteas  Benth.  in  DC.jProdr.  xii,  368.  Calyx  usu- 
ally 15-nerved\  the  upper  teeth  or  lip  commonly  longer  or  larger. 
Corolla  distinctly  bilabiate.  Stamens  4]  (M  fertile:  the  upper  pair 
longest. 

11     AG\STACHE>  Clayt.  Gronov.  Fl.  Virg.  88. 
LOPHANTHUS  Benth. 

Tall. erect  perennial  herbs  with  serrate  mainly  ovate  petiole 


AGA8TACHE  LABI  AT  JE  553 

NEPETA 

leaves  and  yellowish  purplish  or  hlue  flowers  verticillate- clustered 
in  dense  or  interrupted  bracted  terminal  spikes.  Calyx  narrowly 
campanulate,  somewhat  oblique,  slightly  bilabiate,  5-toothed. 
Corolla  strongly  bilabiate,  the  tube  as  long  as  the  calyx :  upper 
lip  erect,  2-lobed,  the  lower  one  spreading,  3-lobed,  its  middle 
lobe  broader  than  the  lateral  ones  and  crenulate.  Stamens  all 
antheriferous,  the  upper  pair  longest:  anthers  2-celled,  their  cells 
nearly  parallel.     Nutlets  ovoid,  smooth. 

A.  urticifolia  Kydberg.  Lophanthus  uriicifoUus  Benth.  Glabrous: 
stems  erect  and  simple,  2-4  feet  high :  leaves  thin,  triangular-ovate,  obtuse 
to  acute  at  the  apex,  truncate  to  cordate  at  base,  1-3  inches  long,  coarsely 
and  irregularly  dentate,  glabrous'  both  sides,  on  petioles  an  inch  or  less 
long:  spikes  dense,  1-3  inches  long,  an  inch  or  less  thick,  sessile:  bracts 
linear-lanceolate,  entire,  or  some  of  the  lower  ones  ovate  and  more  or  less 
toothed:  calyx  narrow-campanulate,  4-5  lines  long,  its  lanceolate  acumin- 
ate-subulate teeth  subequal,  nearly  as  long  as  the  tube,  white  or  tinged 
with  purple :  corolla  light  violet  or  purplish  to  white,  6-7  lines  long.  In 
wet  places  in  the  mountains,  Oregon  to  California  and  the  Rocky  Mts. 

A.  occidentalis  Heller.  Vleckia  occidentalis  Piper.  Glabrous  below, 
puberulent  above :  stems  strict,  simple,  2-4  feet  hi^h :  leaves  triangular- 
ovate,  obtuse  or  sometimes  acute  at  the  apex,  cordate  at  base  coarsely 
serrate-dentate,  green  and  glabrous  above,  canescent  beneath,  1-2  inches 
long,  on  petioles  6-12  lines  long:  spikes  thick  and  dense,  1-4  inches  long  an 
inch  or  more  thick:  calyx  puberulent,  narrow-campanulate,  4-5  lines 
long,  its  triangular-subulate  very  acute  teeth  not  as  long  as  the  tube,  tinged 
with  violet :  corolla  light  violet,  5-6  lines  long.  Wet  places  in  the  high 
mountains  of  Washington. 

12    NEPETA  L.  Sp.  570. 

Erect  herbs  with  dentate  or  incised  leaves  and  rather  small 
flowers  in  verticillate  clusters  usually  crowded  in  terminal  spikes 
or  axillary  and  cymose.  Calyx  tubular,  somewhat  oblique  at  the 
mouth,  15-nerved,  usually  incurved,  5-toothed,  scarcely  bilabiate 
but  the  upper  teeth  usually  longer  than  the  lower.  Corolla-tube 
enlarged  above,  the  limb  strongly  bilabiate:  upper  lip  erect,  entire, 
emarginate  or  2-lobed:  lower  lip  3-lobed,  the  middle  one  larger 
than  the  lateral  ones.  Stamens  4,  all  antheriferous,  ascending 
under  the  upper  lip  :  anthers  2-celled,  the  cells  divaricate.  Nut- 
lets compressed-ovoid,  smooth. 

N.  Cataria  L.  Sp.  570.  (Catnip)  Densely  tomentulose-canescent  pale 
green  perennial:  stems  stout,  much  branched,  2-3  feet  high,  the  branches 
straight,  ascending :  leaves  ovate  to  oblong,  acute  at  the  apex,  coarsely 
crenate-dentate,  mostly  cordate  at  base,  1-3  inches  long,  greener  above 
than  below,  all  petioled :  flowers  in  dense  verticillastrate  spikes  at  the 
ends  of  the  branches  and  stems :  bracts  small,  foliaceous :  bractlets  subulate: 
calyx  densely  pubescent,  its  teeth  subulate  the  upper  about  one-half  the 
length  of  the  tube :  corolla  nearly  white  or  pale  purple,  dark-dotted,  pubes- 
cent outside,  5-6  lines  long,  it's  tube  a  little  longer  than  the  calyx,  the 
broad  middle  lobe  of  the  lower  lip  crenulate.  In  waste  places,  naturalized 
from  Europe. 

13    GLECHOMA  L.  Sp.  578. 

Low  diff'ase  creeping  herbs  with    long-petioled  crenate  leaves 


554  LABlATiE  GLECttoMA 

DRACOCEPHALUM 

and  comparatively  large  violet  or  blue  flowers  in  small  verticillate 
axillary  clusters.  Calyx  oblong-tubular,  15-nerved,  oblique  at 
tliC  orifice,  unequally  5-toothed.  Corolla-tube  exserted,  enlarged 
above,  the  limb  bilabiate  :  upper  lip  erect,  2-lobed  or  emarginate, 
the  lower  spreading,  li  lobed.  Stamens  4,  all  antheriferous, 
not  exserted  :  anthers  2-celled,  the  cells  divergent.  Nutlets  ovoid, 
smooth. 

(t.  hederacea  L.  Sp  57S.  (Grodnd  Ivy.)  Pubescent  perennial :  stems 
creeping,  6-18  inches  long,  the  branches  ascending :  leaves  nearlv  orbicular 
or  reniforni,  cordate  at  base,  6-18  lines  in  diameter,  green  both  sides, 
coarsely  crenate:  clusters  few-flowered:  bractlets  shorter  than  the  calyx, 
subulate :  calyx  puberulent,  its  teeth  acute  or  lanceolate-acuminate,  about 
one-third  as  long  as  the  tube:  corolla  tube  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  calyx  : 
upper  pair  of  stamens  much  longer  than  the  lower  pair.  In  waste  places, 
escaped  from  gardens. 

14    DRACOCEPHALUM  L,  Sp.  594. 

Herbs'witb  dentate  incised  or  entire  leaves  and  blue  or  purple 
flowers  in  axillary  and  terminal  bracted  clusters.  Calyx  tubular, 
15-nerved,  straight  or  incurved,  5-toothed,  the  upper  teeth  much 
longer  than  the  others,  or  bilabiate  with  the  3  upper  teeth  more 
or  less  united.  Corolla  expanded  above,  its  limb  bilabiate:  upper 
lip  erect,  emarginate,  the  lower  spreading,  3-lobed,  the  middle 
lobe  largest  and  sometimes  2-cleft.  Stamens  4,  all  antheriferous, 
the  upper  pair  longest:  anthers  2-celled,  the  cells  divaricate. 
Nutlets  ovoid,  smooth. 

D.  parviflorum  Nutt.  Gen.  ii,  35.  A  somewhat  pubescent  annual  or 
biennial :  stem  rather  stout,  usually  branched,  6-24  inches  high :  leaves 
lanceolate,  ovate  or  oblong,  serrate  or  the  lower  incised,  acute  or  obtuse 
at  the  apex,  rounded  or  narrowed  at  bape,  thin,  1-3  inches  long,  all  slender- 
petioled :  flowers  numerous,  in  dense  terminal  spikes,  and  sometimes  also 
in  the  upper  axils :  bracts  ovate  to  oblong,  pectinate  with  awn-pointed 
teeth,  shorter  than  or  equalling  the  calyx:  pedicels  1-2  lines  long:  upper 
teeth  of  the  calyx  ovate- oblong,  longer  than  the  narrow  lower  and  lateral 
ones,  all  acuminate:  corolla  light  blue,  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx.  In 
dry  rocky  or  gravelly  soil,  Alaska  to  Idaho  and  New  York. 

Tribe  5  Scutellariem  Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  xii,  407.  Herbage 
bitterish,  little  or  not  at  all  aromatic.  Calyx  bilabiate,  closed  in 
fruit;  the  lips  entire.  Corolla  bilabiate;  but  with  the  small  lateral 
lobes  more  conyiected  with  the  galeate  upper  lip:  lower  lip  therefore  of 
a  single  lobe.  Stamens  4,  ascending  and  parallel:  both  pairs  fertile; 
the  lower  or  ovter  pair  longer  and  with  anthers  mostly  1-celled  by 
abortion:  those  of  the  upper  pair  ^-celled.  Upper  fork  of  the  style 
■  v.ry  short  or  none.     Nutlets  depressed  or  globular. 

15    SCUTELLARIA  L.  Sp.  598. 

Annual  or  perenninl  herbs,  rarely  shrubby,  with  blue  or  violet 
flowers  in  terminal  or  .-ixiliary  bracted  mostly  secund  spike-like 
racemes,  or  1-.")  in  tlie  axils.  Calyx  campanuhite',  bilabiate;  the 
lips  entire,  the  upper  one  with  a,  crest  or  protuberance  upon  its 
back   and   often   deciduous  in  fruit;   the  lower   one  persistent. 


SCUTELLARIA  LABIAT^  555 

Corolla  ^nuch  exserted,  recurved-ascending,  dilated  above,  glab- 
rons  within,  the  limb  bilabiate:  upper  lip  arched,  entire  or  emar- 
ginate :  the  lower  lip  spreading  or  deflexed,  its  lateral  lobes  small 
and  somewhat  connected  with  the  upper,  the  middle  lobe  broad 
and  sometimes  emarginate,  the  margins  mostl}^  recurved.  Sta- 
mens 4,  all  antheriferous.  Nutlets  borne  on  a  short  or  elongated 
gynobase, 

S.  lateriflora  L.  Sp.  598.  Perennial  by  stolons:  glabrous  throughout 
or  pubescent  above:  stems  slender,  erect  or  ascending,  usually  branched, 
1-2  feet  high,  leaves  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  thin,  acute  or  acuminate  at 
the  apex,  coarsely  dentate-serrate,  obtuse  narrowed  or  subcordate  at  base, 
1-3  inches  long,  all  on  slender  petioles  an  inch  or  more  long:  flowers  in 
narrow,  secund,  axillary  and  often  also  terminal  racems,  leafy-bracted 
below,  several-  to  many-flowered:  calyx  about  a  line  long:  corolla  blue  to 
nearly  white,  3-5  lines  long,  its  lips  about  equal,  one-fifth  as  long  as  the 
tube:  nutlets  borne  on  a  very  short  gynobase.  In  wet  places,  Oregon  to 
Brit.  Columbia  and  across  the  Continent, 

S.  nana  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  ii,  100.  Minutely  puberulent:  stems 
1-2  inches  high,  from  thick  subterranean  shoots,  much  branched  from 
near  the  base  :  leaves  crowded,  from  obovate  to  spatulate,  entire,  6-12  lines 
long,  thickish,  tapering  below  to  a  short  petiole:  flowers  solitary  and  op- 
posite in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves,  calyx  about  2  lines  long, :  corolla 
white  or  yellowish,  6-8  lines  long,  with  rather  broad  dilated  throat,  the 
lips  about  equal  in  length,     In  claye  soil,  southeastern  Oregon  to  Nevada. 

S.  tuberosa  Benth.  Lab.  441.  Soft-villous  or  pubescent:  perennial  by 
tubers  that  terminate  filiform  underground  stolons  :  stems  2-5  inches  high, 
branching  from  the  base,  denselv  leafy :  leaves  thin,  from  ovate  or  oblong 
to  broadly  lanceolate,  obtuse,  at  the  apex,  subcordate  to  tapering  at  base, 
the  blade  3-6  lines  long,  coarsely  few-toothed,  all  petioled:  flowers  solitary 
and  opposite  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves :  calyx  about  2  lines  long,  soft- villous, 
enlarged  in  fruit:  corolla  blue  or  violet,  7-9  lines  long:  nutlets  strongly 
muricate.  In  loose  soil  on  dry  wooded  hillsides,  southern  Oregon  to 
California. 

S.  an^ustifolia  Pursh  Fl.  ii,  412.  Minutely  pubescent  or  almost  glab- 
rous: stems  erect  or  ascending,  6-12  inches  high,  often  branched,  perennial 
by  woody  and  fibrous  roots:  leaves  from  linear  lo  narrowly  oblong,  entire, 
tapering  at  base,  the  blade  G-15  lines  long,  short-petioled,  or  the  uppe?- 
imes  sessile,  the  radical  leaves  often  roundish  or  even  cordate,  and  some- 
times toothed:  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves:  calyx  in 
flower  but  little  more  than  a  line  long,  becoming  much  enlarged  in  fruit, 
split  to  the  base :  corolla  blue  or  violet,  10-12  lines  long,  with  slender  tube 
nearly  straight  at  base  and  moderately  enlarged  throat,  the  broad  lower 
lip  villous  within  :  nutlets  minutely  granulate.  In  dry  places  in  tYve  m  nu  - 
tains,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California. 

S.  siphocampyloides  Vatke  Bot.  Zeit.  xxx,  717.  Tomentulose-canes- 
cent:  stems  erect,  6-12  inches  high,  branching,  perennial  by  wood y  and 
fibrous  roots  :  leaves  from  linear  to  narrowly  oblong,  entire,  6-15  lines  long, 
short-petioled,  or  the  upper  sessile:  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the 
upper  leaves:  calyx  about  a  line  long  in  flower,  enlarged  in  fruit:  corolla 
blue  to  violet,  10-12  lines  long,  the  slender  tube  recurved  at  base,  and 
above  this  erect  or  thrown  somewhat  backward,  the  throat  moderately  en- 
larged upward.     In  canyons,  southern  Oregon  to  western  California. 

S.  antirrhinoides  Benth.  Bot.  Reg.  xviii,  under  1493.  Glabrous  or 
minutely  puberulent:  stems  somawhat  cespitose  at  the  ends  of  white  fleshy 
underground  shoots,  7-8  inches  high  :  leaves  oblong  or  somewhat  lane  eolate 


556  LABIATiE  Scutellaria 

BRUNELLA 

or  the  lower  obovate,  8-12  lines  long,  all  abruptly  contracted  -Jtt  base  to 
short  or  moderately  long  petioles,  obtuse  to  acute  at  the  apex,  entire : 
flowers  solitary,  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves :  peduncles  1-3  lines  long . 
calyx  hardly  2  lines  long  in  flower,  becoming  moderately  enlarged  in  fruit, 
minutely  puberulent :  corolla  blue,  10-12  lines  long,  puberulent,  with  short 
tube  and  broad  throat,  the  broad  lower  lip  puberulent  within.  In  moist 
soil  along  streams,  Washington  to  California  and  Nevada. 

S.  galericulata  L.  8p.  599.  Puberulent  or  pubescent :  stems  solitary 
at  the  ends  of  underground  perennial  shoots,  erect,  usually  branched,  1-3 
feet  high  :  leaves  thin,  oblong-lanceolate  to  ovate-oblong,  acute  at  the  apex, 
dentate  with  low  teeth,  or  the  upper  entire,  1-1 3>^  inches  long,  rounded  or 
subcordate  at  base,  the  uppermost  much  smaller  and  sessile  or  nearly  so, 
the  lower  ones  petioled:  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves, 
short-peduncled  :  calyx  puberulent,  a  line  long,  split  to  the  base,  enlarged 
in  fruit:  corolla  blue,  puberulent,  8-12  lines  long,  with  a  slender  tube  and 
slightly  enlarged  throat :  nutlets  densely  muriculate-scabrous.  In  low  wet 
places,  Brit.  Columbia  to  Oregon,  Arizona  and  the  Atlantic  States. 

Tribe  6  Stachydese  Benth.  in  DO.  Prodr.  xii,  407.  Herbage 
bitter -aromatic  or  scarcely  aromatic.  Calyx  5-lO-nerved  or  veiny. 
Stamens  4,  all  with  anthers,  'parallel  and  mostly  ascending  nnder 
the  concave  and  commonly  galeate  upper  lip  of  the  bilabiate  corolla, 
the  lower  or  ovter  pair  longest,  except  in  Phlomis.  Anthers  2- celled 
or  confluently  somewhat  1- celled. 

16    BRUNELLA  L.  Sp.  600. 

Perennial  herbs  with  petioled  leaves  and  purple  or  white  flow^- 
ers  in  dense  bracted  terminal  and  axillary  spikes  or  heads.  Calyx 
oblong,  reticulate-veined,  about  10-nerved,  deeply  bilabiate,  closed 
ii\  fruit:  upper  lip  nearly  truncate,  or  Avith  3  short  teeth :  lower 
lip  2-cleft,  its  teeth  lanceolate.  Corolla-tube  inflated,  slightly  nar- 
rowed at  the  mouth,  its  limb  strongly  bilabiate:  upper  lip  entire, 
arched:  lower  lip  spreading,  8-lobed.  Stamens  4,  all  fertile,  the 
lower  pair  longest:  filaments  of  the  longer  stamens  2-toothed  at 
the  summit,  one  of  the  teeth  bearing  the  anther,  the  other  sterile. 
Anthers  2-celled,  the  cells  divergent  or  divaricate.  Nutlets  ovoid, 
smooth. 

B.  vulgaris  L.  Sp.  600.  Pubescent  to  nearly  glabrous:  stems  numer- 
ous, slender,  erect  to  procumbent,  2-24  inches  long,  usually  simple :  leaves 
thin,  ovate  or  oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate,  usually  narrowed  at  base,  entire 
or  crenate,  2-4  inches  long,  the  lowest  commonly  shorter,  and  sometimes 
subcordate,  all  petioled  :  spikes  usually  sessile,  1-2  inches  long  dense,  ter- 
minal :  bracts  broadly  ovate-orbicular,  strongly  nerved,  more  or  less  hirsute 
and  ciliate :  calyx  cylindraceous,  about  4  lines  long,  more  or  less  hirsute, 
the  teeth  all  cuspidate  and  ciliate:  corolla  blue  or  viojet  to  nearly  )Kllite, 
1-8  lines  long.  Common  in  open  places, 'Alask'STtoTTalifornia  and  across 
the  Continent:  also  in  Asia. 

17    PHYSOSTEGIA  Benth.  Lab.  504     a834) 

Erect  perennial  herbs  with  serrate,  dentate  or  entire  leaves  and 
middle-sized  bilabiate  flowers  in  terminal  bracted  spikes  or  ra- 
cemes. Calyx  campanulate  or  oblong,  membranaceous,  enlarged 
and  remaining  open  in  fruit,  lO-nerved,  equally  5-toothed.  Co- 
rolla much  longer  than  the  calyx,  its  tube  gradually  much  en- 


PHYSOSTEGiA  LABIATE  567 

MARKUBIUM 

larged  upward;  upper  lip  concave,  rounded,  entire  ;  the  lower  one 
spreading,  3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  commonly  emarginate.  Sta- 
mens 4,  ascending  under  the  upper  lip  of  the  corolla,  the  lower 
pair  the  lonofest;  filaments  pubescent;  anthers  all  alike,  2-celled, 
the  cells  nearly  parallel,  the  margins  of  their  valves  commonly 
spinulose  or  denticulate.     Nutlets  ovoid-triquetrous,  smooth. 

^  P.  parviflora  Nutt.  Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  xii,  437  as  synonym. 
Glabrous:  stems  rather  stout,  1-3  feet  high,  simple,  or  branched  above: 
leaves  mostly  lanceolate,  acute,  or  the  lower  ones  obtuse,  at  the  apex, 
sharply  serrate,  somewhat  narrowed  at  base,  all  sessile  or  the  lowest 
petioled,  3-4  inches  long,  3-10  lines  wide :  spikes  several  many-flowered, 
1-4  inches  long:  bracts  ovate  or  ovate- lanceolate,  acute,  shorter  than  the 
calyx:  calyx  in  flower  campanulate,  2  lines  long,  its  teeth  ovate,  obtuse  or 
acutish,  becoming  globose-oblong  in  fruit:  corolla  purple,  6  lines  long. 
In  moist  meadows,  northwestern  Oregon  to  Brit.  Columbia  and  Minnesota. 

18    MARRUBIUM  L.  Sp.  582. 

Perennial  herbs  with  petioled  dentate  leaves  and  small  flowers 
in  dense  axillary  clusters.  Calyx  tubular,  5-10-nerved,  regularly 
5-10-toothed,  the  teeth  nearly  equal,  or  the  alternate  ones  short- 
er, acute  or  acutish,  spreading  or  recurved  in  fruit.  Corolla 
bilabiate,  the  upper  lip  erect,  entire  or  emarginate,  the  lower 
spreading,  2-cleft,  its  broader  middle  lobe  commonly  emarginate. 
Stamens  4,  included,  the  posterior  pair  the  shorter.  Anthers  2- 
celled,  the  cells  divergent.     Nutlets  ovoid,  smooth. 

M.  vuLGARE  L.  Sp.  583.  (White  Hoarhound.)  Stems  erect,  stout, 
1-3  feet  high,  white-woolly,  much  branched,  the  branches  ascending : 
leaves  oval  or  broadly  ovate  to  nearly  orbicular,  rugose-veined,  obtuse  at 
the  apex,  crenate-dentate,  rounded,  narrowed  or  subcordate  at  base,  1-2 
inches  long,  rough,  whitish  above,  woolly  beneath,  on  petioles  6-12  lines 
long:  flowers  in  dense  many-flowered  axillary  clusters  :  calyx-teeth  usually 
10,  glabrous  above,  woolly  below  subulate,  more  or  less  recurved :  corolla 
white,  3-4  lines  long.     In  waste  places :  naturalized  from  Europe. 

19    LEONURUS  L.  Sp.  584. 

Tall  perennial  herbs  with  palmately  cleft,  parted  or  dentate 
leaves  and  small  white  or  pink  flowers  in  dense  verticillate  axil- 
lary clusters.  Calyx  tubular-campanulate,  5-nerved,  nearly  reg- 
ular and  equally  5-toothed,  the  teeth  rigid,  subulate  or  aristate. 
Corolla  bilabiate  :  upper  lip  erect,  concave  or  nearly  flat,  entire: 
lower  lip  spreading,  or  deflexed,  3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  broad, 
obcordate  or  emarginate.  Stnmens  4,  the  anterior  pair  longest: 
anthers  2-celled,  the  cells  mostly  parallel.   Nutlets  3-sided,  smooth. 

L.  Cardiaca  L.  Sp.  584.  Puberulent  perennial :  stems  rather  stout, 
strict,  commonly  branched,  2-5  feet  high,  the  branches  straight  and  as- 
cending: leaves  membranaceous,  the  lower  nearly  orbicular,  palmately 
3-5- cleft,  2-4  inches  broad,  the  lobes  acuminate,  incised  or  dentate,  upper 
narrowly  oblong-lanceolate  or  rhombic,  .^-cleftor  the  upper  merely  3-tooth- 
ed,  all -slender-petioled,  canescently  puberulent  beneath,  green  above: 
flowers  in  dense  glomerate  clusters  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves,  shorter 
than  the  petioles :  calyx  glabrous,  about  3  lines  long,  its  teeth  lanceolate- 
subulate,  somewhat  spreading,  nearly  as  long  as  the  tube  :  corolla  pink, 
purple  or  white,  3-5  lines  long,  its  tube  with  an  oblique  ring  of  hairs  with- 


558  LABIAT^E  lamium 

STACHYS 

in,  its  upper  lip  slightly  concave,  densely  white-woolly  outside.  In  sandy 
places:  naturalized  from  Europe. 

20  LAMIUM  L.  Sp.  579. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  with  crenate  dentate  or  incised 
usually  cordate  leaves  and  small  flowers  verticillate  in  axillary 
and  terminal  clusters.  Cah^x  tubular-campanulate,  about  5- 
nerved,  o-toothed,  the  teeth  equal,  or  the  upper  ones  larger. 
Tube  of  the  corolla  commonly  longer  than  the  calyx,  its  limb 
bilabiate  upper  lip  concave,  erect,  usually  entire,  narrowed  at  the 
base :  lower  lip  spreading,  3-cleft,  the  middle  lobe  emarginate, 
contracted  at  base,  the  lateral  ones  sometimes  each  with  a  tooth- 
like appendage.  Stamens  4,  the  anterior  pair  longest.  Anthers 
2-celled,  the  cells  divaricate,  often  hirsute  on  the  back.  Nutlets 
smooth  or  tuberculate. 

L.  AMMExiCAuiE  L.  Sp.  579.  Sparingly  pubescent  annual  or  biennial: 
stems  slender,  weak,  branched  from  the  base  and  often  from  the  lower 
axils  also  <i-18  incites  long:  leaves  orbicular  or  nearly  so  coarsely  crenate, 
6-18  lines  broad,  rounded  at  the  apex  ;  the  lower  slender- petioled,  mostly 
cordate  at  base ;  the  upper  sessile  and  more  or  less  clasping:  flowers  rather 
few,  in  axillary  and  terminal  clusters:  calyx  pubescent,  its  erect  teeth 
nearly  as  long  as  the  tube  corolla  pitrplish  or  red.  6-8  lines  long,  its  tube 
very  slender,  the  lateral  lobes  of  the  lower  lip  very  small,  the  middle  lobe 
spotted,  the  upper  lip  somewhat  pubescent.  In  fields  and  waste  places: 
naturalized  from  Europe. 

21  STACHYS  L.  Sp.  580.  • 

Perennial  or  annual  herbs  with  square  stems  and  small  or  rather 
large  flowers  loosely  verticillate  in  terminal  dense  or  interrupted 
spikes  often  also  in  the  upper  axils.  Calyx  mostly  campanulate, 
5-10-nerved.  5-toothed,  the  teeth  nearly  equal  in  our  species. 
Corolla  with  narrow  tube  and  strongly  bilabiate  limb :  upper  lip 
erect,  concave,  entire  or  emarginate :  the  lower  one  3-cleft,  the 
middle  lobe  broader  than  the  lateral  ones,  sometimes  2-lobed. 
Stamens  4,  the  anterior  pair  longest,  sometimes  deflexed  or  twisted 
after  anthesis.  Anthers  approximate  in  pairs,  2-celled,  the  cells 
mostly  divergent.     Nutlets  ovoid  or  oblong. 

S.  pycnantha  Benth.  PI.  Hartw.  33!.  Soft-pubescent  with  somewhat 
fulvous  hairs:  rootstock  creeping,  perennial:  stems  rather  stout,  1-3  feet 
high,  very  leafy:  leaves  oblong-ovate,  obtuse  or  the  upper  ones  acute  at 
the  apex,  crenate-dentate,  subcordate,  1-4  inches  long,  on  short  and  stout 
petioles ;  floral  leaves  all  reduced  to  small  bracts  of  the  dense  oblong  or 
•  ylindraceous  spike,  each  subtending  about  3  flowers:  calyx-teeth  deltoid, 
mucronulate,  very  hirsute,  fully  equalling  the  tube  of  the  corolla:  upper 
lip'of  the  corolla  strongly  bearded.  In  sandy  fields.  Hood  River  Oregon  to 
California. 

S.  vestita.  Soft-pubescent  with  whitish  hairs:  rootstock  slender, 
creeping,  perennial:  stems  rather  slender,  1-3  feet  high,  branched  above: 
leaves  oblong-ovate  subcordate,  crenate-dentate,  obtuse  or  acutish  at  the 
apex,  1-3  inches  long,  mostly  slender-petioled :  flowers  1-3  in  each  axil  of 
the  small  lanceolate  bracts:  calyx  campanulate,  its  deltoid  mucronulate 
teeth  nearly  as  long  as  the  tube,  strongly  hirsute:  corolla  6-8  lines  long, 
the  slender  tube  longer  than  the  calyx,  upper  lip  sparingly  bearded.    In 


STACHYS  LABIATE  559 

wet  places,  southwertern  Oregon. 

S,  Palustris  L.  Sp.  580.  Hirsute  or  pubescent:  rootstock  slender, 
perennial :  stems  erect,  strict,  simple  or  somewhat  branched,  commonly 
slender  and  retrorse-hispid  on  the  ajigles,  1-4  feet  high:  leaves  lanceolate, 
oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  sessile  or  very  short  petioled,  acuminate  or 
acute  at  the  apex,  truncate  to  cordate  at  base,  1-5  incheo  long,  crenate  or 
dentate:  flower-clusters  6-10-flo\vered,  approximate  or  interrupted  :  calyx 
pubescent,  its  subulate  teeth  more  than  half  as  long  as  the  tube:  corolla 
purplish  to  pale  red,  purple-spotted,  6-8  lines  long,  its  upper  lip  pubescent. 
In  moist  meadows,  northern  Oregon  to  New  York  and  Newfoundland. 

8.  bullata  Benth.  Lab.  547.  Hirsute  pubescent  or  somewhat  hispid 
to  villous,  or  sometimes  nearly  glabrous  above:  stems  usually  slender,  1-3 
feet  high,  from  a  slender  perennial  rootstock:  leaves  ovate  to  oblong, 
obtuse  or  the  upper  ones  acutish  at  the  apex,  rather  coarsely  crenate,  1-2 
inches  long,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  base  mostly  petioled :  spikes  2-6 
inches  long,  interrupted :  calyx  campanulate,  about  4  lines  long,  its  deltoid- 
subulate  and  aristulate-acuminate  teeth  fully  half  as  long  as  the  tube : 
corolla  6-7  lines  long,  its  tube  about  equalling  the  calyx,  and  but  little 
longer  than  the  lower  lip.     In  rather  dry  soil,  Oregon  to  California. 

S.  Chamissonis  Benth.  Linn,  vi,  80.  Stems  stout,  2-6  feet  high,  sim- 
ple, or  branched  near  the  top,  retrorsely  hispid :  leaves  oblong-ovate, 
mostly  obtuse  at  the  apex,  2-6  inches  long,  crenate  serrate,  sericeous- 
hirsute  above,  softly  villous-canescent  beneath,  rugose-veiny,  cordate  at 
base,  all  petioled:  spikes  mostly  naked,  at  length  elongated  and  interrupt- 
ed ;  the  floral  leaves  reduced  to  bracts  and  shorter  than  the  flowers :  calj^x 
cylindraceous,  densely  hirsute,  about  5  lines  long,  its  cuspidate  deltoid 
teeth  about  one-third  as  long  as  the  tube  :  corolla  rose-red  or  darker,  about 
10  lines  long,  the  tube  fully  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx,  the  upper  lip  hirsute. 
In  swamps,  western  Oregon  to  California. 

S.  ciliata  Dougl.  Benth.  Lab.  539.  Green  and  glabrate  or  sparingly 
pubescent:  stems  stout,  2-6  feet  high,  simple,  or  branched  above,  sparingly 
retrorsely-hispid  on  the  acute  angles:  leaves  thin,  ovate  to  oblong,  2-6 
inches  long,  crenate -toothed,  subcordate,  all  petioled.  dark  green  above, 
paler  beneath;  petioles  retrorsely  hispid-ciliate:  spikes  2-8  inches  long, 
the  whorls  approximate  or  interrupted  calyx  sparsely  hirsute,  campanu- 
late, about  4  lines  long,  its  cuspidate  deltoid  teeth  about  a  line  long :  corolla 
rose  red,  about  10  lines  long,  the  narrow  tube  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx; 
the  upper  lip  minutely  pubescent.  In  moist  alluvial  soil,  Oregon  to  Brit. 
Columbia. 

Var,  pabens  Gray  Syn.  Fl.  ii,  388.  Soft  pilose-pubescent  or  villous- 
hirsute,  especially  the  calyx  and  lower  face  of  the  leaves  :  flowers  commonly 
rather  smaller  or  shorter.     Washington  to  Brit.  Columbia. 

S.  Emersonl  Piper  Eryth.  vi,  31.  Stems  about  3  feet  high,  glabrous 
or  sparsely  hispid  on  the  laces,  scabrous  on  the  angles  with  retrorse  rather 
long  and  weak  papillose-based  hairs :  rootstock  perennial :  leaves  about  six 
pairs,  ovate,  cordate  or  subcordate  at  base,  obtuse,  coarsely  crenate,  sparse- 
ly pilose-pubescent  on  both  faces,  3-4  inches  long  by  2  inches  broad,  peti- 
oled :  flowers  solitary  or  in  twos,  the  lowest  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves, 
the  upper  contracted  into  a  leafy-bracted  spike:  bracts  lanceolate,  nearly 
sessile,  exceeding  the  flowers:  calyx  campanulate,  its  teeth  deltoid-acumin- 
ate, tipped  with  a  white  arista,  hirsute-ciliate :  corolla  6  lines  long,  purplish, 
puberulent  outside;  lower  lip  spotted  with  white.  Along  river  banks, 
Hoquiam  Washington. 

I  refer  here  with  doubt  specimens  that  I  collected  along  Trask  river 
Tillamook  Co.  Oregon. 

i 


560  VERBENACEiE  vekbena 

Order  lxxii    VERBENACE^  J.  St.  Hil.  Expos.  Earn,  i,  445. 

Herbs,  shrubs  or  trees  with  opposite  or  verticillate,  rarely 
alternate,  leaves  and  perfect  more  or  less  irregular,  or  some- 
times regular,  flowers  in  terminal  or  axillary  spikes,  racemes, 
cymes  or  panicles.  Calyx  inferior,  mostly  persistent,  usually 
4-5-lobed  or  4-5-cleft.  Corolla  gamopetalous,  regular  or  bi- 
labiate, the  tube  usually  cylindrical  and  the  limb  4-5-cleft. 
Stamens  4,  didynamous,  rarely  only  2  or  as  many  as  lobes  of 
the  corolla,  inserted  on  the  corolla  and  alternate  with  its  lobes. 
Anthers  2- celled,  the  cells  dehiscent  longitudinally.  Ovary 
2-10-celled,  composed  of  2  carpels,  each  with  2  anatropous  or 
amphritropous  ovules,  thus  in  4-celled  ovaries  1  ovule  in  each 
cell.  Style  terminal:  stigmas  1  or  2.  Fruit  dry,  separating  at 
maturity  into  2-4  nutlets  or  a  2-4-seeded  drupe.  Embryo 
straight,  in  little  or  no  albumen. 

1    VERBENA  Tourn,     L.  Sp.  18. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  mostly  with  opposite  leaves  and  variously 
colored  flowers  in  terminal  solitary,  corynibed  or  panicled  spikes. 
Calyx  5-angled,  more  or  less  unequally  5-toothed.  Corolla  sal- 
verform  or  funnelform,  the  tube  straight  or  somewhat  curved,  the 
limb  spreading,  5-lobed,  slightly  bilabiate  or  regular.  Stamens 
4,  or  very  rarely  only  2,  included :  connective  of  the  anther  un- 
appendaged,  or  sometimes  provided  with  a  gland.  Ovary  4-celled. 
Style  usually  short,  2-lobed,  one  of  the  lobes  stigmatic.  Fruit 
dry,  mostly  enclosed  by  the  calyx,  at  length  separating  into  4 
1-sefded  linear-oblong  crustaceous  nutlets. 

V.  hastata  L.  Sp.  20.  Rough ish-pubescent  perennial:  stems  erect* 
strict,  3-7  feet  high,  usually  branched  above:  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  to 
lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  narrowed  at  base,  serrate  or  incised-dentate 
with  acute  teeth,  3-6  inches  long,  the  lower  sometimes  bastately  3-lobed 
at  base,  all  petioled:  spikes  numerous,  panicled,  slender,  2-6  inches  long: 
bracts  ovate,  acuminate,  shorter  than  the  calyx :  corolla  blue,  its  limb 
about  1)4  lines  broad :  fruit  densely  imbricated  on  the  spikes,  1-13^  lines 
high.     In  moist  meadows,  Oregon  to  Brit.  Columbia  and  the  Atlantic  St's. 

V.  prostrata  R  Br.  Ait.  Kew.  ed  2,  iv,  41.  Soft-villous  to  hirsute 
perennial :  stems  ascending  or  spreading,  at  length  much  branched  from 
the  base,  1-3  feet  high  :  leaves  obovate  or  oblong  in  ontline, coarsely  toothed 
or  incised,  often  3-5-cieft  or  lobe't,  1-2  inches  long  tapering  at  base  into  a 
margined  petiole :  spikes  solitary  or  somewhat  clustered,  elongated,  hirsute 
or  villous:  bracts  subulate,  shorter  than  the  calyx:  corolla  violet  or  blue, 
2  lines  long.     On  plains  and  open  places,  southern  Oregon  to  California. 

V.  bracteosa  Michx.  Fl.  ii,  13.  Hirsute-pubescent  perennial:  stems 
much  branched  from  the  base,  the  branches  decumbent  or  ascending, 
slender,  6-18  inches  long :  leaves  ovate,  oval  or  obovate  in  outline,  pin- 
nately  incised  or  pinnatifid,  ]-3  inches  long,  more  or  less  cuneate  at  base 
and  narrowed  into  short  petioles,  the  lobes  mostly  dentate :  spikes  sessile, 
stout,  dense,  becoming  4-6  inches  long  in  fruit :  bracts  conspicuous,  linear- 
lanceolate,  rather  rigid,  longer  than  the  flowers  and  fruits  the  lower  ones 
often  incised:  corolla  purplish-blue,  about  2 lines  long.  On  sandy  plains 
and  waste  places,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California  and  Illinois. 


PLANTAGO  PLANTAGiNACE^  561 

Order  LXXIII  PLANTAGINACE^  Lindl.  Nat.  Syst  267. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  with  mostly  radical  leaves  and 
small  flowers  in  bracted  spikes  or  heads ,  or  rarely  solitary,  on 
scapes  or  scape-like  peduncles.  Calyx  inferior,  4-parted,  per- 
sistent, the  segments  imbricated.  Corolla  scarious  or  mem- 
branaceous, mostly  marcescent.  4-lobed.  Stamens  4  or  2, 
filaments  filiform:  anthers  versatile  2-celled,  the  cells  dehiscent 
longitudinally.  Ovary  1-2- celled  or  falsely  3-4-celled,  with  1 
to  several  peltate-amphitropous  ovules  in  each  cell.  Style 
filiform,  simple,  mostly  longitudinally  stigmatic.  Fruit  a  pyxis, 
circumscissile  at  or  below  the  middle,  or  an  indehiscent  nutlet. 
Cotyledons  but  little  broader  than  the  radicle. 
1    PLANTAGO  Tourn.     L.  Sp.  112. 

Acaulescent  or  short-caulescent  herbs  with  mostly  radical  par- 
allel-veined leaves  and  small  white  or  greenish  flowers  in  terminal 
spikes  or  heads.  Calyx-segments  equal,  or  2  of  them  larger. 
Corolla  salverform,  the  tube  cylindric,  or  constricted  at  the  throat, 
the  limb  spreading  in  flower,  spreading,  erect  or  reflexe  in  fruit, 
4-lobed  or  4-parted.  Stamens  4  or  2.  Ovary  2-celled,  or  falsely 
3-4-celled.  Fruit  a  membranaceous  capsule.  Seed-coat  develop- 
ing copious  mucilage  when  wetted. 

P.  major  L.  Sp.  112.  (Common  Plantain).  Glabrous  or  more  or  less 
pubescent:  rootstock  perennial,  short  and  thick,  erect:  leaves  spreading 
or  ascending,  the  blade  mostly  ovate,  obtuse  or  acutish,  entire  or  coarsely 
dentate,  narrowed,  rounded  or  cordate  at  base,  l-lO  inches  long,  on  petioles 
often  as  long  as  the  blade:  scapes  longer  than  the  leaves:  spikes  linear- 
cylindric,  usually  very  dense  and  blunt  at  the  summit,  2-10  inches  long: 
flowers  perfect,  jproterogynous ;  sepals  broadly  ovate,  scarious  on  the  mar- 
gins, about  half  as  long  as  the  ovoid  5-16-seeded  capsule,  which  is  circum- 
scissile near  the  middle:  corolla-lobes  spreading  on  the  summit  of  the 
capsule  :  anthers  long-exserted  on  capillarj-^  filaments.  Common  in  gardens 
and  waysides. 

P.  Asiatica  L.  Sp.  113.  Leaves  ovate  or  oval,  several-ribbed,  the  base 
abruptly  contracted  into  a  distinct  petiole,  not  fleshy:  rootstock  short  and 
thick,  perennial:  scapes  longer  than  the  leaves:  spikes  2-20  inches  long, 
dense,  linear-cylindrical:  stamens  4,  long-exserted:  capsule  globose-ovoid, 
ci  cumscissile  near  the  base  and  much  within  the  calyx.  Near  the  coast 
California  to  Alaska. 

P.  eriopoda  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii,  237.  Perennial :  base  of  the 
leaves  and  scapes  densely  invested  with  long  rusty  brown  wool :  leaves 
broadly  lanceolate,  4-6  inches  lone,  1-2  inches  broad,  attenuate  at  each 
end,  acute,  entire,  smooth,  distinctly  5-nerved,  long-petioled :  scapes  6-12 
inches  high,  terete,  very  glabrous:  spikes  cylindrical,  3-6  inches  long,  of 
rather  remote  perfect  flowers :  bracts  broadly  ovate,  obtusish  :  style  and 
stamens  long-exserted:  capsule  2-celled,  4-5seeded;  seeds  not  hollowed. 
Eastern  Washington  to  California  and  Colorado. 

P.  maerocarpa  Cham.  &  Schl.  Linn,  i,  106.  Leaves  lanceolate,  acute 
5-7-nerved,  5-15  inches  long,  4-18  lines  wide  gradually  tapering  below 
into  long  margined  petioles,  often  some  of  the  outer  ones  linear  and  with 
a  dilated  base  much  broader  than  the  blade :  rootstock  thick,  perennial : 
scapes  equalling  or  surpassing   the  leaves,  densely    woolly  above:   spikes 


562  PLANTAGINACE.E  plaNtaGo 

oblong,  dense,  1-2  inches  long:  bracts  round-ovate  or  oval,  fleshy-herbace- 
ous and  scarious-margined :  sepals  similar  to  the  bracts  but  almost  wholly 
scarious:  flowers  perfect:  corolla-lobes  oval:  stamens  4,  exserted :  capsule 
ovoid-oblong,  3-4  lines  long,  1-2-seeded:  seeds  narrowly  oblong,  flat  or 
slightly  concave  on  the  face.   Along  the  coast,  Washington  to  Alaska. 

P.  maritiina  L.  Sp.  114.  Leaves  linear,  fleshy,  glabrous,  very  ob- 
scurely nerved,  2-10  inches  long,  2-4  lines  wide,  entire  or  remotely  few- 
toothed,  sessile  or  narrowed  into  short  margined  petioles:  rootstock  rather 
slender,  branched,  perennial:  scapes  as  long  or  longer  than  the  leaves, 
more  or  less  pubescent:  spikes  dense,  linear-cylindrical,  blunt,  1-5  inches 
long :  bracts  ovate,  acuminate,  as  long  as  the  perfect  flowers  :  sepals  ovate- 
lanceolate  to  nearly  orbicular,  green,  somewhat  keeled:  corolla  pubescent 
outside,  its  lobes  spreading :  capsule  ovoid-oblong,  obtuse,  2-4-seeded, 
circumscissile  at  about  the  middle,  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx  :  seeds 
nearly  flat  on  the  face.  On  rocky  banks  along  the  coast,  California  to 
Alaska. 

P.  LANCEOLATA  L.  Sp.  113.  Morc  or  lesp  pubescent:  rootstock  short 
with  tufts  of  brown  hairs  at  the  base  of  the  leaves,  perennial  or  biennial : 
leaves  narrowly  lanceolate,  mostly  erect,  entire,  acute  or  acuminate,  grad- 
ually narrowed  into  petioles,  3-5-ribbed,  2-12  inches  long,  3-12  lines  wide: 
scapes  slender,  channelled,  6-30  inches  high  :  spikes  very  dense,  at  first 
short  and  ovoid,  becoming  cylindric,  blunt,  %-^  inches  long  in  fruit: 
flowers  perfect:  sepals  ovate,  with  a  narrow  green  midrib  and  broad  scari- 
ous  marg  ns,  the  2  lower  ones  commonly  united:  corolla  glabrous,  its  tube 
very  short:  stamens  exserted:  capsule  oblong,  very  obtuse,  2-8eeded, 
slightly  longer  than  the  calyx,  circumscissile  at  about  the  middle:  seeds 
deeply  excavated  on  the  face.  Common  in  fields  and  waste  places :  intro- 
duced from  Europe. 

P.  Purshii  R.  &  S.  Syst.  iii,  120.  P.  Patagonica  var.  gnaphalioides 
Gray.  White- woolly  or  silky  pale  green  annual:  leaves  ascending,  linear, 
acute  or  acuminate,  narrowed  into  margined  petioles,  1-S-nerved.  2-10 
inches  long,  entire  or  with  a  few  small  teeth  :  scapes  2-15  inches  high  :' 
spikes  very  dense,  hoary,  cylindrical,  obtuse,  1-6  inches  long,  very  woolly  : 
bracts  rigid,  equalling  or  slightly  longer  than  the  perfect  flowers,  linear- 
subulate :  sepals  oblong,  obtuse,  scarious-margined  :  corolla-lobes  broadly 
ovate,  spreading:  stamens  4,  just  exserted  from  the  tube  or  with  long  cap- 
illary filaments:  capsule  oblong,  obtuse:  seeds  2,  light  brown,  oblong, 
convex  on  the  back,  deeply  concave  on  the  face.  On  dry  plains,  Oregon 
to  Brit.  Columbia  and  Illinois. 

P.  spinnlosa  Decaisne  in  DC.  Prodr.  xiii,  713.  P.  Patagonica  var. 
spinulosa  Gray.  A  light  to  bright  green  glabrate  to  villous  annual:  leaves 
linear  to  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate  and  involute  at  the  apex  callous- 
tipped,  entire,  narrowed  to  a  margined  sheathing  petiole  in  which  3  ribs 
remain  free,  3-6  inches  long,  1-4  lines  wide,  3-5  ribbed:  scapes  2-8  inches 
high,  pubescent:  spikes  cylindrical,  2-4  inches  long,  at  length  somewhat 
interrupted,  pubescent:  bracts  rather  rigid-herbaceous,  2  or  more  times  as 
long  as  the  perfect  flowers,  linear-subulate  to  aristate,  acute:  calyx-lobes 
pubescent,  scarious,  with  light  green  midribs  or  the  lower  ones  nearly 
herbaceous,  spatu late-oblong,  a  line  long:  corolla- lobes  strongly  reflexed : 
stamens  4,  ami  with  the  style  just  exserted  from  the  tube  or  a  little  longer : 
capsule  oval,  circumscissile  at  the  middle:  seeds  2,  dark  brown,  oblong, 
finely  pitted.     Oregon  to  lower  California  and  east  to  Texas  and  Dakota. 

P.  aristata  Michx.  Fl.  i,  95.  P.  Patagonica  var.  aristata  Gray.  A 
dark  green  villous  to  glabrate  annual :  leaves  narrowly  to  broadly  linear, 
acute  or  acuminate  and  callous-tipped,  entire,  narrowed  below  to  margined 
petioles,  3-8  inches  long,  1-3  lines  wide,  3-5-nerved :  scapes  stout,  6-10 
inches  high,  glabrous  to  pnbescent:  spikes  in  glabrate  forms  when   young 


PLANTAGO 


PLANtAOlNACEiE  S63 


triangular,  in  villous  forms  top-shaped,  cylindrical,  2-5  inches  long:  bracts 
aristate  to  foliaceous,  often  10  times  as  long  as  the  flowers,  linear-subulate 
to  linear ,  acute :  flowers  perfect :  cal\  x-lobes  villous  to  glabrate  herbaceous, 
spatulate-oblong :  corolla-lobes  spreading,  round-ovate  :stamens  4,  barely 
exserted  from  the  tube  :  capsule  oblong,  obtuse,  circumscissile  at  about  the 
middle:  seeds  2,  brown,  oblong,  finely  pitted.  Jn  fields  and  plains,  Ore- 
gon to  the  Eastern  and  Southern  States. 

P.  tetrantha  E.  L.  Morris  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  xxvii  119.  Alow 
green  and  purplish  acaulescent  glabrous  to  pubescent  or  villous  annual : 
leaves  linear,  entire,  2-3  inches  long,  about  a  line  wide,  truncately  callous- 
tipped,  sessile  and  with  a  somewhat  clasping  base  scapes  4-6  inches  high  : 
spikes  oblong,  6-12  lines  long,  rather  few-flowered:  bracts  scarious,  with 
rigid  callous- tipped  apex,  3^  as  long  as  the  calyx:  flowers  perfect:  calyx 
pubescent,  the  ovate  or  oblong  obtuse  lobes  with  or  without  scarious  mar- 
gins, 1-2  lines  long:  corolla-lobes  rounded-ovate,  obtuse,  about  2  lines  long, 
white  with  dark  brown  base,  spreading  or  somewhat  reflexed  :  stamens  4, 
long-exserted  :  capsule  ovoid,  2  lines  long,  2-seeded,  circumscissile  much 
below  the  middle :  seeds  dark  brown,  deeply  channelled  on  the  face.  On 
dry  hillsides  near  Grant's  Pass,  Oregon  to  California. 

P.  Bigelovii  Gray  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  iv,  217.  Mostly  glabrous  and  green, 
annual :  leaves  linear,  1)^-4  inches  long,  rather  fleshy  obtuse,  entire : 
pcapes  4-6  inches  high :  spikes  oblong  or  linear,  densely  few  to  many- 
flowered,  about  an  inch  long :  bracts  carinate,  about  an  inch  long :  flowers 
perfect,  calyx- lobes  ovate,  obtuse,  about  equalling  the  bracts:  corolla-lobes 
ovate,  remaining  open  :  stamens  2,  slightly  exserted:  capsule  ovoid-oblong, 
one  half  longer  than  the  calyx,  4-seeded:  seeds  oblong,  not  hollowed  on 
the  face.  In  brackish  marshes  along  the  coast,  San  Francisco  Bay  Cali- 
fornia to  Vancouver  Island. 

P.  elon^ata  Pursh  Fl.  729.  P.  pusilla  Nutt.  Somewhat  cinereous- 
puberulent  annual :  leaves  linear-spatulate,  1-2  inches  long,  entire :  scapes 
l-6inches  high :  spikes  3-18  lines  long,  loosely  flowered :  flowers  imperfectly 
dioecious  or  polygamous :  bracts  ovate,  keeled,  about  a  line  long :  sepals 
oblong,  obtuse,  about  equalling  the  bracts,  with  broad  scarious  margins : 
corolla-lobes  triangular  ovate,  acute,  becoming  erect  and  closed  over  the 
capsule:  stamens  2:  capsule  short-ovoid,  a  little  longer  than  the  calyx, 
circumscissile  below  the  middle,  4-8eeded :  seeds  elongated-oblong,  dark 
brown.     In  wet  places,  Oregon  to  the  Eastern  States. 


Division  III.  APETALiE, 

Floral  envelopes  consisting  of  a  calyx  only  which   is  often 
petal-like  or  wholly  wanting.     Very  rarely  some  petals  present. 

Synoptical  Key  to  the  Apetalous  Orders 


A.     Flowers  not  in  aments. 
r,  1-celled  and  mostly  l-(*^ruled, 

74    ^yctaginacesB    Herbs  with  simple  opposite  leaves  without  stipules 


♦    Ovary  superior,  1-celled  and  mostly  l-(*^ruled,  or  carpels  distinct 
if  more  than  one. 


564  SYNOPTICAL    KEY 

flowers  involucrate:  calyx  corolla-like :  fruit  an  achene,  enclosed  in  the 
tube  of  the  calyx  and  thus  app  arently  inferior. 

75  Polygonaceae  Herbs  or  woody  plants  with  alternate  simple  leaves 
with  sheathing  or  on  stipules :  flowers  perfect,  on  jointed  pedicels, 
often  involucrate :  fruit  a  more  or  less  triangular  akene. 

76  PhytolaccaceaB  Herbs  or  shrubs  with  alternate  leaves  :  flowers  per- 
fect, polygamous  or  moncecious :  fruit  a  berry,  or  capsular  or  samaroid. 

77  AmarauthaceaB  Herbs  or  low  shrubs  with  alternate  leaves:  flowers 
with  petal-like scarious  persistent  sepals  and  bracts:  fruit  a  utricle: 
seed  lenticular. 

78  Chenopodiaceae  Herbs  or  shrubs  with  opposite  or  alternate  simple 
leaves  without  stipules  sometimes  leafless :  bracts  herbaceous  :  flowers 
usually  with  herbaceous  persistent  sepals :  fruit  a  utricle  or  achene. 

79  LanracesB  Trees  or  shrubs  with  simple  entire  leaves  without  stipules : 
flowers  perfect :  fruit  a  drupe. 

80  Elseagnacese  Shrubs  or  small  trees  with  simple  opposite  leaves :  flow- 
ers ^dioecious:  fruit  drupe -like,  enclosed  in  the  calyx-tube  and  thus 
apparently  inferior. 

81  Ulmaceae  Trees  or  shrubs  with  alternate  stipulate  leaves  and  small 
mostly  monoecious  or  polygamous  flowers :  fruit  a  drupe,  samara  or  nut. 

82  Urticacese  Herbs,  rarely  shrubs  or  trees  with  alternate  or  opposite 
mostly  stipulate  simple  leaves:  often  armed  with  stinging  hairs :  flowers 
monoecious  or  dioecious :  fruit  an  achene. 

*  *    Ovary  and  fruit  superior,  of  2  or  more  carpels. 

83  EuphorbiaceaB  Herbs  or  shrubs  or  trees  with  milky  juice,  mostly 
alternate  leaves  with  or  without  stipules :  flowers  moncecious  or  dioeci- 
ous :  fruit  usually  a  3  celled  3-seeded  capsule. 

84:  Empetraceae  Low  evergreen  shrubs  with  simple  leaves  without  stip- 
ules: flowers  dioecious  or  polygamous:  fruit  berry-like  containing 
1-several  l-seeded  nutlets. 

*  *  *    Ovary  and  fruit  inferior. 

85  Aristolochiaceae  Perennial  herbs  or  shrubs  with  alternate  entire  pet- 
ioled  leaves :  flowers  perfect  with  3-lobed  valvate  calyx ;  fruit  a  6-celled 
many  seeded  capsule. 

86  Sautalacese  Perennial  herbs  or  shrubs  with  alternate  entire  simpl  e 
sessile  leaves:  flowers  perfect,  with  3-5-cleft  calyx:  fruit  a  l-seeded 
nutlet  or  drupe. 

87  Loranthaceae  Parasitic  perennial  plants  with  jointed  stems  and  op- 
posite entire  leaves :  flowers  dioecious :  fruit  a  l-seeded  drupe  with 
glutinous  pulp. 

B.     Trees  or  shrubs  with  alternate  leaves.     Flowers   monceci 
ous,  at  least  the  staminate  in  aments. 

*    Flowers  monoecious ;  staminate  numerous,  in  aments ;  pistillate 
few,  with  naked  ovary. 

88  Fagaceae  Trees  or  shrubs  with  entire  or  lobed  leaves  with  caducous 
stipules  :  flowers  moncecious  in  aments,  fruit  a  cup  like  or  closed  and 
spiny  involucre  enclosing-several  nuts. 

89  Corylaceae  Shrubs  or  small  trees  with  simple  leaves :  flowers  monoe- 
cious, staminate  in  aments,  pistillate  few  in  separate  scaly  buds  fruit  a 


MiRABiLis  NYCTAGINACE^  565 

1 -seeded  nut  contained  in  a  foliaceous  tubular  involucre. 

*  *    Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  all  in  aments  :  ovary  superior. 

90  Betnlacese  Trees  or  shrubs  with  simple  leaves  with  distinct  deciduous 
stipules:  staminate  flowers  iu  long  aments ;  pistillate  in  shorter  or  head- 
like aments:  fruit  a  many- seeded  cone  with  thickened  and  rigid  scales. 

91  Myricacese  Shi-ubs  with  simple  leaves  mostly  without  stipules:  flowers 
mon<^ecious  or  dioecious,  without  calyx:  fruit  small,  often  waxy-coated, 
drupelets. 

92  Salicacese  Trees  or  shrubs  with  simple  leaves  with  scaly  and  decidu- 
ous or  foliaceous  and  persistent  stipules:  fiuit  many-seeded  capsules. 


Order  LXXIV  NYCTAGINACE^  Lindl.  Nat.  Syst.  231. 

Herbs,  some  tropical  genera  trees  or  shrubs  with  fragile  stems 
and  tumid  joints,  watery  juice,  entire  petiolate  mostly  opposite 
leaves  without  stipules  and  perfect  flowers  in  terminal  or  axillary 
clusters  often  subtended  by  an  involucre.  Calyx  corolla-like,  tu- 
bular to  campanulate,the  persistent  base  indurated  and  constric- 
ted over  the  ovary.  Stamens  few,  hypogynous,  with  slender 
filaments  and  rounded  2-celled  anthers.  Ovary  1-celled,  with  a 
solitary  campylotropous  ovule.  Style  short  or  elongated. 
Stigma  capitate.  Fruit  consisting  of  the  hardened  base  of  the 
calyx,  enclosing  the  free  achene. 

1  M irabilis    Involucre  5-lobed,  not  changed  in  fruit  stamens  usualy  5 : 

fruit  not  angled  or  winged. 

8  AUionia  Involucre  calyx-like,  deeply  5-lobed,  3-5  flowered:  stamens 
3-5:  fruit  with  a  double  row  of  tubercles  on  the  back  surrounded  by  a 
winged  margin. 

S  Abronia  Involucre  of  5  or  more  distinctbracts  surrounding  a  man j^- 
flowered  head :  calyr  salverform,  including  the  stamens  and  style :  fruit 
wing-angled. 

1    MIRABILIS  L. 

Perennial  herbs  with  opposite  leaves  and  showy  flowers  in  in- 
volucrate  terminal  clusters.  Involucre  calyx-like,  5-cleft  or  5- 
parted  l-r2-flowered,  not  changed  in  fruit.  Calyx  corolla-like, 
tubular  or  more  or  less  broadly  funnelform  with  a  spreading  limb. 
Stamens  usually  5,  as  long  as  the  calyx  :  filaments  united  at  base. 
Stigma  capitate,  granulate.  Fruit  globose  to  ovoid-oblong, 
smooth. obscurely  or  not  at  all  ribbed  or  angled. 

M.  Oreenei  Watson  Proc.  Am,  Acad,  xii,  253.  Somewhat  glandular- 
puberulent:  stems  very  stout  and  branching  2-3  feet  high:  leaves  rather  thick 
ovate,  acute,  2-3  inches  long,  attenuate  to  a  short  stout  petiole:  involucre  ac- 
utely lobed,  1-13^  inches  long,  7-10-flowered:  calyx  dull  red,  or  whitish  nearly 

2  inches  long,  funnelform:  fruit  ovate-oblong  3-4  lines  long,  usually  abruptly 
contracted  near  the  base,  rather  strongly  5-angled.  On  baiTon  clayey  hill- 
sides near  the  Klamath  river  in  California,  perhaps  in  Oregon  farther  east. 


566  NYCTAGINACE.E  allconia 

ABRONIA 

2    ALLIONIA  Loefl.  Inter.  Hisp.  181     (1758.) 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  with  opposite  equal  leaves  and 
rather  small  flowers,  involucrate  in  loose  terminal  panicles.  In- 
volucre 5-lobed,  3-5- flowered,  becoming  enlarged  and  reticulate- 
veined  after  flowering.  Calyx  campanulate,  its  tube  constricted 
above  the  ovary,  stamens  3-5,  usualy  8,  unequal,  hypogynous. 
Fruit  obovoid  or  clavate,  strongly  ribbed,  pubescent  in  our  species. 

A.  linearis  Pursh  Fl,  728.  Oxybaphus  angustifolia  Sweet.  Stems 
slender  terete  or  somewhat  4-angled  below  glabrous  and  glaucous,  1-4  feet 
liigh,  erect,  the  branches  and  peduncles  sometimes  puberulent:  leaves  thick, 
linear,  1-nerved,  1-3  inches  long,  2-4  lines  wide,  obtuse  or  acute 
sessile,  or  the  lower  ones  sometimes  short-petioled:  involucre  about  3-flower- 
ed,  green  before  flowering:  calyx  purple  longer  than  the  involucre:  stamens 
and  style  exserted:  fruit  commonly  roughened  between  the  5  prominent  ribs. 
In  dry  soil  Idaho  to  Nevada,  Texas  and  Minnesota. 

3    ABRONIA  Juss.  Gen.  448.     (1774.) 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  with  thick  opposite  unequal  leaves 
and  rather  small  usually  fragrant  flowers  on  axillary  and  termi- 
nal peduncles.  Involucre  of  5-15  distinct  somewhat  scarious 
bracts  enclosing  the  numerous  sessile  flowers.  Calyx  salverform, 
the  limb  of  4  or  5  obcordate  or  emargiante  lobes.  Stamens  usu- 
ally 5,  unequal,  included  in  the  tube  and  adnate  to  it.  Style 
included:  stigma  linear-clavate.  Fruit  coriaceous  or  indurated, 
3-5-winged.  mostly  reticulate- veined  enclosing  a  smooth  cylindr- 
ical achene:  embrj^o  with  only  1  cotyledon,  the  other  rudimentary 
or  wanting. 

*  Wings  of  the  fruit  coriaceous,  not  completely  encircling  the  body, 
consisting  of  a  single  lamina:  the  body  more  or  less  woody. 

A.  nmbellata  Lam.  111.  i,  469.  A  viscidly  puberulent  slender  prostrate 
perennial,  the  stems  often  elongated,  1-3  feet  long:  leaves  nearly 'glabrous, 
ovate  to  naiTOwly  oblong,  1-1 3^  inches  long  obtuse,  the  margin  often  some- 
what sinuate,  attenuate  into  a  slender  petiole:  peduncle  2-6  inches  long:  in- 
volucral  bracts  small  narrowly  lanceolate  2-3  lines  long,  10-15-flowered: 
c&lyx  ro8«-colored :  6-8-lines  long  with  emarginate  lobes:  fruit  4-5  lines  long, 
nearly  glabrous,  the  body  oblong  attenuate  at  each  end,  the  thin  wings  near- 
ly as  long,  rounded,  broadest  above  and  often  truncate,  narrowing  downward 
to  the  base  of  the  fruit.     On  sands  along  the  coast,  Washington  to  California. 

A,  meilifera  Dougl.  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2879.  Minutely  viscid- 
glandular:  stems  stout,  prostrate,  1-2  feet  long  from  a  stout  perennial  root: 
leaves  mostly  oblong,  obtuse,  the  blade  1-2  inches  long,  abruptly  and  more 
or  less  obliquely  contracted  at  base  to  a  slender  petiole  often  longer  than  the 
blade:  peduncles  stout,  4-8  inches  long:  involucral  bracts  usually  5,  scarious, 
broadly  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  6  lines  long  or  more,  flowers  pure 
white,  about  an  inch  long,  the  limb  4-5  lines  in  diameter;  wings  of  the  fruit 
narrow,  often  laterally  elongated.  On  sandy  banks  along  the  Columbia 
river,  eastern  Oregon  and  Washington. 

*  *    Fruit  wholly  coriaceous  and  the  central  cavity  extending  through 
the  wings. 

A.     latifolia    Eschschaltz  Mem.   Acad.    Petersb.  x,  281.     Stems    stout 


ABRONiA  POLYGONACEiE  567 

and  fleshy,  prostrate  very  viscid-pubescent  1-3  feet  long,  from  a  long  fleshy 
perennial  root:  leaves  ciiick,  broadly  ovate  to  reniform  6^18  lines  long,  obtuse, 
on  short  thick  petioles:  peduncles  usually  exceeding  the  leaves:  bracts  of 
the  involucre  5,  rounded  to  ovate  or  oblong  2-4  inches  long:  flowers  numer- 
ous 5-6  lines  long  bright  yellow,  very  fragrant,  the  lobes  emarginate:  fruit 
4-6  lines  long,  coriaceous,  acute  at  each  end,  the  wings  more  or  less  unequally 
developed,  usually  narrow.  On  sand- banks  along  the  coast,  Vancouver  Island 
to  California, 

A.  fragrans  Nutt.  Hook.  Kew  Jour u.  Bot.  v,  261.  More  or  less  vis- 
cid-puberulent:  stems  several,  from  a  perennial  root,  herbaceous,  6-20  inches 
high,  erect  or  ascending,  usually  much  branched:  leaves  oblong  or  ovate,  1-3 
inches  long,  truncate,  more  or  less  cuneateat  base,  obtuse  to  acute:  peduncles 
mostly  solitary:  bracts  of  the  involucre  large,  broadly  ovate,  white  and  scaii- 
ous  4-9  lines  long:  flowers  white,  very  numerous  in  the  involucres,  5-10  lines 
long,  opening  at  night:  fruit  3-6  lines  long,  coriaceous,  with  naiTow  undulate 
wings  which  do  not  close  over  the  ovary;  In  dry  soil  eastern  Washington 
to  Iowa. 

Order  LXXV  POLYGONACEiE  Lindl,  Nat.  Syst.  211. 

Herbs  shrubs  or  trees  with  jointed  stems,  watery,  often  acid 
or  acrid,  juice,  alternate, opposite  or  whorled  simple  mostly  en- 
tire leaves  with  sheathing  united  stipules  and  regular  perfect, 
dioecious,  monoecious  or  polygamous  flowers.  Calyx  free  from 
the  ovary,  2-6-cleft  or  2-6-parted,  the  segments  or  sepals  more 
or  less  imbricated,  often  petal-like  stamens  2-9,  inserted  near 
the  base  of  the  calyx,  or  in  staminate  flowers  crowded  toward 
the  center.  Ovary  superior,  1-celled,  with  a  solitary  erect  or 
pendulous  orthotropous  ovule.  Style  2-3-cleft  or  2-4-parted, 
sometimes  very  short  stigma,  capitate  or  tufted,  rarely  2-cleft. 
Fruit  a  lenticular  3-angled  or  rarely  4-angled  achene,  usually 
invested  by  the  persistent  calyx.  Embryo  straight  or  curved 
in  mealy  albumen. 

Tribe    i      Herbs   or    somewhat    shrubby    plants.      Flowers 
involucrate. 

1  Eriogonnm    Involucre  several-flowered  with  4-8,  pointless  teeth :  flow- 

ers exserted:  stamens  9:  achenes  mostly  3-angled. 

2  Oxytheca    Involucre  few-flowered,  herbaceous,  with  3-5  straight  acute 

or  awned  lobes :  flowers  on  exserted  pedicels,  pubescent :  stamens  9 : 
achenes  lenticular. 

3  Chorizanthe    Involucre  1-3-flowered,   coriaceous  or  chartaceous,  3-6 

angled,  with  3-6  cuspidate  often  hooked  teeth  and  sometimes  as  many 
cuspidate  divaricate  spurs  at  base :  flowers  usually  included  :  stamens 
3,  6  or  9  :  achenes  3-angled. 

4  Pterostegia  Slender  annuals  with  opposite  toothed  or^lobed  leaves : 

involucre  bract-like,  with  a  solitary  included  flower. 

Tribe  ii     Herbs  with  alternate  leaves  and  scarious  sheathing 
stipules.     Flowers  not  involucrate. 

5  Polygonum     Sepals  4-6,  equal,  appressed  to  the  triangular  or  lenticu- 

lar achene :  styles  2  or  3 :  stigmas  capitate. 


568  POLYGONACE^  eriogonum 

6  Rnniex    Sepals  6,  the  outer  spreading,  the  inner  enlarged  and  appress- 

ed  to  the  triangular  achene:  stigmas  3,  tufted. 

7  Oxyria    Sepals  4,  the'outer  smaller  and  spreading :  stigmas  2,  tufted : 

achenes  orbicular,  winged. 

Tribe  1  Eriogonese  Meisner  PL  Vas.  Gen.  229,  as  Order.  Herbs 
or  shrubby  plants  with  alternate  or  verticillate  leaves  without  stipules. 
Flowers  involucrate,  S-6-parted  or  S-6-lobed.  Stamens  9.  Styles 
3,  with  capitate  stigmas.    Juice  nea  rly  tasteless. 

1    ERIOGONUM  Michx.  Fl.  1246.     (1803.) 

Annual  or  perennial  acaulescent  or  leafy-  stemmed  herbs  or  shrubs 
with  entire  alternate  opposite  or  whorled  leaves  and  small,  perfect 
flowers  on  jointed  pedicels  subtended  by  an  involucre  in  panicles 
racemes  heads  or  umbels.  Involucre  campanulate  top-shaped  or 
almost^cylindrical,  5-8-  toothed  or  5-8  cleft,  the  teeth  pointless. 
Calyx^5-cleft  or  5-parted,  usually  colored,  the  segments  equal  or 
the  outer  ones  larger.  Stamens  9,  with  filiform  filaments  and 
oblong  anther.  Style  3-parted ,  stigmas  capitate.  Fruit  a  3-angled 
pyramidal^achene  invested  by  the  calyx-segments,  or  winged. 

§  1  Involucre  not  nerved  or  angled,  4-8-toothed  or  lobed,  more 
or  less  broadly  turbinate:  bracts  foliaceous,  indefinite  in  number. 

*  Perennials,  more  or  less  tomentose  or  rarely  glabrous,  .with  pedun- 
cles naked  and  scape-like,  or  verticillate-bracteate  in  the  middle:  bracts 
mostly  conspicuous:  involucres  5-8-toothed  or  5-8- cleft,  in  a  simple  or 
compound  umbel  or  solitary:  flowers  mostly  attenuate  to  a  stipe-like 
base:  achenes  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 

E.  flavum  Nutt.  Fras.  Cat.  (1813.)  White-tomeutose  throughout:  stems 
very  short  and  thick,  simplefand  solitary  to  tufted  and  creeping,  woody: 
scapes  2-13  inches  high:  leaves  ^crowded  on  the  short  stems,  linear-oblong 
to  lanceolate, ^1-3  inches  long^narrowed  into  petioles  with  dilated  and  imbr- 
icated base  inflorescence  regularly  umbellate:  involucre  top-shaped,  2-2>^ 
lines  long:  bracts  spatulate,  foliaceous:  calyx  yellow  3  lines  high,  top-shaped, 
very  villous,  the  segments  obovate:  stamens  and  style-branches  exserted 
achenes  constricted'at  the  middle,  2  lines  long,  villous  at  the  summit  the 
angles  undulate,  the  faces  swollen,  Dry  plains  eastern  Washington  to 
Arizona  and  Nebraska. 

E.  Piperi  Greene.  "  Densely  tufted  on  a  stout  woody  caudex:  stems 
erect,  leafless  tomentose,  5-10  inches  tall:  leaves  all  basal,  lanceolate  or 
oblanceolate,  acute  or  obtuse,  densely  hairy  beneath,  green  and  less  hairy 
above,  1-2  inches  long,  attenuate  into  a  usually  shorter  petiole :  umbels 
several-rayed,  simple,  or  contracted  into  a  dense  cluster:  bracts  3-8,  oblan- 
ceolate, 1-1)^  inches  long:  involucre  short-toothed,  villous:  flowers  yellow , 
2-3  lines  long.  Summit  of  Cedar  Mountain,  Washington.  Hardly  distinct 
from;iE.*flavumtNutt.^"    Piper  &  Kent  in  Palouse  Flora,  50. 

E.'fandrosaceum'"  Benth.  Dwarf/^perennial:  tomentose  throughout  or 
smoother  above:  caudex  branching:  leaves  oblanceolate  or  spatulate,  white- 
woolly  beneath,  glabrate  above:  scapeSj2-3  inches  high,  simple:  umbel  simple 
or  subcapitate,  4-7- rayed r^rays 'short|and  slender:  teeth  of  the  involucre 
short,  erect  or  nearly  so:flowers  sparingly  villous,  yellow,  2-3  lines  long,  short 
attenuate.     On  the  high  mountains  of  eastern  Washington  to  Brit.  Columbia  . 


ERiOGONUM  POLYGON  ACEiE  569 

E.  pyrolaefoliuiii  Hook.  Kew  Journ.  Bot.  v,  395,  t.  10.  Caudex  short 
and  thick,  sparingly  branched:  leaves  thick,  glabrous,  round-obovate  to  oblong, 
3-9  lines  broad,  mostly  abruptly  attenuate  into  a  short  petiole,  broad  and 
villous  at  base:  scapes  smooth,  2-3  inches  high,  bearing  a  2-bracteate  umbel 
of  1-4  very  shortly  pedicellate  sinuately-toothed  nd  villous  involucres; 
flowers  yellow,  slightly  villous  at  base,  short-attenuate.  On  the  high  mountains 
Washington  to  California. 

Var.    coryphaBum  T.  &  G.    More  tomentose,  with  narrower  leaves 
and  smaller  flowers.     On  the  high  peaks  of  the  Cascade  Mountains. 

E.  thymoides  Benth.  A  much  branched  undershrub  3-10  inches 
high:  leaves  linear  to  spatulate  with  revolute  margins,  2-5  lines  long,  white- 
woolly:  peduncles  slender,  1-2  inches  high,  bearing  a  whorl  of  linear  bracts 
below  the  middle  and  a  solitary,  several-flowered  involucre  at  the  summit: 
involucre  3-4  lines  high  deeply  cleft,  the  lobes  spreading  or  recurved  at  the 
tip :  calyx  attenuate  and  densely  retrorse  villous  at  base,  2-3  lines  long,  the 
segments  glabrous  above,  pink  to  pui*plish,  broad  and  rounded  at  the  apex. 
In  sterile  rocky  places  on  top  of  high  hills,  eastern  Oregon  and  Washington. 

E.  caespitosnm  Nutt.  Journ.  Acad.  Philad.  vii,  50,  t.  8.  A  densely 
branehed  undershiub:  stems  2-4  inches  long  depressed  or  ascending,  the 
branches  usually  crowded  with  leaves:  leaves  ovate -spatulate  to  oblong,  2-^ 
lines  long,  densely  white-woolly,  crowded  on  the  short  branchlets:  peduncles 
scape-like  1-3  inches  long,  slender  naked:  bearing  a  single  several-flowered 
involucre:  lobes  of  the  involucre  linear-oblong,  as  long  as  the  turbinate  tube, 
becoming  reflexed:  flowers  yellow,  often  tinged  with  pm'ple, pubescent,  1K~2 
lines  long,  the  base  stipe-like,  the  lobes  oblong-oval.  On  dry  ridges,  south- 
eastern Oregon  to  Nevada. 

E.  Bouglasii  Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  xiv,  9.  Shrubby  and  rather  loose- 
ly branched  at  base; 4-10  inches  high:  leaves  spatulate  to  linear-lanceolate 
alternate  below  to  a  petiole  white-tomentose  below,  pubescent  above,  6-14 
lines  long;  peduncles  rather  stout,  2-6  inches  long,  with  a  whorl  of  oblance- 
olate  leaves  in  the  middle  and  a  single  many-flowered  involucre:  flowei-sjyel- 
low  pubescent  outside,  about  3  lines  long.  In  the  Blue  Mountains  of  Oregon 
to  California. 

E,  sphaBroeeplialum  Dougl.  Benth.  1.  c.  Shrubby  and  loosely  bran- 
ched below,  6-10 inches  high;  leaves  lanceolate  to  spatulate  6-14  lines  long 
tapering  below  to  a  distinct  petiole,  olten  with  revolute  mai'gins,  densely 
white-woolly  below,  pubescent  but  green  above;  j^eduncles  2-6  inches  long 
with  a  whorl  of  lanceolate  leaves  usually  above  the  middle  and  a  single  many- 
flowered  involucre;  outer  flowers  reflexed,  thus  forming  a  dense  round  head, 
yellow  or  tinged;.^with  red  or  purple,  pubescent  outside,  abo^t  3  lines  long 
the  oblong  lobes  longer  than  the  stipe-like  base.  On  barren  idges,  eastern 
Washington  to  California. 

E.  tenne  Small  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  xxv.  41.  Stems  loosely  bran- 
ching, 3-5  inches  long,  slender,  shrubby  at  base:  leave?  crowded  at  the 
ends  of  the  branches,  linear  or  nearly  so,  6-12  lines  long,  the  margins  rev- 
olute, thinly  tomentose:  peduncles  erect,  3-5  inches  high,  bearing  a 
whorl  of  leaves  in  the  middle  and  a  single  terminal  involucre :  lobes  of  the 
involucre  linear  oblanceolate,  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  turbinate  tube, 
spreading  or  reflexed  :  flowers  pale^iyellow,  glabrous,  about  S  lines  long 
narrowed  below  to  a  stipe-like  base,  its  segments  unequal,  the  outer  ones 
oblong-obovate,  notched  at  the  apex,  the  inner  ones  spatulate,  erose  at  the 
apex.  In  dry  sterile^  rocky  places  lalong  the  Columbia  river,  eastern 
Oregon  and  Washington. 

E.    umbellatnm  Torr.  Ann    Lye.  N.  Y.   241       Stems  depressed  and 


570  POLYGON  ACE^  eriogonum 

shrubVjy  below,  much  branched:  leaves  oblong- to  obovate-spatulate,  1-2 
inches  long,  on  slender  petioles,  white-tomentose  below,  green  and  glab- 
rate  above:  peduncles  6-15  inches  high,  naked,  bearing  a  simple  utnbel  of 
3-10  naked  rays  subtended  by  a  whorl  of  leaves :  involucres  deeply  lobed, 
the  lobes  shorter  than  the  turbinate  tube :  flowers  yellow  or  yellowish,  2-3 
lines  long,  glabrous.  Dry  ridges,  Oregon  to  California  and  the  Rocky 
Mountains. 

E.  Tolmieanum  Hook.  Fl.  134.  E.  umheUatum  var.  rmmocephalum 
T.  &  G.  Branches  short  and  depressed,  shrubby  below,  den«ly  cespitose : 
leaves  ovate,  3  lines  long,  narrowed  to  short  petioles,  glabrate  above: 
peduncles  2-4  inches  high,  bearing  a  whorl  of  leaves  above  the  middle  and 
a  single  large  globose  head  of  one  or  more  small  involucres :  flowers  yellow, 
the  base  abruptly  narrowed  and  stipiform.  High  mountains,  Washington 
to  California. 

E.  moutannin.  Stems  depressed  and  diffusely  much  branching,  6-10 
inches  long  shrubby  and  rooting  at  the  nodes  :  leaves  obovate  to  oblong, 
often  acute,  short-petioled,  3-6  lines  long,  whiter  tomentose  beneath,  green 
and  glabrate  above :  peduncles  1-3  inches  long,  naked  bearing  a  simple  um- 
bel of  3-10  short  naked"rays  subtended  by  a  whorl  of  leaves :  involucres 
loosely  woolly  the  linear  lobes  longer  than  the  turbinate  tube :  flowers 
yellow,  about  2  lines  long,  gradually  attenuate  to  a  stipe-like  base,  glabrous. 
On  the  highest  peaks  of  the  Cascade  Mountains. 

E.  croceum  Small  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  xxv,  43.  Shrubby  and 
spreading  below  4-12  inches  long,  the  branches  often  tufted  leaves  cluster 
ed  at  the  ends  of  the  shoots,  oval  or  orbicular-  oval,  6-9  lines  long  obtuse 
tomentose  or  glabrate  above,  abruptly  narrowed  to  a  stout  petiole  shorter 
or  longer  than  the  blade:  peduncles  erect,  4-8  inches  high,  usually  naked 
except  a  bract  near  the  middle,  bearing  a  compound  umbel  subtended  by  a 
whorl  of  leaves:  involucres  thinly  tomentose,  the  somewhat  lanceolate  ac- 
ute lobes  longer  than  the  broadly  turbinate  tube:  flowers  golden  yellow, 
about  3  lines  long,  narrowed  into  a  long  stipe-like  base.  In  the  mountains 
of  eastern  Oregon  and  Idaho. 

E  ternatnm.  Stems  short  and  densely  cespitose,  woody,  1-2  inches 
long,  densely  leafy :  leaves  obovate  to  spatulate  or  oblong,  obtuse,  narrowed 
below  to  a  short  winged  petiole,  densely  white. tomentose  both  sides  when 
young,  becoming  green  and  glabrous  above,  6-10  lines  long:  scapes  4-12 
inches  high,  densely  floccose  with  white  wool  when  young, becoming  glabr 
rate  in  age,  bearing  a  4-rayed  umbel  subtended  by  a  whorl  of  linear  bracts 
otherwise  naked :  central  ray  short,  with  a  single  naked  involucre,  the  other 
3  longer,  with  1-3  involucres  subtended  by  linear  bracts:  involucres  some- 
what funnelform,  about  6  lines  high,  tomentose,  few-flowered,  the  short 
erect  teeth  less  than  a  line  long :  sepals  yellow,  a  line  long,  oval  to  obovate. 
On  gravelly  bars  along  streams  near  Waldo,  southern  Oregon. 

E,  stellatnm  Benth.  Tans,  Linn.  Soc.  xvii,  409.  More  or  less  tomen- 
tose :  stems  diffuse  and  leafy  :leaves  ovate-spatulate  to  oblanceolate :  pedu- 
ncle naked,  6-12  inches  high,  bearing  an  umbel  of  2-4  mostly  elongated 
rays  which  are  usually  and  often  repeatedly  divided  in  a  cymose  manner, 
the  nodes  and  lateral  rays  all  leafy-bracted :  flowers  yellow,  about  3  lines 
long,  the  base  attenuate  and  stipe-like.  In  the  mountains,  Oregon  to 
California. 

Var,  bahiaeforme  Watson  Proc.  Am.  -cad.  xii,  257.  Leaves  most- 
ly small,  often  densely  tomentose  both  sides:  umbel  very  compound. 
With  the  type. 

E.  heracleoides  Nutt.  Stems  short  and  woody  at  base:  leaves  narrowly 
oblanceolate  with  re  volute  margins  densely  tomentose  beneath   somewhat 


ERiOGONUM  POLYGONACEiE  571 

glabrate  above :  peduncles  stout  6-12  inches  high  with  a  whorl  of  leaves 
near  the  middle  umbel  l-ll-rayed,  sometimes  simple,  usually  with  some 
or  all  of  the  rays  once  or  rarely  twice  divided  :  flowers  yellow  or  whitish, 
glabrous,  about  3  lines  long.  On  dry  plains,  eastern  Washington  to  Nevada 
and  Utah. 

E.  compositum  Benth.  Trans.  Linn.  Soc  .xvii.  409.  Stems  decumbent 
or  ascending,  4-10  inches  long,  somewhat  woody  :  leaves  oblong-ovate,  acute 
or  acutish,  1-3  inches  long,  cordate  at  base  on  jpetioles  2-8  inches  long,  den- 
sely white- tomentose  beneath,  green  andflocculent  above  :  peduncles  stout, 
naked, 6-18  inches  high,  nearly  glabrous :  umbel  of  6-10  more  or  less  elonga- 
ted rays,  each  bearing  a  short  several-rayed  umbellet,  subtended  by  whorls 
of  linear-oblanceolate  leaflets:  flowers  yellow  to  whitish  or  rose-color,  2-4 
lines  long,  the  stipe-like  base  short.  On  rocky  banks,  Brit.  Columbia  to 
California  and  Idaho. 

*  *  Densely  tomentose  perennials  with  naked  pe  luncles :  involucres 
with  5  short  erect  teeth:  flowers  small  abruptly  narrowed  at  base, 
pubescent:  achenes  densely  villous. 

E.  acanle  Nutt.  T  <.{:  G.  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  viii,  163.  White-tomentose 
and  matted  cespitose:  leaves  densely  crowded  upon  the  closely  branched 
caudex,  oblong  to  linear  with  revolute  margins,  sessile,  2-3  lines  long, 
spreading  from  the  imbricated  base:  involucres  in  heads  of  1-5,  among  the 
uppermost  leaves,  nearly  sessile  short,  3-5-toothed  :  flowers  with  broad 
sessile  base,  hardly  2  lines  long,  the  oblong  segments  equal :  filamemts 
pilose  at  base*  ovary  very  tomentose  with  long  wool.  Sandy  hills,  Idaho 
to  the  Kocky  Mountains. 

E.  iniuimnm  Small  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  xxv,  47.  Gray-canescent : 
branches  densely  tufted,  about  6  lines  long:  leaves  densely  imbricated  and 
crowded,  the  persistent  ones  of  previous  years  black,  the  fresh  ones  gray, 
spatulate,  or  almost  terete  by  the  strongly  revolute  margins,  obtuse,  dilat- 
ed at  Vjase :  peduncles  erect,  1-3  lines  high,  simple:  involucres  solitary, 
turbinate- cam pannhite  a  little  more  than  a  line  high:  flowers  1-2  lines 
long,  the  segments  unequal,  the  3  outer  oval,  the  3  inner  obovate,  all  obtuse  : 
filaments  villous  at  base.  At  high  elevations  in  the  Cascade  Mountains 
of  Washington. 

E.  pendnlum  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xxiii,  265.  White-tomentose 
throughout:  stems  woody  at  base  1-2  feet  high  profusely  branched:  leaves 
scattered,  oblong-oblanceolate,  1-3  inches  long,  obtuse,  subglabrate  above  : 
inflorescence  several  times  di-or  trichotoraous  upon  naked  peduncles :  pedi- 
cels mostly  elongated  and  naked :  involucres  at  first  nodding,  campanulate, 
about  2  lines  long,  its  deltoid  teeth  erect :  flowers  very  small, densely  tom- 
entose, slightly  exserted.  On  dry  rocky  plains,  eastern  base  of  the  Coast 
Mountains  near  Waldo,  Oregon. 

§  2  Involucres  campanulate  or  short  turbinate,  not  angled  or 
nerved,  with  5  rounded  erect  teeth,  pedunculate  in  diffuse  repeat- 
edly di-  or  tricliotomous  panicles:  bracts  not  foliaceous,  all  tern- 
ate,  small,  mostly  trianglar  and  rigid:  flowers  not  alternate  at 
base :  ovary  glabrous. 

*  Annuals:  leaves  all  radical  or  nearly  so :  involucres  flowers  and 
achenes  small. 

E.  cernunm  Nutt.  Journ.  A.cad.  Phila.  Ser.  2,  1  162.  Stem  very  short : 
scape  erect,  usually  much  branched.  6  12  inches  high :  leaves  orbicular  or 
oblong-orbicular,  less  than  an  inch  long  obtuse  or  slightly  apiculate,  flat, 
floccose-tomentose,  especially  beneath,  petioled  :  inflorescence  paniculate : 
involucres  campanulate,  slightly  more  than   half  a  line  high  solitary  on 


572  POLYGONACEiE  eriogonum 

slender  dcflexed  pedicels  an  inch  long  or  less,  5-cleft  to  near  the  middle: 
flowers  whitish,  campanulate,  half  a  line  long,  fiddle-shape.  On  dry  plains, 
eastern  Oregon  to  Nebraska  and  New  Mexico. 

*  *  Annuals,  branching  from  the  base,  with  leaves  developed  at 
the  nodes  in  the  axils  of  ordinary  triangular  bracts :  flowers  minutely 
glandular. 

E.  angulosum  Benth.  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xvii,  406,  t.  18.  Floccose- 
woolly,  or  at  length  glabrate:  stem  erect,  4-12  inches  high,  leafy,  branch- 
ing into  a  repeatedly  di-or  trichotomous  panicle;  the  branches  acutely  4-6 
angled :  radical  leaves  spatulate  or  rounded,  the  cauline  oblong-linear  to 
lanceolate :  pedicels  6-12  lines  long,  widely  spreading :  involucres  short- 
campanulate  or  hemispherical,  minutely  glandular  or  almost  smooth,  soli- 
tary,many-flowered,  5-toothed  becoming  dilated  in  fruit :  flowers  very  obtuse 
at  base,  a  line  long,  on  short  pedicels,  rose-color  or  white,  deeply  5-parted, 
the  outer  segments  ovate,  the  inner  at  length  longer,  lanceolate-oblong. 
Eastern  Oregon  to  California  and  Utah. 

*  *  *  Tall  stout  white-tomentose  annuals,  with  leafy  simple  stems, 
naked  above :  inflorescence  cymose  :  involucres  turbinate  campanulate, 
shortly  pedicelled :  flowers  white,  nearly  glabrous :  sepals  very  unequal. 

E.  aunuum  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soe.  Ser.  2.  v,  164.  Flowers 
tomentose  throughout:  stem  1-3  feet  high,  leafy  below  :  leaves  oblong-lanc- 
eolate or  oblanceolate,  narrowed  at  base  to  a  petiole,  the  margins  somewhat 
revoluteor  crisped:  involucres  turbinate  1-1>^  lines  long  secund,  erect,  5 
toothed  :  calyx  ^-1  line  long,  the  segments  obovate.  On  dry  plains  Idaho 
to  Nebraska  and  Texas. 

§  3  Involucres  cylindric-turbinate,  more  or  less  strongly  5-6 
nerved,  often  becoming  costate  or  angled,  with  as  many  short 
erect  teeth,  mostly  sessile  in  heads  or  clusters,  scattered  in  cymes 
or  along  virgate  panicled  branches,  always  erect,  1-3  lines  long: 
bracts  ternate,  connate  at  base,  usually  short,  aeute  and  more  or 
less  rigid  :  flowers  not  attenuate  at  base  :  achenes  usually  glabrous. 

*  Cespitose  densely  tomentose  perennials  with  short  closely  branch- 
ed caudex :  involucres  a  single  head  or  short  cymose  umbel  on  the 
naked  peduncle :  outer  sepals  broad  and  somewhat  cordate,  the  inner 
much  narrower:  ovary  scabrous  above. 

E.  ovalifoliani  Nutt.  Journ.  Philad.  Acad,  vii,  50,  t.  8.  Densely 
white-tomentose  and  silvery :  stems  very  short  and  deprcssed-cespitose, 
perennial ;  leaves  broadly  oval  or  oblong,  the  blade  3-10  lines  long,  acutish. 
abruptly  narrowed  to  a  long  slender  petiole,  crowded  upon  the  numerous 
short  branches  :  scapes  3-9  inches  high  simple,  naked, bearing  a  single  head 
of  3-8  closely  sessile  5-8  toothed  involucres:  calyx  very  glabrous,  yellow  or 
rose-color,  becoming  thin  and  scarious,  after  flovvering,  the  segments  very 
unequal,  the  outer  very  broadly  oval,  cordate  at  base:  the  inner  spatulate, 
emarginate.  On  dry  hillsides,  eastern^Brit.  Columbia  to  California  and 
the  Rocky  Mountains. 

Var.  prolifernm  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xii,  63.    Larger  than  the 
type,  the  involucres  loosely  cymose-umbellate.     With  the  type. 

E.  vineuni.  Small  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  xxv,  45.  Closely  white-tomen- 
tose up  to  the  inflorescence :  perennial  from  a  stout  tap-root:  stems  branch- 
ing, the  branches  tufted,  clothed  with  the  persistent  leaf  bases:  leaves 
crowded,  the  blades  suborbicular  or  broadly  oval,  3-5  lines  long  obtuse  or 
rounded  at  the  apex,  abruptly  narrowed  or  truncate  at  base:  on  petiol  es 
often  as  long  as  the  blade :  scapes  erect,  1-4  inches  long,  simple :  involucre  s 


lOGO   UM  POLYGONACE^  573 

4-6,  in  terminal  heads,  3-4  lines  high,  angled,  contracted,  near  the  top: 
flowers  wine-red,  at  length  3-lines  long :  its  segments  very  unequal,  the 
3  outer  ovate  with  cordate  base ;  the  inner  spatulate.  Eastern  Oregon  to 
California. 

E.  dichotoinum  Dougl.  Benth.  in  DC.'Prodr.  xiv,  14.  Densely  white- 
tomentose  below :  stems  short  but  somewhat  diffuse  and  depressed,  leafy  : 
leaves  oblong  or  oblanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  an  inch  or  two  long,  on 
slender  petioles  :  peduncles  rather  short  6-18  inches  high,  bearing  a  3-rayed 
umbel  the  somewhat  erect  rays  sparingly  di-  or  trichotomous:  involucre 
usually  solitary  tomentose,  about  3  lines  long,  strongly  toothed:  flowers 
white  to  rose-red  1)^-2  lines  long,  the  outer  segments  broadly  elliptical, 
the  inner  linear-spatulate.  On  dry  rocky  hills  eastern  Washington  to 
California. 

E.  nireum  Dougl.  Densely  white-tomentose below:  stems  rather  few, 
short  and  depressed  :  leaves  oblong  6-12  lines  long,  petioled  :  scapes  4-10 
inches  high,  bearing  a  3-rayed  umbel :  involucres  usually  solitary,  tomento- 
se, about  2  lines  high,  with  some  or  all  of  the  teeth  produced  and  often 
recurved:  flowers  white  or  rose  color,  its  outer  segments  round-oval,  the 
inner  obovate-spatulate.  Oci  dry  rocky  hillsides,  eastern  Oregon  and 
Washington  to  Idaho. 

*  *  Flowers  narrower  at  1  ase,  the  sepals  similar  and  nearly 
equal :  achenes  smooth  or  nearly  so. 

■«-  Perennials  with  short  branched  caudex,  naked  peduncles  and 
capitate  involucres. 

+«•  Densely  wliite- tomentose,  dwarf  and  cespitose,  alpine  or  subal- 
pine:  heads  solitary. 

E.  pancifloram  Pursh  Fl.  735.  Stems  very  short,  loosely  tufted,  cov- 
ered with  the  dilated  bases  of  the  petioles :  leaves  linear  or  linear-spatulate, 
1-3  inches  long,  with  revolute  margins,  glabrous,  or  sparingly  pubescent 
above,  white-tomentose  or  cottony  beneath,  narrowed  into  slender  petioles : 
peduncles  2-6  inches  I  high :  involucres  4-10,  in  a  capitate  cluster,  5- 
toothed,  the  teeth  obtuse,  more  or  less  reflexed  :  flower  white,  campanulate, 
1}4  lines  long,  its  segments  ovate.     On  dry  plains,  eastern  Oregon  to  Neb 

E.  mnlticeps  Nees  Max.  Eeis.  N.  A.  ii,  446.  Stems  short,  tufted, 
much  branched,  sometimes  several  inches  long:  leaves  spatulate  6-20  lines 
long,  numerous,  obtuse  at  the  apex,  narrowed  below  into  petioles :  pe  unc- 
les 1-5  inches  high  :  involucres  3-12,  in  a  capitate  cluster,  sessile,  1)4  lines 
long,  5-6  toothed,  the  teeth  acute:  flowers  white  or  rose-color,  1)'2~2  lines 
long,  campanulate,  somewhat  villous,  the  segments  cuneate,  obtuse  or 
emarginate.     On  dry  plains,  Idaho  to  Nebraska. 

■**■  **  Peduncles  mostly  tall  and  stout,  from  a  sparinglj'  branched 
caudex-.  heads  solitary  or  few,  in  a  long-jointed  subumbellate  cyme. 

E.  nndnm  Dougl.  Benth.  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xvii,  413.  ?  Stems  short 
and  loosely  branched  1-2  inches  long:  leaves  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  the 
blade  1-3  inches  long,  obtuse  or  acutish  at  the  apex,  rounded,  truncate  or 
cordate  at  base,  green  and  glabrate  above,  densely  white-tomentose  be- 
neath, on  petioles  2-6  inches  long:  peduncles  rather  slender  1-2  feet  high, 
somewhat  tomentose :  inflorescence  a  compound  umbel :  involucres  tomen- 
tose, campanulate  about  2  lines  long  its  triangular  teeth  erect:  flowers  yel- 
low to  reddish,  glabrous  about  1}4  lines  long,  its  segments  elliptical,  round 
ed  at  the  apex.     On  dry  hillsidts,  southwestern  Oregon  to  California. 

E.  elatum.  Dougl.     A  caulescent:  leaves  all  in  a  rosulate  tuft,  ovate-ob 
long  or  sublanceolate,  narrowed  into  petioles,  rarely  subhastate  orsubco 
date  at  base,  the  margins  usually  undulate,  green  and  glabrate  above  ver 
softly  villous-pubescent,  or  almost  velvety  beneath,  on  long  slender  pet 


574  POLYGONAGE^  eriogonum 

oles :  peduncles  1-4  feet  high,  rigid  and  rush-like :  inflorescence  a  very  dif- 
fuse panicle:  involucres  glabrate,  or  glabrous,  few,  cylindrical  or  turbin- 
ate-campanulate,  repandly  .5-toothed  many-flowered,  gathered  in  heads  or 
clusters,  sometimes  only  in  pairs,  or  solitary  in  the  forks :  flowers  white  or 
rose-color  a  little  hairy  at  base  the  segments  ovate-oblong,  nearly  equal. 
On  barren  rocky  places,  eastern  Washington  to  California. 

+-  ■*-  Leaves  not  fascicled  :  bracts  small  very  rarely  foliaceous  below : 
involucres  mostly  solitary  in  a  repeatedly  di-  or  trichotomous  corymb- 
like cyme. 

•»^     Perennials,  woody  and  diffusely  much  branched,  leafy  below. 

E.  uiicrothecum  Nutt.  Jour.  Acad.  Phila.  ser.  2,  i,  172.  More  or  less 
floccose-tomentose  throughout:  stems  erect  or  ascending,  branching, 
especially  from  the  base,  6-12  inches  high :  leaves  oblong  or  oblanceolate, 
obtuse  at  the  apex,  narrowed  into  short  petioles,  6-12  lines  long,  the  upper 
bract-like:  inflorescence  compoundly  cymose:  involucres  turbinate  1% 
lines  long:  flowers  yellow,  pink  or  white,  campanulate,  at  length  constrict- 
ed near  the  middle.     Eastern  Washington  to  California  and  Nebraska. 

E.  corymbosum  Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  xiv,  17.  Densely  floccose-to- 
mentose throughout :  stems  erect,  branched  6-12  inches  high :  leaves  oblong, 
obtuse  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  base,  petioled,  6-18  lines  long,  their  margins 
more  or  less  crisp :  inflorescence  compoundly  cymose :  involucres  short-cam - 
panulate,  5-toothed,  about  1)^  lines  long,  the  teeth  subacute  flowers  broadly 
campanulate,  1-lK  lines  long,  constricted  near  the  middle,  the  segments 
fiddle-shaped,  emarginate,  the  3  inner  ones  shorter  than  the  outer  ones . 
Eastern  Washington  to  Nevada  and  Kansas. 

■*-*■  •**  Perennial :  less  woody  and  more  shortly  branched  at  base : 
leaves  mostly  narrow :  sepals  nearly  equal. 

E.  campanulatnm  Nutt.  1.  c.  163.  Stems  short,  thick  and  woody 
more  or  less  tomentose :  leaves  crowded,  narrowly  oblanceolate,  spatulate 
or  nearly  linear,  1-3  inches  long,  obtuse  at  the  apex,  narrowed  into  long 
petioles,  white-tomentose  on  both  sides,  the  margins  sometimes  revolute: 
peduncles  erector  nearly  so,  glabrous,  4-12  inches  high :  inflorescences  com- 
poundly cymose:  involucres  oblong-turbinate,  about  a  line  long,  with  5 
obtuse  teeth :  flowers  yellow,  ovoid-campanulate,  about  a  line  long,  the 
segments  oblong  or  fiddle-shaped,  emarginate.  Eastern  Oregon  to  Nebraska 

•*-•*--«-  Involucres  sessile  and  solitary  along  the  ascending  and 
usually  long-virgate  branches  of  the  open  naked  panicle :  flowers 
glabrous. 

-**  White-tomentose  perennials,  leafy  below:  panicles  sparingly 
branched,  usually  virgate:  involucres'  tomentose,  the  teeth  not 
margined. 

E.  strictum  Benth.  Branches  very  short:  leaves  small,  ovate  to  oblan- 
ceolate, on  long  slender  petioles  :  peduncles  very  slender,  glabrate  above: 
panicle  twice  or  thrice  divided,  with  1-8  involucres  on  the  short  branches : 
involucres  glabrate,  1)^  lines  long:  flowers  white  to  rose-color,  l}4  lines 
long.    In  the  Blue  Mountains  of  Oregon. 

■^  *+  Annuals :  leaves  usually  rosulate  at  the  base,  sometimes 
occuring  at  the  nodes. 

E.  virgatum  Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  xiv,  16.  Usually  white-tomentose 
throughout :  leaves  oblong,  an  inch  long,  on  slender  petioles :  peduncles 
simple,  or  with  a  few  erect  virgate  branches,  1-2  feet  high  :  involucres  re- 
mote, 2  lines  long,  tomentose,  the  5  teeth  very  short :  flowers  a  line  long 
rose-color  to  white  or  yellow,  glabrous,  outer  segments  broadly  ovate, 
cuneately  narrowed  at  base,  the  inner  about  as  long,  spatulate- oblong.    In 


oxTTHECA  POLYGONACE.E  575 

CHORIZANTHE 

gravelly  bars  along  rivers  Southern  Oregon  to  California. 

E.  vimineum  Dougl.  Benth.  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xvii,  416.  Leaves 
orbicular  to  broadly  ovate,  3-10  lines  broad,  the  margins  often  undulate, 
loosely  floccose-woolly  above,  densely  white-tomentose  beneath,  on  slender 
petioles  about  as  long  as  the  blade :  peduncles  usually  diffusely  and  repeat- 
edly branching  from  near  the  base,  6-20  inches  high:  involucres  narrow 
and  rather  prismatic,  1^  lines  long,  the  teeth  very  short :  flowers  rose- 
colo'-  or  yellowish,  about  a  line  long,  outer  segments  obovate,  the  inner 
only  half  as  broad.  On  dry  plains,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California  east  of 
the  Cascade  Mountains. 

E,  Baileyi  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  x,  348.  Leaves  orbicular  to 
broadly  ovate,  3-6  lines  ftroad,  white-tomentose  both  sides,  petioled:  pe- 
duncle's diffusely  branched  6-12  inches  high,  whMly  glabrous:  involucres 
narrow,  a  line  or  less  long,  open  at  the  throat,  the  teeth  obtuse :  flowers 
pinkish-white,  less  than  a  line  long.  Dry  plains  eastern  Washington  to 
Nevada  and  California. 

2    OXYTHECA  Nutt.  PI.  Gambl.  169. 

Slender  repeatedly  dichotomously  branched  annuals  with  the 
leaves  all  in  a  rosulate  tuft  and  small  involucrate  flowers.  Involu- 
cres few-flowered,  more  or  less  pedicellate,  oampanulate  or  turbin- 
ate, herbaceous  and  not  reticulated,  3-5-cleft,  the  erect  or  spreading 
lobes  mostly  terminated  by  straight  slender  awns.  Flowers  perfect ; 
calyx  6-parted,  colored,  enclosing  the  achene:  the  more  or  less  ex- 
serted  pedicels  intermixed  with  bracts  or  bractlets.  Achene,  so  far 
as  known,  ovate-lenticular,  the  elongated  radical  accumbent  upon 
the  rounded  cotyledons. 

0.  dendroidea  Nutt.  1.  c.  Leaves  linear-oblanceolate,  hirsute,  6-18 
lines  long  acute :  scape-like  stem  usually  6-12  inches  high  very  slender  dif- 
fuse and  much  branched  from  near  the  base,  or  stouter  and  less  branched : 
bracts  unequal,  without  awns,  linear-oblong  to  linear,  or  oblong-ovate  in 
the  ptouter  lorms,the  lower  half-inch  long  or  less,  the  upper  much  smaller, 
all  more  or  less  united  at  base  :  involucres  turbinate,  1-3  lines  long,  un- 
equally 3-4-lobed,  rather  fleshy,  acutely  ^wned,  those  in  the  forks  on 
slender  pedicels  1-4  lines  long,  the  others  mhpe  nearly  sessile  flowers  light 
rose-color,  half  a  line  long,  outer  segments  i)bovate,  the  inner  narrower 
and  shorter.  On  dry  hillsides,  southeastern  Oregon  to  Wyoming  and 
Nevada. 

3    CHORIZANTHE  R.  Br. 

Low  dichotomously  branched  plants  with  the  leaves  mostly 
in  a  rosulate  radical  tuft,  and  small  flowers  in  small  involucrate 
heads.  Involucres  tubular  or  funnelform,  sessile,  2-6-angled  or 
costate,  and  2-6-toothed  or  cleft,  the  divisions  more  or  less  divari- 
cate and  terminating  in  cusps  or  rigid,  often  uncinate,  awns. 
Flowers  1-3  in  the  involucre  more  or  less  exserted.  Calyx  6-parted 
or  6-cleft.  Stamens  3,  or  2,  inserted  on  the  base  or  more  or  less  ad- 
nate  to  the  tube  of  the  calyx,  rarely  on  its  throat.  Styles  linear, 
with  capitate  stigmas.  Achenes  triangular  beaked^  Embryo  with 
inflexed  or  straight  radicle.     Ours  all  annuals. 

C.  membranacea  Benth.  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xvii,  416,  t.  17.  Lanoaely 
pubescent  when  young,  glabrate  in  age:  stems  erect,  6-18  inches  high, 
sparingly  branched  above :  radical  and  lower  cauline  leaves  linear,  obtuse. 


576  POLYGONACE^  pterostegia 

POLYGONUM 

forming  irregular  whorls  at  the  lower  joints:  involucres  in  the  lower  axils 
few,  without  scarious  margins,  the  upper  in  condensed  capitate  heads,  with 
equal  broadly  expanded  scarious  winged  divisions,  reflexed,  rotate  and 
tipped  with  a  slender  uncinate  awn,  the  tube  ribbed  and  protuberant  below 
flowers  2-8,  one  with  long  pedicel  partly  exserted,  the  others  undeveloped: 
flowers  short  tubular,  hairy  outside,  the  segments  oblong,  equal :  stamens, 
at  the  base.     On  rocky  foothills  southern  Oregon  to  California. 

C.  Watsoni  T.  &  G.  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  viii,  199.  Canescently  pubescent 
throughout:  stem  erect  or  ascending,  1-4  inches  long,  branching  from  the 
base:  radical  leaves  narrowly  oblanceolate  to  spatulate,  6-10  lines  long, 
narrowed  to  a  petiole  with  dilated  base,  the  margins  revolute,  densely 
tomentose  beneath ;  lower  cauline  similar,  b»it  smaller  and  uncinately 
awned,  passing  above  into  opposite  uncinate-tipped  bracts:  involucres 
clustered  on  the  upper  branches,  narrow,  inconspicuously  costate,  unequ- 
ally 5-lobed,  one  3-4  times  as  long  as  the  others,  all  uncinate  tipped: 
flowers  solitary,  slender -pedicelled,  included  or  partly  exserted,  the  seg- 
ments oblong,  acute,  pubescent  outside:  stamens  inserted  on  the  throat  of 
the  calyx :  achenes  oblong-triangular.  On  desert  districts,  southeastern 
Oregon  to  Nevada  and  California. 

4    PTEROSTEGIA  F.  &  M.  Ind.  Sem.  Petr.  ii,  48. 

Very  slender  and  weak  diffusely  and  dichotomously  branched 
annuals  with  opposite  entire  or  2-lobed  leaves  and  small  flowers 
solitary  in  foliaceous  sessile  involucres  in  the  forks  of  the  bran- 
ches. Involucre  of  a  single  bract,  subtending  and  shorter  than 
the  sessile  flower,  rounded  and  more  or  less  2-lobed,  at  length  be- 
coming enlarged,  scarious  and  reticulated,  loosely  enveloping  the 
achene,  and  gibbously  2-saccate  on  the  back.  Calyx  5-6-parted, 
the  segments  equal.  Stamens  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  seg- 
ments, as  many  or  fewer.  Achene  triangular,  glabrous.  Cotyle- 
dons rounded,  accumbent  upon  the  radicle. 

P.  drymarioides  F.  &  M.  1.  c.  Sparingly  hirsute :  stems  decumbent, 
often  1-2  feet  long:  lower  leaves  petioled,  2-6  lines  broad,  fan-shaped,  2- 
lobed,  the  lobes  crenately  toothed  or  again  lob^d;  upper  leaves  obovate  to 
spatulate,  entire  or  toothed :  bracts  similar,  a  line  long :  involucres  very 
small,  becoming  1-1)^  lines  long  in  fruit,  sopiewhat  2-lobed,  the  margins 
toothed  or  laciniate:  flowers  yellowish  the  segments  oblong-lanceolate. 
Hillsides  and  dry  places,  from  the  Columbia  river  to  Lower  California. 

Tribe  2  Polygonacece  Endl.  Gen.  301.  Herbs  with  alternate 
leaves  and  scarious  sheathing  stipules.  Flowers  without  involucre. 
S-6-parted.  Stamens  mostly  J^-S.  Styles  2  or  S.  Juice  usually 
pungent^  acrid  or  acid. 

5    POLYGONUM  L.  Sp.  359. 

Annual  or  perennial  plants  with  jointed  stems,  alternate  leaves 
scarious  sheathing  stipules,  called  ocreae,  and  small  normally 
perfect  flowers  in  spikes,  racemes  or  panicles.  Calyx  4-6-parted, 
or  4-6-cleft,  the  outer  sepals  or  segments  somewhat  longer  than 
the  inner.  Stamens  3-9,  included  or  exserted;  filaments  filiform, 
or  dilated  at  base,  glabrous.  Style  2-3-cleft  or  2-3-parted,  with 
capitate  stigmas.  Achenes  lenticular  or  3-angled,  rarely  4-angled, 
invested  by  or  exceeding  the  persistent  calyx.     Embryo  near  the 


POLYGONUM  POLYGONACEiE  &77 

end  of  the  seed  in  one  of  its  angles,     Cotyledons  foliaceous,  slen- 
der, accumbent  or  incumbent. 

Subgenus  i  Bistorta  Meisn.  Polygon.  50.  Perennial  by  a 
bulb-like  creeping  or  horizontal  rootstock.  Leaves  radical  and 
cauline  :  ocreae  membranaceous,  cylindrical,  naked,  open,  oblique 
at  the  summit.  Inflorescence  a  single  terminal  spicate  raceme. 
Flowers  subtended  by  usually  toothed  bract-like  ocreolae.  Calyx 
5-parted.  Stamens  8.  Style  3-cleft.  Achenes  8-angled.  Coty- 
ledons accumbent. 

r.  bistortoides  Pursh  Fl.  271.  Glabrous  or  sometimes  with  a  fine 
hispidulous  pubescence  on  the  under  surface  of  the  leaves,  more  or  less 
glaucous  throughout :  stems  erect  or  assurgent,  10-25  inches  long,  slender, 
simple :  radical  leaves  oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate,  5-10  inches  long,  3-18 
lines  broad,  attenuate  at  base  to  a  petiole  1-10  inches  long,  the  midrib 
rather  broad  and  conspicuous  on  both  sides;  cauline  leaves  mostly  lan- 
ceolate, sessile  or  nearly  so,  subcordate,  arising  from  near  the  summit  of 
the  ocreae,  all  often  with  revolute  margins  and  conspicuously  nerved: 
ocreae  entire  or  somewhat  broken  about  the  oblique  open  sumnoit,  closely 
clasping  the  stem:  raceme  oblong,  6-30  lines  long,  densely  flowered,  not 
bulblet-bearing  below:  calyx  about  2 lines  long,  light  rose  to  white,  5-part- 
ed, the  segments  oblong,  faintly  nerved.  Subalpine  and  alpine  parts  of 
the  Cascade  and  Rocky  Mountains,  California  to  the  Arctic  regions. 

P.  viviparum  L.  Sp.  360.  Glabrous  and  more  or  less  glaucous  except 
the  under  surface  of  the  leaves :  stems  rather  slender,  erect,  6-18  inches 
high,  simple:  radical  leaves  ovate  or  oblong  and  subcordate  to  linear-lan- 
ceolate and  attenuate  at  base,  the  blade  1-3  inches  long,  on  petioles  as  long 
or  longer;  cauline  leaves  lanceolate  to  linear:  ocreae  )2-3  inches  long, 
slightly  enlarged  at  the  obliquely  opened  summit :  raceme  narrowly  cylin- 
dric,  1-3  inches  long,  rather  densely  flowered  above,  bearing  a  number  of 
ovoid-conic  bulblets  at  base:  calyx  about  a  line  long,  rose-color  to  white, 
3-parted  to  near  the  base,  the  ovate  or  obovate  segments  8-nerved.  South- 
ern Oregon  to  Alaska  and  the  Atlantic  States. 

Subgenus  ii  Aconogonon  Meisn.  Monogr.  53.  Perennial  by 
a  more  or  less  elongated  creeping  or  horizontal  rootstock.  Leaves 
somewhat  fleshy  or  coriaceous.  Ocreae  funnelform,  membrana- 
ceous, oblique,  naked.  Inflorescence  consisting  of  terminal  clus- 
ters, racemes  or  paniculate  racemes:  flowers  subtended  by  ocreolae. 
Calyx  5-parted.  Stamens  8.  Style  o-cleft.  Achenes  triangular. 
Cotyledons  accumbent. 

P.  alpinnm  Allioni  Fl.  Pedim.  ii,  206,  t.  68.  Bright  green  and  glab- 
rous or  slightly  pubescent  throughout:  stems  stout,  erect,  3-6  feet  high, 
channeled,  more  or  less  branched:  leaves  lanceolate,  1-9  inches  long,  acute 
or  acuminate,  mostly  tapering  at  base  mto  short  petioles,  coriaceous : 
ocreae  funnelform,  6-18  lines  long,  oblique  and  2-cleft,  the  segments  acute 
mostly  glabrous,  large  and  loose,  brittle  and  early  falling  away:  inflores- 
cence consisting  of  compound  or  paniculate  loosely-flowered  racemes  1-2 
inches  long:  ocreolae  funnelform,  oblique  and  shallow:  calyx  greenish  or 
whitish,  1-13^  lines  long,  5-parted  to  near  the  base  the  segments  obovate 
or  oblong,  rounded.  In  wet  places,  alpine  and  subalpine,  Washington  to 
California  and  Idaho. 

Var.    follosum  Small  Bull.   Torr  Bot.    Club  xix,   360.     Pubescent 
throughout:  stems  stout,  sparingly  branched,  hispid, :  leaves  ovate-ianceo- 


578  POLYGONACE^  polygonum 

late,  acute,  petioled,  more  or  less  tomentose  beneath,  ciliate,  numerous 
near  the  ends  of  the  branches :  ocreae  funnelform,  loose,  hispid :  flowers 
fewer:  achenes  broadly  oblong.     On  the  high  mountains  of  Washington. 

Var.  Alaskauum  Small  Monogr.  Polyg.  33.  Stem  stout,  arising 
from  a  large  rootstock,  erect,  20-36  inches  high,  fleshy  above:  leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate,  4-10  inches  long,  acuminate,  obtuse  or  cordate  at  base,  thin, 
pubescent  both  sides,  .or  sometimes  glabrous,  ciliate,  undulate,  much 
crisped,  on  petiolas  6-30  lines  long:  ocreae  funnelform,  1-2  inches  long, 
thin,  striate,  more  or  less  hispid.  On  the  high  mountains  of  Washington 
to  Alaska. 

P.  phytolaccaefoliuiii  Meisn.  Small  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  xix,  360. 
Herbage  glabrous  or  very  sparingly  pubescent  with  slender  hairs,  light 
green,  turning  dark  in  drying:  stems  erect,  16-30  inches  high,  somewhat 
branched,  channeled:  leaves  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  1-7  inches  long, 
acute  or  acuminate,  thin,  undulate  and  somewhat  crisped,  sometimes 
coriaceous:  ocreae  6-12  lines  long,  more  or  less  pubescent,  brittle,  early 
falling  away  :  inflorescence  consisting  of  axillary  and  terminal  or  paniclei 
few  loosely-flowered  racemes:  calyx  white  or  pinkish,  about  a  line  long, 
not  much  enlarged  in  fruit,  5-parted  to  below  the  middle,  the  segments 
obovate,  2  of  them  often  much  smaller  than  the  others.  In  the  mountains 
of  Washington,  Oregon  and  California. 

P.  Kewberryi  Small  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  xxi,  170.  Herbage  dull 
green,  more  or  less  pubescent  and  scurfy  throughout,  or  somewhat  glab- 
rous: stems  ascending  or  erect,  4-17  inches  high,  stout  and  more  or  less 
fleshy,  simple  or  branched :  leaves  ovate  to  broadly  oblong-ovate,  one-half 
to  2  inches  long,  rather  fleshy,  truncate,  obtuse  or  acute  at  base,  short- 
petioled  or  the  upper  ones  subsessile :  ocreae  funnelform,  about  a  line  long : 
flowers  in  few-flowered  axillary  racemes:  calyx  greenish,  1-2  lines  long, 
5-parted  to  near  the  base,  its  segments  oblong  or  oblong-elliptic,  the  outer 
ones  longer  than  the  inner  ones.  Alpine  and  subalpine  regions  of  Oregon 
and  Washington. 

P.  Davislae  Brewer  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  viii,  399.  Glabrous  and 
glaucous  or  inconspicuously  pubescent :  stems  usually  slender,  from  an  en- 
larged and  woody  rootstock,  erect  or  ascending,  2-17  inches  long,  flexuous 
striate,  simple  or  sparingly  branched  above,  leafy  throughout:  leaves  from 
ovate  to  oblong  or  almost  lanceolate,  1-4  inches  long,  obtuse  or  acutish, 
subcordate  tg  actiminate  at  base,  undulate  and  ciliate :  ocreae  funnelform, 
3-6  lines  long,  more  or  less  oblique :  flowers  in  axillary  and  terminal  2-4- 
flowered  loose  clusters:  calyx  purplish-green  or  yellowish,  about  a  line 
long,  5-cleft  to  the  middle,  much  narrowed  toward  the  base.  On  the 
highest  slopes  of  the  Cascade  and  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains. 

Subgenus  hi  Persicaria  Meisn.  Monogr.  66.  Herbaceous  or 
more  or  less  woody  perennial  or  annual  plants  with  the  leaves  all 
cauline.  Ocreae  mostly  membranaceous,  cylindric,  truncate, 
naked  or  variously  fringed.  Flowers  in  terminal  spicate  racemes, 
usually  geminate  or  paniculate,  subtended  by  ocreolae.  Calyx 
8-5-parted.  Stamens  4-8.  Style  2-3-parted  or  2-8-cleft.  Achenes 
lenticular  or  triquetrous.     Cotyledons  accumbent. 

P.  amphibium  L.  Sp.  361.  Perennial :  glabrous  when  ma,ture :  stems 
emersed  or  floating  on  the  surface  of  the  water  and  rooting  at  the  nodes, 
1-10  feet  long,  simple  or  branched  :  leaves  oblong,  elliptic  or  elliptic-lanceo- 
late, 1-6  inches  long,  thickish  and  somewhat  coriaceous,  glossy  above, 
rounded  or  narrowed  at  base,  long-petioled  to  subsessile:  ocreae  cylindric, 
those  of  the  stem  8-15  lines  long,  those  of  the  branches  surpassing  the 
internodes,  with  or  without  a  few  bristles :  flowers  in  a  dense  oblong  or 


POLYGONUM  POLYGONACE^  579 

ovate  spicate  raceme ;  calyx  rose-color,  about  2  lines  long,  5-parted  to  below 
the  middle:  stamens  5,  exserted:  style  about  2  lines  long  2-cleft:  achenes 
lenticular,  orbicular-oblong  or  obovoid.  In  ponds  and  wet  places,  Alaska 
to  California  and  the  Atlantic  States  :  also  Europe  and  Asia. 

P.  Hartwrightii  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad  viii,  294  Perennial :  more  or 
less  hispid  throut?hout.  except  when  growing  in  water:  stems  creeping  and 
ascending,  or  snberect,  1-3  feet  long,  leafy :  leaves  oblong  to  narrowly  lan- 
ceolate, 3-9  inches  long,  obtuse  or  acutish  at  both  ends,  short-petioled  or 
sessile:  ocreae  cylindric,  6-9  lines  long,  with  a  more  or  less  spreading  rim, 
fringed  at  the  summit  with  short  bristles:  flowers  numerous,  in  a  dense 
oblong  to  conic  spicate  raceme :  calyx  rose-color,  about  2  lines  long,  5-parted 
to  below  the  middle :  stamens  5,  exserted :  achenes  lenticular,  oblong.  In 
moist  places,  Alaska  to  California  and  the  Atlantic  States. 

P  Mahlenbergii  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xiv,  245.  Perennial :  glab- 
rous or  strigose  throughout:  stems  more  or  less  creeping  in  wet  places,  the 
distal  end  erect,  12-30  inches  long,  mostly  simple,  leafy,  enlarged  at  the 
joints :  leaves  narrowly  to  broadly  lanceolate,  2-10  inches  long,  acute  or 
acuminate,  rounded  or  narrowed  to  cordate  at  base,  all  petioled :  ocreae 
cylindric,  12-18  lines  long,  when  young  clasping  the  stem,  becoming  loose 
and  inflated  near  the  base  in  age :  flowers  in  1-3  terminal  linear  densely- 
flowered  racemes  2-5 inches  long :  calyx  dirk  rose-color  to  pink,  2 lines  long, 
5-parted  to  the  middle:  stamens  5,  exserted:  style  2-cleft,  exserted :  achenes 
lenticular,  broadly  obovoid.  In  water  or  wet  places,  throughout  North 
America. 

P.  LAPATHiFOLiUM  L.  Sp.  360.  Auuual :  glabrous  or  more  or  less  pu- 
bescent throughout:  stem  stout,  mostly  erect,  1-2  feet  high,  branched 
above  or  throughout,  sometimes  nearly  simple,  thickened  at  the  joints: 
leaves  broadly  to  narrowly  lanceolate,  2-10  inches  long,  attenuate  toward 
the  apex  from  the  broadest  part,  acuminate  at  base,  ciliate,  inconspicuous- 
ly punctate,  short-petioled :  ocreae  cylindric,  6-12  lines  long,  loose,  striate 
or  ribbed,  slightly  ciliate  when  young:  peduncles  and  pedicels  more  or  less 
glandular :  racemes  1-5,  in  a  terminal  panicle,  densely  flowered,  1-4  inches 
long,  mostly  drooping:  calyx  flesh-color  to  white,  5-parted  to  below  the 
middle :  stamens  6,  included :  achenes  lenticular  or  trigonous,  oblong  or 
ovoid.  In  moist  places,  throughout  temperate  North  America :  introduced 
from  Europe. 

Tar,  incanum  Koch  Syn.  Fl.  Germ.  711,  Small  and  slender:  stem 
erect,  2-12  inches  high,  simple  or  branched:  leaves  lanceolate  to  ovate  or 
oblong,  glabrous  above,  white  tomentose  beneath,  short-petioled  or  sub- 
aessile:  racemes  oblong,  6-12  lines  long,  erect:  achenes  lenticular,  ovoid. 
In  damp  places,  Oregon  and  Washington  to  the  Atlantic  States. 

P.  nodosnm  Persoon  Syn.  i,  440.  Annual:  stem  stout,  erect,  1-4  feet 
high,  red  or  reddish  with  purple  spots  and  dark  rings,  naked,  branched: 
leaves  rather  narrowly  lanceolate,  attenuate  upward  from  near  the  base 
^nd  acuminate,  cuneate  at  base  and  shortly  petioled,  somewnat  scabrous 
with  short  prickly  hairs  on  the  midribs  and  margins:  ocreae  cylindric, 
8-12  lines  long,  strongly  ribbed:  racemes  axillary  and  terminal,  oblong 
and  erect  or  often  linear  and  nodding,  an  inch  long  or  more :  flowers  white 
to  light  rose-color,  about  a  line  long:  stamens  6,  included:  style  2-parted, 
included :  achenes  lenticular,  broadly  oblong  or  ovoid.  Throughout  North 
America. 

P.  PennsylTanicnm  L.  Sp.  362.  Annual :  glabrous  below,  pubescent 
and  glandular  above:  stem  erect,  1-3  feet  high,  simple  to  much  branched: 
leaves  from  narrowly  to  broadly  lanceolate,  2-10  inohes  long,  ciliate,  the 
midrib  prominent  on  the  lower  side,  acuminate  at  base,  short-petioled : 
ocreae  cylindric  or  funnelform,  6-9  lines  long:  racemes  panicled,  oblong- 
cylindric,  1-3  inches  long,  erect,  dense;  calyx  pink  or  light  purple,  1-2 


580  POLYGONACEiE  polygonum 

lines  long,  5-parted  to  the  middle:  gtamens  8  or  fewer,  included:  style 
2-parted  to  about  the  middle :  achenes  lenticular,  flat,  broader  than  high. 
Idaho  to  the  Eastern  States. 

P.  Persicaria  L.  Sp.  361.  Annual:  stem  erect  or  sometimes  spread- 
ing, 8-20  inches  high,  simple  or  branched:  leaves  lanceolate  to  linear- 
lanceolate,  1-8  inches  long,  acuminate  at  both  ends,  entire  or  sometimes 
erose,  conspicuously  punctate,  nearly  smooth  except  the  more  or  less  his- 
pid midrib  and  nerves,  short^-petioled  or  nearly  sessile,  generally  with  a 
dark  triangular  or  lunate  spot  in  the  middle :  ocreae  cyindric  or  funnelform, 
6-9  lines  long,  conspicuously  fringed  with  short  bristles :  racemes  1-5,  in 
terminal  panicles,  oblong  or  ovoid,  6-18  lines  long,  mostly  erect,  densely- 
flowered  :  calyx  pink  to  purple  or  greenish,  5-clef t  to  the  middle,  the  seg- 
ments obtuse:  stamens  generally  included:  style  2-  or  3-parted.  included: 
achenes  broadly  ovoid,  pointed.  In  waste  places  throughout  North  and 
South  America :  naturalized  from  Europe. 

P.  hydropiperoides  Michx.  Fl.  i,  236.  Perennial,  often  tinged  with 
red  throughout :  stems  erect,  or  the  base  decumbent  and  creeping,  1-3  feet 
high,  simple  or  branched  above,  enlarged  at  the  joints :  leaves  lanceolate  to 
linear-lanceolate,  2-6  inches  long,  glabrous  or  strigillose,  acute  at  both 
ends,  ciliate,  short-petioled :  ocreae  cylindric  or  funnelform,  6-12  lines  long, 
loose,  fringed  with  long  bristles:  racemes  almost  linear,  1-3  inches  long, 
erect,  more  or  less  interrupted :  calyx  about  a  line  long,  flesh -color,  or 
greenish,  5-parted  to  below  the  middle,  the  segments  oblong  or  obovate : 
stamens  8,  included  style  shortj  3-parted,  at  length  exserted:  achenes  tri- 
quetrous, ovoid  or  broadly  oblong.  In  ponds  and  wet  places,  Washington 
to  California  and  the  Atlantic  States. 

P.  Hydropiper  L.  Sp.  361.  Annual:  glabrous :  stems  erect  or  assur- 
gent,  8-24 inches  high,  simple,  or  branched  throughout:  leaves  ovate  to 
lanceolate,  1-5  inches  long,  acute  or  acuminate  at  both  ends,  ciliate,  un- 
dulate or  slightly  crisped,  short-petioled :  ocreae  cylindric,  3-6  lines  long, 
becoming  somewhat  funnelform  and  oblique  fringed  with  long  bristles, 
often  bearing  1  or  2  flowers  within,  racemes  numerous,  axillary  and  ter- 
minal, 1-3  inches  long  rather  loosely  flowered  and  much  interrupted,  usual- 
ly drooping :  calyx  greenish  to  red  or  white,  3-5  parted,  the  segments 
rather  narrowly  oblong:  stamens  4,  sometimes  6,  included:  style  2-3-cleft 
to  near  the  base:  achene  lenticular  or  triquetrous,  broadly  oblong  to 
orbicular.  In  damp  places,  throughout  temperate  North  America  and 
Europe. 

Subgenus  iv,  Avicularia  Meisn.  Monog.  Polyg.  85.  Annual 
or  perennial  plants  with  the  leaves  all  cauline,  the  petioles  artic- 
ulated at  the  junction  of  the  ocreae  ;  the  upper  ones  reduced  to 
foliaceous  bracts.  Ocreae  membranaceous  and  usually  hyaline, 
funnelform,  oblique,  2-parted,  at  length  lacerate.  Inflorescence 
consisting  of  axillary  clusters  either  widely  separated  or  crowded* 
into  a  terminal  raceme.  Calyx  5-parted.  Stamens  mostly  8. 
Style  3-parted  or  wanting.  Achenes  triquetrous.  Cotyledons  in- 
cumbent. 

*    Suffraticose  smooth  perennials  with  brown  stems  and  loose  scaly 
bark. 

P.  paronychia  Cham.  &  Schlecht.  Linn,  iii,  51.  Bright  green  and 
glabrous  throughout :  stems  prostrate  or  ascending,  6-18  inches  long,  dif- 
fusely branched :  leaves  oblor»g  to  oblong-lanceolate,  apparently  linear  or 
linear-lanceolate  on  account  of  the  strongly  revolute  margins,  3-5  lines 
long,  scattered  along  the  branches  and  crowded  in  subspicate  clusters  at 


POLYGONUM  POLYGONACEiE  Sgf 

the  branchea,  sessile,  pitted  on  the  upper  surface,  acute  or  acuminate  at 
base,  with  a  broad  2-winged  midrib  oereae  6-10  lines  long,  silvery,  early 
lacerate  into  hair-like  segments :  flowers  crowded  into  subspicate  clusters 
near  the  ends  of  the  branches:  calyx  white  to  pink,  about  3  lines  long,  5- 
parted  to  below  the  middle,  the  segments  obovate  or  oblong :  stamens  8, 
included:  style  a  line  or  more  long,  3  cleft  at  the  apex.  On  sandy  banks 
along  the  coast,  Vancouver  Island  to  California. 

P.  Shastensis  Brewer  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  viii.,  400.  Glabrous 
throughout:  stems  prostrate  or  ascending,  4-12  inches  long,  much  branch- 
ed: oblong  to  oblanceolate,  3-6  lines  long,  longer  than  the  internodes,  ses- 
sile, acute  at  base:  oereae  2-3  lines  long,  2-parted.  the  segments  very  thin 
and  silvery  :  flowers  2  or  3  together  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves :  calx  2  lines 
long,  rose-color  or  red,  5-parted  to  near  the  base,  the  segments  obovate, 
each  with  a  dark  rib:  stamens  8,  included;  filaments  strongly  dilated  at 
base:  style  3- parted,  apparently  formed  by  the  splitting  of  the  apex  of  the 
narrowly  oblong  achene.  Mount  Mazama  Oregon  to  the  high  peaks  of  the 
Sierra  Nevada  Mountains. 

*  *  Annuals,  rarely  perennials,  with  striate  stems,  leafy  through- 
out :  calyx  colored  upon  the  margins,  becoming  closely  appressed  to 
the  achene :  style  short. 

P.  littorale  Link  in  Shrad.  Journ.  i,  54.  Annual  or  perennial,  glab- 
rous, bright  green  and  glaucous:  stems  prostrate,  1-4  feet  long,  diffusely 
branched :  leaves  oblong  to  oblanceolate,  3-12  lines  long,  generally  acumin- 
ate at  base,  conspicuously  nerved,  often  crisped,  short-petioled :  oereae 
oblique,  2-3  lines  long,  2  parted  and  silvery  when  young,  at  length  lacerate 
and  brownish :  flowers  in  clusters  of  1-6  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves : 
calyx  mostly  green,  5-parted  to  below  the  middle,  the  segments  oblong:' 
stamens  8,  included:  style  a  line  long,  3-parted  to  the  base,  included. 
Brit.  Columbia  to  California  and  across  the  continent. 

P.  AViCDLAKE  L.  Sp.  362.  Glabrous  throughout  and  dull  or  bluish- 
green  :  stems  prostrate  or  ascending,  4-24  inches  long,  simple  or  branched  : 
leaves  oblong  to  oblanceolate,  5-12  lines  long,  acuminate  at  base,  not  con- 
spicuously nerved,  subsessile  or  short-petioled :  oereae  oblique,  2  lines  long, 
silvery,  becoming  lacerate  in  age:  flowers  in  clusters  of  2-5  in  the  axils  of 
the  leaves :  calyx  mostly  green,  5-parted  to  below  the  middle,  the  segments 
oblong:  stamens  5-8,  included:  style  very  short,  3- parted.  Common  in 
yards  and  roadsides. 

P.  erectum  L.  Sp.  363.  Glabrous  throughout :  stem  stout,  erect  or 
ascending  and  somewhat  spreading,  8-24  inches  high,  nearly  simple  to 
much  branched:  leaves  oval,  oblong  or  obovate,  6-30  lines  long,  mostly 
acuminate  at  base,  sessile  to  short-petioled :  oereae  3-12  lines  long:  flowers 
in  clusters  of  several  in  the  axils  of  the  middle  leaves :  calyx  greenish,  over 
a  line  long,  5-parted  to  below  the  middle,  the  segments  oblong:  stamens  6 
or  7,  included:  style  lesR  than  a  line  long,  3-parted.  In  sandy  fields,  east- 
ern Oregon  to  Texas  and  Georgia. 

P.  minimnm  Watson  Bot.  King  315.  Somewhat  scurfy  but  glabrous  : 
stem  erect  or  spreading,  1-3  inches  long,  slender,  simple  or  branching  from 
the  base:  leaves  obovate  to  ovate  or  oblong,  3-8  lines  long,  acute  or  apicii- 
late  at  the  apex,  acuminate  at  base,  subsessile,  not  much  reduced  abov6: 
oereae  about  a  line  long,  dentate-lacerate :  flowers  in  clusters  of  severalin 
axils  of  all  the  leaves:  calyx  greenish,  about  a  line  long.  5-parted  to  near 
the  base,  the  segments  oblong,  the  margins  pale  rose-color :  stamens  6--8, 
included.  On  the  high  mountain  tops,  Washington  and  Oregon  to  Cali- 
fornia and  Utah. 

*  *  Annuals  with  striate  stems,  the  branches  slender  and  virgate, 
angular :  leaves  diminishing  upward   and  becoming  bract-like;  the 


582  POLYGONACE^ 


POLYGONUM 


spike-like  inflorescence  more  or  less  interrupted. 

P.  Bou^lasii  Greene  Bull.  Cal.  Acad,  i,  125.  Glabrous  and  more  or 
less  glaucescent  except  the  more  or  less  scabrous  nodes:  stem  slender,  8-16 
inches  high  erect  usually  somewhat  strictly  branched:  leaves  oblong  to 
lanceolate,  6-80  lines  long,  mostly  acute,  often  cuspidate,  acuminate  at 
base,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  the  margins  often  revolute:  ocreae  5-6  lines 
long:  flowers  one  to  several  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves,  on  reflexed 
pedicels :  calyx  greenish,  1-2  lines  long,  5-parted  to  near  the  base,  the  seg- 
ments oblong  with  whitish  or  rose-colored  margins:  stamens  8,  included: 
style  very  short,  3-parted.  In  dry  places  in  the  mountains  of  Brit,  Columbia 
to  California  and  Nebraska. 

P.  montanum  Greene  PI.  Baker.  13.  P.  Douglasii  var.  lalifolium 
Greene  Bull.  Cal.  Acad.  125.  "  Low,fastigiately  branched  from  the  base, 3 
to  6  inches  high,  the  branches  floriferous  from  the  base,  but  the  flowers 
few  among  the  proper  leaves,  most  of  them  forming  a  mere  bracted  ypike 
beyond  the  foliage,  all  the  angles  of  stem  and  branches  denticulate-scaber- 
ulous,  and  other  parts  also  more  or  less  scrabro-puberulent :  leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate,  very  acute,  often  an  inch  long.l-nerved,  the  nerve  sharply  cari- 
nate  beneath  the  leaf :  perianth  subsessile  but  nodding,  its  segments  dark 
green  or  purplish  except  marginal Ij'^  and  completely  enclosing  the  achene, 
this  black,  hmooth  and  shining,  the  faces  obtusely  rhomboidal,  the  cross- 
section  3-lobed  rather  than  triangular."  On  high  mountains,  Brit.  Co- 
lumbia to  California  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

P.  Howellii  Greene  PI.  Baker.  14.  Stem  erect,  4-12  inches  high, 
sparingly  branched  from  the  base,  the  branches  erect :  leaves  elliptic- 
.oblong  to  lanceolate,  very  acute  and  apiculate,  attenuate  at  base,  6-12  lines 
long,  the  thin  margins  serrulate-scabrous :  ocreae  scarious,  2-4  lines  long, 
2-parted :  flowers  1-3  in  the  axils  of  all  the  leaves,  erect  on  erect  pedicels : 
calyx  whitish,  about  a  line  long,  5-parted  to  near  the  base,  the  segments 
oblong:  achenes  wholly  invested  by  the  calyx,  very  black  and  highly  pol- 
ished, the  faces  rhombic-ovate.  On  top  of  the  Siskiyou  Mountains  along 
the  Happy  Camp  trail  in  California,  perhaps  in  Oregon  farther  east. 

P.  Sawatcheiise  Small  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  xx,  213.  Glabrous  and 
more  or  less  scurfy  or  papillose  throughout:  stem  erect,  2-8  inches  high: 
leaves  oblanceolate  or  obovate  to  almost  linear,  3-12  lines  long,  acute  at 
the  apex,  acuminate  below,  sessile,  flat  or  revolute :  ocreae  at  length  lace- 
rate to  the  middle :  flowers  in  clusters  of  2-4  in  the  axils  of  all  the* leaves : 
calyx  green,  on  erect  pedicels,  a  line  or  leas  long,  5parted  to  near  the  base, 
the  segments  oblong,  obtuse :  stamens  6-8 :  st^le  almost  none.  In  the  moun- 
tains, Washington  to  Colorado  and  Dakota. 

P.  ramosissimnm  Michx.  Fl.  i,  237.  Glabrous  throughout :  stem  erect 
or  ascending,  4-12  inches  high,  nearly  simple  or  diffusely  branched :  leaves 
lanceolate  to  oblong,  4-20  lines  long,  acuminate  at  both  ends,  short- 
petioled,  persistent:  ocreae  3-9  lines  long,  early  becoming  lacerate :  flowers 
in  small  clusters  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves :  calyx  greenish  or  yellow, 
about  a  line  long,  erect,  on  erect  pedicels,  5-parted  or  6-parted  to  near  the 
base,  the  sediments  narrowly  oblong:  stamens  6  or  fewer,  included:  style 
very  short,  3  parted  to  the  base.  In  the  mountains,  eastern  Washington 
to  California  and  the  Atlantic  States. 

P.  Engelmanni  Greene  Bull.  Cal.  Acad,  i,  126.  Glabrous:  stem 
very  slender  and  wiry,  2-8  inches  long,  nearly  simple  or  diffusely  branched 
from  the  base :  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  1-6  lines  long,  light  green  or  glau- 
cous, beneath,  acute,  sessile:  ocreae  funnelform,  about  2  lines  long,  at 
length  slightly  lanceolate :  flowers  in  small  fascicles  in  the  axils  of  all  the 
leaves,  nodding  on  reflexed  pedicels :  calyx  dark  green,  a  line  long,  5-parted 
to  near  the  base,  the  segments  oblong,  obtuse,  with  whitish  border:   sta- 


POLYGONUM  POLYGONACE^  16^ 

mens  5-8  included  :  style  very  short,  3-parted.     High  mountains,  Washing- 
ton to  Colorado. 

P.  Anstinse  Greene  1.  c.  Glabrous  and  scurfy  throughout:  stems 
mostly  erect,  2-6  inches  high,  branched  from  the  base:  leaves  ovate-lance- 
olate to  oblanceolate.  3-6  lines  long,  acute,  sessile,  revolute  or  flat,  bright 
green  beneath :  ocreae  about  2  lines  long,  at  length  slightly  lacerate :  flow- 
ers in  clusters  of  2-3 in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  drooping,  on  reflxed  pedicels  : 
calyx  green,  a  line  long,  5-parted  to  near  the  base,  the  segments  narrowly 
oblong  obtuse,  with  whitish  borders:  stamens  5-8,  included:  style  very 
short,  3-parted  to  the  base.  In  the  high  mountains,  eastern  Washington 
to  California. 

P.  majns  Piper  Fl.  Palouse  Reg.  63.  Stem  wiry,  terete,  erect  or  near- 
ly so,  much  branched  from  the  base,  6-18  inches  high;  leaves  linear-lan- 
ceolate, 1-3  inches  long,  sessile:  ocreae  scarious,  6-12  lines  long,  at  length 
lacerate  :  flowers  few,  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves,  spreading  or  ascend- 
ing on  short  pedicels:  calyx  broadly  campanulate,  1-2  lines  long,  5-cleft  to 
below  the  middle,  the  segments  oblong,  rounded  at  the  apex,  white  with 
green  midveins :  stamens  5,  included :  style  3-parted  to  the  middle :  fruit  re- 
flexed.     Common  in  stony  soil,  eastern  Washington. 

P.  spergnlariaBforme  Meisn.  Small  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  xix,  366. 
P.  coarctatum  Pougl.  not  Willd.  Glabrous  throughout:  stem  slender 
and  wiry,  erect,  4-JO  inches  high,  branched,  the  branches  usually  erect : 
leaves  linear-oblong  to  linear  lanceolate,  y^-\%,  inches  long,  acute,  sessile, 
the  margins  usually  revolute :  ocreae  4-6  lines  long,  soon  finely  lacerate : 
flowers  numerous,  in  small  clusters  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves,  erect 
or  spreading:  calyx  2  lines  long  fi-parted  to  near  the  base,  the  segments 
obovate,  obtuse,  pink  with  green  midveins :  stamens  5,  included :  style 
about  a  line  long,  3-parted.  On  dry  stony  or  sandy  places,  Brit.  Columbia 
to  California  and  Colorado.    Flowering  from  bpring  until  Autumn. 

P.  lineare  Hook.  Fl.  ii,  137.  ?  Minutely  puberulent  thoughout: 
stem  slender,  prostrate  or  ascending,  diffusely  branched,  4-10  inches  long, 
leaves  linear  to  linear-lanceolate,  %-!  inch  long  acute,"  sessile,  the  margins 
strongly  revolute,  dark  green  above,  white  beneath:  ocreae  about  4  lines 
long,  soon  lacerate:  flowers  in  small  clusters  in  the  axils  of  subulate  bracts 
at  the  ends  of  the  branches :  crowded  and  apparently.spicate,  erect  or  sprea- 
ding, on  short  pedicels :  calyx  about  2  lines  long,  broadly  campanulate,  5- 
cleft  to  near  the  base,  the  3  outer  segments  obovate.  rounded  at  the>pex, 
the  2  inner  ones  narrower  and  barely  obtuse,  all  pink  or  rose-color  with 
green  midveins  :  stamens  8,  included.  On  mossy  banks  along  the  lower 
Columbia  and  Willamette  rivers.    Not  flowering  until  Autumn. 

P.  Nuttallii  Small  Monog.  Polyg.  132.  P.  intermedium  Nutt.  no^ 
Ehrh.  Glabrous  throughout :  stem  slender  and  wiry,  erect  3-9  inche^ 
high  simple  irregularly  and  divergently  branched,  dark  red:  leaves  linear- 
lanceolate,  4-18  lines  long,  acute,  sessile,  glaucescent  beneath  more  or  less 
revolute :  ocreae  1-2  lines  long,  at  length  lacerate :  flowers  in  the  axils  of 
the  upper  leaves,  crowded  and  racemose,  erect:  calyx  greenish,  about  a 
line  long,  5-parted  to  near  the  base,  the  segments  oblong,  with  pinkish 
margins :  stamens  8  or  fewer,  the  filaments  dilated  at  base.  On  grassy 
banks,  Brit.  Columbia  to  Oregon. 

P.  Kellog^ii  Greene  Fl.  Fr.  134.  Glabrous  throughout:  stem  slen- 
der, mostly  erect,  1-3  inches  high,  divergently  branched  from  near  the 
base:  leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate  2-6  lines  long,  acute,  sessile,  crowd- 
ed on  the  branches  but  spreading  and  not  imbricated,  much  the  same  size 
throughout:  ocreae  funnelform  a  line  or  less  long,  thin  and  early  lacerate: 
flowers  in  small  clusters  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves,  contiguous  on 
account  of  the  very  short  internodes  making  the  branches  appear  like  leafy 


584  POLYGONACE^  polygonum 

racemes:  calyx  green,  a  line  long  5-parted  to  near  the  base,  the  segments 
oblong,  obtuse,  with  whitish  or  cveam-colored  margins:  gtao.cns  about  5, 
included.     Washington  to  California  and  Colorado. 

P.  Watsoiii  Small  Monog.  Polyg.  138.  P.  iynbricatuin  Nutt.  not  Raf. 
Glabrous  throughout,  stem  slender  and  wiry,  usually  simple,  1-6  inches 
high  :  2-4  of  the  lower  leaves  filiform,  6-12  lines  long,  the  upper  or  floral 
bracts  lanceolate  to  oblong  2-4  lines  long,  acute  or  shortly  acuminate,  ses- 
sile, green  with  very  narrow  scarious  margins  :  ocreae  silvery,  2-partedbut 
early  lacerate,  1-2  lines  long:  flowers  white  or  pinkish,  mostly  solitary, 
in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves,  the  lower  one  remote,  the  others  crowded 
and  racemose:  calyx  about  a  line  long,  5-parted  to  below  the  middle,  the 
outer  segments  longest, ovate,  obtusish :  stamens  5  or  fewer.  In  wet  places, 
Washington  to  California  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

P.  polygaloides  Meisn.  in  DC.  Prodr.  xiv,  101.  Glabrous  and  light 
green, '4-8  inches  high  mostly  somewhat  corymbosely  branched,  slightly 
flexuous  :  leaves  linear,  3-18  lines  long,  acute,  sessile :  ocreae  funnelform,  2 
lines  long  or  more,  2-parted,  soon  lacerate :  flowers  in  small  clusters  in 
the  axils  of  oblong  scarious-margined  more  or  less  imbricated  bracts  at  the 
ends  of  the  branchlets:  calyx  a  line  long,  5-parted  to  near  the  base, white 
or  pinkish,  the  segments  with  a  dark  midrib,  the  outer  ones  longer 
than  the  inner:  stamens  8,  included:  style  evident,  3-parted  to  the  middle. 
In  moist  places  on  open  plains,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California  and  the 
Rocky  Mountains. 

Subgenus  v  Duravia  Watson  Am.  Nat.  vii,  665.  Slender 
wiry  little  annuals.  Leaves  linear,  not  jointed  upon  the  scari- 
ous lacerate  ocreae.  Flowers  in  slender  many  jointed  interrupted 
spikes,  mostly  solitary  and  nearly  sessile  in  the  sheaths.  Sepals 
5,  colored,  becoming  somewhat  appressed  to  the  achene.  Stamens 
^,  the  3  inner  filaments  but  slightly  dilated  at  base.  Achenes 
membranaceous,  linear,  nearly  terete,  obscurely  3-angled.  Cotyle- 
dons accumbent. 

P.  Californicum  Meisn.  in  DC.  Prodr.  xiv,  100.  Glabrous:  stem 
very  slender  and  wiry,  erect,  diffusely  and  loosely  branched  to  nearly  sim- 
ple: leaves  narrowly  linear,  to  filiform  6-18  lines  long,  subulate-tipped,  3 
ribbed,  the  upper  reduced  to  subulate  bracts  :  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils 
of  the  bracts  forming  slender  terminal  spikes :  calyx  a  line  or  less  long,  5- 
cleft  to  the  middle  at  length  exceeding  the  ocreae.  On  dry  plains  Southern 
Oregon  to  California. 

P.  Greenei  Watson  Proc  Am.  Acad,  xix,  294.  Glabrous:  stem  slen- 
der, erect,  4-7  inches  high,  generally  branched  throughout,  compact: 
leaves  linear  to  linear-lanceolate,  2-6  lines  long,  almost  bract-like,  reduc- 
ed bracts  above  more  or  less  imbricated  and  often  of  much  the  same  size 
throughout,  3-ribbed,  the  margins  revolute :  ocreae  3-4  lines  long  conspic- 
uously lacerate,  the  segments  subulate,  numerous,  rigid :  flowers  solitary  in 
the  axils  of  bracts  and  thus  apparently  in  terminal  leafy-bracted  racemes : 
calyx  sessile,  a  line  long,  rose-color,  5-cleft.  not  exceeding  the  ocreae : 
stamens  8,  included :  style  a  line  long  3-parted.  Eastern  Washington  to 
California. 

P.  Parryi  Greene  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  viii  99.  Glabrous:  stem 
erect,  1-4  inches  high,  simple  to  densely  much  branched,  very  leafy  and 
bearing  flowers  to  the  base :  leaves  linear,  3-12  lines  long,  of  much  the 
same  size  throughout,  subulate-tipped,  3-nerved :  ocreae  a  little  more  than 
a  line  long,  extremely  lacerate,  usually  hiding  the  calyx  and  giving  the 
whole  plant  a  woolly  appearance :  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils  of  all  the 


POLYGONUM  POLYGONACE^  586 

RUMEX 

leaves :  calyx  nearly  a  line  long,  sessile,  5-cleft.     In  moist  places,  eastern 
Washington  to  southern  Oregon  and  California. 

Subgenus  vi  Tiniaria  Meisn.  Monog.  62.  J  Annual  or  peren- 
nial more  or  less  twining  plants  with  usually  cordate  or  truncate 
leaves.  Ocreae  membranaceous,  funnelform,  oblique,  naked  at 
the  summit.  Flowers  in  axillary  or  terminal  clusters  or  racemes. 
Calyx  5-parted,  the  outer  segments  keeled  or  winged.  Stamens  8. 
Style  3-parted  or  wanting.  Achenes  triquetrous.  Cotyledons 
accumbent. 

P.  CONVOLVULUS  L.  Sp.  364.  Annual :  Glabrous :  stem  slender  prostrate 
or  twining,  1-4  feet  long,  branched :  leaves  broadly  to  narrowly  ovate  or  ov- 
ate-sagittate, 1-3  inches  long,  acuminate,  somewhat  undulate  and  crisped, 
on  slender  petioles  :  flowers  in  small  axillary  clusters  and  terminal  racemes 
on  slender  reflexed  pedicels  :  calyx  green  or  whitish,  about  2  lines  long,  the 
segments  oblong,  obtuse,  closely  investing  the  triquetrous  achene.  Com- 
mon in  cultivated  fields  and  gardens.    Naturalized  from  Europe. 

P.  DUMETORUM  L.  Sp.  ed.  2,  522.  Perennial :  bright  green  and  glabrous 
throughout:  stems  weak  and  slender,  extensively  twining  2-20  feet  long: 
leaves  ovate-cordate,  1-4  inches  long,  acuminate,  petioled  or  nearly  sessile: 
flowers  in  axillary  racemes  2 inches  long:  calyx  yellowish-green,  drooping, 
nearly  3  lines  long.  Said  to  grow  in  our  region  but  I  have  not  seen  it. 
Missouri  to  Tennessee  and  Europe. 

6    RUMEX  L.  Sp.  333. 

Coarse  perennial,  biennial  or  annual  herbs,  some  tropical  spe- 
cies shrubs  or  trees,  with  more  or  less  acid  juice,  alternate  leaves 
with  .sheathing  stipules  and  small  flowers  fascicled  or  verticillate 
in  paniculate  racemes.  Flowers  perfect,  polygamous  or  dioecious, 
on  jointed  pedicels.  Calyx  5-parted  or  of  6  distinct  sepals 
the  outer  3  herbaceous,  spreading  or  reflexed,  the  inner  larger 
and  more  or  less  colored,  usually  becoming  enlarged^and  reticulat- 
ed in  fruit,  appressed  to  the  3-angled  achene.  Stamens  6:  filaments 
very  short.  Style  3-parted,  with  peltate  tufted  stigma.  Embryo 
curved  or  nearly  straight,  borne  in  one  of  the  faces  of  the  achene. 

§  1  AcETOSELLA  Trcleasc  Rev.  Rum,  "6,  Dioecious  perenni- 
als with  acid  juice.  Outer  segments  of  the  calyx  without  dorsal 
callosities,  not  reticulated  nor  larger  than  the  achene. 

R.  ACETOSELLA  L.  Sp.  338.  (  Sorrel.  )  Glabrous  throughout  stems 
slender,  6-12  inches  high,  tufted,  propagating  by  creeping  rootstocks :  leaves 
oblanceolate,  acute,  the  lower  mostly  hastate  with  a  large  decurrent,  rarely 
toothed  auricle  on  each  side,  petioled,  2-5  inches  long,  the  upper  gradually 
reduced  and  entire :  panicle  more  or  less  compound,  usually  redaish,  the 
filiform  ascending  branches,  leafless:  pedicels  capillary,  articulated  at 
the  summit :  flowers  about  a  line  long.  Common  in  fields'  and  waste  pi  a- 
ces  throughout  most  of  North  America  and  Europe. 

§  2  AcETOsA  Campd.    Monog.  Rumex,     Dioecious  perennialsg 
the  leaves  with  acid  juice.     Inflorescence  with  slender  leafles 
branches.     Inner  segments  of  the  calyx  rather  finely  reticulated 
becoming  round- cordate  and  much  larger  than  the  achene. 

R.    pancifolins  Nutt.  Mss.  Watson  Bot.  King,  314.    Stems  somewha 


586  POLYGONACEiE  rumkx 

tufted,  about  a  foot  high:  leaves  spatulate  to  lanceolate,  or  the  shortest 
somewhat  elliptical-ovate,  very  gradually  narrowed  at  base,  neither  auricl- 
ed  nor  hastate,  2-6  inches  long:  inflorescence  rather  simple,  with  suberect 
branches:  pedicels  about  as  long  as  the  fruit,  jointed  toward  the  base,  in- 
ner segment  of  the  calyx  about  2  lines  in  diameter,  achenes  about  a  line 
long.  In  mountain  parks,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California  and  the  Rocky 
Mountains. 

R.  acetosa  L.  Sp.  337.  Stems  simple,  mostly  solitary,  1-4  feet  high, 
rather  slender :  leaves  ovate  or  oblong-ovate  2-6  inches  long,  mostly  obtuse, 
deeply  cordate  with  commonly  acute  auricles  or  subsagittate,  a  small  tooth 
sometimes  present  on  each  auricle :  inflorescence  a  rather  simple  strict 
panicle :  pedicels  about  as  long  as  the  fruit  conspicuously  jointed  in  the 
middle:  outer  sepals  of  pistillate  relatively  large,  reflexed  in  flower  orbicu- 
lar, 2-3  lines  in  diameter  clawless  usually  with  a  delicate  callosity  at  base  : 
achene  about  3  lines  long.  In  open  places  in  woods,  Alaska  to  Oregon  and 
across  the  continent. 

§  2  Lapatha  Campd.  1.  c.  Leaves  never  hastate,  with  or 
without  acid  juice.  Inflorescence  with  stouter,  sometimes  leafy 
branches:  hermaphrodite  or  andro-monoecious.  Inner  sepals 
commonly  reticulated,  l)ecoming  round  or  elongated  and  much 
larger  than  the  achene. 

*    Sepals  at  most  very  minutely  erose  or  low  denticulate. 

+-     Inner  sepals  very  large,  mostly  red,  round  or  broadly  ovate  deep- 
ly cordate,  without  callosities,  outer  sepals  at  length  reflexed. 

R.  TCnosus  Pursh  Fl.  733.  Glabrous  throughout:  stems  stout,  8-18 
inches  high  from  long  running  perenninal  roots,  branching  from  most  of 
the  axils :  leaves  thick  and  somewhat  coriaceous,  elliptical  to  nearly  ovate, 
abruptly  acute  at  both  ends,  2-6  inches  long  :  inflorescence  nearly  simple, 
leafless,  the  short  zigzag  branches  divergent:  pedicelsrather  stout  about 
as  long  as  the  f  f-uit  tumidly  jointed  below  the  middle :  inner  sepals  firm , 
bright  rosy- red,  orbicular  or  broader  than  long,  8-12  lines  in  diameter,  the 
sinuses  often  closed,  emarginate  to  shortly  blunt  acuminate:  achenes  about 
4  lines  long.  On  sandy  plains  east  of  the  Cascade  Mountains,  Bnt.  Colum- 
bia to  Nevada  and  Kansas. 

■*-■*-      Inner  sepals  not  over  6  lines  long,  only  moderately   if  at 
all  cordate. 

-*•    Inner  sepals  round  or  very  broadly  ovate,   low  reticulate  pedi- 
cels slender  or  capillary. 

R.  occidentalis  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xii,  253.  Glabrous:  stems 
stout,  1-3  feet  high,  from  thick  perennial  roots :  leaves  ovate  to  lanceolate,  6- 
12  inches  long  wavy-margined,  truncately  cordate, the  apex  roundedto  acute, 
with  acid  juice :  inflorescence  strict  and  dense,  rosy-red  in  fruit,  naked 
or  with  a  few  small  leaves  below  pedicels  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  fruit,  very 
obscurely  jointed  below  the  middle:  inner  sepals  at  length  rosy-red,  3-5 
lines  long,  deltoid-ovate,  often  only  slightly  cordate,  remotely  erose  or  den- 
ticulate, rounded  or  obtuse  at  the  apex,  without  callosities :  achenes  2  lines 
long.    In  wet  or  moist  alluvial  soil,  California  to  Alaska  and  Colorado. 

R.  conflnis  Greene  "Pitt,  iv,  306.  Stems  stout,  often  6-8  feet  high  : 
blade  of  the  lowest  leaves  oftenll?^  feet  long,  commonly  6  inches  wide  to- 
ward the  deeply  subhastate-cor^ate  base,  lanceolate,  on  petioles  nearly  as 
long  as  the  blade :  panicle  ample,  1  -2  feet  long :  pedicels  slender,  3-6  lines 
long,  jointed  well  above  the  base:  valves  suborbicular,  with  subtruncate 
base,  green  and  of  thin  texture,  the  margins  more  or  less  crenate  or  den- 
tate toward  the  base.  In  w  et  madows,  in  the  lake  region  of  northern  Idaho. 


RCMEx  POLYGONACE.E  687 

R.  CBispus  L.  Sp.  335.  Glabrous  to  slightly  papillate :  stems  stout,  2-3 
feet  high,  simple :  leaves  bluish  green,  the  lowest  ample,  elliptical  to  mostly 
oblong  lanceolate,  rounded  or  decurrently  acutish  at  base,  often  a  foot 
long:  branches  of  the  panicle  rather  strict,  somewhat  leafy :  pedicels  about 
one-half  longer  than  the  fruit,  tumidly  jointed  near  the  base :  inner  sep- 
als 2-3  lines  long,  rounded  ovate,  barely  cordate,  rounded  at  the  apex  or 
with  a  broad  blunt  acumination,  minutely  erose  to  broadly  dentate  below, 
each  with  a  smooth  ovoid  often  rosy  callosity  reaching  to  the  middle  of 
the  valve:  achene  1-2  lines  long.  Common  throughout  temperate  North 
America  and  Europe. 

•♦+   •**     Inner  sepals   triangular-ovate  to  oblong,   sometimes  with  a 
contracted  apex. 

R.  hp^sperias  Greene  Pitt,  iv,  234.  "  Allied  to  R.  altusimiis  but  low 
and  slender,  very  leafy,  the  panicle  small,  small-fruited:  leaves  elliptic- 
lanceolate,  very  acute  or  acuminate,  wavy-margined  or  even  almost  crisp- 
ed: pedicels  jointed  at  the  very  base:  valves  of  the  fruiting  calyx  from 
quite  exactly  and  sharply  deltoid  to  subreniform-deltoid.  as  broad  at  base 
as  long,  none  grain-bearing,  all  distinctly  though  not  strongly  venulose, 
seldom  obviously  reticulate. 

Bottom  lands  near  Bingen  Washington,  31  Oct.  1893,  W.  N.  Suksdorf; 
the  specimens  distributed  for  R.   altissiraus,  but  the  species  very  distinct." 

R.  salicifolius  Wein,  Fl.  iv,  28.  Glabrous,  pale  green :  stems  spread- 
ing to  erect,  1-3  feet  high  simpleor  branched,  flexuous :  from  thick  perenni- 
al roots,  leaves  lanceolate  to  linear,  or  the  lower  oblong,  acute  or  acuminate 
at  both  ends,  or  rarely  obtuse  at  the  apex,  often  falcate,  2-7  inches  long: 
panicles  simple:  pedicels  arcuately  curved,  scarcely  as  long  as  the  fruit,  or 
a  few  in  each  cluster  longer,  jointed  near  the  base :  inner  sepals  triangnlar- 
ovate,  acute,  2-3  lines  long,  delicately  veined:  callosities  variable  in  num- 
ber smooth  or  pitted,  often  nearly  as  long  as  the  valve :  achenes  1-2  lines 
long.  In  rich  moist  soil,  Alaska  to  California  and  the  Atlantic  States  and 
Canada :  also  Europe. 

R.  [coxGrx)MERATUS  Murrav  Prodr.  Fl.  Goett.  52.  Glabrous  perennial : 
stems  slender,  mostly  clustered,  1-3  feet  high:  leaves  ovate  to  oblong  or 
lanceolate,  1-5  inches  long,  some  of  them  somewhat  fiddle-shaped,  crenu- 
late  and  slightly  crisped:  flowering  branches  slender,  at  length  elongated, 
not  zigzag,  bearing  a  broadly  lanceolate  leaf  at  nearly  every  node :  pedicels 
slender,  about  as  long  as  the  fruit,  tumidly  jointed  near  the  base:  inner 
sepals  about  3 lines  long, nearly  oblong,  obtuse:  callosities  mostly  3,  round 
to  ovoid,  very  prominent,  smooth,  half  as  broad  and  nearly  as  long  as  the 
valves  :  achenes  about  a  line  long.  In  waste  places,  western  Washington 
to  California :  also  in  the  Atlantic  States :  adventive  from  Europe. 

*  *    Valves  very  prominently  toothed. 

R.  PULCHER  L.  Sp.  336.  Stems  slender,  zigzag  above,  branching  at 
nearly  every  node,  at  length  dichotomous  above,  mostly  glabrous :  leaves 
oblong  or  some  of  the  lower  ones  fiddle  shaped,  1-6  inches  long,  obtuse, 
cordate  at  base,  upper  ones  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  usually  narrowed 
at  both  ends :  panicle  loose :  racemes  long,  divergent,  ra'her  leafy :  pedicels 
very  short,  scarcely  longer  than  the  fruit,  tumidly  jointed  near  the  mid-^ 
die :  inner  sepals  rigid,  one  commonly  longer  than  the  others,  prominently^ 
veined,  nearly  3  lines  long,  ovate,  obtuse,  with  5-10  short  teeth  on  each' 
side,  one  or  all  of  them  with  a  wrinkled  callosity  half  as  long  as  the  valve : 
achenes  about  a  line  long.     In  waste  places :  naturalized  from  Europe. 

R.  oBTDSiFOMus  L.  1.  c.  Glabrous  perennial  *  stcms  stout,  erect,  sim-^ 
pie  or  sparingly  branched,  2-4  feet  high :  leaves  ample,  broadly  ovate,  4-14| 
inches  long  cordate,  the  veins  often  red  or  purplish,  the  upper  ones  lanceo-| 
late  or  oblong-lanceolate,   the   margins  somewhat   undulate  or  crisped: 


588  PHYTOLACCACEtE  rumex 

OXYRIA 

flowering  branches  suberect,  sparingly  leafy  below :  pedicels  slender,  about 
twice  as  long  as  the  fruit,  tumidly  jointed  toward  the  base:  inner  sepals 
not  very  conspicuously  veined,  about  3  lines  long,  ovate-oblong,  with  3-5 
thin  triangular  teeth  on  each  side,  mostly  confined  to  the  lower  half,  the 
triangular  entire  apex  mostly  acute:  callosities  smooth,  one  usually  larger 
than  the  others.  Common  along  roadsides  and  in  pastures  :  naturalized 
from  Europe. 

B.  persicarioides  t.  1.  c.  Pubescent  and  pale  green  annual :  stems 
rather  stout,  erect  and  simple  or  diffusely  branched,  1-3  feet  high,  some- 
times spreading  or  creeping,  very  leafy :  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  nar- 
rowed or  sometimes  cordate  or  sagittate  at  base,  acute,  the  margins  more 
or  less  undulate  or  crisped,  1-12  inches  long :  panicle  simple  or  compound  : 
racemes  erect,  leafy-bracted,  usually  interrupted :  pedicels  capillary,  twice 
as  long  as  the  fruit,  tumidly  jointed  at  the  base :  inner  sepals  oblong,  a 
line  long  with  1-3  bristles  on  each  margin,  each  bearing  an  oblong  callosity. 
Brit.  Columbia  to  California,  and  the  Eastern  States  and  Canada 

7    OXYRIA  Hill  Veg.  Syst.  x,  24.     (1765) 

Low  perennial  herbs  with  acid  juice,  mostly  radical  leaves  and 
small  perfect  flowers  in  naked  panicled  racemes.  Cal3^x  unequal- 
ly 4-parted,  the  outer  segments  smaller  than  the  inner.  Stamens 
B,  included:  filaments  short,  subulate,  glabrous  :  anthers  oblong. 
Ovary  1-celled  :  ovule  solitary.  Style  short,  2-parted,  its  branches 
divergent :  stigmas  fimbriate,  persistent,  Achenes  compressed 
and  thin,  broadly  winged. 

0.  digyna  Campd.  Monog.  Hum.  155  t,  5.  fig.  3.  Rootstock  large, 
chaffy  :  stem  slender,  scape-like,  simple  or  sparingly  branched,  leafless  or 
nearly  so,  2-12  inches  high:  leaves  reniform  or  orbicular-reniform,  6-18 
lines  broad,  undulate,  sometimes  emarginate,  long-petioled:  ocreae  oblique, 
loose,  those  of  the  stems  bearing  flowers:  racemes  many-flowered;  flowers 
slender-pedicelled :  calyx  segments  oblong,  the  inner  erect,  the  outer  re- 
flexed  in  fruit:  achenes  pointed,  smooth,  surrounded  by  a  broad  membran- 
ous wing.  On  high  mountains,  California  to  the  Arctic  Circle  and  across 
the  continent:  also  northern  Europe  and  Asia. 

Order  LXXVI  PHYTOLACCACE^  Lindl.  Nat.  Syst.  281. 

Herbs  shrubs  or  trees  with  alternate  leaves  and  perfect  reg- 
ular polygamous  or  moncecious  usually  racemose  flowers. 
Calyx  4-5-parted  or  of  4  or  5  distinct  sepals,  imbricated 
in  the  bud .  Stamens  as  many  as  divisions  of  the  calyx  and 
alternate  with  them,  or  more  numerous,  hypogynous:  filaments 
subulate  or  filiform:  anthers  2- celled,  the  cells  longitudinally 
dehiscent,  often  nearly  separated.  Ovary  siiperior,  several- 
celled,  with  a  solitary  amphitropous  ovule  in  each  cell.  Styles 
as  many  as  carpels,  short  or  none:  stigmas  linear  or  filiform. 
Fruit  a  berry,  capsule  or  samara. 

1     PHYTOLACCA    L.  Sp.  41. 

Tall  perennial  herbs  with  simple  entire  leaves  without  stipules 
and  small  flowers  in  terminal  racemes  which  by  the  farther  growth 
of  the  stem  become  opposite  the  leaves.  Pedicels  bracted  at  the 
base.     Calyx  of  4  or  5  persistent  rounded  sepals.     Stamens  4-15, 


PHYTOLACCA  AM  ARANTHACEiE  589 

AMARANTHU- 

inserted  at  the  base  of  the  calyx.  Ovary  globose,  of  5-15  distinct 
or  somewhat  united  carpels.  Fruit  a  depressed-globose  berry. 
Seeds  erect,  compressed.     Embryo  annular,  in  mealy  albumen. 

P.  decandra  L.  Sp,  ed.  2,  ^31.  <Poke-berry)  Glabrous  and  succulent: 
stems  4-12  feet  high,  stout,  erect,  branched:  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or 
ovate-lanceolate,  pinnately  veined,  acute  or  acuminate  at  both  ends,  8-12 
inches  long,  petioled  :  racemes  peduncled.2-8  inches  long:  pedicels  diverg- 
ent, 2-6  lines  long,  each  with  a  subulate-lanceolate  branchlet  at  its  bise, 
and  usually  2  linear  ones  above:  flowers  perfect:  calyx  white,  2-3  lines 
broad,  its  sepals  suborbicular  or  oval :  stamens  10,  slightly  shorter  than 
the  sepals:  berry  dark  purple,  5-6  lines  in  diameter,  10-celled.  In  waste 
places  in  southern  Oregon :  introduced  from  the  Eastern  States. 

Order  LXXVII  AMARANTHACE^  J.  St.  Hil.  Expos. 
Fam.  204.   (1805,) 

Herbs  or  low  shrubs  with  simple  leaves  without  stipules  and 
small  monoecious,  polygamous  or  dioecious  flowers  usually  in 
terminal  spikes  or  axillary  heads,  calyx  herbaceous  or  mem- 
branaceous, 2-5-parted,  the  segments  distinct  or  united  at  base. 
Stamens  1-5.  mostly  opposite  the  segments  of  the  calyx,  hypo- 
gynous.  Ovary  1-celled,  usually  with  a  solitary  amphitropous 
ovule.  Style  short,  elongated  or  none :  stigmas  1-3.  Fruit  an 
utricle,  circumscissile,  bursting  irregularly  or  indehiscent. 

1     AMAKANTHUS   L.  Sp,  989.     (Pig  Weed.) 

Annual  herbs  with  alternate  petioled  entire  leaves  and  small 
green  or  purplish  mostly  3-bracteolate  flowers  in  dense  terminal 
spikes  or  axillary  clusters.  Calyx  of  2-5  distinct  sepals.  Sta- 
mens 2-5  :  anthers  2-celled,  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Styles  or 
stigmas  2  or  8.     Fruit  a  utricle  beaked  by  the  persistent  style. 

*    Sepals  5,  bracts  3. 

A.  HYBRiDCS  L.  Sp.  990.  Pubescent  to  nearly  glabrous,  green  to  pur- 
ple :  stem  rather  slender,  2  inches  to  8  feet  high,  usually  branched :  leaves 
bright  green  on  both  sides  or  paler  beneath,  ovate  or  rhombic-ovate,  1-6 
inches  long,  on  slender  petioles:  flowers  very  numerous,  in  dense  linear- 
cylindric  ascending  or  spreading  spikes,  forming  dense  terminal  panicles : 
bracts  subulate,  2-3  lines  long:  sepals  5,  oblong,  acute  or  cuspidate,  about 
half  as  long  as  the  bracts:  stamens  5:  utricle  smooth,  circumscissile. 
Common  in  fields  and  waste  places :  naturalized  from  Tropical  America. 

*  *    Sepals  3:  bracts  3. 

A,  blitoides  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xii,  273.  Nearly  or  quite  glab- 
aous,  pale  green :  stem  much  branched  from  the  base,  the  branches  prostr- 
]  te  and  spreading,  rigid,  6-20  inches  long:  leaves  obovate  to  spatulate  3-12 
ines  long,  obtuse  to  acute  at  the  apex,  narrowed  into  slender  petioles: 
flowers  in  small  axillary  clusters  mostly  shorter  than  the  petioles :  bracts 
subulate-lanceolate,  little  longer  than  the  4  or  5  oblong  lanceolate  acute 
or  cuspidate  sepals  :  stamens  3 :  utricle  nearly  smooth.  In  waste  places 
and  roadsides  Idaho  to  the  Atlantic  States. 

A.  GR^cizANs  L.  Sp.  990.  A.  albus  L.  Glabrous :  stem  erect,  6-24 
inches  high  whitish  diffusely  and  widely  branched :  leaves  oblong,  spatul- 
ate or  obovate,  6-18,  lines  long,  pale  green,  long-petioled :  flowers  poly- 
gamous, in  small  axillary  clusters  shorter  than  the  leaves :  bracts  subu- 


590  CHENOPODIACEiE  amakanthus 

late,  pungent-pointed,  spreading,  much  longer  than  the  3  membranaceous 
sepals:  stamens  3:  utricle  wrinkled,  longer  tlian  the  sepals,  circumscissile 
common  in  fields  and  waste  places :  naturalized  from  tropical  America. 

A.  carneus  Greene  Pitt,  ii,  105.  "Monoecious:  glabrous,  prostrate, 
forming  a  mat  6-10  inches  broad,  the  branches  pinkish,  the  glomerules  of 
flowers  and  lower  face  of  leaves  deep  flesh-purple :  plant  leafy  and  florifer- 
ous  throughout:  leaves  obovate-lanceolate,  entire,  setose-tipped,)^-^  inch 
long,  tapering  to  a  short  petiole :  bracts  ovate-acuminate  and  setose-tipped  : 
utricle  smooth  :  seed  black  and  shining,^  line  wide.   Beaver  Canyon,  Idaho.* 

*  *  *  Sepal  1,  Bract  1. 
A.  Califor ulcus  Watson  Bot.  Cal,  ii,  42.  Prostrate  or  ascending, 
glabrous,  branching  at  the  base,  the  stems  often  a  foot  long  or  more,  with 
numerous  short  branchlets :  leaves  obovate  to  oblong,  an  inch  long  or  less 
including  the  petiole,  often  small,  obtuse  or  acutish,  with  white  veins  and 
margin:  flowers  green  or  reddish,  in  numerous  small  dense  axillary  clus- 
ters: bracts  often  membranaceous  and  inconspicuous,  lanceolate,  acumin- 
ate slightly  or  not  at  all  exceeding  the  utricle  :  sepal  of  the  staminate  flow- 
ers %  line  long,  that  of  the  fertile  flower  shorter  and  narrower,  lateral : 
utricle  slightly  rugose,  tardily  circumscissile :  seed  half  a  line  broad,  Idaho 
to  California  and  [Southern  Oregon, 

Order  LXXVIII  CHENOPODIACE.E  Dumort. 
Anal.  Fam  15.  (1829.) 
Herbs  or  shrubs  with  alternate  or  rarely  opposite  leaves 
without  stipules  and  small  greenish  flowers  mostly  in  axillary 
and  terminal  panicles  or  racemes.  Flowers  perfect,  monoeci- 
ous or^dioecious.  Calyx  persistent,  2-5-lobed  or  2-5-parted, 
rarely  reduced  to  a  single  sepal,  or  wanting  in  pistillate  flowers. 
Stamens  as  many  as  lobes  or  divisions  of  the  calyx,  or  fewer, 
opposite  them :  filaments  slender :  anthers  2  celled,  longitudin- 
ally dehiscent.  Ovary  mostly  superior  and  free  from  the  calyx, 
1-celled,  with  a  solitary  amphitropous  or  campylotropous  ovule 
on  a^stipe  rising  from  its  base:  styles  1-3,  with  capitate  stig- 
mas. Fruit  an  achene  or  utricle.  Embryo  slender,  either 
annular  and  surrounding  the  mealy  albumen,  or  spiral  with  the 
albumen  lateral  or  wanting. 

Tribe  i  Flowers  perfect,  without  bracts.     Seeds  free. 

1    Nitrophila  Perennial  herbs  with  opposite  leaves  and  axillary  flowers. 
*1    Kochia    Perennial   herbs  with   scattered  terete  or  linear  leaves  and 
axillary  flowers. 

8    Chenopodium     Annual  or  perennial  herbs  with   mostly   thin  leaves  : 
flowers  somewhat  panicled. 

4  Blitum     Annual  herbs  with  broad  thin  leaves :  flowers  in  dense  spicate 

clusters. 

5  Mouolepis    Low  annuals  with   the  flowers  densely  clustered  in  the 

axils  :  sepal  1,  bract  like :  stamen  1 :  fruit  naked:  seeds  vertical. 

Tribe  ii  Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  bracted.     Seeds  free. 
*     Bracts  compressed:  testa  of  the  seeds  mostly  coriaceous. 

6  Atriplex    Fruiting   bracts  with   margins  often  dilated  and  the  sides 

often  muricate. 


NLTKOPHiLA  CHENOPODIACE^  591 

**    Bracts  obcompressed,   completely  united,   not  muricate :  testa 
membranaceous . 

7  Enrota    Low  and  shrubby  white-tomentose  perennials :  pericarp  coni- 

cal, densely  hairy,  not  winged. 

8  Eremoseminm   Somewhat  spinescent  nearly  glabrous  shrubs :  pericarp 

flattened,  orbicular,  wing-margined,  glabrous. 

Tribe  hi     Flowers  perfect,  without  bracts.     Seed  invested  by 
the  pericarp. 

Corispermum    Low  annuals:  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils ;  fruit  com- 
pressed-elliptical, acutely  margined. 

Tribe  iv     Fleshy  saline  plnnts  with  jointed  stems    and  scale- 
like leaves. 

9  Salicornia  Branches  opposite :  flower  clusters  decussitately  opposite  : 

calyx  saccate,  becoming  spongy. 

Tribe  v  Herbs  or  shrubs  with  fleshy  leaves.    Stems  not  jointed. 

10  Sarcobatus  Somewhat  spinescent  shrubs:  flowers  unisexual:  the 
staminate  in  aments,  without  calyx;  the  pistillate  axillary,  solitary, 
with  saccate  calyx  :  fruit  transversely  winged. 

1 1  Dondia  Saline  herbs  or  shrubs  with  perfect  axillary  flowers :  the 
calyx  5-cleftor  5-parted. 

Tribe  1  Chenopodiea'  Moq.  in  DC.  Prodr.  xiii,  Jf8.  Stems 
not  jointed.  Leaves  flat,  except  in  Kochia.  Flowers  perfect,  with- 
out bracts.  Sepals  persistent.  Seeds  free,  mostly  with  crustaceous 
testa  and  copious  albumen.     Embryo  annular. 

1    NITROPHILA  Watson  Bot.  King  257. 

Low  branching  perennials  with  fleshy  opposite  leaves  and 
small  perfect  axillary  flowers.  Calyxof  5-7  equal  erect  concave 
and  carinate  sepals,  mostly  2-bracted  at  base.  Stamens  as  many 
as  sepals,  united  into  a  very  narrow  perigynous  disk.  Style 
short.  Stigmas  2.  Utricle  subglobose,  indehiscent  beaked  by 
the  persistent  style  included  within  the  connivent  sepals. 

N.  occidentalis  Watson  1.  c.  Glabrous  throughout :  stems  ascending 
or  decumbent,  3-8  inches  long,  from  a  perennial  running  rootstock,  bran- 
ching from  the  base:  lower  leaves  broadly  ov^e  or  oblong. -2-3  lines  long, 
the  rest  linear,  12  lines  long,  semiterete,  acuminate  and  cuspidate:  bracts 
similar  but  shorter,  mostly  twice  longer  than  the  flowers:  flowers  1-3  in 
each  axil,  the  lateral  ones  often  short-pedicelled,  2-3-bracted,  the  central 
one  often  bractless :  sepals  a  line  long,  rather  rigid,  ovate  acutish  exceeding 
the  stamens  and  style:  utricle  brownish: seeds  half  a  line  broad,  black  and 
shining.     In  moist  alkaline  soil,  southeastern  Oregon  to  California. 

2    KOCHIA  Roth.  Schrad.  Journ.  Bot.  i,  307.     (1799.) 

Perennial  or  annual  herbs  or  low  shrubs  with  alternate  leaves 
and  small  flowers  solitary  or  few  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves. 
Flowers  perfect  or  pistillate  sometimes  bracteolate.  Calyx  her- 
baceous, 5-cleft,  persistent  over  the  fruit,  and  at  length  developing 
a  horizontal  wing.    Stamens  8-5,  usually  exserted:  filaments  linear. 


592  CHENOPODIACE^  kochia 

CHENOPODIUM 

Ovary  ovoid,  narrowed  upward  into  the  style :  stigmas  2.  Utricle 
pear-shaped  or  oblong  the  pericarp  membranaceous,  not  adherent 
to  the  inverted  seed.  Embryo  annular,  green,  enclosing  the 
scanty  album  em. 

K.  Americana  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  ix,  93.  Woody  and  branch- 
ing at  base:  stems  erect,  mostly  simple  and  virgate,  6-18  inches  high, 
leafy,  villous-tomentose  to  nearly  glabrous:  leaves  terete,  linear  3-12  lines 
long,  acutish,  ascending:  flowers  1-3  in  the  axils,  mostly  with  abortive 
stamens :  calyx  densely  white-tomentose,  nearly  a  line  broad  in  fruit,  the 
membranous  wing  as  wide  or  wider,  its  lobes  cuneate,  rounded,  nerved  and 
somewhat  crenulate:  ovary  ovate  tomentose  above:  style  elongated :  peri- 
carp nearly  smooth  :  seed  %  of  a  line  broad,  Valleys  and  foothills,  eastern 
Oregon  to  Nevada  and  Arizona. 

3    CHENOPODIUM  L.  Sp  218. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  with  alternate  flat  leaves  and  very 
small  perfect  sessile,  bractless  flowers  clustered  in  axillary  and 
terminal  often  panicled  or  compound  spikes.  Calyx  2-5-parted 
or  2-5-lobed,  more  or  less  closely  covering  the  fruit,  its  segments 
or  lobes  herbaceous  or  somewhat  fleshy,  often  keeled  or  rigid. 
Stamens  1-5.  Styles  2-4,  slender.  Pericarp  membranaceous, 
closely  investing  the  lenticular  or  globose  seed.  Testa  crustace- 
ous.     Embryo  annular  or  curved  around  copious  albumen. 

§  1  Chenop«)Diastrum  Moq.  in  DC.  Prodr.  xiii,  61.  Annu- 
als, usually  somewhat  mealy  but  not  pubescent,  or  glandular  nor 
aromatic.  Fruit  dry.  Seeds  lenticular,  horizontal.  Embryo 
completely  annular. 

C.  ALBCM  L,  Sp.  219.  ^Lamb's  Quarters.)  More  or  less  mealy 
t  hroughout:  stem  usually  slender  erect,  commonly  much  branched  usually 
1-4  feet  high:  leaves  rhombic-ovate  or  the  upper  ones  lanceolate  to  linear- 
lanceolate,  1-4  inches  long,  obtuse  or  acute,  at  least  the  lower  ones  sinuate- 
dentate,  the  upper  usually  entire:  flowers  densely  clustered  in  simple  or  com- 
pound often  panicled  spikes:  calyx  about  half  a  line  broad  in  fruit,  its  segments 
strongly  keeled,  usually  completely  enclosing  the  utricle:  seed  firmly  attached 
to  the  pericarp.     Common  in  cultivated  fields  and  waste  places  everywhere. 

C.  hybpidnoi  L.  Sp.  519.  Glabrous  throughout,  or  the  inflorescence 
more  or  less  mealy:  stem  rather  stout  erect,  2-4  feet  high,  simple  or  sparing- 
ly branched  above:  leaves  ovate  or  rhombic-ovate,  long-acuminate  at  the 
apex,  truncate,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  base,  sharply  dentate  with  1-4  large 
acute  teeth  on  each  side,  or  the  upper  lanceolate  and  entire,  the  lower  ones  4- 
7  inches  long:  flowers  in  large  axillary  and  terminal  panicles:  calyx  about  a 
line  broad  its  segments  oblong,  slightly  keeled  incompletely  covering  the 
fruit;  stamens  5:  seed  sharp-edged,  firmly  attached  to  the  pericarp.  In 
woods  and  thickets,  Brit.  Columbia  to  Orej^on  and  the  Atlantic  States,  also 
Europe. 

C.  MURALE  L.  Sp.  219.  Scarcely  or  not  at  all  mealy,  somewhat  scurfy 
above:  stems  erect  or  decumbent,  usually  branched  1-3  feet  high:  leaves 
rhombic-ovate  bright  green  on  both  sides,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex, 
sharply  and  coarsely  sinuate  dentate,  broadly  cuneate  or  subtruncate  at  base, 
2-4  inches  long:  flowers  in  loose  axillary  panicles  shorter  than  the  leaves:  seg- 
ments of  the  calyx  not  entirely  enclosing  the  utricle:  seeds  sharp-edged,  firmly 
attached  to  the  pericai'p.     Along  the  coast.     Brit.     Columbia  to  California 


CHENOPODiDM  CHENOPODIACEiE  593 

also  in  the  Eastern  States  and  Europe. 

C.  leptophyllnm  Nutt,  Moq.  in  DC.  Prodr.  xiii,  71,"  Stem,  slender 
usually  erect  6-30  inches  high  branched,  mealy  above:  leavesilinear  to  oblong, 
white-mealy  beneath,  green  above,  acute  or  acuminate,  or  the  lower  obtuse, 
entire  or  the  lower  sometimes  toothed,  short-petioled,  6-18  lines  long,  1-3- 
nerved:  flowers  in  small  dense  clusters  in  dense  or  interrupted  axillary  and 
terminal  simple  or  branched  spikes:  calyx  about  half  a  line  broad,  its  segments 
strongly  keeled  and  nearly  covering  the  fruit:  seed  not  firmly  attached  to 
the  pericarp.  On  dry  hillsides.  Brit.  Columbia  to  California  and  the. 
Cxreat  Lakes. 

§  2  BoTRYOis  Moq.  in  DC.  Prodr.  xiii,  272.  Annuals,  not 
mealy,  more  or  less  glandular-pubescent,  aromatic.  Seeds  very 
small,  not  exceeding  the  dry  calyx,  often  vertical:  embryo  curved. 

C.  Botrys  L.  Sp.  219.  Glandular-pubescent  and  viscid  throughout, 
strongly-scented,  of  en  red  or  purplish:  stem  slender,  erect,  simple  to  much 
branched,  6-20  inches  high;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  deeply  and  usually  iiTcg- 
nlarlj  lobed,  acute  or  obtuse  at  the  apex,  petioled  6-20  Imes  long,  or  the  up- 
per ones  much  smaller,  the  lobes 'mostly  obtuse  and  dentate:  flowers  very 
small,  in  numerous  loose  axillary  cymose  panicles  mostly  longer  than  the 
leaves:  calyx  3-5 -parted,  the  segments  lanceolate,  acute,  thin,  very  pubes- 
cent, rather  longer  than  the  utricle:  seed  firmly  attached  to  the  pericarp. 
On  sandy  bars  and  banks  along  streams,  Oregon  to  California  and  across  the 
Continent:  also  in  Europe. 

C.  ANTHELMiNTicuM  L.  Sp.  220.  Glabrous  or  slightly  glandular,  rather 
dark  green,  strong-scented:  stem  much  branched,  ascending  or  erect,  leafy,  2- 
3  feet  high ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  usually  acuminate  at  the 
apex,  naiTOwed  at  base,  slender-petioled.  coarsely  dentate  or  incised,  2-5 
inches  long,  the  uppermost  commonly  linear- lanceolate  and  entire:  flowers  in 
linear,  usually  bractless  panicled  spikes,  or  the  lower  spikes  leafy-bracted 
In  waste  places,  not  common:  naturalized  from  Em'ope. 

g  3  BLiTEiE  Moq.  1.  c.  Glabrous  annuals.  Flowers  in 
crowded  clusters,  axillary  or  in  spikes.  Calyx  becoming  some- 
what fleshy  in  fruit  and  often  colored.     Seeds  subglobose. 

C.  rubruin  L.  Sp.  218.  Glabrous  and  somewhat  fleshy,  not  mealy : 
stem  erect,  leafy,  1-3  feet  high,  often  much  branched:  leaves  thick  1-4  inch- 
es long,  rhombic  ovate  or  rhombic -lanceolate,  narrowed  at  base,  coarsely  sin- 
uate dentate  or  the  upper  entire,  petioled:  flowers  in  erect  compound  leafy- 
bracted  axillary  and  terminal  spikes:  calyx  3-5-parted  its  segments  slightly 
fleshy,  red,  not  keeled  obtuse  about  as  long  as  the  utricle:  stamens  1  or  2:  seed 
separating  from  the  pericarp.  In  saline  or  alkaline  soil,  Brit.  Columbia  to 
California  and  the  Atlantic  States  also  in  Euiope  and  Asia. 

C.  humilis  Hook.  Fl.  ii,  127.  Glabrous  annual:  stem  prostrate  or 
ascending,  1-6  inches  long:  leaves  ovate  to  lanceolate,  6-12  lines  long,  obtuse 
to  acute,  often  hastate,  rarely  toothed,  attenuate  below  to  a  petiole:  flowers 
in  short  axillary  and  terminal  spikes  or  clusters:  calyx  3-5-parted,  its  seg- 
mencs  slightly  fleshy,  usually  green,  not  keeled:  obtu3e;  about  as  long  as  the 
utricle:  stamens  one  or  two:  stigmas  short:  seed  horizontal,  shining,  rather 
sharp-edged.  On  muddy  banks  and  flats.  Washington  and  Oregon  to 
Nevada  and  Colorado. 

4    BLITUM  L,  Sp.  2. 

Annual  herbs  with  alternate  petioled  rather  light  green  leaves 


594  CHENOPODIACE^  blitum 

MONOLEPIS 

and  small  green  or  reddish  flowers  in  aggregated  globose  axillary 
sessile  heads,  or  the  upper  heads  forming  an  interrupted  spike. 
Calyx  2-5-lobed,  becoming  pulpy  and  bright  red  in  fruit.  Sta- 
mens 1-5.  Pericarp  separating  from  the  vertical  shining  seed. 
Embryo  a  complete  ring  around  mealy  albumen. 

B.  capitatum  L.  Sp.  2.  Glabrous  or  sparingly  pubescent,  succulent: 
stem  erect,  ascending  or  prostrate,  6-24  inches  high,  commonly  much 
branched:  leaves  usually  longer  than  wide,  broadly  triangular  or  hastate,  1-4 
inches  long,  sinuate,  or  the  upper  ones  and  sometimes  all  of  them  entire, 
rounded  to  cordate  at  base:  flowers  in  globose  sessile  heads  in  the  axils  of  the 
upper  leaves  and  on  the  sides  of  the  upper  part  of  the  stem  and  branches,  2-3 
lines  in  diameter  in  flower,  becoming  bright  red  and  5-8  lines  in  diameter  in 
fruit:  seeds  compressed,  ovate,  enclosed  by  the  calyx  or  when  mature  slightly 
exserted.     Brit.  Columbia  to  California  and  the  Eastern  States. 

5    MONOLEPIS  Schrad.  Ind.  Sem.  Goett.  iv.  (1830.) 

Low  annual  branching  herbs  with  alternate  leaves  and  small 
perfect  or  polygamous  flowers  in  small  axillary  clusters  without 
bracts,  calyx  of  a  single  persistent  herbaceous  sepal.  Stamens  1. 
Styles  2,  filiform.  Pericarp  membranaceous,  persistent  upon  the 
vertical  flattened  seeds.  Embryo  annular  around  copious  albu- 
men, its  radicle  turned  downward. 

M.  chenopodioides  Moq.  in  DC.  Prodr.  xiii,  85.  Glabrous  or  some- 
what mealy:  stem  erect,  much  branched  from  the  base,  3-12  inches  high; 
leaves  lanceolate,  with  1  or  2  coarse  teeth  on  each  side,  attenuate  at  base  to 
a  petiole,  the  upper  ones  much  smaller,  and  usually  entire:  flower- clusters 
dense,  often  reddish:  sepal  fleshy-foliaceous,  oblauceolate  or  spatulate,  acute: 
pericarp  adherent  to  the  seed,  minutely  pitted:  seed  half  a  line  broad,  the  mar- 
gin acute.    In  moist  places,  Washington  to  Calif ornia and  the  Saskatchewan. 

M.  spatalata  Gray  Proc.  A^m.  Acad,  viii,  386.  Subpubescent  or  glab" 
i-ous:  stem  decumbent  or  ascending,  3-6  inches  high  with  elongated  leafy  bran' 
ches  leaves  narrowly  spatulate,  6  lines  long  or  less,  acute  entire:  flowers  10-20* 
in  dense  clusters:  sepal  spatulate  obtuse:  pericarp  separating  from  the  seed* 
minutely  papillose:  seedless  than  )^  line  broad.  Eastern  Oregon  to  Mono 
Pass,  California. 

M.  pusilla  Torr.  Watson  Bot.  King  284.  Stem  erect,  dichotomously 
much  branched  from  the  base  2-6  inches  high,  slender  somewhat  mealy,  be- 
coming glabrous  often  reddish:  leaves  oblonp:  3-6  lines  long,  obtuse,  entire, 
shortly  petioled:  clusters  1-2-flowered;  sepal  obtuse:  pericarp  adherent,  min- 
utely tuberculate:f seeds  less  than  ^  line  broad,  acute-margined.  Alkaline 
valleys,  eastern  Washington  to  Nevada. 

Tribe  2  Atripliceae  Moq.  in  DC.  Prodr.  xiii,  part  %,  89.  Stems 
not  articulated  nor  leaves  fleshy.  Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious; 
the  staminaie  with  3-5-cleft  calyx;  the  pistillate  without  calyx,  enclos- 
ed in  a  pair  of  more  or  less  united  bracts.  Seed  free,  vertical,  ivith 
annular  embryo  and  copious  albumen. 

6    ATRIPLEX  L.  Sp.  1052. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  with  alternate  or  rarely  opposite  leaves  and 
small  greenish  flowers  in  panicles  or  spikes  or  capitate-clustered 


ATBiPLBX  CHENOPODIACEiiJ  598 

in  the  axils.  Staminate  flowers  bractless,  conpisting  of  a  3--5-parted 
calyx  and  an  equal  number  of  stamens  and  with  or  without  a  rudi- 
mentary ovary.  Pistillate  flowers  subtended  by  2  bractlets  which 
enlarge  in  fruit  and  are  more  or  less  united:  calyx  none.  Ovary 
globose  or  ovoid.  Stigmas  2.  Utricle  completely  or  partially 
enclosed  by  the  enlarged  bractlets.  Seeds  vertical  or  rarely  hori- 
zontal.    Embryo  annular. 

§  1  Annuals  :  somewhat  succulent.  Fruiting  bracts  herbace- 
ous or  coriaceous,  free  or  nearly  so.  Flowers  androgynous  or  sub- 
dioecious  in  leafy  or  naked  spikes.  Radicle  inferior  or  somewhat 
ascending. 

*  Leaves  usually  more  or  less  hastate,  the  lowest  opposite:  bracts  ovate- 
rhombic  to  tiiangular  or  hastate,  often  crefited,  the  margins  foliaceous, 
entire  or  toothed, 

1.  patala  L.  Sp.  1053.  Glabrous  and  dark  green  or  somewhat  scurfy 
above:  stem  much  branched,  diffuse,  ascending  or  erect,  1-3  feet  long:  leaves 
lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  slender-petioled  or  the  uppermost  nearly  ses- 
sile, entire,  sparingly  toothed  or  3-lobed  below  the  middle,  acuminate  at  the 
apex,  nan-owed  or  cuneate  at  base,  1-5  inches  long:  flowers  in  panicled  in- 
terrupted mostly  leafless  spikes  and  usually  also  capitate  in  the  upper  axils: 
fruiting  bractlets  united  only  at  the  bate,  fleshy,  triangular  or  rhombic,  3-4 
lines  wide  theii-  sides  often  tuberoled.  In  saline  places  mostly  along  the  coast, 
Alaska  to  California:  also  on  the  Atlantic  coast  and  Europe. 

*  *  Leaves  petioled:  bracts  ovate  to  linear,  mostly  4-6  lines  long, 
entire  and  not  margined  nor  appendaged,  only  the  apex  foliaceous. 

A.  coster safolia  Watson  Proc.  A.m.  Acad,  ix,  109.  Weak  and  slender* 
ascending,  a  foot  high  or  less,  diffusely  branched,  glabrous  or  slightly  scurfy: 
leaves  fleshy,  mostly  opposite,  linear,  1-4  inches  long,  1}4  line  broad:  flowers 
in  axillary  clusters  and  in  short  axillary  androgynous  spikes:  calyx  deeply  5- 
cleft:  bracts  linei^r,  somewhat  unequal,  1-2  lines  becoming  4-6  lines  long,  free, 
fleshy:  immature  seed  less  than  half  a  line  broad:  radicle,  slightly  ascending: 
mature  fruit  unknown.    Collected  only  by  Scouler  at  the  Straits  of  De  Fuca . 

§  2  Annuals  with  alternate  or  sometimes  opposite  leaves. 
Radicle  superior. 

A,  pusilla  Watson  1.  c.  110.  Hoary-scurfy  throughout:  stem  slender, 
•2-6  inches  high,  diffusely  much-branched,  leafy;  leaves  broadly  ovate  to  ob- 
long-lanceolate, 2-4  lines  long,  acute,  sessile,  entire,  mostly  crowded  on  the 
branches:  flowers  minute,  subsolitarj  or  one  of  each  sex  in  the  axils:  calyx 
deeply  5-cleft:  bracts  ovate,  half  a  line  long  in  fruit,  acutish,  not  foliaceously 
margined  nor  appendaged:  style  exserted:  seeds  with  thin  transparent  testa. 
On  alkaline  plains,  southeastern  Oregon  to  Nevada. 

A.  truncata  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  viii,  398.  Rather  stout,  erect  and 
mostly  striate,  1-3  feet  high,  sparingly  branched:  leaves  broadly  ovate,  18  lines 
long,  truncate  or  cordate  at  bage,  acute,  sessile  or  the  lower  shortly  petioled, 
spikes  more  or  less  leafy:  fruiting  bracts  coriaceous,  l}4  lines  long,  ovate-ob- 
long sessile  or  shortly  pedicelled,  united  up  to  the  truncate  herbaceous  sum- 
mit, which  is  obtu&ely  3-toothed  the  sides  rarely  lubtuberculate:  calyx  mostly 
3-4-parted.     Oregon  to  Nevada. 

A.  argentea  Nutt.  Gen.  i,  198.  Grayiah-scurfy  or  nearly  glabrous: 
stem  erect>  ascending  or,  decumbent,  6-8  inches  high,  diffusely  branched 


596  CHENOPODIACEiE  AtRiPLBX 

and  leafy:  leaves  rather  thick,  deltoid  or  triangular-ovate  or  subrhombic, 
often  subhastate  K-2  inches  long,  acute  or  obtuse,  opposite  and  petioled  or 
the  upper  sessile  and  alternate:  flowers  in  capitate  axillary  clusters  or  the 
staminate  in  short  dense  qpikes:  fruiting  bracts  shortly  pedicelled,  united 
nearly  or  quite  to  the  top,  more  or  less  acutely  and  deeply  toothed,  the 
sides  usually  tubercled  or  crested.  Dry  or  saline  soil,  eastern  Oregon  to 
California  and  Nebraska. 

§  3  More  or  less  shrubby  perennials,  closely  appressed-scurfy, 
mostly  dioecious.  Leaves  mostly  alternate.  Radicle  usually 
superior. 

A,  Nuttallii  Watson  Proc.  Am  Acad,  ix,  116.  Stems  erect,  shrubby 
1-3  feet  high  brantrhing  mostly  from  the  base,  bark  nearly  white: 
leaves  narrowly  oblong  or  oblanceolate  6-24  lines  long,  narrowed  at  base, 
sessile,  entire :' flowers  in  terminal  spikes  and  capitate  clustered  in  the  ax- 
ils, often  strictly  dioecious:  calj'^x  5-cleft :  bracts  ovate,  united  to  above 
the  middle,  mostly  sessile,  becomintj  suborbicular,  1-2  lines  long,  not 
compressed,  the  margins  and  summit  irregularly  gash-toothed  and  the  sides 
usually  muricate  or  toothed.  In  dry  saline  soil,  eastern  Oregon  to  Brit. 
Columbia  and  Nebraska. 

A,  confertifolia  Watson  I.  c.  119.  A  much  branched  spinescent  shrub 
1-6  feet  high,  hoary-scurfy :  leaves  alternate,  ovate  or  obovate  to  lanceolate, 
2-8  lines  long,  obtuse  or  acutish,  cuneate  at  base,  sessile  or  short-petioled, 
entire:  flowers  in  small  axillary  clusters  :  calyx  5-parted :  bracts  thick  and 
scurfy,  about  6  lines  broad,  suborbicular,  with  free  entire  margins,  not 
veined  nor  appendaged,  sessile,  united  at  the  cuneate  base  around  the  seed 
and  broadly  margined  above:  seed  a  line  broad,  filling  the  cavity.  On 
alkaline  plains,  eastern  Oregon  and  Idaho  to  New  Mexico. 

7    EUROTIA  Adans.  Fam.  PL  ii.  260.     (1763.) 

Low  pubescent  undershrubs,  with  alternate  entire  leaves  and 
small  clusters  of  axillary  and  subspicate  flowers.  Flowers  dioeci- 
ous or  monoecious.  Staminate  flowers  bractless,  the  calyx  4-parted 
with  unappendaged  lobes  and  as  many  stamens:  filaments  slen- 
der, exserted.  Pistillate  flowers  without  calyx,  bibracteate. 
Bracts  sessile,  somewhat  obcompressed,  united  to  the  apex,  becom- 
ing enlarged  and  rather  rigidly  membranaceous,  not  winged,  2- 
horned  at  the  apex,  the  sides  densely  covered  with  long  spreading 
tufted  hairs.  Ovary  oblong-ovate  sessile,  hairy,  firmly  membran- 
aceous. Styles  2,  exserted.  Seed  vertical,  obovate,  the  testa  sim- 
ple.    Cotyledons  broad  and  green  :  radicle  inferior. 

E.  lanata  Moq.  Enum.  Chenop.  81.  White-tomentose  throughout 
with  stellate  hairs :  stems  erect,  with  strict  ascending  leafy  branches,  6-30 
inches  high:  leaves  linear  to  narrowly  lanceolate,  with  revolute  margins, 
6-18  lines  long,  obtuse:  calyx-lobes  ovate,  acute,  hairy:  bracts  lanceolate, 
2-3  lines  long  in  fruit,  with  2  short  horns  at  the  apex,  penicillate  with  4 
dense  spreading  tufts  of  silvery  white  hairs :  utricle  loose,  the  pericarp 
readily  separating  from  the  large  seed.  On  dry  ridges,  eastern  Brit.  Co- 
lumbia to  California  and  Nebraska. 

S    EREMOSEMIUM  Greene  Pitt,  iv,  225. 
GRAYIA  H.  &A. 

Subspinescent  undershrubs  with  alternate  entire  leaves:  and 
small  flowers  in  axillary  clusters  or  terminal   spikes.     Flowers 


EBBM08EMIUM  CHENOPODIACE^  597 

CX)RISPERMDM 

dioecious  or  sometimes  monoecious.  Calyx  of  the  bractless  stamin- 
ate  flowers  mostly  4-parted,  the  4-5  stamens  central,  with  short 
subulate  filaments.  Pistillate  flowers  without  calyx,  enveloped 
in  the  obcompressed  membranaceous  bracts  which  are  united  into 
an  orbicular  flattened  sac  with  a  small  naked  orifice  at  the  apex, 
adherent  below  to  each  other  and  to  the  pedicel  of  the  ovary,  be- 
coming enlarged  and  reticulately  veined  and  somewhat  wavy- 
margined  vertically.  Styles  2,  slender,  at  first  exserted.  Seeds 
vertical,  with  a  membranaceous  testa.  Embryo  annular:  radicle 
inferior. 

E.  spinosa  Greene  Pitt.  iv.  225  Grayia  polygaloides  H.  &:  A.  Stems 
erect,  diffusely  branched,  1-4  feet  high,  the  branch  lets  often  spines- 
cent  :  leaves  rather  fleshy,  glabrous  or  at  first  with  the  young  branches 
somewhat  mealy,  oblanceolate  or  spatulate  to  obovate,  6-15  lines  long, 
obtuse  or  acute,  narrowed  at  base  and  sometimes  petioled :  staminate  flow- 
ers in  axillary  clusters,  the  pistillate  mostly  spicate :  fruiting  bracts  3-6 
lines  in  diameter,  sessile,  smooth,  emarginate,  thin,  white  or  pinkish :  the 
seed  usually  central,  about  %  oi  a  line  broad.  On  rocky  ridges,  eastern 
Oregon  to  California  and  Utah. 

Tribe  S  Corispermeas  Moq,  Chenop.  101.  Stems  not  articulated. 
Leaves  not  fleshy.  Flowers  perfect^  bractless.  Pericarp  adherent  to 
the  vertical  seed.     Embryo  annular  around  copious  albumen. 

9    CORISPERMUM  L.  Sp.  4. 

Annual  herbs  with  alternate  leaves  and  small  perfect  bractlegs 
green  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils,  forming  narrow  leafy  terminal 
spikes,  the  upper  leaves  shorter  and  broader  than  the  lower.  Calyx 
1  or  2  thin  broad  sepals.  Stamens  1-3,  rarely  more  and  one  of 
them  longer.  Ovary  ovoid:  styles  2.  Utricle  ellipsoidal,  mostly 
plano-convex,  the  pericarp  firmly  adherent  to  the  vertical  seed, 
its  margins  acute  or  winged.  Embryo  annular,  surrounding 
somewhat  fleshy  albumen:  radicle  inferior. 

C.  hyssopifolium  L.  Sp.  4.  More  or  less  floccose  or  villous-pubescent : 
stem  erect,  6-18  inches  high,  diffusely  much  branched:  leaves  linear,  9-18 
lines  long,  cuspidate :  floral  bracts  reduced  more  or  less  abruptly,  from 
linear-lanceolate  to  ovate,  acute  to  acuminate,  membranously  margined: 
sepals  rarely  wanting,  shorter  than  the  bracts:  stamens  more  or  less  per- 
fectly developed :  fruit  \}4.-2  lines  long  narrowly  winged,  obtuse,  otten 
mucronate  with  the  projecting  style.  On  sandy  alkaline  plains,  Alaska  to 
California  and  the  Atlantic  States  and  Europe. 

Tribe  4  Salicorniex  Dumort.  Moq.  in  DC.  Prodr.  xiii  pt.  2,  144- 
Fleshy  saline  plants  with  jointed  stems  and  scale-like  leaves.  Flow- 
ers mostly  perfect,  immersed  b%  threes  in  depressions  in  the  rachis  of  a 
close  cylindrical  spiJce.  Seed  vertical.  Embryo  annular,  with  little 
albumen. 

9    SALICORNIA  L.  Sp.  3. 

Fleshy  annual  or  perennial  plants  with  opposite  terete  branches 
scale-like  leaves  and  small  perfect,  or  the  lateral  staminate,  flow- 
ers in  heads  of  3-7  sunken  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  scales,  form- 


598  OHENOPODIACE^.  salicornia 

SARC0BATD8 

ing  terminal  narrow  spikes.  Calyx  obpyramidal  or  rhomboid, 
fleshy,  3-4-toothed  or  truncate,  becoming  spongy  in  fruit,  decidu- 
ous. Stamens  1  or  2,  exserted  :  filaments  cylindric,  short:  anthers 
oblong.  Ovary  ovoid:  styles  or  stigmas  2.  Utricle  enclosed  in 
the  spongy  fruiting  calyx,  the  pericarp  membranaceous.  Seed 
erect,  compressed.     Embryo  conduplicate. 

S*  herbacea  L.  Sp.  ed.  2,  5.  Annual:  stem  erect,  rather  slender, 
6-18  inches  high,  usually  diffusely  branched :  spikes  1-3  inches  long,  be- 
coming a  line  or  more  thick:  scales  narrow,  truncate  or  shortly  acute : 
flowers  in  threes,  the  middle  one  twice  higher  than  the  lateral  ones, 
slightly  shorter  than  the  joint:  fruit  pubescent:  seeds  %  to  nearly  a  line 
long.  In  saltmarshes  and  wet  saline  places,  Oregon  to  the  Atlantic  coast : 
Europe  and  Asia. 

S.  ambitrua  Michx.  Fl.  i,  2.  Perennial  by  a  woody  base :  stems  de  - 
cumbent  and  rooting  at  the  nodes,  or  ascending,  6-18  inches  long,  the 
branches  nearly  simple:  spikes  6-18  lines  long,  slender,  short  jointed : 
scales  short,  acutish  or  acute :  flowers  nearly  equal  in  height  and  equalling 
the  joint :  seeds  pubescent,  Jr^  of  a  line  long.  Along  the  coast,  Alaska  to 
California  and  the  Atlantic  coast. 

Triht  5  Suedex  Moq.  I.  c.  152.  Stems  not  articulated.  Leaves 
fleshy f  terete*     Embryo  spiral,  with  little  or  no  albumen. 

10    SARCOBATUS  Nees  in  Max.  Reise.  N.  A.  i,  510. 

Subspinescent  rigidly  branched  shrubs  with  alternate  fleshy 
leaves  and  small  "green  flowers  in  terminal  aments  and  solitary  in 
the  axils.  3  Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious  without  bracts,  di- 
morphous: the  staminate  in  terminal  aments,  without  calyx,  the 
stamens  irregularly  arranged  around  the  base  of  stipitate  peltate 
scales:  the|pistillate  axillary  and  solitary  with  a  closed  compress- 
ed-ovate calyx  adherent  at  the  base  of  the  stigma,  and  margined 
laterally  by  a  narrow  erect  border  which  developes  into  a  broad 
membranaceous  horizontal  wing.  Ovary  thin  and  hyaline,  nearly 
filled  by  the  ovule.     Embryo  spiral  with  little  or  no  albumen. 

S.  Termicnlatns  Torr.  Emory's  Rep.  150.  Glabrous  or  the  young 
twigs  and  leaves  grayish  pubescent:  stems  erect,  2-8  feet  high,  much  bran- 
ched, the  branches  with  a  smooth  white  bark,  leafy  and  spiny  or  spines- 
cent:  leaves  linear,  entire,  6-18  lines  long,  narrowed  at  both  ends :  stamin- 
ate spikes  cylindrical,  3-12  lines  long,  narrow,  the  persistent  scales  spirally 
arranged,  rhombic-ovate,  acute:  stamens  about  3,  soon  falling :  fruiting 
calyx  coriaceous,  2-3  lines  long,  the  wing  2-3  lines  broad :  seeds  half  a  line 
«in  diameter.^  In.alkaline  soil,  eastern  Washington  to  California  and 
Nebraska. 

11    DONDIA  Adane.  Fam.  PI.  ii.  216.  (1775.) 
SUjEDA  ForsJc.  (1775.) 

Herbs  or  low  shrubs  with  alternate  fleshy  subterete  leaves  and 
small  axillary  clustered  or  solitary  perfect,  or  rarely  polygamous 
minutely  bracteolate  flowers.  Calyx  5- parted  or  5-cleft,  the  lobes 
fleshy,  unappendaged  or  more  or  less^strongly  carinate  or  crested 
or  becoming  somewhat  winged,  enclosing  the  fruit.  Stamens  5. 
Styles  2,  rarely  3  or  4,   short  and  rather  stout.     Pericarp  mem- 


DONDiA  CHENOPODIACE^  699 

SALSOLA 

branaceous,  free.     Seeds  compressed,  vertical  and  with  the  radicle 
inferior  or  horizontal :  the  testa  smooth,  black  and  crustaceous. 

B.  diffusa  Watson  Proc  Am  Acad,  ix,  88,  under  Suseda.  Glabrous  or 
more  or  less  pubescent,  green  or  often  purple.  Stem  erect,  12-18  inches 
high,  diffusely  branched  with  usually  slender flexuous elongated  branches: 
leaves  subterete,  6-12  lines  long,  acute  or  acuminate,  the  floral  ones  similar 
but  shorter,  usually  rather  distant  on  the  branchlets ;  clusters  2-4-flowered  : 
calyx  cleft  to  below  the  middle  flnshy,  but  carinate:  seeds  mostly  vertical 
half  a  line  broad,  perfectly  smooth.  Common  on  alkaline  plains,  southeas- 
tern Oregon  to  Nevada  and  New  Mexico. 

D.  depressa  Britton  B.  &  B.  111.  Fl.  i,  585  Suspda  depressa  Watson. 
Low  and  mostly  decumbent,  branching  from  the  ba^e,  smooth,  the  lowest 
branches  sometimes  opposite :  leaves  linear,  3-12  lines  long,  broadest  at 
base,  the  floral  ones  oblong  to  ovate-lanceolate  or  ovate,  acute,  rather  crow- 
ded upon  the  branchlets :  calyx  cleft  to  the  middle,  one  or  more  of  the  ac- 
ute lobes  very  strongly  carinate  or  crested :  seed  vertical  or  horizontal,  ^ 
line  broad,  very  lightly  reticulate.  Idaho  to  Nevada,  Colorado  and  the 
Saskatchewan,' 

D,  occidentalis  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix,90  under  Suseda.  "Erect 
slender,  8-10  inches  high,  smooth,  with  elongated  flexuous  spreading 
branches:  leaves  linear,  ^-1  inches  long,  acute,  narrow  at  base,  the  floral 
leaves  somewhat  widest :  flowers  few  in  tho  axils :  calyx  cleft  nearly  to  the 
middle,  with  obtuse  lobes,  at  length  surrounded  by  a  transverse  irregular 
lobed  veinless  wing  a  line  broad:  seed  horizontal,  }4  line  broad,  obscurely 
reticulated,"    Eastern  Washington  to  Nevada. 

D.  intermedia  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xiv,  296,  under  Suseda. 
"  Perennial,  the  straight  erect  slender  herbaceous  stems  from  a  short  woody 
base,  9-18  inches  high,  glabrous  or  sometimes  puberulent :  branchlets 
also  slender,  ascending:  leaves  very  narrowly  linear,  with  a  contracted  base, 
acute,  6-10  lines  long,  much  shorter  on  the  branches :  fertile  flowers  very 
small,  often  solitary  the  deeply  cleft  calyx  unappendaged:seed  very  small 
(J^of  a  line  broad),  horizontal,  not  at  all  tuberculate  under  the  microscope." 
Eastern  Oregon  to  Utah  and  Arizona. 

Tribe  6  Salsoleas  Moq.  Annal.  Sci.  Nat.  series  2,  209.  Stems 
not  articulated.  Leaves  subterete.  Flowers  perfect,  2-bracted. 
Sepals  per siatent.  Seeds  horizontal  or  vertical,  with  simple  membra- 
naceous testa.    Embryo  spiral. 

13    SALSOLA  L.  Sp.  222. 

Annual  or  perennial  branched  herbs  with  rigid  subulate  prickly- 
pointed  leaves  and  sessile  perfect  2-bracteolate  flowers  solitary 
in  the  axils,  or  sometimes  several  together.  Calyx  5-parted,  its 
segments  appendaged  by  a  broad  membranous  horizontal  wing  in 
fruit  and  enclosing  the  utricle  Stamens  5.  Ovary  depressed: 
styles  2.  Utricle  flattened.  Seed  horizontal.  Embryo  coiled  into 
a  conic-spiral:  albumen  none. 

S.  TRAGUS  L.  Sp.  ed.  2,322.  Annual,  Glabrous,  loosely  bush y-braneh- 
ed  1-2  feet  high  :  leaves  3-10  lines  long  succulent,  lanceolate  subulate  the 
midnerve  excurrent  into  a  stout  yellowish-green  prickle  often  bright  red 
at  maturity  :  calyx  membranaceous,  conppicuously  veiny,  its  wing  longer 
than  the  upcending  lobe.  In  cultivated  fieMs,  eastern  Oregon  and  Wash- 
ington to  the  Atlantic  States :  naturalized  from  Europe. 


600  ELiEAGNACE^  umbellularia 

SHEPHERDIA 

Order  LXXIX  LAURACEiE  Lindl,  Nat.  Syst.  ed.  2,  200. 

Aromatic  trees  or  shrubs  with  alternate,  very  rarely  opposite, 
mostly  thick,  petioled  leaves  without  stipules  and  small  flowers 
in  panicles,  racemes  or  umbels.  Calyx  4- 6- parted,  the  seg- 
ments imbricated  in  2  series  in  the  bud.  Stamens  inserted  in 
3  or  4  series  of  3,  on  the  calyx,  distinct,  some  of  them  often  im- 
perfect or  reduced  to  staminoidea :  anthers  2-celled  or  4-celled 
opening  by  valves.  Ovary  superior,  free  from  the  calyx,  1-cell- 
ed  with  a  solitary  anatropous  pendulous  ovule.  Style  filiform 
or  short,  rarely  almost  wanting:  stigma  discoid  or  capitate. 
Fruit  a  drupe  or  berry.  Embryo  filling  the  seed,  with  large 
plano-convex  cotyledons  and  short  included  radicle. 

1    UMBELLULARIA  Nutt.  Sylv.  i,  87. 

Shrubs  or  trees  with  alternate  thick  evergreen  leaves  and  small 
perfect  flowers  in  axillary  umbels  which  are  included  before  ex- 
pansion in  involucres  consisting  of  4  broad  caducous  bracts. 
Calyx  deciduous,  6-parted.  Stamens  9,  inserted  on  the  throat  in 
3  rows,  the  3  inner  ones  with  a  fleshy  2-lGbed  stipitate  gland  on 
each  side  at  base,  alternating  with  31igulate  staminoidea:  anthers 
4-celled,  4-valved,  the  outer  introrse,  the  inner  extrorse.  Stigma 
dilated,  somewhat  lobed.  Drupe  subglobose,  subtended  by  the 
thickened  base  of  the  calyx. 

V,  Californica  Nutt.  Sylv  i,  87.  A  handsome  shrub  or  tree  10-70  feet 
high  or  more,  young  branches,  petioles  and  inflorescence  somewhat  puberu- 
lent:  leaves  green,  and  shining,  lanceolate-oblong,  acute  at  each  end  or 
sometimes  rounded  a|t  base,  2-4  inches  long,  short-pet ioled,  very  aromatic: 
peduncles  in  an  apparently  terminal  panicle,  or  solitary  in  the  upper  axils, 
6-12  lines  long,  6-10-flowered :  involucral  bracts  ovate,  imbricated :  pedicels 
1-5  lines  long,  usually  bracteate  at  base:  sepals  yfllowish-green  1)^-3  lines 
long,  oblong  to  ovate :  stamens  included :  drupes  on  short  stout  peduncles, 
ovate-elliptical  or  globo^^e,  nearly  an  inch  long.  Along  streams,  southwes- 
tern Oregon  to  California. 

Order^  LXXX     EL^AGNACEiE  Lindl.  1.  c.  194. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  mostly  silvery -scaly  or  stellate-pubescent, 
with  entire  alternate  or  opposite  leaves  and  perfect  polygamous 
or  dioecious  flowers  clustered  in  the  axils  or  at  the  nodes  of 
branchlets  of  the  previous  season,  rarely  solitary.  Lower  part 
of  the  calyx  of  pistillate  flowers  tubular  or  urn-shaped,  enclos- 
ing the  ovary  and  persistent,  the  upper  part  4-lobed,  or  4-cleft. 
deciduous :  calyx  of  the  staminate  flowers  4-parted  or  2-parted. 
Stamens  4  or  8:  those  of  perfect  flowers  borne  on  the  throat  of 
the  calyx:  anthers  2-celled,  the  cells  longitudinally  dehiscent. 
Ovary  1-celled,  with  a  solitary  anatropous  erect  ovule.  Fruit 
drupe-like,  the  base  of  the  calyx  becoming  thickened  and  en- 
closing the  achene  or  nut.  Embryo  straight,  with  little  or  no 
albumen. 


SHEPHERDtA  tJLMACE^  601 

CELTI8 

I    SHEPHERDIA  Nutt.  Gen.  ii,  240. 

Shrubs  with  opposite  petioled  leaves  and  small  dioecious  or 
polygamous  flowers  subspicate  at  the  nodes  of  the  previous  season's 
growth,  or  axillary  :  the  pistillate  few  or  solitary.  Pistillate  flow- 
er- with  an  urn-shaped  or  ovoid  calyx  bearing  an  8-lobed  disk 
at  its  mouth  which  nearly  closes  it.  Style  somewhat  exserted. 
Calyx  of  the  staminate  flowers  4-parted.  Stamens  8,  alternating 
with  as  many  lobes  of  the  disk.  Fruit  drupe-like,  the  fleshy  base 
of  the  calyx  enclosing  a  nut  or  achene. 

S.  Canadensis  Nutt.  Gen.  ii,  240.  A  thornless  shrub  with  dark 
brown  or  grayish  bark,  the  young  shoota  brown  scurfy :  leaves  ovate  or 
oval,  obtuse,  entire,  rounded  at  base,  12-18  lines  long,  green  and  sparingly 
stellate-scurfy  above,  densely  silvery  and  brown-stellate  beneath,  on  peti- 
oles 2-6  lines  long :  flowers  in  short  spiKes  at  the  nodes  of  the  twigs,  yel- 
lowish :  heads  globose,  less  than  a  line  in  diameter,  forming  in  summer,^ 
expanding  with  or  before  the  leaves  the  following  spring :  calyx  about  2 
lines  broad  when  expanded:  fruit  oval,  red  or  yellowish.  2-:^  lines  long, 
the  nut  smooth.  In  the  mountains,  Brit.  Columbia  to  eastern  Oregon  and 
across  the  continent. 

S.  argentea  Nutt.  1.  c.  A  shrub  6-18  feet  high,  the  twigs  often  ter- 
minating in  thorns :  leaves  oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate,  l-'Z  inches  long, 
obtuse,  usually  cuneate-narrowed  at  base,  densely  silvery-scurfy  on  both 
sides,  2-6  lines  long:  flowers  fascicled  at  the  nodes,  the  globose  buds  very 
silvery :  fruit  ovoid  to  oblong,  sour,  edible.  Alaska  to  California  and 
Minnesota. 

Order  LXXXI    ULMACE^  Mirbel  Elem.  ii,  905. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  alternate  leaves  with  small  fugaceous 
stipules,  and  small  monoecious,  dioecious,  polygamous  or  per- 
fect flowers  in  lateral  or  axillary  clusters,  or  the  pistillate  sol- 
itary. Calyx  3-9-parted  or  of  3-9  distinct  sepals.  Stamens, ' 
in  our  species,  as  many  as  lobes  of  the  calyx  and  opposite  them: 
filaments  straight:  anthers  longitudinally  dehiscent,  Ovary  1- 
celled,  rarely  2-celled,  mostly  superior,  with  a  solitary  pendu- 
lous anatropous  or  amphitropous.  ovule:  styles  or  stigmas  2. 
Fruit  a  samara,  drupe  or  nut.  Embryo  straight  or  curved, 
with  little  or  no  albumen.    Cotyledons  mostly  flat. 

1    CELTIS  L.  Sp.  1043. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  alternate  leaves  and  small  monoecious  or 
polygamous  flowers  borne  in  the  axils  of  leaves  of  the  season, 
the  staminate  clustered,  the  pistillate  solitary  or  2-3  together. 
Calyx  4-6-parted  or  of  distinct  sepals.  Stamens  as  many  as  se- 
pals :  filaments  erect,  exserted.  Ovary  sessile  :  stigmas  2,  recurv- 
ed or  divergent,  tomentose  or  plumose.  Fruit  an  ovoid  or 
globose  drupe. 

C,  occidentalis  L.  Sp.  1044.  A  tree  or  shrub  4-120  feet  high,  with 
dark  brown'rough  bark,  the  twigs  glabrous :  leaves  ovate  or  ovate-lanceo- 
late, sharply  serrate,  mostly  thin,  acute  or  acuminate,  somewhat  oblique 
and  3-nerved  at  base,  pinnately  veined,  l>^-4  inches  long,  glabrous  above, 
pubescent,  at  least  on  the  veins,  beneath :  staminate  flowers  numerous; 


602  URTICACE^  celtis 

URTICA 

Siatillate  aaaally  solitary,  alender-peduncled :  calyx-pegments  linear-oblong, 
eciduoua :  driipe-«  globose  and  purple  or  nearly  black  when  mature,  some- 
times  orange,  4-5  lines  in  diameter.     On  dry  soil,  Idaho  and  eastward. 

C.  reticulata  Torr.  A  shrub  or  small  tree  4-20  feet  high,  with  bright 
brown  rough  bark,  the  twigs  pubescent:  leaves  thick,  strongly  reticulated, 
rough-glandular  above,  ovate  or  narrower,  1-4  inches  long,  serrate,  acute 
or  somewhatacuminate,  obliquely  cordate  at  bape,  on  short  petioles :  stami- 
nate  flowers  numerous;  pistillate  usually  solitary,  slender-peduncled : 
calyx-seg 'I tents  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong,  deciduous:  drupe  globose  2-3 
lines  long,  black  when  mature.  Along  streams  eastern  Oregon  to  Brit. 
Columbia  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

Order  LXXXII  URTICACE^  Reichenb.  Consp.  83.  (1820.). 

Herbs,  rarely  shrubs  with  watery  juice,  alternate  or  opposite 
mostly  stipulate  simple  leaves  and  small  greenish  dioecious, 
monoecious  or  polygamous  flowers  variously  clustered.  Calyx 
2-5  cleft  or  of  distinct  sepals.  Stamens  as  many  as  lobes  of 
the  calyx  or  sepals  and  opposite  them,  the  filaments  inflexed  and 
anthers  reversed  in  the  bud,  straightening  at  anthesis.  Ovary 
superior,  1-celled :  style  simple :  stigma  capitate  and  penicillate. 
Ovule  solitary,  erect  or  ascending.  Fruit  an  achene.  Embryo 
straight,  in  oily  albumen. 

1    Urtica    Herbs  with  opposite  leaves  and  stinging  hairs. 
S     Parietaria    Herbs  with  alternate  leaves  without  stinging  hairs. 
1     URTICA  L.  Sp.  983.     (Nettles.) 

Herbs  with  4-angled  sulcata  stems,  stinging  hairs,  opposite 
leaves  with  distinct  lateral  stipules  and  small  flowers  clustered 
in  axillary  geminate  racemes,  spikes  or  loose  heads  without  bracts 
Staminate  flowers  on  jointed  pedicels  with  4  sepals,  4  stamens  and 
a  rudimentary  cup-shaped  ovary:  the  pistillate  with  4  sepals,  the 
4  outer  small  and  spreading,  the  inner  erect,  becoming  membran- 
aceous and  enclosing  the  flattened  ovate  achene.  Stigma  sessile, 
capitate,  tufted. 

U.  holosericea  Nutt.  PI.  Ganibel.  183.  Stems  stout,  4-8  feet  high, 
usually  simple  ashy-scurfy  and  sparingly  armed  with  stinging  bristles: 
leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  2-6  inches  long,  very  coarsely  serrate,  acuminate 
green  above,  whitish  beneath  with  a  dense  minute  pubescence,  rounded 
or  subcordate  at  base,  all  petioled :  stipules  membranaceous,  6  lines  long, 
oblong,  obtuse  or  acute :  ptaminate  flowers  in  loose  slender  diffuse  paniclesj 
nearly  equalling  the  leaves :  pistillate  panicles  denser  and  shorter:  inner 
sepals  ovale,  densely  hispid  %  line  long,  about  equalling  the  broadly  ovate 
achene.  About  springs  and  along  streams  in  the  dry  interior  regions, 
Washington  to  California  and  Utah. 

U.  Breweri  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  x,  348.  Grayish  with  a  short: 
somewhat  hispid  pubescence  or  nearly  glabrous :  stem  stout,  4-6  feet  high, 
stipules  membranaceous,  oblong-lanceolate:  leaves  thin,  finely  pubescent 
aeon  glabrate,  or  roughish  above,  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  2-6  inches 
long,  acute  or  slightly  cordate  at  base,  coarsely  serrate,  on  slender  petioles, 
1-3  inches  long  or  more :  flowers  in  short  open  panicles  scarcely  exceeding 
the  petioles:  sepals  obovate  or  rounded,  obtuse,  minutely  hispid,  nearly  a 
line  long  and  nearly  twice  longer  than  the  broadly  ovate  achene.  Along 
streams,  Southern  Oregon  to  California  and  Colorado. 


DRTiCA  URTICAOEiE  603 

PAKIETARIA 

U.  Lyallii  Watson  1.  c.  More  or  less  pubescent,  becoming  nearly 
glabrous  with  scattered  bristles:  Ftems  slender,  4-6  feet  high :  stipules 
large,  membranaceous,  broadly  oblong,  obtuse:  leaves  ovate,  somewhat 
cordate  at  base,  acute,  3-9  inches  long  or  more,  coarsely  serrate,  on  8len<ler 
petioles  1-4  inches  long;  flowers  in  loose  slender  spreading  panicles,  equall- 
ing or  shorter  than  the  petioles  :  sepals  broadly  ovate  or  rounded,  obtuse, 
shorter  than  the  broadly  ovate  achene,  which  is  %  of  a  line  long.  Along 
streams,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California, 

U.  gracilis  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  iii,  341.  Perennial  with  long  creeping 
yellow  rootstocks  armed  with  stinging  hairs :  stems  erect,  mostly  simple, 
2-7  feet  high :  leaves  lanceolate  to  ovate>  long-acuminate,  coarsely  and 
sharply  serrate,  sparingly  pubescent,  2-7  inches  long,  narrowed  to  rounded 
or  subcordate  at  base,  on  slender  petioles  shorter  than  the  blade :  stipules 
lanceolate :  flower-clusters  compound,  commonly  longer  than  the  petioles. 
In  rich  soil,  along  streams,  Alaska  to  California  and  across  the  continent. 

2    PARIETAKIA  L.  Sp.  1052. 

Low  annual  or  perennial  herbs,  the  hairs  not  stinging,  with 
alternate  leaves  without  stipules  and.  small  greenish  polygamous 
flowers  in  axillary  involucrate  clusters.  Calyx  in  the  perfect 
flowers  4-parted ;  in  the  pistillate  tubular- ventricose  and  4-cleft 
with  connivent  lobes.  Style  slender  or  none ;  stigma  spatulate 
recurved,  densely  tufted.    Achene  ovoid,  enclosed  in  the  dry  calyx' 

P.  debilis  Forster  Weddell  in  DC.  Prodr.  xvi,  235.  A  very  slender 
annual,  3-12  inches  high,  usually  diffusely  branched  from  the  base,  some- 
what hispid :  leaves  broadly  ovate,  obtuse,  rounded  at  base  or  abruptly  cun- 
eate,  2-6  lines  long  or  more,  on  petioles  about  as  long  as  the  blade:  clusters 
few -flowered :  bracts  linear  or  narrowly  oblong,  3^-1  line  long,  about  equal- 
ling the  flowers :  achenes)^  a  line  long.  Southern  Oregon  to  California  and 
eastward. 

P.  Pennsylvanica  Muhl.  Willd.  Sp.  iv,  955.  A  pubescent  annual : 
stem  weak,  simple  or  sparingly  branched,  ascending  or  reclining,  very 
slender,  4-15  inches  high :  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  mem- 
branaceous, dotted,  acuminate  at  the  base,  3-nerved  and  with  1-3  pairs  of 
weaker  veins  above,  slender-petioled,  1-3  inches  long:  flowers  glomerate  in 
all  except  the  lowest  axils,  the  clusters  shorter  than  the  petioles :  bracts  of 
the  involucre  linear,  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  flowers :  style  almost  none : 
achenes  about  %  line  long.  In  dry  rocky  places,  Brit.  Columbia  to 
eastern  Oregon  and  the  Eastern  States. 

Order    LXXXIII     EUPHORBIACE^  J.  St.  Hil. 
Expos.  Fam.  276.  (1805.) 

Herbs  shrubs  or  trees  with  acrid  often  milky  juice,  alternate 
opposite  or  verticil]  ate  leaves  with  or  without  stipues  and 
monoecious  or  dioecious  flowers  variously  disposed.  Flowers 
mostly  apetalous,  sometimes  the  calyx  also  wanting  or  repre- 
sented by  a  scale  at  the  base  of  the  stamens,  in  Euphorbia 
subtended  by  an  involucre  that  resembles  a  calyx.  Stamens 
one  to  many.  Ovary  usually  3-celled  with  one  or  two  pendulous 
ovules  in  each  cell.  Styles  as  many  as  cells  of  the  ovary,  sim- 
ple, divided  or  many- cleft.  Fruit  a  mostly  3-celled,  elastically 
dehiscent  capsule.  Seeds  anatropous,  with  a  straight  or  slightly 
curved  embryo  in  fleshy  or  oily  albumen. 


604  EUPHORBIACE^  eremocarpds 

EUPHORBIA 

1  Eremocarpns    Flowers  not  involucrate :  staminate  flowers  with  a  5-6- 

parted  calyx;  pistillate  without:  capsule  1-celled  and  1-seeded. 

2  Eaphorbia    Flowers  all  without  or  with  only  a  rudimentary  calyx, 

BUDtended  by  a  calyx-like  involucre :  capsule  3-celled. 

1    EREMOCARPUS  Benth.  Bot.  Sulph.  53,  t.  20. 

Low  heavy-scented  annuals  with  alternate  entire  petioled  leaves 
without  stipules  and  small  flowers  in  axillary  clusters  without  an 
involucre.  Calyx  of  the  staminate  flowers  5-  or  6-parted,  slightly 
imbricated.  Stamens  6  or  7,  central  on  the  hairy  receptacle ; 
filaments  exserted:  anthers  inflexed  in  the  bud  Pistillate  flowers 
without  calyx.  Ovary  with  4  or  5  glands  at  the  base,  1-celled, 
1-ovuled.  Style  simple,  filiform,  stigmatic  at  the  apex.  Capsule 
2-valved.  Seeds  smooth  and  shining.  Cotyledons  broad,  cor- 
date, as  long  as  the  radicle. 

E.  setlg^erns  Benth.  1.  c.  Hoarythroughout  with  a  very  dense  stellate 
pubescence  and  hispid  with  stiff  ppreading  hairs :  stem  stout,  dichotomous- 
ly  branched  from  the  base,  the  branches  mostly  procumbent  or  ascending, 
4-12  inches  long:  leaves  thick  ovate,  obtuse,  cuneate  or  rounded  at  base, 
^-2  inches  long,  on  long  petioles,  the  upper  crowded  and  apparently  op- 
posite or  ternate:  staminate  flowers  pedicelled:  calyx  with  oblong  obtuse 
segments  a  line  long:  pistillate  flowers  in  the  lower  axils,  1-3  together: 
ovary  and  style  densely  pubescent:  capsule  obovate-oblong.  2  lines  Img, 
smooth  and  shining,  filled  by  the  seed.  In  dry  valleys,  eastern  Washing- 
ton to  California. 

2    EUPHORBIA  L.  Sp.  450. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  with  alternate,  opposite  or  verticillate  leaves 
and  usually  small  monoecious  flowers  without  floral  envelopes  but 
subtended  by  a  top-shaped  or  campanulate  involucre.  Staminate 
flowers  numerous,  of  a  single  naked  stamen  jointed  upon  a  short 
pedicel  which  has  usually  a  minute  bract  at  base :  anther-cells 
globose,  distinct:  pistillate  flowers  solitary  in  the  center  of  the 
involucre,  pedicellate  and  soon  exserted,  Ovary  3-celled  and  3- 
ovuled:  styles  3,  usually  2-cleft.     Cotyledons  linear  or  ovate. 

E»  gerpyllifoUa  .Pers.  Syn.  ii,  14.  Glabrous  dark  green  or  reddish 
annual :  stem  branched  from  the  base,  the  slender  branches  prostrate  or 
ascending,  2-15  inches  long:  leaves  oblong  to  spatulate,  1-6  inches  long, 
obtuse  or  retuae,  nearly  entire  or  serrulate  to  below  the  middle,  short- 
petioled.  the  ba^e  oblique,  mostly  truncate  or  obtuse:  stipules  at  length  a 
fringe  of  weak  setae:  involucres  solitarv  in  the  axils,  sometimes  clustered 
toward  the  ends  of  the  branchlets,  leas  than  a  line  long,  bearing  4  disk-like 
glands  eacb  subtended  by  a  narrow  lobed  appendage:  capsule  a  line  broad, 
slightly  nodding:  seed-*  ovoid,  4-angled.  the  facn  transversely  wrinkled  and 
pilled.    In  dry  soil    WHshington  to  California  and  ^^  isconsin. 

Var.  coii«:aiigaiiiea  Boiss.  Branches  erect :  leaves  with  an  obtuse 
sharply  serrate  apex :  lobes  of  the  involucres  lacerate :  seeds  darker  and 
more  nearly  ovate,  less  sharp  on  the  angles.     Range  of  the  type. 

E.  Gree-iei  Millsp  Pitt,  ii,  88.  Glabrous  annual,  radiately  branched 
from  the  base,  the  branches  prostrate  an  1  divaricately  much  branched.  5- 
6  inches  long :  stipnles  triangular  at  base,  lacerate,  leaves  ovate,  entire, 
oblique,  mucronulate:  involucres  solitary  in  the  axils,  on  peduncles  twice 


EUPHORBIA  ^UPHORBIACEiE  605 

the  length  of  the  petioles,  campanulate,  glabrous  without,  hairy  within*, 
glands  rose-red,  orbicular,  folded  upward  upon  themselves,  appendages 
white:  capsule  smooth,  the  carpels  bluntly  carinate  :  seeds  ovate,  sharply 
quadrangular,  the  faces  irregularly  transversely  ridged.  Beaver  Canyon, 
Idaho. 

E.  glyptosperma  Engelm.  Bot,  Mex.  Bound.  Serv.  187.  Pale  green 
and  glabrous  annual:  stem  branching  from  near  the  base,  the  branches 
ascending,  spreading  or  prostrate,  2-15  inches  long :  leaves  oblong  to  linear- 
oblong  or  ovate,  1-9  lines  long,  more  or  less  falcate,  obtuse  at  the  apex, 
serrulate,  very  oblique  and  obtuse  or  subcordate  at  base,  short- petioled  : 
stipules  becoming  a  fringe  of  setae :  involucres  solitary  in  the  axils,  campan- 
ulate, half  a  line  long,  with  4  dark  ribs  and  4  saucer-shape  glands,  their 
appendages  narrow,  crenulateor  slightly  lobed:  capsule  depressed-globose, 
less  than  a  line  in  diameter,  nodding:  seeds  oblong,  half  a  line  long,  ash- 
color,  strongly  transversely  wrinkled,  not  pitted.  In  sandy  places,  Brit. 
Columbia  to  California,  Ontario  and  Connecticut. 

E.  maculata  L.  Sp.  545.  Puberulent  or  pilose  annual :  stem  branched 
from  the  base,  the  branches  slender,  radiately  spreading,  2-15  inches  long, 
prostrate,  often  dark  red:  leaves  usually  blotched,  oblong  or  ovate-oblong 
2-8  lines  long,  obtuse,  more  or  less  serrate,  short- petioled,  the  base  oblique, 
subcordate :  stipules  a  fringe  of  setae :  involucres  solitary  in  the  axils,  en- 
tire, half  a  line  long,  with  4  cup-shaped  glands,  the  appendages  narrow, 
white  or  red,  crenulate:  capsule  ovoid,  glabrous,  about  a  line  in  diameter, 
pubescent:  seeds  ovoid-oblong,  obtusely  angled,  ash-color,  minutely  pitted 
and  transversely  wrinkled.  Throughout  North  America  except  the  ex . 
treme  north. 

E.  Lathyrus  L.  iSp.  457.  Annual  or  biennial,  glabrous  and  glaucous. 
Stem  stout  1-3  feet  high,  mostly  simple  below,  umbellately  branched  above : 
leaves  numerous,  the  lower  S(^attered,  those  subtending  the  branches  verti- 
cillate,  the  lower  linear,  reflexed,  the  upper  lanceolate,  1-5  inches  long, 
entire,  sessile,  subcordate:  involucres  2-3  lines  long,  bearing  4  cresent- 
shaped  unappendaged  glands  prolonged  into  short  horns:  capsule  subglo- 
bose,  5-6  liues  in  diameter,  its  lobes  rouaded  :  seeds  o  blong-ovoid,  2-3  lines 
long,  terete,  usually  wrinkled.    In  waste  places.  Native  of  Europe. 

E.  dictyosperma  F.  &  M.  Ind.  Sem.  Hort.  Petrop.  ii,  37.  Glabrous 
annufil:  stem  erect,  rather  slender,  4-15  inches  high,  simple,  or  branched 
from  the  base .  leaves,  except  those  subtending  the  inflorescence  scattered, 
spatulate  or  oblong,  6-18  lines  long,  obtuse,  serrate  to  below  the  middle, 
sessile,  without  stipules,  the  upper  slightly  auricled  at  base :  bracts  oblong 
or  ovate,  small,  serrate,  cordate:  inflorescence dichotomously  paniculate: 
involucres  solitary  in  the  axils,  less  than  a  line  long,  with  4  oblong  naked 
nearly  sessile  glands :  capsule  depressed-globose,  less  than  2  lines  in  diame- 
ter, with  elongated  warts:  seeds  ovoid,  lenticular,  reddish-brown,  finely 
but  distinctly  reticulated.  Southern  Oregon  to  California  and  the 
Atlantic  States. 

E.  crenulata  Engelm.  1.  c.  Biennial  or  sometimes  perennial:  glab- 
rous :  stems  erect  or  decumbent  at  the  branching  base,  6-12  inches  high : 
leaves  onovate-spatulate,  obtuse,  often  mucronate,  6-15  lines  long,  without 
stipules,  the  upper  ones  sometimes  erose-denticulate,  those  on  the  branch- 
es and  floral  ones  opposite  or  usually  ternate,  deltoid  or  broadly  rhombic- 
ovate,  sometimes  connate,  acute  3-S  lines  broad :  floral  branches  2-3  times 
dichotomous,  the  upper  nodes  much  the  shorter:  involucres  solitary  in  the 
axils,  turbinate,  the  oblong  lobes  nearly  entire:  glands  large  crescent- 
shaped,  the  slender  horns  sometimes  cleft:  capsule  2  lines  in  diameter: 
seeds  usually  ash  color,  oblong-ovate,  conspicuously  dark-pitted.  In  open 
woods,  western  Oregon  to  California. 


606  AHISTOLOCHIACE^  empktrdm 

ASARUM 

Order  LXXXIV  EMPETRACE.E  Dumort.  Fl.  Belg.  106. 

Low  evergreen  shrubs  with  watery  juice,  small  narrow  leaves 
without  stipules  and  small  dioecious  or  polygamous  flowers  in 
terminal  beads  or  axillary.  Calvx  of  3  sepals  sometimes  a  few 
petals  also  present.  Staminate  flowers  with  2-4  stamens:  fila- 
ments filiform :  anther  2-celled,  the  cells  longitudinally  dehis- 
cent: sometimes  a  rudimentary  pistil  present.  Pistillate  flowers 
with  a  2-several-celled  sessile  ovary :  the  single  style  cleft  into 
as  many  segments  as  cells  of  the  ovary.  Ovules  one  in  each 
cell,  amphitropous.  Fruit  a  berry-like  drupe  containing  2-sev- 
eral  1  seeded  nutlets.  Embryo  straight,  terete,  in  copious 
albumen. 

1    EMPETRUM  L.  Sp.  1022. 

Depressed  or  spreading,  freely  branching  shrubs  with  narrow 
sessile  leaves  and  small  flowers  solitary  in  the  upper  axils.  Sep- 
als mostly  3,  often  with  as  many  petals.  Staminate  flowers  with 
3  stamens,  the  anthers  introrse.  Pistillate  flowers  with  a  globose 
6-9-celled  ovary  and  short  thick  style  with  6-9-toothed  segments. 
Drupe  black  or  red,  containing  6-9  nutlets. 

E.  ni^ram  L  .Sp.  1022.  Glabrous  or  the  young  shoots  pubescent :  stems 
6-18  inches  long,  usually  much  branched,  the  branches  diffusely  spreading: 
leaves  crowded  dark  green,  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  2-4  lines  long,  the  stron- 
gly revolute  margins  roughish:  flowers  very  small,  purplish:  stamens  ex- 
serted:  drupe  2-3  lines  in  diameter,  usually  not  maturing;  until  the  follow- 
ing season.  On  rocky  banks  near  the  coast,  California  to  the  Arctic  regions, 
and  on  the  northern  Atlantic  coast  Europe  and  Asia. 

Order  LXXXV    ARISTOLOCHIACEiE   Blume 
Enum.  PI.  Jav.  181,     (1830.) 

Herbs  or  shrubs  with  watery  juice,  alternate  or  all  radical 
leaves  without  stipules  and  mostly  large  flowers  solitary  or  clus- 
tered in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  or  terminal.  Calyx-tube  adnate 
to  the  ovary,  its  limb  3-lobed,  6-lobed  or  irregular.  Stamens  6- 
many,  inserted  on  the  pistil :  anthers  2-celled.  extrorse  longitu- 
dnally  dehiscent.  Ovary  wholly  or  partly  inferior,  mostly  6  cel- 
led. Ovules  numerous  in  each  cell,  anatropous,  horizontal  or 
pendulous.  Fruit  a  many-seeded  mostly  6-celled  capsule.  Seeds 
ovoid  or  oblong,  angled  or  compressed,  the  testa  crustaceous, 
smooth  or  wrinkled,  usually  with  a  fleshy  or  dilated  raphe.  Em- 
bryo minute,  in  copious  fleshy  albumen. 

1    ASARUM  L.  Sp.  442. 

Acaulescent  perennials  with  cordate  long-petioled  leaves  and 
dull-colored  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves.  Calyx 
campanulate  or  hemispheric,  adnate  to  the  ovary,  at  least  below, 
regularly  3-lobed,  the  lobes  valvate.  Stamens  12,  inserted  on  the 
ovary.  Ovary  partly  or  wholly  inferior,  6-celled,  the  parietal 
placentae  intruded.     Capsule  coriaceous,  crowned  by  the  marces- 


A8ABUM  SANTALACE^  607 

COMANDRA 

cent  calyx  and  stamens,  at  length  bursting  irregularly,  or  longi- 
tudinally dehiscent.     Seeds  compressed. 

A.  caudatnm  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  xvii,  under  t.  1399.  Eootstocks  creep- 
ing, 6-12  inches  long :  leaves  rounded-cordate  with  large  rounded  auricles, 
dark  green,  not  marked  with  white,  2-4  inches  broad,  rather  sparsely  pu- 
bescent with  short  stiff  hairs,  obscurely  crenulate  and  finely  ciliate,  on 
sparsely  hairy  petioles  3-10  inches  long,  remaining  green  until  the  next 
pair  are  mature;  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  and  thus  becom- 
ing terminal,  on  slender  peduncles  1-2  inches  long,  dark  brown,  the  ovate 
lobes  attenuate  into  slender  appendages  1-3  inches  long,  more  or  less  pu- 
bescent :  filaments  stout,  the  free  apex  of  the  connective  much  shorter  than 
the  anthers:  styles  united,  equalling  the  stamens:  seeds  ovate,  1}4  lines 
long.    In  forests,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California. 

A.  Hartwegi  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad  x,  346.  ?  Eather  stout,  tufted, 
more  or  less  florcose-pubescent :  leaves  usually  large,  2-6  inches  long, 
rather  thick  and  marked  with  white  above,  nearly  smooth,  deeply  cordate 
with  large  rounded  auricles,  somewhat  acuminate,  finely  ciliate,  on  woolly 
petioles  4-8  inches  long:  peduncles  6-18  lines  long:  ovary  about  fi  lines 
broad,  white  woolly:  lobes  of  the  calyx  ovate,  narrowed  to  linear  append- 
ages 1-2  inches  long:  filaments  rather  stout,  nearly  free  from  the  styles: 
anthers  about  a  line  long,  the  produced  connective  setose,  about  a  line  long : 
styles  short,  nearly  distinct,  scarcely  equalling  the  anthers:  seeds  ovate, 
2  lines  long.    In  forests,  southwestern  Oregon  to  California. 

Order  LXXXVI  SANTALACE^  R.  Br. 
PI.  Nov.  Hoi.  i,  350.  (1810) 

Herbs  shrubs  or  trees  with  alternate  or  opposite  leaves  with- 
out stipules  and  mostly  small  solitary  or  clustered  axillary  or 
terminal  flowers.  Calyx  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  ovary  or  to 
the  disk,  3-5-lobed,  the  lobes  valvate.  Stamens  as  many  as 
lobes  of  the  calyx  and  inserted  near  their  bases,  or  opposite 
them  upon  the  lobes  of  an  annular  disk.  Ovary  1-celled: 
ovules  2-4.  pendulous  from  the  summit  of  the  central  placenta. 
Style  cylindric  or  conic,  sometimes  wanting:  stigma  capitate. 
Fruit  a  drupe  or  nut.  Seed  solitary,  ovoid  or  globose,  without 
testa.     Embryo  small,  apical,  with  copious  albumen. 

1    COMANDRA  Nutt.  Gen  i,  157.     (1818.) 

Glabrous  perennial  herbs,  mostl}^  parasitic  on  the  roots  of  other 
plants  with  alternate  leaves  and  small  perfect  flowers  in  terminal 
and  axillary  bractless  cymes.  Calyx  campanulate,  the  base  of 
its  tube  adnate  to  the  ovary,  its  limb  5-lobed,  Stamens  inserted 
at  the  base  of  the  calvx-lobes  and  between  the  lobes  of  the  disk, 
attached  to  the  middle  of  the  lobes  by  tufts  of  hairs.  Anthers 
ovate,  2-celled.  Fruit  drupaceous,  crowned  by  the  persistent  calyx. 

C.  nmbeliata  Nutt.  1.  c.  Stems  slender,  very  leafy,  branched.  6-18 
inches  high  :  leaves  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  pale  green,  acute  or  acut- 
ish  at  both  ends,  sessile.,  ascending,  6-15  lines  long,  the  lower  smaller: 
cymes  several- flowered  corymbose  at  the  summit  of  the  stems  and  often 
axillary  also:  peduncles  slender,  H-12  lines  long:  pedicels  very  short:  calyx 
greenish-white  or  purplish,  about  2  lines  high:  style  slender :  drupe  globose, 
about  3  lines  in  diameter,  crowned  with  the  upper  part  of  the  calyx-tube 


608  LORANTHACE^  comandra 

PHORADENDRON 

and  its  5  oblong  lobea.    In  dry  open  places,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California 
and  the  Eastern  States. 

C.  pallida  A.  DC,  Prodr.  xiv,  636.  Stems  slender,  simple  or  branch- 
ed, 4-12  inches  high,  very  leafy  :  leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  or  the 
lower  ones  oblong-elliptic,  acute,  sessile:  cymes  few-several-flowered, 
corymbose-clustered  at  the  summit:  peduncles  usually  short:  pedicels  about 
a  line  long:  calyx  greenish  or  purplish,  about  2  lines  high:  drupe  ovoid- 
obl(mg,  about  2  lines  in  diameter  crowned  by  the  very  short  upper  portion 
of  the  calyx-tube  and  its. 5  oblong  acute  lobes.  On  dry  hillsides,  in  the 
interior,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California  and  Minnesota. 

Order  LXXXVII  LORANTHACEiE  D.  Don 
Prodr.  Fl.  Nepal.  142.    (1825) 

Parasitic,  green  or  reddish  plants  growing  upon  wood 
plants  and  absorbing  food  from  their  sap  through  specializey 
roots  called  haustoria,  with  mostly  opposite  leaves  and  regular 
monoecious  or  dioecious  flowers  in  axillary  or  terminal  clusterd 
or  solitary.  Calyx-tube  adnate  to  the  ovary,  its  limb  entirer 
toothed  or  lobed.  Stamens  2-6:  anthers  2-celled,  or  confluents 
]y  1-celled.  Ovary  solitary,  erect:  style  simple  or  none :  stigma- 
terminal,  entire.  Fruit  a  berry  with  glutinous  pulp.  Beed 
solitary,  its  testa  indistinguishable  from  the  copious  fleshy 
albumen.     Embryo  terete  or  angled. 

!•     Phoradendron     Leaves  thick    and  flat:   anthers    2-(ielled:    berry 

sessile. 
2    Bazoumofskya    Leaves  scale  like,  united  at  base:    anthers    1-celled: 

berry  peduncled. 

1    PHORADENDRON  Nutt.  Journ.  Acad.  Philad.  ser.  2,  i,  185. 

Parasitic  shrubs  with  mostly  jointed  branches,  opposite  flat 
leaves  and  small  dioecious  flowers  in  axillary  spikes.  Staminate 
flowers  with  a  2-4-  usually  3-lobed  globose  or  ovoid  calyx,  bearing 
a  transversely  2-celled  anther  at  the  base  of  each  lobe.  Pistillate 
flowers  with  a  similar  calyx  adnate  to  the  inferior  ovary.  Style 
short,  with  obtuse  or  capitate  stigma.  Fruit  a  sessile  ovoid  or 
globose  berry. 

P.  Tillosnm  Nutt.  PI.  Gambel.  185.  Stems  stout,  diffusely  much 
branched,  1-2  feet  long:  leaves  orbicular  to  spatulate,  6-20  lines  long,  per- 
manently villous,  rounded  at  the  apex,  narrowed  below  to  a  short  petiole, 
very  thick  and  obscurely  veiny :  spikes  slender,  rather  short :  berries  white, 
1-2  lines  in  diameter.  On  oak  trees,  from  the  Willamette  valley  Oregon  to 
California. 

P.  juniperlnum  Engelm.  PI.  Fendl.  85.  Glabrous,  stout,  densely 
branched:  6-9  inches  high:  branches  terete,  the  ultimate  branchlets 
quadrangular:  leaves  mostly  reduced  to  broadly  triangular,  obtusish  con- 
nate or  distinct  ciliate  scales :  staminate  spikes  solitary,  6-8-flowered : 
anthers  transverse,  opening  by  pores:  pistillate  spikes  2-flowered:  berries 
globose,  whitish  or  light  red,  1}4  lines  in  diameter.  On  Junipers,  south- 
eastern Oregon  to  California. 

P.  Libocedrl.  P.  juniperinum  var.  Libocedri  Engelm.  f  Glabrous : 
stems  fleshy,  6-12  inches  long,  densely  branched :  most  of  the  leaves  re 
duced  to  broadly  triangular  connate  naked  scales :  staminate  spikes  solitary 


BAzouMOFSKYA  LORANTHACEiE  609 

6-18-flowered :  anthers  transverse,  opening'  by  pores:  pistillate  spikes  2- 
flowereri:  berries  reddish.  On  Libocedrus  decurrens,  southern  Oregon  to 
California. 

2    RAZOUMOFPKYA  Hoff.  Hort.  Mosq.  1808. 
ARCEUTHOBIUM  Bieb..l819. 

Small  fleshy  plants  parasitic  on  the  branches  of  coniferous  trees, 
with  4-angled  jointed  branches,  opposite  connate  scnles  in  the 
place  of  leaves  and  small  naked  dioecious  flowers  solitary  or  sev- 
eral together  in  the  axils  of  the  scales.  Staminate  flowers  with  a 
2-5-parted  calyx  and  usually  an  equal  number  of  stamens,  the 
anthers  sessile  on  the  segments.  Pistillate  flowers  with  the  calyx- 
limb  2-parted.  Fruit  a  fleshy  more  or  less  flattened  berry  borne 
on  a  short  somewhat  recurved  peduncle.  Embryo  enclosed  in 
copious  albumen. 

R,  Americana  Kuntze  Rev.  Gen.  ii,  587.  Arceuthohium  Amsricanum 
Nutt.  Greenish-yellow,  glabrous :  stems  slender,  dichotomously  or  verticil- 
lately  much  branched:  staminate  plants  2-4  inches  long  with  the  flowers 
on  terminal  peduncle-like  joints,  paniculate,  a  line  broad  or  more,  with 
ovate-orbicular  acutish  lobes:  pistillate  plant  much  smaller,  with  the 
flowers  a  line  long  or  less :  berries  2  lines  long.  On  Pinus  contorta,  Brit. 
Columbia  to  California  and  Colorado. 

R.  Donglasii  Kuntze  1.  c.  Arceuthohium  Pouglasii  Engelm.  Greenish 
yellow:  stems  slender,  3-12  lines  high,  much  branched  but  not  verticil  late- 
ly :  spikes  short,  mostly  5-flowered  :  staminate  flowers  less  than  a  line  wide, 
with  round-ovate  acutish  lobes,  axillary,  forming  simple  or  compound 
spikes :  accessory  branchlets  of  fruiting  plant  flower-bearing :  berries  2}4 
lines  long.     On  Pseudotsuga  Douglasii,  Idaljo  to  California  and  New  Mex. 

Var,  abietinnm  Greene  Fl.  Fr.  341.  Fertile  plants  larger  1-3  inch- 
es high,  the  sterile  smaller  with  spreading  or  recurved  branchlets:  fruit 
smaller.    On  Abies  concolor.    Oregon  and  California. 

R.  occidentalis  Kuntze  1.  c.  Arceuthohium  occidentale  Engelm. 
Greenish  brown,  glabrous :  stems  stout,  2-5  inches  high  paniculately  much 
branched:  staminate  plants  brownish-yellow,  smaller,  its  flowers  in  long 
dense  spikes,  often  9-17  on  a  single  axis,  buds  ventricose  with  the  upper 
edge  curved  outward ;  calyx  3-5-,  usually  4-parted.  1)^-2  lines  wide :  anthers 
sessile  below  the  middle  of  the  lanceolate  acuminate  lobes :  pistillate  plant 
commoly  of  a  dark  olive-brown  color,  accessory  branchlets  mostly  leaf-bear- 
ing :  fruit  2}4  lines  long.  On  various  conifers,  Oregon  to  California  and 
Idaho. 

Var.  abietinnm.  Arceuthohium  ahietinum  Engelm.  More  spread- 
ing and  less  densely  branched:  the  accessory  branchlets  in  the  fertile 
plant  bearing  fertile  flowers  as  often  as  they  do  leaf-buds.  On  Abies  gran- 
dis,  Columbia  river  valley. 

R.  robusta  Kuntze  1.  c  Arceuthohium  rohustum  Engelm.  Reddish- 
brown  and  glabrous :  stems  2-4  inches  long,  much  branched  :  staminate 
flowers  in  short  spikes,  flat,  appressed  to  the  rachis,  3-parted,  with  broad 
lobes,  bearing  the  stamens  above  the  middle  fertile  flowers  mostly  solitary: 
fruit  2-3  lines  long.    On  Pinus  ponderosa,   Brit.  Columbia  to  Oregon. 

Order  LXXXVIII    FAGACE^  Drude  Phan.  40  9 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  alternate  leaves,  deciduous  stipules 
and  small  monoecious  flowers,  the  staminate  in  aments,  the  pis- 


610  FAGACE^  quercds 

tillate  solitary  or  in  small  spikes,  each  surrounded  by  an  involu- 
cre of  partly  or  wholly  united  bracts  which  becomes  a  burr  or 
cup.  Staminate  flowers  with  a  4-7-lobed  calyx  and  4-20  sta- 
mens: filaments  slender,  distinct:  anther-cells  adnate,  longitud- 
inally dehiscent.  Pistillate  flowers  with  a  4-8-lobed  urn-shaped 
or  oblong  calyx  adnate  to  the  3-7-celled  ovary :  ovules  1  or  2  in 
each  cell,  but  only  1  in  each  ovary  maturing,  pendulous,  ana- 
tropous.  Styles  as  many  as  cells  of  the  ovary,  terminally  or 
longitudinally  stigmatic.  Fruit  a  1-seeded  nut.  Seed  with- 
out albumen.  Embryo  straight,  with  small  apical  radical  and 
large  fleshy  albumen. 

1  Qaercns  Involucres  1-flowered,  becoming  a  cup. 

2  Castanopsis  Involucre  1-5-flowered,  becoming  a  prickly  burr. 

QUERCUS  L.  Sp.  994. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  alternate  deciduous  or  evergreen  leaves 
and  small  flowers.  Staminate  flowers  numerous,  in  slender  most- 
ly drooping  aments  subtended  by  caducous  bracts.  Calyx  mostly 
6-lobed,  campanulate.  Stamens  6-12,  with  filiform  filaments. 
Pistillate  flowers  with  a  mostly  urn-shaped  or  oblong  calyx,  adnate 
to  a  3-celled  ovary:  ovules  2  in  each  cell  of  the  ovary,  rarely  more 
than  one  in  each  ovary  maturing.  Styles  as  many  as  cells  of  the 
ovary,  short,  erect  or  recurved.  Fruit  a  solitary  oblong,  ovoid  or 
subglobose  coriaceous  1-seeded  nut,  called  an  acorn,  subtended  by 
or  almost  included  in  the  more  or  less  united  bracts  of  the 
involucre. 

§  1  Staminate  aments  naked,  from  the  previous  season's  bud 
or  from  the  lower  part  of  the  present  season's  shoots  :  pendulous  : 
filaments  not  longer  than  the  anthers.  Pistillate  flowers  above 
the  staminate  aments,  from  the  axils  of  young  leaves :  stigmas 
dilated. 

*    Abortive  ovules  at  the  base  or  at  the  side  of  the  seed :  stamens 
5-10,  usually  6-8  stigmas  sessile  or  subsessile. 

■*-    Acorns  maturing  the  first  season,  glabrous  within. 

*♦    Leaves  deciduous. 

Q.  Garryana  Dougl.  Hook.  Fl.  ii,  159.  A  small  shrub  to  a  large  tree, 
2-150  feet  high,  the  trunk  often  3  feet  in  diameter,  with  light-colored  bark : 
branchlets  rather  rigid,  tomentose:  leaves  4-6  inches  long  by  2-5  inches 
wide,  coarsely  lobed,  the  lobes  broad  or  sometimes  acutish,  entire  or  again 
notched  or  lobed,  dull  green  on  the  upper  s  de,  pale  yellowish  or  whitish 
and  strongly  reticulated  as  well  as  somewhat  pubescent  beneath,  on  peti- 
oles 6-12  lines  long:  calyx  lobes  7  or  8,  linear-lanceolate,  ciliate:  anthers 
6-8:  acorns  sesPile  or  nearly  so;  cup  shallow,  its  scales  lanceolate,  some- 
what pubescent,  flat  or  tuberculate-thickened  at  base :  nut  oval  to  obovate- 
oblong,  obtuse,  about  an  inch  long.  Common  from  Brit.  Columbia  to 
California. 

Q.  Jacob!  R.  Br.  Campst.  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  4th  ser.  vii  255. 
A  middle-sized  or  large  tree,  branching  from  near  the  base  and  forming  a 
compact  head :  trunk  1-3  feet  in  diameter,  with  rather  thick  fissured  gray 


QUBRCU8  FAGACE^  611 

bark:  branchlets  short,  stout,  very  leafy,  tomentose-pubeacent :  leaves 
broadly  obovate:  veinlets  only  gradually  divergent  from  the  midrib  and 
directing  the  lobes  somewhat  digitately  toward  the  apex  of  the  leaf  which 
is  broadest  far  above  the  middle-  acorns  ovate,  less  than  an  inch  long,  well 
inserted  into  a  hemispherical  scaly  cup.  On  Islands  in  Puget  Sound  and 
northward. 

Q.  (Erstediana  R.'Br.  Campst.  I.  c.  A  shrub  2-6  feet  high,  with  pu- 
bescent branchlets:  leaves  3-5  inches  long,  usually  deeply  pinnatifid, 
sometimes  merely  sinuate;  lobes  obtuse  or  acutish,  entire  or  toothed  :  sta- 
minate  aments  rather  few-flowered,  erect:  acorns  rarely  subsessile,  usually 
several,  crowded  near  the  summit  of  a  peduncle  an  inch  long  or  more ;  cup 
shallow.^  strongly  tuberculate :  nut  oval,  obtuse,  an  inch  long.  On  dry 
mountain  sides  at  middle  or  high  elevations,  i?outhern  Oregon  to 
California. 

*+  -^^     Leaves  persistent  through  winter  and  mostly  until  the  appear- 
ance of  new  leaves  for  the  next  season. 

(^.  Sadleriana  R.  Br.  Campst.  1.  c.  A  shrub4-6feethigh  with  rather 
dark-colored  bark  and  glabrous  branchlets :  buds  oblong  densely  silky : 
stipules  filiform,  densely  silky :  leaves  oblong  to  obovate,  not|Iobed,'  serrate, 
1-3  inches  long,  on  petioles  2-6  lines  long,  dark  green  above,  at  length  be- 
coming whitish  and  strongly  reticulated  beneath  :  aments  densely  flowered 
erect  or  spreading  1-4  inches  long :  bracts  silky,  sepals  ovate :  stamens  about 
8 :  acorns  sessile  or  nearly  so;  cup  shallow,  tuberculate,  5-6  lines  broad: 
nut  oblong,  obtuse,  about  8  lines  long.  In  moist  places  on  top  of  the  coast 
mountains  along  the  old  Wimer  road,  also  on  top  of  the  Siskiyou  Mountains 
near  the  Happy  Camp  trail. 

■*-  +-     Acorns  maturing  the  second  season,  the  nuts  often  pubescent 

within. 

Q.  chrysolepis  Leibm.  in  Benth.  Pl.'Hartw.  336.  As  represented  in 
our  region  a  small  tree  or  low  shrub  2-30  feet  high,  farther  south  a  large 
tree,  with  ashy-gray  flaky  bark  and  glabrous  branchlets:  leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate  entire  or  sharply  dentate,  acute,  cuspidate  obtuse  or  subcordate 
at  base,  1-3  inches  long,  at  first  fulvous-tomentose  beneath,  after  a  year 
glabrate  and  bluish  or  whitish,  on  petioles  about  3  lines  long :  aments  some- 
times branched,  tomentose,  soon  glabrate:  calyx  lobes  5-7,  broadly  ovate, 
acute  glabrous, ciliate:  anthers  about  10,  conspicuously  cuspidate:  pistillate 
flowers  sessile,  or  rarely  in  spikes :  cups  covered  .with  small  triangular  ap- 
pressed  scales,  more  or  less  hidden  in  the  dense  yellow  or  fulvous  tomen  - 
tum,  very  variable  in  shape  and  size,  4-12  lines  wide,  hemispheriral  and 
rather  thiin  to  flat  saucer-shaped  and  very  thick  with  a  broad  thick  rim : 
nut  oval,  obtuse  6-18  lines  long,  and  half  as  thick.  Along  streams,  South- 
ern Oregon  to  California. 

Q.  yaccinifolia  Kellogg  Proc.  Am.  Acad  i,  96.  A  low  shrub  1-4  feet 
high,  densely  branched  and  very  leafy :  leaves  ovate  to  oblong  or  lanceolate, 
entire  or  with  a  few  sharp  teeth  on  one  or  both  margins  acute  and  very 
shortly  or  not  at  all  cuspidate,  6-18  lines  long,  on  petioles  4-6  lines  long 
yellowish  green  and  glabrous  on  the  upper  side,  white  or  whitish  with  a 
dense  scurf  beneath,  obtuse  or  subcordate  at  base:  stipules  4-6  lines  long 
linear-lanceolate  somewhat  silky :  aments  glabrous  :ca'yx-lobes  5-7,  broadly 
ovate :  anthers  about  8,  not  cuspidate  :  pistillate  floweis  sessile  or  in  spikes : 
cups  covered  with  small  appresseti  scales  not  tomentose :  nuts  8-12  lines 
long.  ^Common  on  dry  rocky  hillsides  Southeastern  Oregon  and  adjacent 
California. 

*  *    Anthers  usually  4  or  5 :  stigmas  on  long  spreading  or  recurved 

styles :  abortive  ovules  borne  at  the  top  of  the  seed. 

Q.    Kelloggii  Newberry  Pac.  R.  Rep.  vi,  28.  fig.  6.    A  middle-sized 


612  FAGACE^  qcercub 

CASTANOPSIS 

tree  60-90  feet  higli  and  1-6  feet  in  diameter,  with  rough  black  bark,  the 
slender  twigs  soon  glabrate:  leaves  deciduous,  broadly  oval  in  outline, 
deeply  sinuate-lobed,  the  lobes  entire  or  coarsely  lobed  and  slender-pointed, 
obtuse  to  subcordate  at  base,  on  petioles  about  an  inch  long,  puberulent 
both  sides,  4-7  inches  long:  acorns  matu'ing  the  second  season,  mostly 
short-pedicelled,  solitary  or  2-4  together;  cups  an  inch  or  less  broad,  with 
ovate-lanceolate  obtusish  imbricated  scales,  hemispherical,  oiten  very 
deep;  nuts  oblong,  12-16  lines  long  by  10-12  in  diameter.  Common  on 
plains  and  hillsides  from  the  Willamette  Valley  Oregon  to  California. 

§  1  Aments  erect  persistent,  pistillate  at  base  and  staminate 
above  or  entirely  staminate.  Filaments  slender,  many  times 
longer  than  the  very  small  anthers.  Stigmas  linear.  Fruit  ma- 
turing the  same  season. 

Q.  densiflora  H.  &  A.  Bot.  Beech.  391.  A  middle-sized  tree  or  shrub 
10-100  feet  high  with  mostly  smooth  bark  and  tom^ntose  branch  lets : 
leaves  oblong,  acute,  obtuse  or  rarely  acute  at  base,  entire  with  revolute 
margins  or  sometimes  dentate,  tomentose,  especially  beneath,  at  length 
glabrate  and  whitish  beneath,  2-5  inches  long,  34-2  inches  wide,  on  peti- 
soles  3-6  lines  long :  aments  4-6  inches  long  densely  flowered,  tomentose : 
flowers  in  glomerules  of  3,  supported  by  3  bracts:  calyx  of  5  broad  woolly 
lobes :  anthers  10 :  acorns  solitary  or  in  short  .peduncled  clusters :  cups  very 
shallow,  8-15  lines  broad,  covered  with  linear  rigid  spreading  or  recurved 
scales,  silky-tomentose  inside:  nuts  oval  or  oblong,  acute  or  obtuse,  12-18 
lines  long,  with  very  thick  shell,  densely  tomentose  inside.  Along  streams 
southwestern  Oregon  to  southern  California. 

5    CASTANOPSIS  Spach. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  coriaceous  evergreen  leaves  and  small 
monoecious  flowers  in  axillary  aments,  the  fruit  maturing  the 
following  season.  Staminate  flowers  in  slender  panicled  aments 
upon  the  young  shoots,  with  regular  5-6-lobed  calyx  and  usually 
twice  as  many  stamens.  Pistillate  flowers  1-3,  in  a  scaly  involu- 
cre, sessile  at  the  base  of  the  aments:  lobes  of  the  calyx  6,  in  2 
rows.  Styles  usually  3.  Ovary  3-celled,  with  2  amphitropous 
ovules  at  the  lower  angle  of  each  cell.  Nuts  1-3,  enclosed  in  the 
subglobose  involucre  which  is  densely  covered  with  stout  branch- 
ed prickles,  at  length  bursting  irregularly.     Seed  solitary. 

C.  chrysophylla  A.  DC.  Seem.  Journ.  Bot.  i,  182.  A  shrub  or  mid- 
dle sized  tree,  6-80  feet  high :  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  1-4  inches  long, 
acuminate  or  only  acuti^h,  cuneate  at  base  and  shortly  petioled,  entire, 
glabrous,  or  sometimes  scurfy,  above,  densely  scurfy  beneath  with  more 
or  less  yellow  scales :  aments  1-3  inches  long,  densely  pubescent :  styles  3, 
stout,  glabrous,  divergent:  spines  of  the  involucre  6-12  lines  long,  subver- 
ticillately  many-branched :  nuts  usually  solitary  obtusely  triangular,  6 
lines  long.     On  dry  hillsides,  from  the  Columbia  river  to  California. 

Order  LXXXIX   CORYLACE^. 

Small  trees  or  shubs  with  alternate  leaves  and  small  flowers  in 
axillary  aments  or  clusters.  Staminate  flowers  in  aments,  with- 
out floral  envelopes  each  subtended  by  a  scale-like  bract:  sta- 
mens several,  with  often  divided  filaments  and  distinct  anther- 
cells.     Pistillate  flowers  in  short  spikes,  2  to  each  bract,  with 


coBYLUs  CORYLACfi^  613 

BKTDLA 

small  bractlets  which  become  much  enlarged  and  involucrate 
in  fruit.  Ovary  imperfectly  2- celled,  with  2  pendulous  anatro- 
pous  ovules.     Seed  solitary. 

1    CORYLUS  L.  Sp.  998.     (Hazel-nut.) 

Shrubs  or  small  trees  with  broad  thin  leaves  that  are  plicate  in 
the  bud  and  small  flowers  that  appear  before  the  leaves ;  the  sta- 
minate  in  drooping  cylindrical  aments,  from  lateral  buds,  without 
calyx  but  subtended  by  a  scaly  bract,  consisting  of  4  stamens 
with  forked  filaments,  each  fork  bearing  one  cell  of  an  anther,  the 
undivided  portion  adnate  to  the  bract.  Pistillate  flowers  several 
in  a  scaly  bud,  2  to  each  scale,  each  with  a  pair  of  bractlets  that 
enlarge  and  in  fruit  more  or  less  envelope  the  nut :  calyx  minute, 
adnate  to  the  ovary,  without  limb.  Style  short:  stigmas  elonga- 
ted.    Nut  oblong  or  ovoid,  large  and  bony. 

C.  rostrata  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  iii,  364.  A  shrub  3-8  feet  high,  with 
pubescent  branchlets  and  smooth  bark:  leaves  ovate ornarrowly  oval,  acu- 
minate, cordate  or  obtuse  at  base,  incised-serrate  and  serrulate,  glabrous 
or  with  some  scattered  appressed  hairs  above,  sparingly  pubescent,  at  least 
on  the  veins  beneath,  2>^-4riBcbfeS  long,  on  petioles  2-4  lines  long:  involu- 
cral  bracts  bristly  hairy,  united  to  the  summit  and  prolonged  into  a  tubular 
beak  about  twice  as  long  as  the  nut,  laciniate  at  the  summit:  nut  ovoid, 
scarcely  compressed,  striate,  5-7  lines  high.  In  thickets,  Oregon  to  Brit. 
Columbia,  the  Eastern  States  and  Nova  Scotia. 

C.  Californica  Rose.  A  shrub  or  small  tree  4-30  feet  high  with  pubes- 
cent branchlets :  leaves  orbicular  to  obovate,  1-4  inches  broad,  often  shortly 
acuminate,  obscurely  6-10-lobed,  sharply  serrate,  on  petioles  5-12  lines 
long,  mostly  subcordate  at  base,  sparsely  pubescent  above,  goftpubescen 
on  the  veins  beneath :  involucre  united  to  the  summit,  prolonged  into  a 
broad  tubular  beak  about  twice  as  long  as  the  nut  or  less,  setose-hispid 
below  with  short  brittle  hairs,  erose  to  lacerate  at  the  summit:  nut  ovoid 
5-8  lines  high.  Common  on  low  hillsides  and  in  forests,  Brit.  Columbia  to 
California. 

Order  XC     BETULACEiE    Agardh  Apho.  208  in  part. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  deciduous  alternate  leaves,  mostly  cadu- 
cous stipules  and  small  monoecious  flowers,  the  staminate  in  long 
aments,  the  pistillate  in  shorter  cone-like  aments  with  thickened 
and  rigid  scales.  Staminate  flowers  3-6  together  in  the  axil  of 
each  bract,  consisting  of  a  membranous  calyx  and  2-4  stamens 
inserted  on  the  receptacle,  with  distinct  filaments  and  2-celled 
anthers.  Pistillate  aments  spike-like  or  capitate,  its  flowers  with 
or  without  a  calyx  adnate  to  the  2-celled  ovary  which  is  crowned 
with  2  sessile  filiform  stigmas  and  becomes  a  winged  or  angled 
nutlet.  Seed  anatropous,  pendulous,  without  albumen.  Cotj^le- 
dons  flat,  foliaceous  in  germination. 

1  Betnla    Bracts  31obed,  becoming  coriaceous,  deciduous:   stamens  2, 

with  bifurcate  filaments  and  separate  anther-cells:   nutlets  broadly 
winged. 

2  Alnus    Bracts  entire,  becoming  woody,  persistent :  stamens  4 ;  anther- 

cells  contiguous. 


614  BETULACEiE  betula 

1    BETULA  L.  Sp.  982. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  smooth  or  laminated  outer  bark,  toothed 
simple  leaves  and  small  flowers  appearing  with  or  before  the  leaves. 
Staminate  aments  long  and  drooping,  solitary  or  in  pairs,  from 
lateral  or  terminal  leafless  buds  the  flowers  about  3  together  in  the 
axil  of  each  shield-shaped  bract,  consisting  of  a  membranaceous 
usually  4-toothed  calyx  and  2  stamens,  subtended  by  2  bractlets: 
filament  short,  deeply  2- cleft,  each  fork  bearing  an  anther-cell. 
Pistillate  aments  oblong  to  cj^lindrical,  solitary  or  racemose,  from 
lateral  3-5-leaved  buds,  the  flowers  1-3  in  the  axil  of  each  bract, 
without  calyx.  Bracts  usually  3-lobed  and  falling  with  the  seed. 
Ovary  sessile:  styles  2,  stigmatic  at  the  apex,  mostly  persistent. 
Nuts  small,  lenticular,  surrounded  by  a  wing. 

B.  occidentalis  Hook.  Fl.  ii,  155.  A  small  or  middlesized  tree  20-60 
feet  high  and  6-18  inches  in  diameter,  with  smooth  dark  brown  bark  and 
greenish-brown  warty  twigs :  leaves  broadly  ovate  to  nearly  orbicular,  acute 
to  rounded  at  the  apex,  sharply  serrate,  the  teeth  glandular  tipped,  round' 
ed  or  obtuse  at  base,  short-petioled  glabrous,  or  sparingly  pubescent  on 
one  or  both  sides,  1-2  inches  long:  staminate  aments  usually  3  together  at 
the  ends  of  slender  branchlets,  2-3  inches  long:  pistillate  aments  mani- 
festly peduncled,  cylindric,  spreading  or  pendent,  12-18  lines  long,  4-6  lines 
in  diameter  when  mature:  fruiting  bracts  ciliate,  2-3  lines  long,  their  lat- 
eral lobes  ascending,  usually  shorter  than  the  middle  one:  nutlets  much 
narrower  than  the  wings.  Along  streams  in  the  interior,  Brit.  Columbia 
to  California  and  Nebraska.  As  here  defined  perhaps  includes  more  than 
one  species. 

B.  Hallii.  B.  glandulosa  of  authors  as  to  the  Oregon  plant.  An  erect 
shrub  4-10  feet  high,  the  twigs  ashy-gray,  glandular  and  somewhat  pubes- 
cent, very  leafy:  leaves  obovate,  rounded  at  the  apex,  cuneately  narrowed 
at  base  into  short  petioles,  green  and  glabrous  both  sides,  finely  serrate, 
10-12  lines  long:  pistillate  aments  cylindric,  erect  or  barely  spreading, 
10-14  lines  long,  2-3  lines  thick,  dark  green,  on  slender  peduncles  4-6  lines 
long:  fruiting  bracts  a  line  long,  glabrous,  the  lateral  lobes  usually  broader 
than  the  middle  one  which  is  spreading  and  hyaline-margined:  nutlets  as 
broad  or  broader  than  long,  narrowly  winged.  Lake  Labish,  Marion  Co. 
Oregon:  specimens  collected  by  Mr.  Gorman  at  Ft.  Selkirk,  Yukon  Ter. 
appear  to  be  of  this  epecies. 

2    ALNUS  Gsertn.  Fr.  &  Sem.  ii.  54,  t.  90.     (1791.) 

Shrubs  or  trees  with  alternate  serrate  or  dentate  leaves  and 
small  flowers  in  aments.  opening:  with  or  before  the  leaves,  mak- 
ing their  first  appearance  during  the  previous  season.  Staminate 
aments  fascicled,  drooping.  Bracts  shield-shaped,  stipitate,  in- 
cluding the  5  bractlets  and  usually  3  flowers  with  regular  4-lobed 
calyx.  Stamens  4,  inserted  opposite  the  lobes  of  the  calyx,  with 
very  short  filaments  and  contiguous  anther-cells.  Pistillate  a- 
ments  panicled,  short  and  usually  erect,  their  bracts  fleshy  and 
imbricated,  including  4  bractlets  and  2  flowers,  connate  and 
slightly  4-lobed,  in  fruit  woody  and  persistent,  thickened  and 
truncate  at  the  apex,  at  length  divergent.  Nutlets  compressed, 
mostly  wingless  or  nearly  so. 

A.     Oregana  Nutt.  Sylva,  i,  28,    A.    rubra  Bong,    A  large  tree  50-100 


ALNU8  BETULACE^.  615 

MYRICA 

feet  high  and  1-4  feet  in  diameter,  with  dark  brown  bark  blotched  with' 
white:  leaves  oval  to  elliptic,  thickiah,  dark  green  above,  pale  or  whitish 
beneath  with  prominent  rusty-pubescent  veins,  coarsely  serrate  and  finely 
serrulate,  2-8  inches  hmg,  acute  or  shortly  acuminate,  rounded  or  narrowed 
below  to  petioles  6-18  lines  long  :  staminate  aments  reddish,  2-6  inches 
long;  the  pisiillate  ovoid  to  oblong,  6-12  lines  long,  the  bracts  much  thick- 
ened above:  nutlets  more  than  a  line  long,  nearly  orbicular  or  oblong, 
surrounded  by  a  narrow  somewhat  membranous  wing.  Common  in  moist 
places,  California  to  Alaska. 

A.  rhoinbifolia  Nutt.  Sylva,  i,  3*^.  A  tree  30-50  feet  high,  with  white 
bark  which  becomes  broken  rectangular  flakes :  leaves  rhombic-ovate  to 
elliptic  or  obovate,  mostly  cuneate  at  base  and  obtuse  at  the  apex,  2-3 
inches  long,  irregularly  glandular-dentate :  fruiting  aments  oblong.  6-8  lines 
long,  the  bracts  rather  thin  above:  nutlets  a  line  long,  very  broadly  obovate 
with  a  thickened  margin.     Eastern  Washington  to  California. 

A.  tennifolia  Nutt.  A.  incana  var.  virescens  Watson.  A  shrub  4-20 
feet  high  with  brown  bark :  leaves  more  or  less  broadly  ovate,  2-3  inches 
long,  acute,  rounded  or  slightly  cordate  at  base,  acutely  doubly  toothed, 
light  green  and  glabrous  on  both  sides,  or  sparingly  pubescent:  staminate 
aments  rather  slender,  1-2  inches  long:  fruiting  aments  ovate-oblong,  4-6 
lines  long:  nutlets  rounded-obovate,  slightly  margined,  1)^  lines  long.  In 
wet  places  in  the  mountains,  Alaska  to  California  and  the  Rocky  Mts. 

A,  serrnlata  Willd  Sp.  PI.  iv,  336.  A.  rugosa  K.  Koch.  A  shrub 
o-lO  feet  high,  or  sometimes  a  small  tree  40  feet  high,  with  smooth  bark, 
the  young  shoots  sometimes  pubescent :  leaves  green  both  sides  obovate  or 
oval,  mostly  obtuse  or  rounded  at  the  apex,  narrowed  or  rounded  at  base 
sharply  and  minutely  serrulate  when  mature,  glabrous  above,  usually 
pubescent  on  the  veins  beneath,  3-5 inches  long,  on  petioles  4-12  lines  long : 
aments  appearing  from  naked  buds  much  before  the  leaves,  the  staminate 
2-4  inches  long,  the  pistillate  ovoid  5-9  lines  long  when  mature  rnutlets 
ovate,  narrowly  coriaceous-margined.  In  wet  soil.  Idaho  to  the  Eastern 
States. 

A.  sinuata  Rydb.  A  small  tree  or  shrub  9-15  feet  high,  erect  or  as- 
cending:/ bark  rather  dark  except  on  old  stems :  leaves  ovate,  acuminate, 
obtuse  or  cuneate  at  base,  bright  green,  doubly  dentate,  glabrous  above, 
nearly  so  beneath,  thin,  very  gummy  when  young,  2-4  inches  long,  on 
slender  petioles  5-12  lines  long:  fruiting  aments  7-9  lines  long,  on  slender 
longer  peduncles.     Eastern  Washington. 

Order  XCI     MYRICACE^  Dumort.  Anal.  Fam,   95. 

Shrubs  or  trees  with  alternate  simple  leaves  and  small  dioecious 
or  monoecious  flowers  in  bracted  aments  without  calyx  or  corolla. 
Flowers  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  bracts :  staminate  with  2-15 
stamens  inserted  on  the  receptacle:  filaments  short  distinct  or 
somewhat  united:  anthers  ovate,  2-celled,  the  cells  longitudinally 
dehiscent:  pistillate  with  a  solitary  1-celled  ovary  subtended  by 
2-8  bractlets:  ovules  solitary,  orthotropous :  style  very  short: 
stigmas  2,  linear.  Fruit  a  small  drupe  or  nut,  often  waxy.  Seed 
erect,  orthotropous,  with  thin  testa  and  no  albumen. 
1    MYRICA  L.  Sp.  1024. 

Shrubs*or  small  trees  with  alternate  mostly  resinous-dotted 
leaves  and  small  flowers  in  bracted  aments.  Staminate  aments 
oblong  or  narrowly  cylindric  expanding  before  or  with  the  leaves. 


616  M  f  RICACEtE  myrica 

8ALIX 

Stamens  4-8.     Pistillate  ovoid  or  subglobose :  Ovary  subtended 
by  2-4  bractlets.     Fruit  a  globose  or  ovoid  wax-coated  drupe. 

M.  Gale  L.  Sp.  1021.  An  erect  shrub  4-8  feet  high  with  dark  brown 
twigs:  leaves  decidaous,  oblanneolate,  obtuse  and  dentate  at  the  apex, 
narrowed  to  a  cuneate  entire  base,  short-petioled,  dark  green  and  glabrous 
above,  pale  and  puberulent  or  glabrous  beneath,  1-3  inches  long  unfolding 
after  the  flowers ;  staminate  aments  linear-oblong,  6-10  lines  long :  pistill- 
ate aments  ovoid-oblong,  obtuse,  about  4  lines  long  and  2  lines  in  diameter 
in  fruit,  their  bracts  inobricated;  drupe  resinous  waxy,  not  longer  than  the 
2  ovate  persistent  bractlets  which  clasp  it  on  each  side  and  are  adnate  to  its 
base.    Along  the  coast,  Oregon  to  Alaska  and  the  Atlantic  States. 

M.  Califomica  Cham.  Linn,  vi,  535.  An  evergreen  shrub  or  small  tree 
2-30  feet  high  of  erect  compact  habit,  leaves  coriaceous,  persistent  usually, 
slightly  tomentose  beneath,  dark  green  above,  oblanceolate,  2-4  inches 
long,  acute,  attenuate  below  to  a  short  petiole,  entire,  or  serrate  above  the 
base :  aments  simple  or  somewhat  compound,  3-5  lines  long;  the  small  very 
broadly  ovate  obtuse  bracts  more  or  less  lacerately  ciliate,  especially  near 
the  base :  staminate  flowers  few ;  stamens  5-15,  the  filaments  united  into 
an  exserted  panicle :  bractlets  usually  2,  oblong,  ciliate :  fruit  purple,  papil- 
lose, thinly  coated  with  grayish-white  wax,  2  lines  in  diameter.  In  wet 
places  along  the  coast,  Washington  to  California. 

Order  XCII     SALIC ACE^   Lindl.  Nat.  Syst.  ed.  2.  186. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  bitter  bark,  brittle  twigs,  alternate  leaves 
with  stipules  and  small  dioecious  flowers  in  axillary  aments  that 
appear  with  or  before  the  leaves.  Flowers  solitary  in  the  axil  of 
each  bract:  the  staminate  consisting  of  one  to  numerous  stamens 
inserted  on  the  receptacle,  subtended  by  a  gland-like  or  cup -like 
disk  :  filaments  more  or  less  united :  anthers  2-celled,  the  cells 
longitudinally  dehiscent.  Pistillate  flowers  of  a  sessile  or  short- 
stipilate  1-celled  ovary  subtended  by  a  minute  disk,  with  2-4  pa- 
rietal placentae  and  numerous  anatropous  ovules.  Style  short, 
slender,  or  almost  wanting.  Stigmas  2,  simple  or  2-cleft.  Fruit 
a  2-4-valved  capsule.  Seeds  small,  without  albumen,  covered 
with  a  coma  of  dense  long  silky  hairs.     Cotyledons  plano-convex. 

1  Salix    Buds  with  a  single  scale:   bracts  entire:  flowers  with  small 

glands :  disk  none :  stamens  few :  stigmas  short. 

2  Fopulns     Buds   with  several  scales :   bracts  lacerate :  flowers  with  a 
broad  cup-shaped  disk:  stamens  numerous:  stigmas  elongated. 

1    SALIX  L.  Sp.  1016.     (Willow.) 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  terete  branchlets  and  small  flowers  in 
aments.  Buds  covered  with  a  single  scale,  with  an  adherent 
membrane  within.  Bracts  of  the  aments  entire.  Disk  gland-like, 
small  or  minute.  Staminate  aments  dense,  erect,  spreading  or 
drooping.  Staminate  flowers  with  1-12,  mostly  2,  stamens,  their 
filaments  distinct  or  sometimes  united.  Pistillate  aments  usually 
erect  or  spreading.  Ovary  sessile  or  short-stipitate.  Style  filiform 
or  wanting.    Stigmas  2,  entire  or  2-cleft.    Capsule  mostly  2-valved. 

§  1  Trees.  Bud-scales  yellowish,  falling  before  the  maturity 
of  the  fertile  aments.     Filaments  hairy  below. 


SALix  SALICACE^  617 

*    Petioles  not  glandular. 

S.  ni^ra  Marsh  Arb.  Am.  139.  (17S6).  A  tree  with  rough  flaky  brown 
bark,  50-120  feet  high :  stem  slender,  often  crooked  or  leaning :  leaves  linear- 
lanceolate,  tapering  from  the  acute  base  to  an  extremely  long  point,  often 
falcate,  4-6  inches  loHg  by  3-4  lines  broad,  closely  serrate,  smooth  and 
green  on  both  sides,  the  midrib  prominent:  stipules  semicordate,  often 
wanting:  amenta  with  leafy  peduncles,  elongated,  the  fertile  becoming 
rather  lax:  scales  entire  or  only  slightly  dentate,  villous  with  crisp  hairs: 
capsule  ovate-conical,  glabrous,  brownish  tawny,  more  or  less  pedicelled : 
styles  very  short ;  stigmas  slightl}'  notched.  Along  streams,  eastern  Ore- 
gon to  California  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

S.  amygdaloides  Anders.  Of  v.  Handl.  Vet.  Akad.  1858, 114.  A  small 
tree  20-70  feet  high,  with  light  yellowish-brown  flaky  bark :  leaves  lanceo- 
late to  ovate-lanceolate,  pubescent  when  young,  glabrous  when  mature, 
dark  trreen  above,  paler  and  slightly  glaucous  beneath,  long-acuminate, 
I  5  inches  long  by  5-12  lines  broad,  entire  or  more  or  less  sharply  serrulate, 
narrowed  at  base  to  short  petioles :  amenta  appearing  with  the  leaves, 
terminal  on  short  lateral  leafy  branchlets  :  the  staminate  1-2  inches  long, 
their  bracts  ovate,  densely  pubescent;  stamens  more  than  2;  filaments 
distinct,  pubescent  at  base :  pistillate  aments  loose,  spreading,  2-4  inches 
long  in  fruit,  their  bracts  lanceolate  and  densely  pubescent:  stigmas  nearly 
sessile:  capsule  narrowly  ovoid,  acute,  glabrous,  at  length  about  as  long  as 
its  filiform  pedicel.  Along  streams  in  the  interior,  Brit.  Columbia  to 
Oregon  and  Missouri. 

S.  congesta.  S.  laevigata  var.  congesta  Bebb.  A  small  tree  20-30  feet 
high  with  pale  ash-colored  very  rough  bark  and  yellowish  branchlets : 
leaves  lanreolate  or  oblanceolate  to  spatulate,  1-3  inches  long,  silky-lanate 
when  young,  at  length  glabrous  above,  entire  or  at  length  glandular  serru- 
late, narrowed  below  to  short  petioles :  aments  solitary  at  the  ends  of  short 
lateral  branchlets,  appearing  with  the  leaves:  staminate  aments  numerous, 
at  length  an  inch  long,  the  scales  orbicular,  tomentose;  stamens  5;  fila- 
ments pubescent  with  spreading  hairs;  pistillate  aments  spreading,  oblong, 
or  shorter,  6-10  lines  long,  the  scales  lanceolate :  capsules  glabrous,  ovoid, 
acuminate,  on  slender  pedicels  nearly  a  line  long.  Along  rivulets  near 
the  Klamath  river  and  southward. 

*  *    Petioles  glandular. 

S.  lasiandra  Benth.  PI.  Hartw.  336.  A  slender  tree  20-80  feet  high 
with  dark  brown  rough  bark:  and  smooth  yellow  branchlets:  leaves  lanceo- 
late, obtuse  to  acute  at  base,  conspicuously  acuminate,  finely  serrulate,  2-8 
inches  long,  sparsely  pubescent,  dark  green  above,  pale  or  whitish  and 
somewhat  glaucescent  beneath:  stipules  semilunar  or  oblong,  dentate: 
aments  appearing  with  the  leaves  from  short  lateral  leafy  shoots:  stamin- 
ate aments  rather  loosely  flowered,  2-4  inches  long :  their  lanceolate  pubes- 
cent scales  2-3  lines  long:  stamens  5-8,  filaments  slender,  much  longer 
than  the  scales,  slightly  pubescent  at  base:  pistillate  aments  1-3  inches 
long,  their  pubescent  lanceolate  scales  about  a  line  long,  deciduous :  capsule 
acuminate-ovoid.  2  lines  long  on  pedicels  a  line  long.  Common  along 
streams,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California. 

S.  Fendleriana  Anders.  Sal.  Am.  Bore.  115.  A  tree  30-60  feet  high, 
with  (lark  brown  rough  bark  leaves  lanceolate,  long-acuminate,  crenulate, 
green  and  glabrous  on  both  sides,  3-8  inches  long,  the  short  petioles  and 
verv  base  of  the  leaves  glandular:  stipules  o»»long,  sometimes  large: 
aments  on  leafy  branchlets ;  staminate  dense,  2-3  inches  long,  their  scales 
pale,  oblong,  more  or  less  dentate;  stamens  5  or  more;  filaments  hairy  at 
base,  longer  than  the  scales ;  pistillate  aments  rather  loose,  the  pale  oblong 
scales  hairy  at  base,  deciduoue :  capsules  glabrous,  short-pediceiled :  stig- 


618  SALICAOEiK  SAMX 

mas  nearly  sessile.     Common  on  stream-banks,  eastern  Washington  to 
California  and  New  Mexico. 

§  2  Shrubs  or  small  trees.  Leaves  linear  to  lanceolate,  re- 
motely denticulate  to  entire.  Aments  borne  on  short  lateral 
leafy  branchlets,  often  clustered.  Scales  pallid,  somewhat  decid- 
uous.    Stamens  only  2. 

S.  fluviatilis  Nutt.  Sylva  i,  73-  S.  longifolia  Muhl.  not  of  Lam.  A 
much  branched  shrab  2-12  feet  high  forming  thickets,  or  sometimes  tree- 
like and  20-30  feet  high:  leaves  linear-lanceolate  to  linear  oblong,  2-4 
inches  long,  sijky- pubescent  when  young,  glabrous  when  mature,  entire  or 
sparingly  dentjiate,  acuminate,  shortly  petioled :  stipules  minute  or  none : 
aments  linear-cylindric ;  the  staminate  dense,  1-2  inches  long,  sometimes 
polygamous;  stamens  2;  filaments  distinct,  pubescent;  pistillate  looser, 
about  2  inches  long  in  fruit,  their  scales  deciduous :  stigmas  broad,  sessile : 
capsule  ovoid-conic,  glabrous  or  silky,  about  2  lines  long.  In  moist  soil 
alnng  streams  in  the  interior,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California  and  east  to 
Missouri  and  Kentucky. 

Var,  teller rima.  S.  longifolia  var.  tenerrima  Henderson.  "  A 
smooth  shrub  6-12  feet  high  with  light  bark  up  to  the  youngest  branches : 
leaves  shorter  and  narrower,  %-l  line  wide  on  fructiferous  branches,  1-2 
lines  wide  on  the  sterile,  glabrous  or  very  early  glabrate:  pedicels  slightly 
longer:  capsule  glabrous:  scales  glabrous  save  for  the  slightly  ciliate  edges. 
Shaded  rocky  banks  of  mountain  rills  Elmore  Co.  Idaho.  '* 

S.  arsophylla  Nutt.  Sylva  i,  71.  S.  Hindsiana  Benth.  A  shrub  or 
small  tree  3-16  feet  high  forming  thickets  but  not  growing  in  clumps,  each 
stem  being  distinct  from  any  other:  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate,  2-3  inches 
long,  closely  sessile,  entire  or  rarely  minutely  and  remotely  denticulate,  ap- 
pressed  silky-pubescent  both  sides :  stipules,  obsolete,  or  on  young  vigorous 
shoots  sometimes  minute  ones  occur;  aments  1-2 inches  long,  on  short  leafy 
branchlets  appearing  after  the  leaves  in  spring  and  intermitently  all  sum- 
mer ;  staminate  aments  1-3  at  the  ends  of  the  branchlets,  the  scales  oblong, 
obtuse,  glabrous  on  the  back,  crisp-hairy  on  the  margins  and  toward  the 
base,  erose  toward  the  apex:  stamens  2,  the  filaments  densely  hairy: 
pistillate  aments  rather  loosely  flowered,  1-3  inches  long,  the  lanceolate 
acutish  scales  subpersistent,  woolly  except  near  the  apex:  capsule  lanceo- 
late, appressed  silky  when  young,  closely  sessile :  stigmas  sessile.  Along 
rivers,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California. 

S.  exigua  Nutt.  1.  c.  A  low  shrub  or  small  tree  5-15  feet  high: usual- 
ly with  a  single  trunk,  rough  bark  and  glabrous  twigs:  leaves  naiTOwly  lan- 
ceolate to  oblanceolate,  acute,,  subentire,  1-5  inches  long,  glabrate  above, 
sparingly  appressed-silky  beneath,  closely  sessile:  stipules  none  or  minute: 
aments  on  leafy  branchlets,  solitary  or  2-4  together:  staminate  aments  1-2 
inches  long,  slender,  the  scales  lanceolate,  acute:  capsule  becoming  glabrous, 
sessile:  stigmas  sessile.     Along  streams.  Washington  to  California 

S.  sessilifolia  Nutt.  1.  c.  Shrubby  or  often  tree-like  6-30  feet  high, 
young  shoots  very  leafy,  hoary-pubescent,  becoming  glabrous  and  brown: 
leaves  membranaceous,  elliptical,  acute  at  both  ends,  1-5  inches  long  1-2 
inches  wide,  closely  sessile,  obscurely  and  remotely  denticulate,  hoary 
with  rather  long  pubescence  when  young,  glabrous  when  mature:  aments 
borne  upon  liateral  leafy  shoots,  3-4  inches  long  often  3  together,  very 
densely  flowered:  scales  oblong  or  obovate,  rounded  or  retuse  at  the  apex, 
nearly  or  quite  glabrous:  stamens  2:  lower  half  of  filaments  very  hairy,  upper 
half  minutely  puberulent:  pistillate  smaller,  the  scales  narrower:  capsule 
lanceolate,  silky-pubescent  when  yoimg,  becoming  nearly  glabrous  at  matmity 


SALix  SALICACE^  619 

closely  sessile :   style  evident ;  stigmas  linear,  several  times  longer  than 
thick.  On  sand  bars  along  rivers,  Oregon  and  Washington. 

S.  macrostachya  Nutt.  1.  c.  A  shrub  or  small  tree  3-18  feet  high,  of- 
ten in  dense  thickets,  with  light  brown  bark  and  cinereous  branches,  the 
young  branchlets  villous:  leaves  2-3  inches  long,  sessile,  oblanceolate to 
elliptical,  acute  at  both  ends,  more  or  less  villous-pubescent,  entire  or 
nearly  so:  stipules  obsolete:  aments  on  short  leafy  lateral  branchlets,  ap- 
pearing after  the  leaves,  1-2  inches  long:  lower  half  of  the  filaments  crisp- 
villous :  capsule  closely  sessile,  clothed  with  long  lax  hairs :  style  evident ; 
stigmas  linear.  Margins  of  ponds,  Oregon  to  California. 

§  3  Shrubs  or  small  trees.  Scales  of  the  aments  persistent, 
darker  at  the  apex. 

S  Scouleriana  Barratt  in  Hook.  Fl.  ii,  145.  S.  flavescens  Nutt.  A 
shrub  or  small  tree  10-50  feet  high,  with  light  gray  bark  and  cinereous 
branchlets:  leaves  oblanceolate  to  oblong  or  elliptic,  obtuse  to  acute  or 
acuminate,  narrowed  below  to  short  petioles,  entire  or  serrulate,  1-6  inches 
long,  glabrous  and  dark  green  above,  pale  and  more  or  less  pubescent  and 
becoming  rusty  in  age  beneath :  stipules  ovate  to  oblong,  large  and  persis- 
tent on  vigorous  shoots :  aments  appearing  long  before  the  leaves,  very 
densely  flowered;  staminate  aments  sessile,  about  an  inch  long  and  half  as 
thick,  the  orbicular  to  oblong  scales  black  or  red  at  the  apex,  densely 
woolly  with  long  white  hairs  :  stamens  2,  distinct ;  the  filaments  glabrous*: 
pistillate  aments  short-peduncled,  1-2  inches  long  when  mature,  the  scales 
oblong  to  lanceolate,  silky  with  long  white  hairs :  capsule  oblong  with  a 
stout  beak,  pubescent,  on  pedicels  a  line  or  more  long,  maturing  before  the 
leaves  appear ;  stigma  sessile.  Common  from  Brit.  Columbia  to  California 
and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

S,  bella  Piper  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  xxvii,  399.  A  shrub  or  tree  6-12 
feet  high  with  slender  erect  branches  and  smooth  gray  bark :  branchlets 
shining  yellow,  usually  glabrous,  very  brittle:  leaves  lanceolate  to  oblong 
or  oblong-obovate,  acute,  1-3  inches  long,  green  and  glabrate  above,  densely 
silvery-woolly  beneath,  entire  or  nearly  so,  short-petioled :  stipules  lunate, 
usually  persistent:  aments  appearing  before  the  leaves ;  staminate  sessile, 
short  and  thick,  6-12  lines  long;  scales  acute,  black,  densely  villous :  sta- 
mens 2:  pistillate  aments  short-peduncled,  6-18  lines  long;  scales  black, 
obtuse,  densely  villous :  capsules  silky-hairy,  nearly  sessile :  style  about  a 
line  long.    Along  the  Palouse  river  eastern  Washington. 

S.  Gcyeriana  Anders.  Sal.  Monogr.  86,  fig.  50.  A  shrub  10-15  feet 
high,  the  branclilets  usually  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom :  leaves  lanceo- 
late, acute  at  both  ends  2-3  inches  long  by  4-6  lines  wide,  downy  above, 
grayish  beneath  with  soft  silky  hairs,  entire :  stipules  none  :  aments  at  first 
small,  subglobose,  nearly  equaled  by  the  3  or  4  silky  bracts  at  their  base, 
becoming  short-peduncled  in  fruit :  scales  tawny,  obtuse,  sparingly  villous : 
capsule  tapering  from  an  ovate  base,  silky  tomentose:  pedicels  slender, 
puberulent,  4-5  times  as  long  as  the  nectary :  stigmas  sessile,  bifid.  Oregon 
to  California  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

S.  Hookeriana  Barratt  1.  c.  445.  A  large  shrub  or  small  tree  10-50 
feet  high,  with  dark  rough  bark  and  gray  pubescent  branchlets:  leaves 
lanceolate  to  oblong  or  elliptic,  1-5  inches  long,  green  and  smooth  above, 
densely  tomentose  beneath,  entire,  rounded  at  base,  short-petioled :  aments 
appearing  before  the  leavep,  the  staminate  very  densely  flowered,  1-3  inches 
Idng,  the  scales  densely  tomentose  with  long  white  hairs.  Along  the  coast, 
Oregon  and  Washington. 

S.  rostrata  Richardson  Franklin  Journ.  App.  753.  A  much  branched 
shrub  6-9  feet  high,  with  elongated  branchlets:  leaves  oblong  to  lanceolate 


620  SALICACE^  salix 

acuminate,  glandular- serrulate,  rounded  or  cordate  at  base,  glabrous 
above,  glaucous  beneath  2-4  inches  long,  on  stout  petioles :  stipules  reni- 
form,  conspicuous :  aments  appearing  with  the  leaves,  on  leafy  peduncles ; 
staminate  aments  narrower,  densely-flowered,  2-3  inches  long,  the  black 
hairy  scales  persistent :  pistillate  looser,  the  linear  scales  pale  and  pink- 
tipped  :  capsule  pubescent,  long-beaked :  on  slender,  pedicels  as  long  or 
^onger  than  the  scales :  stigma  sessile.  Common  along  streams,  Oregon  to 
Brit.    Columbia,  and  Hudson  Bay. 

S.  lasiolepis  Benth.  PI.  Hartw.  335.  ?  A  large  shrub  or  small  tree 
15-40  feet  high,  with  yellowish  bark  and  erect  branches :  leaves  oblong  to 
oblanceolate,  obliquely  acute  or  acuminate,  serrulate,  shining  green  above, 
densely  glaucous  and  somewhat  pubescent  beneath,  petioled:  stipules 
rarely  present,  triangular :  aments  appearing  with  or  before  the  leaves ;  the 
staminate  cylindrical,  1-3  inches  long,  short-peduncled ;  scales  black, 
hairy :  stamens  2,  the  glabrous  filaments  united  at  the  base  for  half  their 
length:  pistillate  aments  small,  6-18  lines  long,  on  short  leafy  peduncles: 
style  about  as  long  as  the  stigmas.  Common  along  streams,  Washington 
to  California. 

S.  cordata  Muhl.  Neue.  Schrift,  iv,  246.  A  shrub  5-12  feet  high,  the 
twigs  puberulent  or  glabrous :  young  leaves  pubescent;  mature  leaves  ob- 
long-lanceolate, green  on  both  sides  or  paler  beneath,  acuminate  narrowed, 
obtuse  or  subcordate  at  base,  sharply  serrulate  with  glandular  teeth,  short- 
petioled :  stipules  oblique,  serrulate,  usually  large  and  persistent :  aments 
bracted  at  the  base  appearing  before  the  leaves:  staminate  about  1  inch  long, 
the  pistillate  1-23^  inches  long  in  fruit:  scales  silky,  persistent,  stamens 
2,  filaments  glabrous:  style  short:  capsule  narrowly  ovoid,  acute,  glabrous, 
2-3  lines  long,  short-pedicelled.  In  wet  soil  Brit.  Columbia  to  California 
and  Virginia  to  New  Brunswick. 

Var,    angnstata    Anders.  Monogr.  Sal.  159.    Iicaves   linear-lanceo- 
late.   Range  of  the  type. 

Var.    Mackenziana  Hook.  Fl.  ii,  149.    A  small  tree  with  lanceolate 
or  oblanceolate  leaves.    California  to  Oregon  and  Manitoba. 

S.  inyrtilloides  L.  Sp.  1019.  An  erect  glabrous  shrub  1-12  feet  high, 
with  light  brown  terete  twigs :  leaves  oblong,  elliptic  or  somewhat  obovate, 
obtuse  or  acute,  entire,  mostly  narrowed  at  base  1-3  inches  long,  short- 
petioled,  bright  green  above,  pale  or  glaucous  beneath,  the  margins  slight- 
ly revolute:  aments  appearing  with  the  leaves,  leafy-bracted  at  base, 
rather  dense,  an  inch  or  less  long,  or  the  pistillate  longer  in  fruit:  scales 
persistent,  obtuse,  slightly  villous :  stamens  2;  filaments  glabrous :  style 
horter  than  or  equalling  the  stigmas :  capsule  oblong-conic,  obtuse,  glab- 
ous,  2-3  lines  long,  much  longer  than  the  filiform  pedicels  which  slightly 
^exceed  the  scales.    In  bogs,  Brit.  Columbia  to  Oregon  and  New  Jersey. 

S.  Barclayl  Anders.  Ofv.  Handl.  Vet.  Akad.  1858,  125.  ?  A  shrub 
3-6  feet  high  with  dark  brown  glabrous  twigs,  the  young  shoots  pubescent : 
leaves  obovate  to  oval  or  somewhat  lanceolate,  often  short-acuminate, 
serrulate,  bright  green  and  glabrous  above  when  mature,  paler  beneath, 
1-2  inches  long,  short-petioled :  stipules  ovate,  mostly  acute,  deciduous : 
aments  appearing  with  the  leaves,  borne  at  the  ends  of  short  branchlets, 
densely  flowered,  spreading  or  erect:  the  staminate  about  an  inch  long, 
the  pistillate  2-3  inches  long  in  fruit:  scales  persistent,  slightly  villous: 
stamens  2 :  filaments  distinct :  capsule  narrowly  conic,  glabrous,  acute,  3 
lines  long :  style  longer  than  the  stigmas.  On  wet  banks  in  the  highest 
mountains,  Oregon  to  the  Arctic  regions. 

S.  Sitchensis  Sanson  Bong.  Veg.  Sitch.  162.  A  straggling  ascending 
shrub  6-40  feet  long,  with  light  brown  bark;  branches  slender,  brownish. 


BALix  SALICACE^  621 

downy  when  young,  soon  smooth:  leaves  oblong-obovate  to  oblanceolate, 
acute,  or  the  earliest  obtuse  with  an  abrupt  point,  narrowed  at  base  into 
short  petioles,  dark  green  above  except  the  whitish -pubescent  midrib, 
covered  beneath  with  a  lustrous  white  and  satiny  tomentum,  entire  or 
obsoletely  crenate:  stipules  reniform,  often  wanting :  aments  appearing 
with  the  leaves,  with  a  few  small  bracts  at  base,  slender,  densely  flowered; 
the  staminate  1-2  inches  long,  the  oLovate  obtuse  dark  scales  pubescent 
with  long  hairs;  pistillate  aments  12-18  lines  long,  the  dark-colored  scales 
pubescent:  capsule  ovate-conic.,  acute,  densely  white-tomentose :  style 
elongated:  stigmas  scarcely  emarginate,  thick,  erect.  Common  along 
streams,  California  to  Alaska. 

S.  pellita  Anders.  Monogr.  Sal.  139,  fiig.  72,  g.  A  shrub  with  green- 
ish-red to  dark  red  shining  twigs,  when  young,  sometimes  covered  with  a 
glaucous  bloom:  leaves  numerous,  narrowly  oblanceolate,  acute  or  acumin- 
ate, or  the  lower  obtuse,  1^-2  inches  long,  4-6  lines  wide,  the  margins 
entire  or  obscurely  crenate,  revolute,  dull  green  and  thinly  pubescent 
above,  becoming  glabrous,  densely  and  persistently  silvery-tomentose  be- 
neath :  petioles  slender,  2-3  lines  long :  stipules  only  on  vigorous  shoots, 
semi-cordate.  2-3  lines  long :  pistillate  aments  on  short  bractless  peduncles, 
thick,  very  densely  flowered,  about  an  inch  long:  scales  pilose,  acute, 
tawny,  dark  at  the  apex:  capsule  tomentose,  becoming  glabrate,  ovate- 
conical,  acute,  a  line  long,  on  short  pedicels:  style  elongated;  stigmas 
thick,  entire,  erect.     Brit.  Columbia  to  California. 

S.  Lemmoni  Bebb  Bot.  Cal.  ii,  88.  A  shrub  6-15  feet  high :  branches 
slender,  at  first  covered  with  short  appressed  hairs,  becoming  smooth: 
leaves  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate  at  both  ends,  entire  or  remotely  sub- 
serrate,  silky-pubescent,  when  young,  paler  beneath,  slender-petioled : 
stipules  small,  semi-ovate,  acute,  serrate,  deciduous:  aments  oblong  or 
cylindrical,  rather  densely  flowered,  appearing  with  the  leaves,  on  short 
peduncles  bearing  2-3  small  acute  leaf-like  bracts :  scales  obovate,  obtuse 
or  somewhat  acute,  black,  thinly  pilose:  capsule  ovate-lanceolate,  acute, 
grayish-tomentose,  2-3  lines  long:  style  medium  sized:  stigmas  erect,  en- 
tire.   Along  streams,  eastern  Oregon  to  California. 

S.  glancops  Anders,  in  DC.  Prodr.  xvi,  281.  I  have  neither  speci- 
mens nor  description  of  this  species :  it  is  a  low  cespitose  shrub  growing  on 
the  sides  of  high  mountaina,  Idaho  to  Montana  aud  Wyoming. 

S,  glauca  yar.  yillosa  Anders.  Sal.  Bor.  Am.-  22.  A  diffuse  shrub 
3-7  feet  high,  with  short  and  stout  branches:  leaves  oblanceolate,  acute  or 
short  acuminate,  attenuate  at  base,  2-4  inches  long,  varying  from  soft- 
villous  to  scarcely  pilose  when  young,  at  length  glabrate  and  rigid,  more 
or  less  glaucous  beneath:  stipules  linear-lanceolate  rather  persistent: 
aments  short-peduncled,  the  pistillate  when  mature  sometimes  very  large, 
2-3  inches  long  and  %  inch  thick :  scales  oblong-obovate,  rather  acute, 
brownish :  capsule  lanceolate,  acuminate,  tomentose,  at  length  subglabrate, 
shortly  pedicelled :  style  short  or  scarcely  produced :  stigmas  bifid  or  entire. 
Mount  Hood  Oregon  to  California. 

S.  petrophila  Rydb.  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Garden  i,  268.  S.  arctica  var* 
peiraea  Anders.  A  dwarf  creeping  shrub  with  suberect  branches  only  2-4 
inches  long,  leafy  at  the  top:  leaves  lanceolate,  tapering  somewhat  equally 
to  the  base  and  apex,  an  inch  long,  entire,  green  on  bothXsides,Tslightly 
paler  and  prominently  nerved  beneath:  aments  terminal,  erect,  at  length 
thick  and  densely  flowered,  an  inch  or  two  long:  scales  thin,  brownish, 
sparsely  pilose:  capsule  ovate-conical,  2-3  lines  long,  silky,  subsessile: 
styie  very  much  elongated,  slender:  stigmas  bifid,  divaricate.  On  high 
mountains,  eastern  Oregon  to  California  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

S.     tenera  Anders,  in  DC.  Prodr.  xvi,  288.     I  have  not  seen  specimens 


622  SALIGACE^  salix 

POPULUS 

of  this,  it  said  to  be  nearly  related  to  the  preceding,  differing  in  the  narrow' 
oblanceolate  leaves,  few-flowered  aments  and  much  shorter  capsule :  it 
grows  on  the  high  mountains  of  Washington  to  California,  Utah  and 
Montana. 

S.  saxlmontana  Rydb.  1.  c.  161.  S.  reticulata  Bebh,  not  L.  A  dense- 
ly cespitose  and  intricately  branched  shrub  1-3  inches  long  above  ground, 
with  light  yellow  glabrous  branches:  leaves  oblong  or  elliptic-oblong,  com- 
monly acutish  at  both  ends,  glabrous  both  sides,  light  green  above,  rather 
strongly  veined  and  glaucous  beneath,  9-12  lines  long ;  petioles  about  6 
lines  long,  aments  6-12  lines  long,  somewhat  loosely  many-flowered :  bracts 
cuneate- oblong,  truncate,  light  yellow,  glabrous:  capsule  conical,  sessile, 
densely  and  finely  white- tomentose :  stigma  nearly  sessile.  On  high 
mountains,  eastern  Oregon  to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

S.  vestita  Pursh  Fl.  610.  A  low  shrub  with  4-sided  green  twigs :  leaves 
obovate,  thick,  mostly  retuse  or  emarginate  at  the  apex  slightly  crenulate, 
narrowed  or  rounded  at  base,  dark  green  and  glabrous  above,  persistently 
silky  beneath,  1-2  inches  long,  shortly  petioled:  aments  terminal,  ap- 
pearing after  the  leaves,  ped uncled :  stamens  2, :  filaments  distinct:  capsule 
narrowly  ovoid-conic,  sessile,  densely  eilky-tomentose,  about  3  lines  long. 
Eastern  Oregon  to  Quebec  and  Labrador. 

3    POPULUS  L.  Sp.  1034. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  scaly  resinous  buds,  broad  or  narrow 
usually  long-petioled  leaves  with  minute  fugacious  stipules  and 
small  dioecious  flowers  in  bracted  aments.  Bracts  of  the  aments 
fimbriate  or  incised.  Disk  cup-shaped,  oblique,  lobed  or  entire. 
Calyx  none.  Staminate  aments  dense,  pendulous,  the  flowers, 
with  from  4:-60  stamens,  their  filaments  distinct.  Pistillate  a- 
ments  sometimes  raceme-like  by  the  elongation  of  the  pedicels. . 
Ovary  sessile.  Style  short.  Stigmas  2-4,  entire  or  4-lobed. 
Capsule  2-,  3-  or  4:-valved. 

P.  ALBA  L.  Hp.  1034.  A  large  tree  with  smooth  light  gray  bark,  50-120 
feet  high  and  2-^  feet  in  diameter :  leaves  broadly  ovate  or  nearly  orbicular 
in  outline,  acute  or  somewhat  acuminate,  truncate  or  subcordate  at  base, 
3-5-lobed  or  irregularly  dentate,  2-4  inches  broad,  densely  white-tomentose 
when  young,  becoming  glabrate  and  dark  green  above,  persistently  white- 
tomentose  beneath,  on  terete  petioles  shorter  than  the  blade.  Escaped 
from  cultivation  in  the  Willamette  valley. 

P.  balsamifera  L.  Sp.  1034.  A  large  tree  50-80  feet  high  and  3-7  feet 
in  diameter,  the  branches  stout  and  spreading:  leaves  glabrous,  broadly 
ovate,  dark  green  and  shining  above,  pale  beneath,  acute  or  acuminata, 
rounded  or  subcordate  at  base,  crenulate,  3-5  inches  long:  petioles  terete:, 
aments  and  bracts  somewhat  pubescent:  stamens  18-30:  lobes  of  the 
stigma  broad:  capsule  ovoid,  2-valved.  In  moist  or  dry  soil,  eastern 
Oregon  to  Alaska,  Hudson  Bay  and  the  Eastern  States. 

P.  angnstifolia  James  Long's  Exp.  i,  497.  A  slender  tree  40-70  feet 
high  and  1-2  feet  in  diameter,  the  crown  narrowly  pyramidal  with  ascend- 
ing branches  and  terete  gray  twigs:  leaves  glabrous,  lanceolate,  ovate- lan- 
ceolate or  ovate,  gradually  acuminate  or  acute,  narrowed,  rounded  or 
rarely  subcordate  at  base  2-5  inches  long,  finely  crenulate :  petioles  not 
flattened  laterally,  3-6  lines  long:  staminate  aments  oblong-cylindrical, 
1-3  inches  long :  lobes  of  the  stigma  broad :  capsules  ovoid,  2-valved.  Eas- 
tern Oregon  to  Dakota  and  Arizona.  .! 

P.    trichocarpa  T.  &  G.  Hook.  Tncon.  t.  878.    A  large  tree  50-2C0  feet 


POPULU8  SALICACE^  623 

high  and  2-8  feet  in  diameter,  with  thick  dark  longitudinally  fissured  bark 
and  stout  spreading  branches :  buds  shining  and  viscid :  leaves  broadly 
ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  narrowed,  rounded  or  subcorcate  at 
base,  2-10  inches  long,  finely  puberulent  when  young,  dark  green  abosre, 
pale  beneath :  petioles  usuallv  an  inch  or  2  long :  staminate  aments  dense, 
1-3  inches  long,  its  bracts  slightly  villous :  pistillate  aments  becoming  6-10 
inches  long  in  fruit,  pubescent:  capsule  subglobose  pubescent,  3-4  lines  in, 
diameter  3-valved  :  styles  3,  broadly  dilated  and  lobed :  seeds  light -colored. 
Common  along  streams,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California  and  the  Rocky  Mts. 

P.  deltoides  Marsh  Arb.  Am.  106.  A  large  tree  100-150  feet  high 
and  5-8  feet  in  diameter,  with  grayish  green  bark  somewhat  rough 
when  old :  leaves  glabrous,  broadly  deltoid-ovate,  abruptly  acuminate  at 
the  apex,  crenulate,  truncate  at  base,  4-7  inches  long:  petioles  flattened 
laterally,  stout,  about  as  long  as  the  blades :  bracts  glabrous,  deeply  fim- 
briate: staminate  aments  drooping,  3-5  inches  long:  pistillate  aments 
loosely  flowered,  becoming  6-10  lines  long  in  fruit :  capsule  ovoid,  acute, 
4-5  lines  long,  2  -4-valved,  shorter  than  or  equalling  their  pedicels.  Along 
streams,  eastern  Washington  to  the  Eastern  States. 

P.  tremnloides  Michx  Fl.  ii,  243.  Usually  a  shrub  or  small  tree 
6-30  feet  high,  but  sometimes  attaining  a  height  of  100  feet  and  3  feet  in 
diameter,  with  smooth  light  green  bark :  leaves  broadly  ovate  or  orbicular 
short  acuminate,  finely  crenulate  and  ciliate,  truncate,  rounded  or  subcor- 
date  at  base,  1-3  inches  broad:  petioles  about  as  long  as  the  blade,  flatten- 
ed laterally,  causing  the  leaves  to  quiver  in  the  slightest  breeze ;  bracts  silky, 
deeply  3-5-cleft  into  linear  lobes :  staminate  aments  1-3  inches  long,  the 
pistillate  longer,  dense:  stigma-lobes  linear:  capsule  conic, acute,  2-valved, 
about  3  lines  long.  Common  in  moist  places,  California  to  Alaska  and 
aoross  the  continent. 


Subclass  2     ENDOGEN^. 

Steins  with  the  woody  fibres  scattered  irregularly,  not  form- 
ing a  separate  zone  of  annual  woody  layers  between  the  bark 
and  pith.  Leaves  mostly  parallel-veined,  alternate,  entire, 
sheathing  at  base.  Eloral  envelopes  usually  in  threes.  Em- 
bryo with  only  one  cotyledon. 

SYNOPTICAL  KEY  to  the  ENDOGENOUS  ORDERS. 

A    Herbaceous  perennials  with  conspicuous  perianth.  Ovary 
inferior. 

93  Orchidaceae  Leaves  mostly  flat  and  not  grass- like :  flowers  perfect, 
irregular:  stamens  and  style  coherent:  anthers  lor 2:  capsule  1-celled, 
with  3  parietal  placentae :  Seeds  numerous,  with  obscure  embryo  and 
no  albumen. 

94  Iridaceae  Leaves  equitant  and  grass-like:  flowers  regular,  perfect, 
spathaceous :  stamens  3,  at  the  base  of  the  perianth :  capsule  3-celled : 
embryo  distinct,  with  albumen. 

B     Perianth  regular  or  none.     Ovary  superior  or  nearly  so. 

*    Perianth  colored,  at  least  the  inner  series:  carpels  united  into  a 
compound  ovary :  seeds  with  albumen. 

95  Smilacese  Woody  plants  climbing  by  tendrils:  flowers  dioecious, 
6-parted :  anthers  1-celled :  fruit  a  berry. 


624  SYNOPTICAL    KEf 

96  Liliaceae  Stems  from  bulbs,  corms  or  rhizomes:  anthers  2-celled: 
fruit  a  loculicidal  or  septicidal  capsule:  embryo  in  copious  albumen. 

97  Conyalariaceae  Leafy-stemmed  herbs  from  rootstocks:  anthers 
2-celled:  fruit  a  fleshy  berry:  embryo  small  in  copious  albumen. 

98  Melanthaceae  Leafy-stemmed  plants  with  rootstocks  or  bulbs:  anth" 
ers  2-celled :  fruit  a  3-celled  septicidal  or  loculicidal  capsule :  seeds 
usually  with  tails  or  appendages. 

99  PontederiacesB  Herbaceous  aquatic  plants  with  spathaceous  tubular 
flowers:  ours  with  grass-like  leaves,  solitary  axillary  flowers  and 
1-celled  3-valved  capsules. 

100  Aracese  Ours  acaulescent  herbs  with  the  flowers  crowded  upon  a 
spadix  with  41obed  perianth,  4  stamens,  2-celled  anthers  and  2-celled 
2-ovuled  ovaries  which  become  fleshy  and  coalescent  in  fruit. 

*  *     Aquatic  herbs :  perianth  none :  ovary  1-celled,  utricular  or  nut- 
like in  fruit:  seeds  with  albumen. 

101  Typhaceae  Stems  solid,  terete,  with  linear  leaves  and  creeping  root- 
stock  :  flowers  monoecious,  in  heads  or  crowded  upon  a  spadix. 

102  Lemnaceae  Very  small  stemless  floating  plants  with  disk-like 
fronds  and  inconspicuous  flowers. 

*  *  *    Aquatic  or  marsh  plants:  perianth  herbaceous  or  petal-like 
or  none :  carpels  1-several,  distinct  or  separable :  seeds  without  albumen. 

103  Yalisneriacese  Flowers  axillary  and  mostly  solitary,  with  tubular 
perianth :  fruit  indehiscent. 

104  Ifaiadaceae  Perianth  of  fertile  flowers  of  4  herbaceous  valvate  sepals 
or  none :  carpels  1-6,  1-ovuled. 

105  Scheuchzeriaceae  Perianth  of  4-6  segments  in  2  series:  carpels 
3-6,  l-2.ovuled. 

106  Alismaceae  Peri  anth -segments  6,  distinct,  3  herbaceous  3  petal-like : 
carpels  numerous,  verticillate  or  capitate,  becoming  achenes. 

*  *  *  *    Perianth  of  6  equal  persistent  glumaceous  segments ;  fruit 
a  capsule. 

107  Juncaceae  Flowers  perfect:  capsule  loculicidally  3-valved:  seeds 
with  albumen. 

*****    Flowers  in  the  axils  of  scales  or  glumes,  without  evident 
perianth:  stamens  1-3:  ovary  Ircelled,  l-ovuled:  seeds  with  albumen. 

108  Cyperaceae  Stems  solid,  often  triangular,  with  closed  sheaths: 
glume  single;  perianth  represented  by  bristles,  or  wanting:  anthers 
attached  by  the  base :  fruit  a  spike  of  lenticular  or  triangular  achenes. 

109  Gramineae  Stems  hollow,  terete :  sheaths  split  to  the  base :  glumes 
in  pairs:  peiianth  represented  by  minute  scales  or  none:  anthers 
versatile :  fruit  a  caryopsis  or  grain. 

Order  XCIII   ORCHIDACEiE  LindL  Nat.  Syst.  ed.  2,  336. 

Perennial  herbs  with  parallel- veined  flat  leaves  and  perfect 
irregular  flowers  in  racemes  or  spikes,  or  solitary  and  terminal. 
Perianth  superior,  of  6  segments,  the  3  outer  similar  or  nearly 
so,  2  of  the  inner  similar,  the  third  inner  one,  called  the  lip, 
diss imilar  often  markedly  so ,  usually  larger.  Stamens  coherent 
wit -4  the  style,  forming  an  unsymmetrical  column,  with  usually 


ORCHID  ACE /E  625 

only  the  anther  opposite  to  the  lower  sepal  perfect  and  2  rudi- 
mentary lateral  ones,  in  Cypripedium  the  lateral  ones  perfect, 
the  third  sterile.  Anthers  2-celled.  Pollen  more  or  less  coher- 
ent in  1-4  masses,  rarely  wholly  granular.  Stigma  oblique  and 
concave,  mostly  viscous,  the  upper  margin  often  pro  iuced  into 
an  erect  beak.  Capsule  coriaceous  or  membranceous,  dehiscing 
usually  by  3  placentif  erous  valves  which  separate  from  the  per- 
sistent midveins  of  the  carpels.  Seeds  very  numerous,  scobi- 
*orm,  without  albumen. 

Trire  I  Anther  one,  resting  like  a  lid  upon  the  column,  de- 
ciduous.    Pollen  masses  4,  smooth  and  waxy. 

1  Calypso  Scape  solitary  and  1-flowered,  from  a  solid  bulb,  with  a  single 
green  leaf :  lip  saccate :  column  broadly  winged. 

8  Corallorhiza  Stems  one  to  several  from  a  branched  coral-like  root : 
leaves  all  reduced  to  scale-like  bracts:  flowers  in  a  terminal  raceme, 
spurred  or  gibbous  at  base :  lip  expanded  or  concave,  bilamellate-crest- 
ed :  column  semiterete. 

Tribe  ii  Anther  one,  connate  with  the  column  and  resting 
upon  its  face  just  above  the  stigma.  Pollen  masses  2,  of  coarse 
grains  united  by  an  elastic  web. 

8  Habenaria  Stems  one  to  several  from  a  solid  corm :  flowers  numerous, 
in  a  terminal  raceme  :  lip  flat,  spurred. 

Tribe  hi  Anther  1,  erect  and  sessile  or  nearly  so  upon  the  top 
of  the  column,  more  or  less  covering  and  declinate  upon  the  back 
of  the  stigma.     Pollen  masses  2  or  4,  of  loosely  cohering  grains. 

4  Gyrostachys    Stems  one  to  several  from  fleshy  fascicled  roots :  flowers 

numerous  in  a  twisted  spike:  lip  flat,  the  base  embracing  the  short 
column. 

5  Peramium  Stem  solitary  from  a  somewhat  creeping  rootstock :  flowers 

several  in  a  terminal  spike;  lip  saccate,  entire,  free  from  the  column. 

6  Listera    Stem  solitary  from  a  fascicle  of  fleshy-fibrous  roots  with  a  pair 

of  sessile  leaves  in  the  middle ;  flowers  rather  few,  in  a  terminal  raceme : 
lip  flat.  2-lobed. 

7  Epipactis    Stems  stout,  leafy,  several  from  fleshy-fibrous  roots :  lip 

concave,   somewhat  jointed  in  the  middle  and  auriculate  at  base: 
anther  sessile  behind  the  beaked  stigma. 

8  Cephalanthera    Stems  stout,  from  a  somewhat   creeping  rootstock: 

flowers  in  a  terminal  raceme :  lip  concave  and  auriculate  at  base :  an- 
ther shortly  stipitate:  stigma  beaklQss. 

Tribe  iv     Perfect  anthers   2,  lateral.     Pollen  pulpy-granular. 

9  Cypripedium    Stems  leafy,  from  more  or  less  creeping  rootstocks : 

flowers  mostly  few,  in  a  terminal  raceme :  lip  an  inflated  sac. 

Tribe  1  Malaxidex  Lindl.  Orch.  5  H^rhs  with  simple  stems 
without  green  foliage,  or  a  sxngle  green  radical  leaf.  Anther  one, 
terminal  and  resting  like  a  lid  upon  the  column,  deciduous.  Pollen 
masses  4,  smooth  and  waxy. 


626  ORCHIDACE^  calypso 

CORALLORHIZA 

1    CAI.YPSO  Salisb.  Par,  Lond,  t.  89. 

Low  herbs  with  a  single  bracted  scape-like  stem,  solitary  green 
radical  leaf  and  a  large  terminal  showy  flower.  Smaller  lobes  of 
the  perianth  similar  and  nearly  equal :  the  lip  comparatively  large, 
saccate,  with  2  short  spurs  below  the  apex,  becoming  inferior  by  the 
pedicel  curving  backward.  Column  erect  broadly  winged  and  petal- 
oid,  oval  and  concave,  bearing  the  hemispherical  anther  on  the 
summit.  Pollen  masses  in  2  pairs,  the  lower  smaller,  compressed, 
sessile  upon  a  nearly  square  membranaceous  gland. 

C.  borealis  Salisb.  1.  c.  Stem  3-8  inches  high  with  2  or  3  membrana- 
ceous brownish-green  sheaths  and  a  linear  bract  at  the  summit,  leaf  broadly 
ovate  or  slightly  cordate,  1-2  inches  long,  petioled:  flowers  drooping,  pedi- 
celled :  sepals  and  petals  lanceolate,  acuminate,  light  rose-color,  6-9  lines 
long  Up  usually  slightly  longer,  inflated  saccate,  brownish-pink  mottled 
purple,  the  edge  margined  at  the  apex  and  bifid  or  entire  nearly  equalling 
the  tooth-like  spurs  and  with  a  tuft  of  (in  ours  white)  hairs  at  base: 
column  half  the  length  of  the  petals :  capsule  oblong-cylindric,  an  inch  long, 
about  equalling  the  slender  pedicel.  In  damp  open  forests  California  to 
Alaska  and  the  Atlantic  States :  also  in  Europe. 

2    CORALLORHIZA  R.  Br.  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  ed.  2,  v,  209 

Scapose  perennial  herbs  without  green  leaves  from  coral-like 
branched  roots,  the  leaves  all  reduced  to  sheathing  scales,  and  more 
or  less  showy  flowers  in  terminal  racemes.  Sepals  and  petals  as- 
cending, the  upper  somewhat  incurved,  similar  and  nearly  equal, 
but  the  lateral  sepals  oblique  at  base  and  either  decurrent  in  a 
short  spuradnate  to  the  side  of  the  ovary,  or  forming  a  projecting 
gibbosity  above  it :  lip  dilated  and  more  or  less  recurved,  flat  or 
concave,  with  a  pair  of  somewhat  prominent  longitudinal  ridges 
near  the  base.  Column  semiterete  and  narrowly  margined, 
broader  at  base,  somewhat  incurved,  bearing  the  caducous  anther 
on  the  summit.  Pollen-masses  in  2  pairs,  distinct,  sessile  upon  a 
short  oblong  gland.     Capsules  reflexed. 

*    Spur  present:  flowers  small,  yellowish-green  or  whitish,  often 
tinged  or  mottled  with  purple. 

-*-      Spur  more  or  less  prominent :   sepals  and    petals  3-nerved : 
capsule  oblong-cylindric. 

C.  multlflora  Nutt.  Journ.  Acad.  Philad.  iii,  138,  t.  7.  Stems  8-20 
inches  high,  purplish,  clothed  with  several  appressed  scales:  racemes  2-8 
inches  long,  10-30-flowered :  flowers  6-9  lines  higli.  brownish-purple,  short- 
peduncled :  petals  and  sepals  somewhat  conniyent  at  base,  linear-lanceo- 
late, about  3  lines  long  :  lip  white  spotted  and  lined  with  purple,  oval  or 
ovate  in  outline,  deeply  3-lobed,  crenulate,  the  middle  lobe  broader  than 
the  lateral  ones,  its  apex  curved,  spur  manifest,  but  wholly  adnate  to  the 
ovary :  column  stout  %  the  length  of  the  petals,  the  margins  broader  and 
somewhat  thicker  at  base :  capsule  ovoid  or  oblong,  6-9  lines  long,  narrowed 
to  a  stout  rather  long  pedicel.  Rather  common  in  open  forests  at  low  and 
middle  elevations,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California  and   the   Atlantic  States. 

C.  Mertensiana  Bong.  Veg.  Sitch.  165.  Stems  6-20  inches  high,  dark 
red  or  purple,  many-flowered  :  sepals  and  petals  linear-lanceolate,  3-4  lines 
long,  dark  red :  spur  a  line  long,  the  lower  half  free  fromt  the  ovary :  rip 


coRALLORfliZA  ORCHIDACEJJ  62f 

HABENARIA 

oblong  obtuse  entire  or  with  a  tooth  on  one  or  both  sides  near  the  base, 
narrowed  to  a  short  claw,  thin  and  concave,  the  ridges  only  slightly  prom- 
inent: column  nearly  equalling  the  petals,  slender,  the  narrow  margins 
scarcely  broader  or  thicker  below  :  stigma  projecting  andcucuUate :  capsule 
5-8  lines  long,  attenuate  into  the  short  slender  pedicels,  reflexed.  Common 
jn  the  high  mountains,  Alaska  to  California. 

■*-  ■*-  Spur  very  short  or  not  at  all  prominent :  sepals  and  petals 
1-nerved:  capsule  elliptic-oblong. 

C.  innata  R.  Br.  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  ed,  2,  v,  209.  Stems  slender, 
glabrous,  4-12  inches  high,  clothed  with  2-5  closely  sheathing  scales :  ra- 
cemes 1-3  inches  long,  3-12-flowered :  flowers  dull  purple,  about  6  lines 
long,  on  very  short  minutely  bracted  pedicels:  sepals  and  petals  narrow, 
about  3  lines  long:  lip  shorter  than  the  petals,  oblong,  whitish,  2-toothed 
or  2-lobed  above  the  base :  spur  a  sac  or  small  protuberance  adnate  to  the 
summit  of  the  ovary :  capsule  oblong  or  somewhat  obovoid,  4-6  lines  long. 
In  wooded  districts,  eastern  Washington  to  Alaska  and  across  the  Conti- 
nent: also  in  Europe. 

*  *  Flowers  larger,  striate-veined,  not  spotted:  spur  none,  the 
lateral  sepals  oblique  and  with  the  base  of  the  column  strongly  gibbous 
over  the  top  of  the  ovary :  lip  entire,  more  or  less  concave,  somewhat 
fleshy. 

C.  striata  Lindl.  Orch-  534.  Stems  stout,  purplish,  1-2  feet  high, 
clothed  with  several  scarious  bracts  :  racemes  2-6  inches  long,  10-25-flowered: 
flowers  brownish-purple :  sepals  and  petals  narrowly  elliptic,  striate  with 
purple  lines,  6-8  lines  long:  lip  oval  or  obovate,  entire  or  a  little  undulate, 
somewhat  narrowed  at  base,  about  as  long  as  the  petals :  capsule  ellipsoid, 
reflexed  8-10  lines  long.  In  open  forests  Brit.  Columbia  to  California, 
Ontario  and  New  York. 

Tribe  2  Ophrydeas  Lindl.  Orch.  257.  Flowers  mostly  spicate  or 
racemose.  Anther  one^  connate  with  the  column  and  persistent  upon 
its  face  immediately  above  the  stigma.  Pollen-masses  2,  of  coarse 
grains  united  by  an  elastic  web,  each  mass  attached  by  a  stalk  to  a 
viscid  gland. 

3    HABENARIA  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  iv,  44.  (1804) 

Leafy-stemmed  plants  with  bulbous  or  fleshy-fibrous  roots,  en- 
tire mostly  green  leaves  and  rather  small  flowers  in  terminal 
bracted  racemes  or  spikes.  Perianth  ringent :  sepals  and  petals 
nearly  alike,  convergent,  or  the  lower  sepals  spreading:  lip  flat 
and  spreading,  3-lobed  or  entire,  with  a  slender  spur  at  base, 
without  ridges  or  callosities :  column  very  short.  Anther  persis- 
tent upon  the  face  of  the  column  immediately  above  the  stigma, 
the  cells  parallel,  or  divergent  at  base.  Pollen-masses  one  in 
each  cell,  of  coarse  grains  united  by  an  elastic  web,  each  attached 
at  base  by  a  pedicel  to  an  exposed  viscid  gland  on  the  upper  edge 
or  at  the  side  of  the  stigma. 

*  Stem  mostly  slender,  from  an  ovate  or  oblong  tuber,  with  2-3 
leaves  at  base  and  bracteate  above :  flowers  numerous,  small,  greenish 
white,  the  lip  scarcely  exceeding  the  uniform  1-nerved  sepals. 

H.  elegans  Bolander  Cat.  PI.  St.  Franc.  29.  Stem  rather  stout,  1-3 
feet  high :  leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate,  4-8  inches  long :  spikes  usually 
dense,  manj'-flowered,  4-8  inches  long:  the  subulate  acuminate  bracts  a 


6^8  OilCHiDACE^  HABEiJARtA. 

little  shorter  than  the  flowers :  sepals  and  petals  equal,  about  2  lines  long : 
sepals  oblong,  obtuse:  petals  ligulate  and  fleshy,  obscurely  3-nerved;  the 
lip  similar,  with  a  filiform  spur  equalling  or  exceeding  the  ovary,  3-5  lines 
long:  pollen-masses  large,  half  a  line  long:  beak  of  the  stigma  prominent, 
broad  and  rounded :  capsule  oblong,  nearly  sessile,  3-4  lines  long.  In  dry 
open  forests,  California  to  Brit.  Columbia. 

H.  Unalaskensis  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xii,  277.  Stem  usually 
slender,  10-20  inches  high:  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate  to  linear,  thin,  2-S 
inches  long,  often  attenuate  below :  bracts  ovate,  acutish  or  rarely  acumin- 
ate, not  exceeding  the  ovary  :  spikes  4-6  inches  long,  rather  loose :  flowers 
unpleasantly  fragrant ;  sepals,  petals  aud  lip  nearly  equal,  about  a  line  long, 
at  first  erect,  becoming  nodding  by  the  curving  of  the  ovary ;  sepals  oblong, 
obtuse:  petals  thicker,  lanceolate,  acute:  lip  oblong,  obtuse:  spur  clavate, 
shorter  than  the  ovary :  capsule  oblong,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  3  lines  long. 
On  dry  wooded  hills,  California  to  Unalaska. 

*  *  Stem  stouter,  from  a  fusiform  tuber,  often  tall,  leafy  through- 
out :  sepals  3-nerved,  the  lateral  ones  oblique  at  base,  the  upper  one 
broader :  petals  thin  :  lip  fleshy,  several-nerved. 

■*-    Spur  elongated,  much  longer  than  the  sepals. 

H.  leucostachys  Watson  Bot.  Cal.  ii,  134.  Stem  stout  1-6  feet  high 
bearing  a  many- flowered  dense  or  open  spike  of  rather  large  pure  white 
flowers:  leaves  lanceolate  to  linear,  2-18  inches  long  diminishing  upward: 
bracts  linear- subulate,  acuminate  longer  than  the  ovary :  lateral  sepals 
oblong,  the  upper  ovate-oblong,  2-3  lines  long:  petals  lanceolate  and  sub- 
falcate,  oblique  at  base,  more  or  less  connivent  with  the  base  of  the  sepals : 
lip  3-4  lines  long,  rhombic-lanceolate :  spur  narrow,  4-6  lines  long :  beak  of 
the  stigma  very  prominent,  ovate,  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  con- 
nective: glands  linear-oblong,  vertical:  capsule  oblong,  sessile,  6-9  lines 
long.    In  marshes,  California  to  Alaska  and  Idaho. 

H.  dilatata  Hook.  Exot.  Fl.  ii,  t.  95.  Stem  rather  slender,  1-2  feet 
high:  leaves  lanceolate,  3-12  inches  long:  spikes  2-10  inches  long,  loosely 
flowered:  bracts  lanceolate,  acuminate,  the  lower  longer  than  the  flowers, 
the  upper  shorter  than  the  ovary:  flowers  white:  sepals  ovate,  obtuse, 
nearly  3  lines  long:  lip  entire,  dilated  or  obtusely  3-lobed  at  base.  4-5  lines 
long,  about  equalling  the  blunt  incurved  spur :  stigma  with  a  trowel-shaped 
beak  between  the  bases  of  the  anther-cells :  capsule  sessile  or  nearly  so. 
In  marshes  and  wet  woods,  Oregon  to  Alaska  and  across  the  Continent. 

H.  SLSgreg&ta.,  Stem  rather  slender,  1-2  feet  high,  growing  in  dense 
tufts :  leaves  linear  to  linear-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  4-10  inches 
long,  reduced  to  sheaths  below:  bracts  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate,  6 
lines  long,  about  equalling  the  ovaries:  flowers  10-30,  in  along  loose  spike, 
greenish-white:  lateral  sepals  ovate,  acuminate,  about 3 lines  long,  obtuse, 
the  upper  broadly  ovate,  obtuse,  equalling  the  lateral  ones:  petals  lanceo- 
late subfalcate,  obtuse,  4-5  lines  long :  lip  linear,  6  lines  long  equalling  the 
slender  spur  and  sessile  ovary.  In  springy  places  along  streams  in  the 
Coast  Mountains  of  southern  Oregon. 

■*-  -*-    Spur  short,  scarcely  exceeding  the  sepals. 

H,  hyperborea  R.  Br.  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  ed.  2,  193.  Stem  rather 
stout,  6  inches  to  3  feet  high :  leaves  ovate  to  lanceolate,  1-12  inches  long : 
spike  narrow,  3-8  inches  long:  sepals  and  petals  ovate,  obtuse,  2-3  lines 
long,  upper  sepal  slightl)'  crenulate  at  the  apex,  lip  lanceolate,  entire, 
obtuse,  about  3  lines  long:  spur  about  equalling  the  lip,  shorter  than  the 
ovary,  blunt  slightly  incurved,  sometimes  clavate :  glands  small.  In  bogs 
and  wet  woods,  Oregon  to  Alaska  and  across  the  Continent. 

H.    gracilis  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xii,  276.    Stem  usually  slender, 


HABENARIA  ORCHID  AC  E^  629 

GYROSTACHYS 

6-30  inches  high :  leaves  oblong -lanceolate  to  lanceolate  or  linear,  2-6 
inches  long,  gradually  reduced  upward  and  passing  into  the  bracts  of  the 
narrow  sparsely-flowered  spike:  flowers  small,  greenish  yellow:  lateral 
sepals  ovate,  obtuse,  about  2  lines  long,  the  upper  one  broadly  ovate  or 
nearly  orbicular,  equalling  the  lateral  ones :  petals  lanceolate,  a  little 
longer  than  the  sepals :  lip  linear,  longer  than  the  petals  :  spur  short  and 
saccate,  dilated  downward :  capsule  oblong,  half-inch  long.  In  mountain 
marshes,  California  to  Alaska. 

*  *  *  Stem  slender  and  scape- like,  with  a  pair  of  large  green  leaves 
at  base:  flowers  comparatively  large,  greenish,  the  lip  longer  than  the 
petals. 

H.  orbicnlata  Torr.  Comp.  318.  Scape  stout,  bracted,  rarely  bearing 
a  small  leaf,  1-2  feet  high :  leaves  orbicular,  spreading  flat  on  the  ground, 
green  and  shining  above,  silvery  beneath,  4-7  inches  in  diameter:  raceme 
loosely  many-flowered:  pedicels  5-6  lines  long,  erect  in  fruit:  flowers 
greenish-white ;  upper  sepal  short  and  rounded,  the  lateral  ones  spreading, 
falcate-ovate,  obtuse,  4-5  lines  long:  petals  smaller:  lip  oblong-linear, 
entire,  obtuse,  white,  about  6  lines  long :  spur  much  longer  than  the  ovary, 
often  18  lines  long:  anther-cells,  prominent,  converging  above:  glands 
small,  orbicular,  about  3  lines  apart.  In  rich  woods.  Washington  and 
Idaho  to  Brit.  Columbia  and  across  the  Continent. 

Tribe  3  Neottiese  Lindl.  Orch.  J^Jfl.  Stems  mostly  leafy  and 
flowers  spicate  or  racemose.  Anther  one,  connate  with  the  column 
and  persistent  upon  its  face  immediately  above  the  stigma.  Pollen- 
masses  2,  of  coarse  grains  united  by  an  elastic  web,  each  mass  at- 
tached at  base  by  a  stalk  to  a  viscid  gland. 

4    GYROSTACHYS  Pers.  Syn.  ii,  511.  (1807.) 
SPIRANTHES  Richard. 

Erect  herbs  with  fleshy-fibrous  or  tuberous  roots,  leafy  stems 
and  small  spurless  flowers  in  1-3-rowed  more  or  less  twisted  spikes. 
Perianth  ringent,  oblique  on  the  ovary  :  the  lateral  sepals  some- 
what decurrent,  the  upper  and  the  petals  coherent:  lip  sessile  or 
nearly  so,  the  base  embracing  and  adherent  to  the  column  and 
with  a  callous  protuberance  on  each  side,  the  dilated  summit 
spreading  and  undulate,  usually  entire.  Column  very  short,  ob- 
lique, terminating  in  a  short  erect  stipe,  bearing  the  ovate  stigma 
on  the  face,  the  beak  above  usually  acuminate  and  at  length  bifid 
by  the  separation  of  the  oblong  and  viscid  gland.  Anther  sessile 
or  nearly  so,  at  the  base  of  the  stipe  behind,  mostly  acuminate. 
Pollen-masses  2,  thin  and  powdery,  becoming  attached  above  the 
gland. 

G.  Bomanzofilana  Mc  M.  Met.  Minn.J171.  Spiranthes  jRomanzoffiana 
Cham.  Glabrous,  rather  stout  4-18  inches  high,  leafy,  bracteate  above : 
leaves  oblong-lanceolate  to  linear:  spike  dense,  3-ranked,  conspicuously 
bracted,  1-4  inches  long:  perianth  white,  about  4  lines  long,  curved,  the 
sepals  and  petals  all  connivent ;  lip  recurved,  ovate-oblong,  contracted  De- 
low  the  narrower  wavy-crenulate  summit :  callosities  smooth,  often  obscure: 
the  oblong-linear  gland  and  very  slender  bifid  beak  %  of  aline  long:  capsule 
oblong,  8--4  lines  long.  On  wet  banks  California  to  Alaska  and  across  the 
Continent. 

G.    porrifolia  Kuntze,    Spiranthes  porrifolia  Lindl.    Glabrous,  rather 


630  ORCHIDACEvE  peramidm 

LISTEKA 

Blender,  6-18  inches  high,  leafy  below,  bracteate  above:  leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate  to  lanceolate,  2-4  inches  long,  acute :  spike  dense,  rather  slender, 
1-3  inches  long  :  bracts  acuminate  from|an  ovate  or  oblong  base,  not  sur- 
passing the  flowers :  perianthjlabout  3  lines  long;  sepals  and  petals  all 
connivent,  linear:  lip  slightly  recurved,  not  exceeding  the  sepals,  callosities 
at  the  base  very  prominent  and  nipple-like,  pointing  downward.  In  wet 
places  in  the  Coast  Mountains'of  southern  Oregon  to  California. 

5    PERAMIUM  Salisb.  Trans.  Hort.  Soc.  i,  310.  (1812.) 

GOODYERA  R.  Br.  I.  c.  (1813.) 

Herbs  with  bracted  erect  scapes  from  creeping  rootstocks  with 
fleshy-fibrous  rootlets,  all  radical,  often  blotched  with  white, 
thick  evergreen  leaves  and  small  flowers  in  terminal  spikes. 
Lateral  sepals  free,  the  upper  one  united  with  the  petals  into  a 
galea.  Lip  sessile,  entire,  roundish-ovate,  concave  or  saccate, 
without  callosities,  its  apex  reflexed.  Anther  without  a  lid,  erect 
or  incumbent,  attached  to  the  column  by  a  short  stalk.  Pollen- 
masses  2,  attached  to  a  small  disk  which  coheres  with  the  top  of 
the  stigma. 

P.  Menziesii  Morong  Mem.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  v,  12t.  Goodyera  Men- 
ziesii  Lindl.  Scapes  and  inflorescence  pubescent,  6-15  inches  high: 
leaves  smooth,  dark  green  blotched  with  white,  ovate-oblong  to  lanceolate, 
acute,  2-3  inches  long,  narrowed  into  a  short  petiole  usually  somewhat 
reticulated  with  light  greenish  markings:  spikes  many-flowered,  rather 
dense,  somewhat  secund :  bracts  ovate-lanceolate,  equalling  the  ovary : 
perianth  dull  white,  pubescent,  2-4  lines  long :  lip  strongly  concave  and 
erect,  narrowing  above  into  the  slightly  spreading  summit:  column  short 
and  straight:  anther  acuminate:  gland  and  bifid  beak  very  narrow  and 
elongated :  capsule  ovate-oblong,  very  nearly  sessile,  4  lines  long.  lu  open 
forests,  California  to  Alaska  and  Canada. 

6    LISTERA  R.  Br,  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  ed  2,  201. 

Small^herbs  with  fleshy-fibrous  roots,  simple  stems  with  a  pair 
of  flat  leaves  near  the  middle  and  small  flowers  in  a  terminal  ra- 
ceme. Sepals  and  petals  similar:  lip  free,  longer  than  the  sepals, 
flat  and  dilated,  more  or  less  deeply  bifid:  column  free  and  naked, 
bearing  the  ovate  anther  at  the  back  of  the  summit.  Pollen- 
masses  2,  powdery,  united  to  a  very  minute  gland  upon  the 
rounded  and  entire  beak  of  the  stigma. 

L,  cordata  R.  Br.  1.  c.  Stem  very  slender  2-10  inches  high :  leaves 
broadly  ovate  6-12  lines  broad,  truncate  or  somewhat  cordate  at  base  bat 
abruptly  contracted  at  the  point  of  insertion,  mucronate:  racemes  rather 
loose,  6-20  lines  long,  4-20-flowered :  bracts  ^i  line  long:  flowers  purplish 
or  yellowish :  sepals  broadly  ovate,  about  a  line  long :  petals  broadly  oblong : 
lip  narrow,  often  with  a  subulate  tooth  on  each  side  at  the  base,  fully  twice 
as  long  as  the  petals,  cleft  to  near  the  middle,  the  segments  setaceous  and 
ciliolate :  column  very  short ;  capsule  ovoid,  2  lines  long.  In  damp  places 
in  forests,  California  to  Alaska  aud  across  the  Continent. 

L.  convallarioides  Torr.'^^^Comp.  326.  Stem  slender,  4-10 inches  high, 
glandular-pubescent  above  the  leaves,  rarely  with  a  bract  below  the  ra- 
ceme: leaves  smooth,  round-oval  or  ovate,  obtuse  or  cuspidate,  slightly 
cordate  or  reniform  at  base,  3-9-nerved :  raceme  1-3  inches  long,  loosely 
3-12- flowered :  flowers  greenish-yellow,  ^  3-4  lines  long :  sepals  and  petals 


tiSTEBA  OflCHIDACEiE  631 

EPIPACTIS 

linear-lanceolate,  2-3  lines  long:  lip  broadly  cuneate,  with  2  obtuse  lobes  at 
the  dilated  apex,  4-5  lines  long,  generally  with  a  tooth  on  each  side  at  base: 
column  elongated  but  shorter  than  the  lip,  a  little  incurved,  with  2  short 
projecting  wings  above  the  anther:  capsule  obovoid,  about  8  lines  long. 
In  wet  places  in  forests,  southern  Oregon  to  California  and  the  Atlantic 
States. 

L.  canrina  Piper  Eryth.  vi,  32.  L.  convallarioides  Hook,  not  Torr. 
Stem  slender,  5-12  inches  high,  glabrous  below,  densely  glandular-pu- 
bescent above  the  leaves :  leaves  obovate  to  oval,  or  elliptic- ovate,  1-4 
inches  long,  thin,  obtuse  and  slightly  apiculate  to  acute,  rounded  or  trun- 
cate at  base :  raceme  loosely  many-flowered :  bracts  1-3  lines  long,  rhombic- 
ovate,  acuminate,  the  lower  sometimes  2-flowered  and  bifurcate :  flowers 
dull  yellowish,  on  slender  pedicels  4  6  lines  long:  sepals  and  petals  lanceo- 
late to  linear-lanceolate,  about  2  lines  long,  sprf^ading :  lip  about  3  lines 
long,  narrowly  oblong,  dilated  and  rounded  at  the  retuse  apex,  a  slender  or 
almost  filiform  tooth  on  each  side  at  the  base,  with  a  papilla  at  the  base 
of  each  tooth:  column  short,  not  stout:  capsule  ovoid,  3  lines  long.  In 
damp  woods  in  the  high  mountains,  Oregon  to  Alaska  and  Idaho. 

7    EPIPACTIS  R  Br.  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  ed.  2,  v,  201. 

Tall  herbs  with  fibrous  roots,  simple  leafy  stems  and  rather 
large  flowers  in  terminal  leafy-bracted  racemes.  Sepals  and  pet- 
als nearly  equal :  lip  free,  deeply  concave  at  the  base,  without 
callosities,  narrowly  constricted  and  somewhat  jointed  in  the 
middle,  the  upper  portion  petaloid.  Column  short,  erect.  An- 
ther sessile  behind  the  broad  truncate  stigma,  on  a  slender  jointed 
base,  2-celled,  obtuse.  Pollen-masses  coarsely  granular,  becoming 
attached  above  to  the  gland  capping  the  small  rounded  beak  of 
the  stigma. 

E.  gigantea  Dougl.  Hook.  Fl.  ii,  220,  t.  202.  Stem  stout,  leafy,  1-5 
feet  high,  nearly  smooth :  leaves  from  ovate  below  to  narrowly  lanceolate 
above,  3-8  inches  long,  acute  or  acuminate,  somewhat  scabrous  on  the 
veins  beneath  :  racemes  pubescent:  bracts  large  and  foliaceous,  lanceolate 
or  linear- lanceolate,  as  long  or  longer  than  the  flowers  :  pedicels  slender, 
2-4  lines  long :  sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  6-8  lines  long,  the  upper  concave  : 
petals  slightly  smaller:  lip  as  long  as  the  petals,  the  saccate  base  with 
erect  wing-like  margins,  strongly  nerved  and  the  nerves  callous  tuberculate 
near  the  base,  the  dilated  summit  ovate- lanceolate,  entire,  somewhat 
wavy-crested :  anther  nearly  2  lines  long :  capsule  oblong,  8  lines  long, 
reflexed.     In  springy  places  along  streams,  California  to  Brit.  Columbia. 

8    CEPHALANTHERA  Richard.  Annot.  21. 

Mostly  leafy-stemmed  herbs  from  creeping  rootstocks,  with  flat 
leaves,  or  leafless,  and  middlesized  flowers  in  bracted  spikes.  Se- 
pals and  petals  nearly  equal,  connivent,  the  latter  somewhat 
united  and  galeate.  Lip  free,  concave,  contracted  and  some- 
what jointed  in  the  middle.  Column  slender,  elongated.  Anther 
shortly  stipitate,  so  as  to  be  nearly  or  quite  above  the  level  of  the 
top  of  the  stigma.  Pollen-masses  not  connected  nor  attached  to 
a  gland.     Stigma  wholly  beakless. 

C.  Oregana  Reichenb.  f.  Linneae  xii,  53.  Whole  plant  white  and 
without  leaves,  parasitic,  10-18  inches  high,  with  3-5  somewhat  dilated 
sheaths  below  and  usually  a  few  free  linear-lanceolate  bracts  above :  raceme 


632  ORCHIDACEiE  cypeipedium 

rather  short :  floral  bracts  very  small :  flowers  few  to  many,  sessile  or  nearly 
so :  perianth  about  6  lines  long,  gibbous  at  base :  sepals  and  petals  oblong- 
lanceolate,  nearly  equal;  lip  a  little  shorter,  the  saccate  base  with  broad 
wing-like  margins,  the  nerves  somewhat  tuberculate-crested  within,  upper 
portion  very  broad  and  suborbicular,  the  nerves  in  the  centre  wavy-crested : 
column  2  lines  long,  about  twice  longer  than  the  anther.  In  damp  places 
in  forests,  California  to  Washington. 

Tribe  Jf.  Cypripedie^  Lindl,  Orch.  525.     Stamens  3,  the  2  lat- 
eral ones  perfect,  the  other  sterile  and  forming  a  dilated  fleshy  ap- 
pendage above  the  terminal  stigma.     Pollen  pulpy -granular. 
9    CYPRIPEDIUM  L.   Sp.  951. 

Glandular-pubescent  herbs  with  coarse  fibrous  roots,  flat  many- 
nerved  leaves  with  sheathing  base  and  few  large  flowers  in  leafy- 
bracted  racemes.  Sepals  spreading,  the  lateral  often  united  into 
one  under  the  lip :  petals  similar  but  usually  narrower:  lip  an 
inflated  sac,  the  incurved  margin  auricled  near  the  base.  Column 
very  short,  incurved,  bearing  at  each  side  a  2-celled  anther  on  a 
short  filament.  Stigma  terminal,  disk-like,  broad  and  obscurely 
3-lobed,  covered  above  by  the  fleshy  triangular  and  pedicelled 
sterile  anther.     Pollen  pulpy-granular. 

C.  parviflorum  Salisb.  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  i,  77.  Stems  slender,  1-2 
feet  high,  leafy:  leaves  oval  or  elliptic  to  lanceolate,  2-6  inches  long:  se- 
pals and  petals  longer  than  the  lip;  petals  usually  twisted;  lip  7-15  lines 
long,  bright  yellow,  more  or  less  marked  with  purple  stripes,  spots  or 
blotches :  sterile  stamen  triangular,  yellow  and  purple  spotted  like  the  lip. 
In  woods  and  thickets,  Washington  and  Brit.  Columbia  to  Newfoundland, 
Georgia  and  Missouri. 

C.  montannm  Dongl.  Lindl.  Orch.  528.  More  or  less  roughly  and 
glandular-pubescent,  stout,  1-2  feet  high,  leafy :  leaves  ovate  to  broadly 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  3-6  inches  long:  flowers  1-3,  shortly-pedicelled : 
sepals  and  petals  brownish,  narrowly  to  linear-lanceolate,  18-30  lines  long, 
the  lower  sepals  united  nearly  to  the  apex ;  lip  oblong,  an  inch  long,  dull- 
white  veined  with  purple :  sterile  anther  ovate-triangular  to  oblong-lanceo- 
late, 4-6  lines  long,  on  a  slender  filament,  deeply  channeled  above,  yellow 
with  purple  spots,  somewhat  longer  than  the  stigma:  capsule  erect  or 
nearly  so,  oblong,  10  lines  long.  In  open  woods,  California  to  British 
Columbia  and  Idaho. 

C.  Californicum  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  vii,  386.  Kather  rough  pu- 
bescent: stems  stout,  1-4  feet  high  leafy :  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or 
acuminate.  3-6  inches  long,  the  upper  lanceolate  and  gradually  reduced  to 
foliaceous  bracts  of  the  long  loose  raceme :  flowers  1-20,  shortly  pedicelled; 
sepals  and  petals  greenish-yellow ;  sepals  broadly  oval,  the  lateral  united 
to  the  apex,  acute,  6-20  lines  long,  equalling  the  oblong-linear  acutish 
petals ;  lip  obovoid,  white  or  light  rose-color,  veined  with  purple,  8-10  lines 
long,  pubescent  within  at  the  base:  sterile  anther  rounded  and  arching, 
nearly  sessile,  2  lines  long,  equalling  the  roughened  stigma :  capsule  reflex- 
ed,  oblong,  8-15  lines  long.  Along  streams  and  in  springe,  southern 
Oregon  and  northern  California. 

C.  fascicnlatum  Kellogg  in  Herb.  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xvii,  380. 
Stems  slender,  2-10  inches  high,  pubescent,  scariously  sheathed  at  base 
and  bearing  a  pair  of  nearly  opposite  leaves  near  the  middle,  and  a  small 
lanceolate  bract  above:  leaves  ovate  to  nearly  orbicular,  1-3  inches  broad, 
obtuse  or  rounded  to  acutish,  pale  green  and   with  3  prominent  ribs 


IRIS 


miDACEM  63 


beneath:  flowers  solitary  or  several  together  in  a  small  terminal  cluster: 
sepals  and  petals  lanceolate,  acuminate,  6-12  lines  long,  greenish-brown, 
with  brown  veins,  the  lateral  sepals  wholly  united  or  very  nearly  so;  lip  de- 
pressed-ovate, greenish-yellow  with  brown  or  purplish  margins,  4-6  lines 
long:  sterile  anther  oblong,  obtuse,  equalling  the  stigma.  On  dry  open 
hillsides  California  to  Washington. 

Order  XCIV  IRIDACE^  Lindl.  Nat.  Syst.  ed.  2,  328. 

Perennial  herbs  with  eqaitant  sheathing  narrow  leaves 
and  few  showy  perfect  tlowers  subtended  by  spathaceous  bracts. 
Perianth  of  6  segments  or  6-lobed,  its  tube  adnate  to  the  ovary, 
the  segments  or  lobes  in  2  series,  convolute  in  the  bud,  withering- 
persistent.  Stamens  3,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  3  outer  seg- 
ments or  lobes  of  the  perianth :  filaments  filiform,  distinct  or  uni- 
ted: anthers  2-celled,  extrorse.  Style  3  cleft,  its  branches  some- 
times divided.  Ovary  inferior,  mostly  3-celled,  with  numerous 
or  few  anatropous  ovules  in  each  cell  becoming  a  3-celled, 
loculicidally  dehiscent  capsule.  Embryo  straight  in  fleshy  or 
horny  albumen. 

1  Iris     Outer    segments  of  the  perianth  recurved;    the   inner  erect: 

branches  of  the  style  petal-like,  opposite  to  the  anthers:  filaments 
distinct :  seeds  flattened. 

2  Slsyrinchium    Segments  of  the  perianth  similar,  spreading :  branches 

of  the  style  flliform  alternate  with    the   anthers :    filaments   united : 
seeds  globular. 

1    IRIS  L.  Sp.  38. 

Herbs  with  creeping  or  horizontal,  often  woody  and  sometimes 
tuber  bearing,  rootstocks,  erect  or  ascending  stems,  ensiform  or 
linear  leaves  and  large  flowers  in  terminal  racemes.  Perianth  of 
6  clawed  segments  united  below  into  a  tube,  the  3  outer  dilated, 
spreading  or  reflexed ;  the  3  inner  usually  narrower  and  erect. 
Stamens  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  outer  segments  of  the  perianth, 
distinct:  anthers  oblong  or  linear.  Style  3-parted,  its  base  ad- 
nate to  the  tube  of  the  perianth,  its  branches  thin  and  petal-like, 
resting  upon  the  outer  segments  of  the  perianth  and  covering  the 
stamens,  stigmatic  at  the  thin  apex,  above  which  is  a  broad 
2-parted  crest.  Ovules  numerous,  in  2  rows  in  each  cell.  Seeds 
horizontal,  flattened,  or  more  or  less  turgid. 

*     Stems  leafy:  leaves  linear:  bracts  of  the  spathe  closely  approximate, 
foliaceous:  tube  of  the  perianth  narrow,  more  or  less  elongated. 

I.  chrysophylla.  Stems  low  and  very  slender,  2-8  inches  high,  from 
sender  rootstocks:  radical  leaves  linear,  6-18  inches  long  by  2-3  lines  wide, 
light  green,  finely  striate,  thick  and  persistent  for  at  least  one  winter:  bracts 
lanceolate,  long-acuminate,  contiguous,  2-4  inches  long:  flowers  1-3,  sessile 
or  nearly  so,  yellow  to  white,  with  blue  veins:  perianth  with  filiform  tube 
2-3  inches  long;  outer  segments  2-3  inches  long,  with  long  claw  and  broadly 
lanceolate  blade,  inner  ones  spatulate:  filaments  flat,  bearded  at  base:  capsule 
oblong  or  broader,  nearly  an  inch  long:  seeds  slightly  compressed.  In  Pine 
woods,  southern  Oregon. 


634  IRIDACEJE  iris 

I.  bracteata  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xx,  375.  Stems  rather  stout, 
6-12  inches  high,  covered  with  imbricated  sheathing  bracts  2-4  inches  long: 
leaves  solitary,  evergreen,  rigid  1-2  feet  long,  6-8  lines  wide,  or  sometimes 
much  smaller,  striate,  one  side  green,  the  other  glaucous  with  numerous 
stomata:bracts  of  the  spathe  approximate:  2-8  inches  long,  short-acuminate 
usually  ^-flowered:  perianth  yellow,  with  a  short  funnelform  tube;  outer 
segments  oblong,  naked,  2-3  inches  long,  the  inner  ones  oblanceolate,  some- 
what shorter:  capsule  on^exserted  pedicels,  ovate-oblong,  an  inch  long.  In 
open  forests,  about  Waldo,  southern  Oregon. 

I.  Bonglasiana  Herbert,  H.  &  A.  Bot  Beech.  395.  Stems  stout,  6-18 
inches  high:  leaves  linear,  12-30  inches  loug,  4-8  lines  broad,  thick  and  rather 
rigid;  long  acuminate,  finely  striate:  bracts  of  the  spathe  lanceolate,  3-4  lines 
long,  acuminate  flowers  several,  somewhat  panicled,  on  pedicels  6-18  lines 
long:  perianth  blue  or  purplish,  the  outer  segments  with  a  white  centre  veined 
with  purple,  its  tube  narrow,  6-12  lines  long:  capsule  oblong,  acutely  triang- 
ular, 18-20  lines  long:  seeds  nearly  globular.  Along  the  coast,  southern 
Oregon  to  California. 

*  *     Tube  of  the  perianth  short  and  funnelform  above  the  ovaiy, 

Rootstock  slender:  stems  leafy:  leaves  not  evergreen:  bracts  folia- 
ceous,  separate  and  often  distant. 

1.  teuuis  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xvii,  380.  Rootstock  very  slender 
and  creeping:  stems  8-10  inches  high,  with  2  or  3  bract-like  leaves  2-3  inches 
long,  2-flowered:  the  longer  leaves  of  the  sterile  branches  of  the  rootstock 
equalling  the  stem  and  4-6  lines  broad,  acuminate  and  very  acute:  bracts 
contiguous  or  distant,  1-2  inches  long,  flowers  white,  lightly  blotched  and 
striped  with  pale  yellow  and  purple:  perianth  tube  2-3  lines  long,  the  seg- 
ments naked,  the  outer  15  lines  long,  a  little  exceeding  the  emarginate  inner 
ones:  capsule  depressed -globose,  6  lines  in  diameter,  on  pedicels  as  long  or 
longer  than  the  bracts.  In  the  Cascade  Mountains  along  the  Clackamas  river 
and  its  tributaries  in  Oregon. 

I.  tenax  Dougl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1218.  Rootstock  slender,  usually  short 
and  forming  dense  tufts  6-18  inches  in  diameter:  stems  slender  6-12  inches 
high,  bearing  several  sheath-like  short  leaves  and  a  single  purple  flower: 
leaves  very  numerous,  12-20  inches  long,  much  longer  than  the  stems,  about 
2  lines  broad  acuminate  and  mostly  very  acute:  bracts  lanceolate,  acute:  12 
inches  long:  tube  of  the  perianth  very  short,  its  outer  segments  2  inches  long 
or  more,  with  oblong  blade  and  broad  claw,  the  inner  ones  spatulate  and 
nearly  as  long:  capsule  oblong,  8-12  lines  long,  obtuse  at  both  ends:  seeds 
scarcely  flattened,  somewhat  angled  obtusely.  Common  in  open  places,  Brit. 
Columbia  to  Oregon.  There  is  a  white  flowered  form  with  narrow  perianth  and 
narrower  ovary  but  it  has  scarcely  enough  characters  for  a  species. 

■*-   ■*-      Rootstock  stout:  stems  naked  or  nearly  so  ,  usually  tall:  bracts 
contiguous  or  rarely  separated. 

I.  longipetala  Herbert  H.  <&  ^.  Bot.  Beech.  369.  Stems  stout,  1-1)^ 
feet  high,  3-5. flowered  :  leaves  about  as  high,  3-5  lines  broad:  bracts  foliace- 
ous,  large  and  acuminate,  3-4  inches  long:  flowers  very  large,  bright  hlac,  on 
stout  pedicels  1-2  inches  long,  the  tube  funnelform,  3  lines  long,  outer  seg- 
ments 2)^-3  inches  long  by  1-1^  broad,  narrowed  to  a  short  claw,  Twhite 
below  and  veined  with  violet,  the  mid  vein  yellow:  inner  segments  oblanceo- 
late, 2  inches  long:  anthers  shorter  than  the  stigmas:  style  broadly  crested: 
capsule  oblong,  narrowed  at  each  end,  2  inches  long:  seeds  flattened,  nearly '3 
lines  long.     In  moist  meadows,  eastern  Washington  to  California. 

I.    Missoariensis  Nutt.  Journ.  Acad.    Philad.  vii,  58.      Stems  rather 


IRIS  IRIDACE^  .  635 

SISYRINCHIUM 

slender,  terete,  naked  or  with  1  or  2  leaves,  6  inches  to  2  feet  high,  usually 
2-flowered :  leaves  two  to  three  lines  broad,  mostly  shoii;er  than  the  stems: 
bracts  dilated  and  scarious,  1-13^  inches  long,  acute  or  acuminate:  flowers 
pale  blue,  on  pedicels  %-2  inches  long, :  tube  of  the  perianth  3-4  lines  long, 
narrowed  below:  out,er  segments  2-2)^  inches  long,  the  inner  ones  a  little 
shorter,  all  with  narrow  claws:  anthers  not  exceeding  the  filaments,  equalling 
or  exceeding  the  stigmas:  capsule  oblong,  triangulai*  or  subterete,  1-2  inches 
long,  acute  at  each  end:  seeds  obovate,  acute  at  base,  2  lines  long.  Eastern 
Washington  to  California  and  the  Kocky  Mountains, 

2    SISYRINCHIUM  L.  Sp.  954. 

Perennial  herbs  with  short  rootstocks,  simple  or  branched 
stems,  narrow  grass-like  leaves  and  showy  flowers  in  small  ter- 
minal clusters  on  filiform  pedicels  subtended  by  a  pair  of  erect 
green  bracts.  Perianth  6-parted,  the  segments  similar  and 
spreading.  Stamens  3,  the  filaments  united,  at  least  at  base. 
Stigmas  filiform,  alternate  with  the  stamens,  involute.  Ovary 
3-celled,  with  several  ovules  in  each  cell.  Capsule  globose,  oval 
or  ovoid.     Seeds  subglobose  or  ovoid,  smooth  or  pitted. 

*     Stems  ancipital,  usually  branched:  flowers  blue:  filaments  united 
to  the  top:  anthers  short,  sagittate:  stigmas  short. 

S.  bellum  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xii,  277.  Stems  6-20  inches 
high,  somewhat  scabrous  on  the  naiTow  margins,  of  a  single  node,  or  often 
with  2  or  3  nodes,  each  node  bearing  1-4  peduncles:  leaves  a  line  or  two 
wide,  shorter  than  the  stems:  peduncles  2-4  inches  long,  usually  about  equal- 
ling the  nodal  bract:  spathes  of  2  nearly  equal  bracts  6-12  lines  long,  scabrous 
on  the  keel,  4-7-flowered:  segments  of  the  perianth  broad-lanceolate,  about 
6  lines  long,  truncate  but  scarcely  emarginate,  shortly  aristulate,  light  purple, 
darker  below  and  yellow  at  base,  somewhat  pubescent  as  well  as  the  ovary: 
staminal  column  3  lines  long,  purplish,  pubescent  at  base, :  capsule  depressed- 
globose  or  ovoid, 2  -3  lines  long;  the  cells  about  10-seeded:  seeds  irregularly 
and  obtusely  angled,  roughened,  %  of  a  line  in  diameter.  In  wet  places, 
Oregon  to  California. 

S.  segetnm  Bicknell  Bull.  Torr  Bot.  Club  xxvi,  449.  Rather  pale 
green  and  somewhat  glaucescent,  growing  in  close  tufts:  stems  erect,  slender, 
4-11  inches  high,  simple:  leaves  ^-%  inches  long,  a  line  or  less  wide,  some- 
times roughish  toward  the  setaceous  or  aculeate  apex:  spathes  stiffly  erect, 
the  outer  bract  very  slenderly  attenuate,  sometimes  for  fully  half  its  length, 
1-1%  inch  long,  subequal  with  or  surpassing  the  inner  one  by  %  or  more: 
flowers  on  very  slender  subspreading  pedicels,  deep  violet-blue :  segments  of 
the  perianth  oblanceolate,  obtuse  aristulate,  6-7  lines  long;  capsule  oblong 
or  obovoid,  transversely  corrugated,  many-seeded:  seeds  irregularly  obovoid, 
less  than  a  line  long.  On  dry  grassy  plains,  Washington  and  Oregon  to 
Nevada. 

S.  angnstifolium  Mill.  Gard.  Diet,  ed  7,  1859.  Pale  glaucous-green : 
stems  slender  4-20  inches  high,  of  a  single  node,  or  rarely  forked:  leaves 
rigid  and  often  almost  setaceous,  4-8  mches  long,  3^-1/^  lines  wide,  shorter 
than  the  stem:  spathes  stiffly  erect,  the  bracts  very  unequal,  the  outer  one 
usually  about  twice  as  long  as  the  inner:  pedicels  erect,  about  8  lines  long, 
shorter  than  the  bracts:  segments  of  the  perianth  oblanceolate,  emarginate, 
6-8  lines  long,  pale  blue :  capsule  subglobose,  2-3  lines  in  diameter :  seeds 
%-%,  line  in  diameter.  On  grassy  plains,  Oregon  to  Brit.  Columbia  and 
Virginia. 


636  iRlBACEiE  tsisVRiNcflruM 

S.  occidentale  Bicknell  1.  c.  447.  Glaucescent  to  pale  glaucous-green, 
usually  with  a  yellowish  tinge:  steins  7-12  inches  high,  stiff  and  erect, 
constricted  just  below  the  spathe:  leaves  firm  and  erect,  very  acute,  much 
shorter  than  the  stems,  a  line  wide:  spathes  erect  or  slightly  deflexed,  the 
bracts  often  rather  thin,  the  outer  one  mostly  straight,  the  inner  one  more 
or  less  convex  in  outline;  outer  bract  1-2  inches  long,  longer  than  the  inner 
one,  attenuate,  acute,  hyaline-margined  below:  flowers  3-6,  deep  violet- 
blue,  on  erect  exserted  pedicels:  capsule  subglobose,  about  3  lines  high. 
Idaho  to  Nevada  and  N.  Dakota. 

S.  septentrionale  Bicknell  1.  c.  452.  Pale  and  glaucescent:  stems 
5-12  inches  high  growing  in  small  tufts:  leaves  5-8  inches  long,  stiff  and 
erect,  less  than  a  line  wide,  mostly  setaceous:  spathes  small,  often  partly 
double,  one  or  more  flowers  arising  from  between  the  short  proper  spathes 
and  the  closely  subtending  slenderly  prolonged  outer  bract ;  inner  bract 
10-12  lines  long,  mostly  attenuate  and  acute ;  the  outer  bract  1-2  inches 
long:  flowers  very  small,  apparently  not  more  than  3  or  4,  on  erect  pedicels 
usually  shorter  than  the  inner  bract:  segments  of  the  perianth  3-5  lines 
long,  acuminate  and  short-aristate,  not  retuse,  pale  rose  or  violet:  capsule 
subglobose,  2-3  lines  long.     Eastern  Washington  and  Idaho  to  Assiniboia. 

S.  Idalioense  Bicknell  1.  c.  445.  Pale-green  and  glaucous :  stems  10- 
18  inches  high  straight  and  erect,  or  somewhat  flexuously  curved,  often 
twisted,  mostly  simple:  leaves  5-15  inches  high,  varying  from  thin  and 
somewhat  lax  to  firm  and  closely  erect,  1-2  lines  wide,  attenuate  to  some- 
what abruptly  acute :  spathes  often  deflexed,  long  and  narrow,  the  keel  of 
one  or  both  often  serrulate  or  hispidulous ;  outer  one  1)^-3  inches  long, 
commonly  K-K  longer  than  the  inner  one:  flowers  3-6,  on  erect  pedicels, 
deep  violet-blue  with  rather  small  yellow  eye :  segments  of  the  perianth 
7-10  lines  long:  ovary  glandular-puberulent :  capsule  globose  or  ovoid,  2-3 
lines  high.     Washington  to  Idaho  and  California. 

S.  sarmentosa  Suksdorf  in  Herb.  Greene  Eryth.  iii,  121.  Dull  green 
and  glaucescent,  growing  in  dense  tufts :  stems  very  slender,  erect  or  as- 
cending, 6-10  inches  high,  simple  or  with  a  leaf  and  branch  or  a  tuft  of 
leaves  and  branches  near  the  top :  leaves  very  narrow,  equalling  or  shorter 
than  the  stems,  attenuate,  acute  :  spathes  erect,  the  bracts  very  unequal, 
the  outer  one  13^-3  inches  long,  acuminate,  rather  abruptly  acute,  the  in- 
ner one  6-18  lines  long:  flowers  1-3,  bright  blue:  segments  of  the  perianth 
4-5  lines  long,  not  emarginate  but  abruptly  contracted  into  the  short  aris- 
tate  tip:  capsule  thin-walled,  subglobose,  2-3  lines  high.  Borders  of  wet 
meadows,  Skamania  Co.  Washington. 

*  *    Scapes  with  a  solitary  sessile  spathe:  filaments  united  only  at 
base :  anthers  linear,  sagittate. 

+-     Scapes  2-edged :  flowers  yellow :  style  very  deeply  cleft. 

S.  Californicum  Ait.  f.  Hort  Kew.  iv,  135.  Scapes  broadly  winged, 
6-15  inches  high:  leaves  much  shorter  than  the  scapes,  2-3  lines  wide: 
bracts  of  the  spathe  more  or  less  unequal,  the  longer  about  equalling  the 
pedicels:  flowers  3-7,  bright  yellow;  segments  of  the  perianth  4-6  lines 
long,  5-7-nerved,  obtuse  or  acutish  :  anthers  1)4  lines  long,  about  equalling 
the  filaments:  style  cleft  to  below  the  middle,  the  linear  branches  as  long 
as  the  anthers :  capsule  obovate-oblong,  4  lines  long :  seeds  half  a  line  in 
diameter.  Along  the  coast,  Vancouver  Island  to  California,  in  various 
forms. 

-*-  •*-     Scapes  compressed  but  not  margined :  flowers  large,  purple : 
style  cleft  at  the  apex. 

S.  gran diflor urn  Dougl.  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  xvi,  t.  1364.  Glabrous  and 
bright  green:  scapes  slender,  4-12  inches  high,  growing  in  dense  tufts  or 


SMiLAx  SMILACE.E  637 

solitary,  leafy  at  base :  leaves  linear,  2-6  inches  long,  1-2  lines  wide : 
spathes  1-4-flowered,  its  bracts  broad,  very  unequal,  the  outer  2-3  inches 
long,  long-acuminate,  inner  one  about  an  inch  long,  acute  or  short-acumin- 
ate, scarious-margined  :  flowers  bright  reddish-purple  to  white :  segments 
of  the  perianth  6-10  lines  long,  cuneate-oblong,  abruptly  acute  and  often 
shortly  acuminate:  filaments  broad  at  base,  3-6  lines  long,  much  shorter 
than  the  style  ;  anthers  2  lines  long:  capsule  obovoid,  2-3  lines  high. 
Common  in  moist  places  in  the  interior,  California  to  Brit.  Columbia. 

Order  XCV    SMILACEiE  Vent.  Tabl.  ii,  146.  (1799) 

Shrubby  or  herbaceous  climbing  plants  with  alternate  net- 
veined  petioled  leaves  that  develop  stipular  persistent  tendrils 
by  which  the  stem  is  secured  to  shrubs,  and  small  dioecious 
flowers  in  axillary  umbels.  Perianth-segments  6,  similar. 
Stamens  mostly  6,  distinct;  filaments  ligulate;  anthers  attached 
by  the  base,  2-celled,  introrse.  Ovary  3-ceUed,  the  cells  oppo- 
site the  inner  segments  of  the  perianth.  Ovules  1  or  2  in  each 
cell,  orthotropous,  suspended.  Style  very  short  or  none :  stig- 
mas 1-  3.  Fruit  a  globose  berry  containing  1-6  seeds.  Embryo 
small,  in  copious  horny  albumen. 

1    SMILAX  L.  Sp.  1028. 

Climbing  plants  with  broad  leaves  and  small  greenish  flowers  in 
axillary  umbels.  Rootsock  usually  very  large  and  tuberous. 
Flowers  regular,  perianth-segments  distinct,  deciduous,  with  the 
anthers  inserted  on  their  bases.  Staminate  flowers  without  an 
ovary:  the  pistillate  usually  with  1-6  abortive  stamens.  Embryo 
lying  under  a  tubercle  at  the  upper  end  of  the  seed. 

S.  Californica  Gray  in  Herb.  Watson  Bot.  Cal.  ii,  186.  Glabrous: 
stems  woody,  4-20  feet  long,  terete  or  somewhat  angled,  naked  or  covered 
with  weak  spreading  prickles :  leaves  broadly  ovate,  abruptly  acute,  some- 
what cordate  at  base,  1^-4  inches  long,  thin  and  deciduous,  roughish  on 
the  margins,  on  petioles  about  an  inch  long  peduncles  slender,  flat,  2-3 
times  longer  than  the  petioles :  flowers  20  or  less:  segments  of  the  perianth 
4-9,  green  narrowly  oblong,  5  lines  long:  fruit  black,  2  lines  in  diameter. 
In  thickets  along  streams,  southern  Oregon  and  northern  California. 

Order  XCVI     LILIACE^   Adans.  Fam.  PL  42.   (1763) 

Scapose  or  leafy-stemmed  plants  from  bulbs  or  rarely  from 
rootstocks  with  various  leaves  and  regular  mostly  perfect  usu- 
ally showy  flowers  mostly  in  umbels  or  racemes.  Perianth 
parted  into  6  distinct  or  nearly  distinct  segments,  or  these 
more  or  less  united  into  a  tube,  inferior  or  partly  superior. 
Stamens  6,  hypogynous  or  borne  on  the  perianth  at  the  base  of 
its  segments :  anthers  2-celled,  mostly  introrse.  Ovary  3-celled, 
with  few  or  numerous  anatropous  or  amphitropous  ovules  in 
each  cell.  Style  united:  stigma  3-lobed  or  capitate.  Fruit  a 
loculicidal  or  septicidal  capsule.  Seeds  various,  winged  or 
wingless.     Embryo  in  copious  albumen. 

I     Flowers    with   scarious   bracts,  a  persistent  perianth    with 


638  LILIACF^ 

1 -several-nerved    segments,    perigynous   stamens  with  introrse 
ant  hers  and  an  undivided  mostly  persistent  style. 

*  Inflorescence  umbellate  upon  a  naked  scape  from  a  bulb  or  corm : 
fruit  a  locullcidal  capsule :  seeds  more  or  less  turgid,  with  close  black 
testa. 

-*•    Bulb  mostly  tunicated :  bracts  broad  and  spathaceous. 

1  Allium    Pedicels  not  jointed :  perianth  deeply  parted ;  segments  1-nerv- 

ed :  filaments  naked,  in  1  row:  style  filiform,   jointed  upon  the  very 
short  axis,  seeds  1  or  2  in  each  cell. 

-*-  ■*-  Root  a  coated  corm  :  bracts  several,  distinct:  capsule  scarcely 
lobed,  several-seeded. 

2  Brodiaea    Perianth  funnelform,  not  contracted  at  the  throat  nor  sac- 

cate at  base :  stamens  6,  in  1  or  2  rows,  with  winged  or  naked  filaments, 
or  3  and  alternate  with  as  many  staminodia. 

3  Brevoortia    Perianth  deep  scarlet  with   short  yellowish   lobes,  the 

broad  tube  6-saccate  at  base :  stamens  3,  with  alternate  broad  truncate 
staminodia. 

*  *  Flowers  on  subterranean  pedicels,  in  a  sessile  umbel  with  long 
linear  scarious  bracts,  upon  a  short  rootstock :  capsule  loculicidal : 
seeds  more  or  less  turgid,  with  close  black  testa. 

4  Lencocrinnm      Perianth  white,  salverform,  with  very  narrow   tube 

and  several-nerved  segments :  stamens  6,  in  1  row !  leaves  linear,  flat. 

*  *  *  Root  a  bulb  or  corm :  inflorescence  racemous  or  paniculate : 
fruit  a  loculicidal  capsule. 

-•-  Flowers  rather  large,  on  jointed  pedicels  in  a  simple  open  raceme : 
segments  several-nerved:  capsule  obovate  or  oblong:  seeds  black, 
several  in  each  cell. 

5  Gamassia    Scapes  naked :   flowers  blue  to  white ;   segments  distinct, 

spreading:  seeds  several, ovate,  angled. 

+-  +■  Flowers  small,  racemes  panicled  :  capsule  triangular-obovate: 
cells  1-2- seeded. 

6  Hastingsia    Stems  sparingly  leafy,  from  tunicated  bulbs  :  flowers  white 

or  greenish,  numerous :  perianth  lax,  scarious,  the  segments  apparent- 
ly 1-nerved:  style  short. 

7  Chlorogalnm    Stem  leafy,   from  a  tunicated  bulb :  flowers  white  or 

pinkish,  scattered;  segments  distinctly  3- nerved:  style  long. 

II  Pedicels  not  jointed.  Floral  bracts  none  or  foliaceoiis. 
Flowers  with  distinct  netted- veined  and  deciduous  segments,  hy- 
pogynous  stamens  with  more  or  less  extrorse  anthei'S  and  usually 
deciduous  styles  united  at  least  at  base. 

*    Perianth -segments  similar,  naked  :  styles  long. 

+-  Bulb  scaly :  stem  simple,  strict  leafy  and  leafy-bracteate :  anthers 
versatile :  seeds  flat,  horizontal. 

8  Lilinm  Bulb-scales  lanceolate :  segments  of  the  perianth  oblanceolate, 

with  a  linear  nectariferous  groove,  usually  spotted:  style  undivided. 

9  Fritlllarla    Bulb-scales  short,   very  thick :  segments  of  the  perianth 

lanceolate  or  broader,  concave,  often  mottled;  nectary  a  shallow  pit: 
styles  united,  or  distinct  to  the  middle. 


ALLIUM  LILIACEiE  639 

•*-  -*-     Stem  simple,  low,  from  a  small  tunicaied  bulb :  leaves  linear, 
without  veinlets :  anthers  attached  by  the  base :  seeds  flat. 

10  Lloydia    Stem  sparingly  leafy,  bearing  a  solitary  flower  with  spread- 
ing persistent  3-nerved  equal  segments. 

+-•*--•-     Stem  low,  2-leaved,  from  an  oblong  corm :  anthers  attach- 
ed by  the  base :  seeds  turgid. 

11  Erythronium  Leaves  broad:  perianth-segments  oblanceolate,  callous- 
toothed  each  side  of  the  grooved  nectary. 

*  *    Outer  segments  of  the  perianth  smaller,  somewhat  sepal-like ; 
the  inner  broad  and  usually  bearded :  stigmas  sessile. 

12  Calochortus    Stem  usually  lax  or  flexuous,  from  a  coated  corm : 
anthers  attached  by  the  base :  capsule  usually  septJcidal. 

1     ALLIUM  L.  Sp.  294, 

Perennial  herbs  mostly  with  tunicated  bulbs,  a  peculiar  odor, 
lanceolate  or  linear  leaves  and  rather  small  flowers  in  a  terminal 
simple  umbel.  Perianth  of  6  nearly  equal  distinct  lanceolate  to 
linear  more  or  less  spreading  1-nerved  segments  that  are  often 
gibbous  at  base,  and  subtended  by  2  or  3  membranous  separate 
or  united  bracts.  Pedicels  not  jointed.  Stamens  6  inserted  on 
the  base  of  the  segments  ifilaments  filiform:  anthers  mostly  ovate- 
oblong,  versatile.  Ovary  sessile,  subglobose,  deeply  3-lobed 
with  a  very  short  axis:  ovules  mostly  2,  1-several,  at  the  base  of 
each  cell,  ascending:  style  filiform,  jointed  on  the  axis:  stigmas 
small.  Capsule  obtusely  3-lobed,  loculicidally  dehiscent.  Seeds 
obovoid  and  wrinkled,  with  thin  black  testa. 

§  I  Bulbs  cespitose,  narrowly  oblong  and  crowning  a  more 
or  less  persistent  rhizome,  coats  membranaceous  without  peculiar 
reticulation:  spathes  mostly  2-valved:  scapes  terete. 

*  Leaves  terete  and  hollow. 

A.  Schcenoprasnm  L.  Sp.  301.  Scapes  stout,  1^2  feet  high,  from  ob 
long  bulbs:  umbel  subcapitate,  densely  many-flowered,  erect :  spathe  2-val 
ved,  its  bracts  broadly  ovate:  pedicels  1-3  lines  long:  flowers,  rose-color, 
longer  than  the  pedicels :  segments  of  the  perianth  4-6  lines  long,  lanceolate, 
acuminate  :  stamens  included :  filaments  subulate :  ovules  2  in  each  cell : 
capsule  obtusely  3-lobed,  about  half  as  long  as  the  perianth,  not  crested. 
Along  rivers  in  moist  or  wet  soil  from  the  Columbia  river  to  Alaska  and  the 
Great  Lakes :  also  in  Europe  and  Asia. 

*  *    Leaves  flat  or  channeled. 

A.  cernuum  Eoth.  Eoem.  Arch,  i,  part  3,  40.  Bulbs  usually  clustered 
on  a  short  rootstock,  narrowly  ovoid,  with  a  long  neck,  1-2  inches  long: 
scapes  slender,  slightly  rigid,  6-20  inches  high:  leaves  linear,  channeled, 
or  nearly  flat,  1-4  lines  broad,  often  equalling  the  scape:  umbel  loosely  many- 
flowered,  nodding:  spathe  2-valved,  the  bracts  lanceolate  or  shorter,  decid- 
uous: pedicels  filiform,  8-15  lines  long:  flowers  rose  color  to  white,  the 
segments  2-3  lines  long,  broad  and  acutish  :  stamens  and  style  exserted  : 
filaments  filiform ;  ovules  2  in  each  ceil :  capsule  3-lobed  shorter  than  the 
I)erianth,  with  2  crests  on  the  summit  of  each  valve.  On  rocky  banks  and 
bluffs  along  streams,  Oregon  to  Brit.  Columbia  and  the  Alleghany  Mts. 

A.    validnm   Watson  Bot.   King   350.    Scapes  very  stout,  i-2}4  feet 


640  LILIACEiE  allium 

high  from  a  stout  rhizome ;  leaves  ample,  2-8  lines  broad,  often  nearly  as 
long  as  the  scape :  umbel  often  slightly  nodding,  with  2-4  bracts,  densely 
many -flowered  ;  pedicels  rather  stout,  4-8  lines  long:  flowers  rose-color  to 
nearly  white;  segments  3-4  lines  long,  narrowly  acuminate :  stamens  and 
style  usually  exserted :  capsule  subglobose,  not  crested.  In  wet  places  in 
the  mountains,  Oregon  to  California  and  Nevada. 

§  2  Bulbs  globose  to  ovoid,  mostly  solitary,  not  rhizomatous ; 
coats  fibrous  or  membranaceous.  Leaves  narrowly  linear,  flat  or 
channeled.     Scapes  terete  or  nearly  so.     Umbels  erect. 

*    Bulb-coats  more  or  less  fibrous :  leaves  several. 

A.  Oeyeri  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xiv,  227.  Scape  slender,  10-25 
inches  high  :  bulb  elongated  :  leaves  2-4,  slender,  5-10  inches  long,  rather 
rigidly  erect :  spathe  2-valved ;  the  bracts  broadly  lanceolate,  acuminate, 
6-10  inches  long :  umbel  densely  many-flowered :  pedicels  slender,  6-12 
lines  long,  spreading  or  reflexed :  segments  of  the  perianth  pale  rose-color 
to  white,  about  4  lines  long,  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  strongly  nerved, 
rigid  in  fruit,  sometimes  but  little  exceeding  the  stamens  :  capsule  crested. 
In  low  meadows,  Oregon  and  Washington  to  Idaho. 

*  *    Bulb- coats  not  fibious :  leaves  2-4,  shorter  than  or  about  equal- 
ling the  scape. 

A,  Don^lasii  Hook.  Fl.  ii,  184.  Scape  stout,  7-15  inches  high :  bulb 
ovate,  about  an  inch  long,  the  coats  not  reticulated:  leaves  2,  flat,  5-10 
inches  long,  about  6  lines  wide :  flowers  very  numerous,  in  a  dense  globose 
umbel  dark  red,  3-4  lines  long:  segments  lanceolate  acuminate,  scarcely 
exeeding  the  stamens  ovary  not  at  all  crested.     Eastern  Washington. 

A,  madidnm  Watson  1.  c.  228.  Scapes  rather  stout,  4-8  inches  high; 
bulbs  ovoid,  4-8  lines  in  diameter :  leaves  2,  thick  and  channeled,  3-6  inches 
long,  1-3  lines  broad:  spathe  2-valved,  the  bracts  ovate  to  lanceolate,  acute, 
4-5  lines  long:  umbel  usually  many-flowered:  pedicels  4-12  lines  long, 
segments  of  the  perianth  pink  to  white,  4  lines  long,  ovate-oblong,  acute,  a 
little  exceeding  the  stamens:  cells  of  the  ovary  with  two  fleshy  ridges  at 
the  summit.     In  wet  places,  eastern  Oregon  and  Washington. 

A.  collinnm  Dougl.  in  Herb.  I  have  no  specimens  of  this,  it  is  poorly 
described  as  follows.  *'  Perianth-segments  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  4  lines 
long,  twice  longer  than  the  slender  stamens  and  style:  capsule  very  ob- 
scurely ridged  toward  the  summit  ".     Blue  Mountains,  Oregon. 

A.  scilloides  Dougl.  in  Herb.  This  is  equally  obscure  with  the  last. 
"  Perianth-segments  oblong-lanceolate  obtuse,  3  lines  long,  a  half  longer 
than  the  stamens :  ovary  not  at  all  crested.    Priest's  Rapids,  Columbia  river. 

A.  acnminatnm  Hook.  Fl.  ii,  184,  t.  196.  Scape  3-10  inches  high : 
bulb  globose,  3-5  lines  in  diameter :  leaves  2,  terete,  shorter  than  the 
scape :  spathe  2-valve(l,  the  bracts  lanceolate,  narrowly  acuminate :  pedicels 
5-40,  erect  or  ascending:  segments  of  the  periaiith  5-7  lines  long,  lanceo- 
late with  acuminate  recurved  tips,  dark  rose-color  to  nearly  white,  rigid  in 
fruit,  a  third  longer  than  the  stamens,  the  inner  ones  undulate-serrulate : 
capsule  obscurely  crested.  Common  on  dry  plains^  Brit.  Columbia  to 
California. 

Tar.  cuspidatum  Fernald.     "  Perianth-segments  smaller,   abruptly 
cuspidate.     Near  Wawawai,  Washington." 

A.  Bolanderi  Watson  1.  c.  229.  Scape  very  slender,  3-10  inches  high: 
bulbs  oblong,  propagating  by  filiform  runners;  the  one  producing  the 
scape  remaining  firm  until  the  following  season  but  not  flowering  again, 
but  producing  a  new  bulb  that  flowers  the  following  season:  leaves  terete, 


ALLitJM  lALlACEM  641 

almost  filiform,  shorter  than  the  scape :  spathe  2-valved ;  the  bracts  lanceo- 
late, long  acuminate,  4-8  lines  long:  umbel  rather  few-flowered:  pedicels 
erect  or  ascending,  6-10  lines  long:  flowers  rose-color  to  yellowish,  4-6  lines 
long ;  the  segments  narrowly  lanceolate,  long  acuminate,  nearly  straight, 
twice  as  long  as  the  stamens,  the  inner  ones  strongly  serrulate:  filaments 
filiform,  adnate  to  the  middle.     Dry  ground,  southern  Oregon  to  California. 

A,  attennifolinm  Kellogg  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  110,  f.  34.  Scape  rather 
slender,  6-20  inches  high:  bulb  globular,  3-5  lines  in  diameter:  leaves 
2-4,  narrow  and  becoming  convolute-filiform  above  the  sheathing  base: 
spathe  2-valved;  the  bracts  short  and  abruptly  acute :  umbel  densely  many- 
flowered  :  pedicels  filiform,  8-15  lines  long,  spreading  or  recurved :  segments 
of  the  perianth  pale  rose-color  to  white,  oblong-ovate  to  broadly  lanceolate, 
shortly  acuminate,  about  4  lines  long,  usually  in  flexed,  exceeding  the 
stamens:  capsule  globose,  distinctly  6-crested.  In  moist  or  wet  places 
along  bluffs,  usually  growing  in  dense  masses,  western  Oregon  to  California  . 

A.  serratam  Watson  Bot.  King  487,  t.  37,  fig.  4.  "  Bulb-coats  con- 
spicuously transversely  serrate-reticulate;  scapes  usually  slender,  4-12 
inches  high;  leaves  very  narrowly  linear ;  umbel  usually  many-flowered 
and  often  large,  the  spreading  pedicels  9-15  lines  long ;  sepals  pink  or  crim- 
son, 4-9  lines  long,  usually  broad  and  acuminate,  erect  or  recurved,  ex- 
ceeding the  stamens;  capsule  slightly  crested. — Quite  variable."  Idaho 
to  California. 

A.  Jfevii  Watson  I.  c,  231.  Scape  slender,  3-8  inches  high:  bulb 
ovoid,  3-6  lines  long:  leaves  two,  channeled,  less  than  a  line  wide,  equal- 
ling or  exceeding  the  scape:  spathe  2valved;  the  bracts  ovate,  rather 
abruptly  acuminate,  4-6  lines  long:  umbel  rather  loosely  few-several-flow- 
ered: pedicels  slender,  4-8  lines  long,  erect  or  ascending,  segments  of  the 
perianth  white  to  rose-color,  ovate-lanceolate,  long-acuminate,  about  3 
lines  long,  somewhat  keeled,  the  midnerve  dark  red,  but  little  if  at  all  ex- 
ceeding the  stamens :  capsule  depressed-globose,  with  a  thick  crest  on  each 
side  near  the  summit  of  each  cell.     On  top  of  high  hills,  eastern  Oregon. 

*  *  *    Leaves  one  or  two,  greath''  exceeding  the  short  scape :  capsule 
not  crested  or  very  obscurely  so. 

A.  macrum  Watson  1.  c.  233.  Scape  1-4  inches  high,  slender:  bulb 
round-ovate,  3-5  lines  in  diameter:  leaves  two,  slightly  falcate  3-6  inches 
long,  1-2  lines  wide:  spathe  two-valved;  the  bracts  lanceolate,  abruptly 
acuminate,  5-8  lines  long :  pedicels  slender  4-8  lines  long,  erect  to  some- 
what recurved :  segments  of  the  perianth  white  to  pinkish,  lanceolate,  acu- 
minate, about  3  lines  long,  scarcely  exceeding  the  stamens  and  style :  cells 
of  the  ovary  bordered  by  a  thick  obtuse  ridge.  In  moist  places  in  the 
Blue  Mountains  of  Oregon  and  Washington. 

A.  tribracteatnm  Torr.  Pac.  R.  Rep.  iv,  148.  Scape  slender,  1-4 
inches  high:  bulb  ovoid  to  oblong,  4-8  lines  long:  leaves  usually  two, 
somewhat  falcate,  5-6  inches  long,  ^-3  lines  wide:  spathe  3-valved;  the 
bracts  broadly  ovate  to  almost  orbicular,  abruptly  acuminate:  umbel 
densely  many-flowered:  pedicels  4-6  lines  long  erect  or  ascending:  seg- 
ments of  the  perianth  oblong  or  almost  linear,  obtuse  or  barely  acute, 
about  4  lines  long,  deep  rose-color  with  darker  veins,  but  little  longer  than 
the  stamens  :  capsule  not  crested.  On  top  of  Table  Rock,  Jackson  County 
Oregon  to  California  and  Utah, 

§  3  Bulbs  ovoid,  not  rhizomatous,  the  membranaceous  coats 
mostly  without  reticulation.  Leaves  2,  broadly  linear,  flat  and 
falcate,  thick.  Scapes  stout,  much  compressed  and  more  or  less 
wing-margined,  low  and  mostly  shorter  than  the  leaves.  Spathe 
in  ours  2-valved. 


642  LILT  ACE /C  allium 

A.  Watsoni.  Scape  slender,  2-3  inches  high,  narrowly  margined  :  bulb 
ovoid,  4-6  lines  in  diameter:  leaves  4-6  inches  long,  about  2  lines  wide : 
bracts  of  the  spathe  lanceolate  to  ovate,  acuminate,  about  6  lines  long: 
umbel  rather  loosely  several-  to  many-flowered :  pedicels  erect  or  ascend- 
ing, 4-8  lines  long:  segments  of  the  perianth  lanceolate,  acute,  3-4  lines 
long,  light  rose-color  to  pink,  with  dark  mid-nerves,  slightly  exceeding  the 
stamens  In  open  places  in  the  Coast  Mountains  of  middle  Oregon.  Dedi- 
cated to  the  late  8ereno  Watson,  who  in  1881  recognized  it  as  an  unde- 
scribed  species  but  did  not  publish  it  for  want  of  good  material.  Speci- 
mens from  the  Blue  mountains  of  Oregon  appear  to  be  of  this  species. 

A.  Cusickii  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xiv,  228.  Scape  3-4  inches 
high  :  bulb  ovoid,  5-6  lines  in  diameter :  leaves  falcate,  4-6  inches  long,  2-4 
lines  wide:  bracts  of  the  spathe  ovate,  acuminate,  6-8  lines  long:  pedicels 
slender,  8-12  lines  long :  segments  of  the  perianth  broad  lanceolate,  gradu- 
ally acuminate,  5-6  lines  long,  nearly  white  to  pink,  distinctly  gibbous  at 
base  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  stamens :  cells  of  the  ovary  shortly  apicu- 
late.     Union  County,  Oregon, 

A.  falcifolium  H.  &  A.  Bot.  Beech.  400.  Scape  stout,  prominently 
winged,  2-6  inches  high :  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate,  2-6  inches  long,  4-6 
lines  wide,  strongly  falcate :  bracts  of  the  spathe  broadly  lanceolate  to 
ovate,  gradually  acuminate,  6-8  lines  long:  umbel  loosely  many-flowered: 
pedicels  rather  stout,  6-lS  lines  long,  erect  or  ascending:  segments  of  the 
perianth  with  broadly  lanceolate  base  and  long  attenuate  somewhat  spread- 
ing tipS;  rose-color  to  pink,  gibbous  at  base,  minutely  serrulate,  7-8  lines 
long,  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  stamens :  capsule  acute,  with  3  short 
narrow  central  crests.     On  dry  rocky  ridges,  southern  Oregon  to  California. 

A.  anceps  Kellogg  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  ii,  109,  fig.  32.  Scapes  2-4  inches 
high,  somewhat  flattened  and  margined:  leaves  longer  than  the  scape,  2-5 
lines  wide:  umbel  rather  densely  many-flowered:  pedicels  very  slender, 
6-9  lines  long,  erect  or  spreading :  segments  of  the  perianth  very  narrowly 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  lax,  scarcely  gibbous  at  base,  nearly  white  with 
purple  midveins,  3-5  lines  long,  little  longer  than  the  stamens  and  style : 
cells  of  the  capsule  with  two  broad  obtuse  crests.  Eastern  Oregon  to  Ne- 
vada and  California, 

A.  pleianthnm  Watson  1.  c.  233.  Scape  slender,  3-5  inches  high: 
leaves  falcate,  5-7  inches  long,  2-5  lines  wide:  bracts  of  the  spathe  broadly 
ovate,  acute  and  shortly  acuminate:  umbel  rather  loosely  many -flowered: 
pedicels  slender,  8-15  lines  long,  erect  or  ascending:  segments  of  the  peri- 
anth lanceolate,  acuminate,  gibbous  at  base,  white  to  light  rose-color,  about 
5  lines  long,  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  stamens:  ovary  and  capsule  promi- 
nently 6-crested.    On  high  hills  in  the  John  Day  Valley,  eastern  Oregon. 

A.  crenulatnm  Wiegand  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  xxvi.  135.  Scape  2-3 
inches  high,  the  wings  crenulately  roughened :  leaves  2-3  inches  long, 
about  a  line  wide,  recurved,  the  margins  crenulate :  bracts  of  the  spathe 
ovate-oblong,  acute,  about  5  lines  long:  umbel  few-flowered:  pedicels 
shorter  than  the  flowers  :  segments  of  the  perianth  pink,  lanceolate,  acutish, 
4  lines  long,  twice  as  long  as  the  stamens :  ovary  6-crested  at  the  summit. 
In  loose  ground  near  the  summit  of  the  Olympic  Mountains,  Washington. 

A.  Tolmiei  Baker  Bot.  Mag.  under  t.  6227.  Scapes  3-5  inches  high, 
conspicuously  winged,  smooth :  leaves  falcate,  4-6  inches  long  by  3-4  lines 
wide :  bracts  of  the  spathe  broadly  ovate,  abruptly  acuminate,  6-8  lines 
long:  umbel  rather  densely  few- to  many -flowered:  pedicels  slender,  5-8 
lines  long,  erect  or  spreading :  segments  of  the  perianth  light  rose-color  to 
white,  lanceolate,  acute,  about  5  lines  long  twice  as  long  as  the  stamens  : 
ovary  very  obscurely  crested.  On  rocky  ridges,  eastern  Oregon  and 
Washington  to  Utah. 


BRODi^A  LILIA^OE^  643 

A.  simillimniii  Henderson  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  xxvii,  355.  Scape 
1-2  inches  high  from  the  ovoid  l)iilb,  slender,  flattened  and  very  narrowly 
winged:  leaves  4-5  inches  long,  less  than  a  line  wide,  falcate  to  recurved: 
bracts  of  the  spathe  broadly  ovate,  acute  or  acutish:  uml)el  6-9-flowered: 
pedicels  slender,  1-2  lines  long  :  segments  of  the  perianth  narrowly  oblong, 
obtuse,  delicately  denticulate  with  spreading  papillse  half  way  up,  pinkish- 
white  with  strong  green  midnerve,  %-%  longer  than  the  stamens :  filaments 
dilated  at  base  and  adnate  for  %  their  length :  ovary  slightly  crested.  On 
Sesesh  Peak,  Idaho.  '  > 

2    BRODIiEA  Smith  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  x,  2.     Including 
HOOKERA  Salisb.  and  TRITELIA  Lindl. 

Perennial  herbs  with  slender  scapes  from  fibromembranaceous- 
coated  corms  bearing  a  several-bracted  umbel  of  few  to  many  blue, 
purple,  whitej  or  yellow  flowers  on  jointed  pedicels.  Perianth 
persistent,  fannelform,  often  narrowly  so,  not  contracted  at  the 
throat  nor  saccate,  or  but  slightly  so,  at  base.  Segments  of  the 
perianth  one-nerved.  Stamens  3,  inserted  on  the  throat  opposite 
the  inner  segments  and  alternate  with  as  many  staminodia,  or  six 
in  one  or  two  rows  with  the  filaments  naked  or  appendaged. 
Style  persistent,  about  equalling  the  anthers,  with  short  diverg- 
ing entire  stigmas.  Ovary  three-celled,  with  3-8  ovules  in  each 
cell.  Capsule  ovate  to  oblong,  more  or  less  attenuate  above. 
Seeds  angled,  black. 

§  1  EuBRODiiEA  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xiv,  236.  Peri- 
anth broadly  funnelform,  the  tube  mostly  shorter  than  the  limb. 
Stamens  in  one  row.     Anthers  attached  by  the  base. 

*    Segments  of  the  perianth  2-3  times  longer  than  the  tube :  stamens 
3,  alternate  with  as  many  staminodia. 

B.  grandiflora  Smith  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  x,  2.  Scape  smooth,!  3-10 
inches  high :  leaves  about  a  line  broad,  thick  and  somewhat  terete,  about 
as  long  as  the  stem:  pedicels  1-10  or  more,  3^-3  inches  long:  perianth 
varying  from  purple  to  light  rose-color,  10-20  lines  long :  segments  of  the 
perianth  linear-oblong,  obtuse  or  acutish,  strongly  1-nerved:  filaments 
rather  slender,  1-2  lines  long,  the  anthers  twice  »&  long:  staminodia  ligu- 
late,  entire,  obtuse,  whitish  about  equalling  the  anthers :  capsule  sessile, 
narrowed  at  base,  oblong,  attenuate  into  the  short  rigid  style;  cells  6-8- 
seeded:  seeds  a  line  long.  Common  in  open  places,  California  to  British 
Columbia. 

B.  minor  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xiv,  236.  Scapes  very  slender, 
3-6  inches  high,  smooth,  bearing  an  umbel  of  2-6  rays  an  inch  or  two  long : 
perianth  7-14  lines  long ;  anthers  oblong,  2  lines  long  shorter  than  the 
broadly  ligulate  usually  emarginate  staminodia:  capsule  obovoid,  sessile 
or  nearly  so,  3  lines  long,  acute,  the  cells  S-seeded:  seeds  a  line  long. 
Oregon  to  California. 

B.  congesta  Smith  1.  c.  3,  t.  1.  Scapes  slender,  2-4  feet  high,  smooth  : 
leaves  carinate,  glaucous,  6-18  inches  long,  4-9  lines  wide  :  umbel  densely 
few-  to  many-flowered,  often  produced  into  a  short  dense  raceme:  pedicels 
1-3  lines  long:  perianth  8-10  lines  long,  bluish-purple,  the  oblong-lanceo- 
late segments  twice  as  long  as  the  tube :  anthers  very  nearly  sessile,  deeply 
emarginate  at  each  end,  2-3  lines  long :  staminodia  deeply  cleft,  exceeding 
the  anthers:  capsule  sessile,  ovate,  5  licies  long  including  the  short  thick 
style:  cells  several-ovuled,  usually  l-seede4 :  seed  2  lines  long.    Common 


644  LII  lACEiE  broimjejl 

on  rocky  hillsides  California  to  l»rit.  Columbia. 

B.  mnltiflora  Henth.  PI  Hartvv.  839.  irare  1-2  fee t  high.  Fomewhat 
scahrous:  unihel  not  produced:  ^taniinodia  entiie  buad  and  obtuse,  al>out 
equalling  the  anthers:  seeds  several  iu  each  cell.  From  the  iSacramento 
valley  to  Oiegon. 

*  *  Flowers  subcapitate;  the  segments  little  longer  than  the  tube, 
stamens  H.  the  inner  with  a  free  lanceolate  appendage  on  each  side; 
the  outer  ones  naked. 

B.  capltata  Benth.  1.  c.  Scapes  1-2  f^et  hUh:  leaves  a  foot  long  or 
more,  sonietitnes  longer  than  the  scape,  2-10  lines  wide,  carinate,  usually 
giaucoMs:  flowers  few  to  many,  nearly  ses.«ile  or  on  pedicels  2-U  lines  long: 
perianth  rather  broadly  funnelform.  6-10  lines  long,  fmm  l-lneor  purple 
to  white:  inner  anther-i  nearly  sessile,  linear,  2  lines  long,  slightly  shurier 
than  the  oblong-lancenlate  appendages:  tlie  outer  smaller,  on  short  naued 
filaments  l>roadly  tlilated  at  base:  capsule  ovoid,  sessile.  about3  lines  long, 
beaked  by  the  slender  style  nearly  as  long:  seeds  several  in  each  cell,  2 
lines  long.    On  dry  open  ridges,  southern  Oregon  to  California. 

§  2  Tritelia  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  as  genus.  Segments  of  the, 
perianth  equalling  or  shorter  than  the  tube.  Stamens  in  2  rows' 
witli  more  or  less  distinctly  versatile  anthers.     Capsule  stipitatet 

B.  Douglasil  Watson  1.  c.  Tritelia  grandijlora  Lindl.  Scape  1-3  fee 
higii,  smooth,  erect  and  usually  ^t•iUt:  leaves  15-18  inches  lon^,  2-8  line.^ 
wide,  carinate:  umbel  subcapitate.  usually  many  flowered:  pedicels  l-l 
lines  long :  perianth  8-12  lines  long,  dark  blue ;  the  tube  subsaccate  at  base* 
about  as  loi.g  as  the  ovate  obtuse  lobes:  anthers  oblong,  a  line  long,  the 
lower  3  inserted  on  the  throHt  opposite  the  outer  segments  attached  near 
the  base  and  erect  on  very  short  filaments;  the  upper  3  inserted  on  the 
inner  hegments,  attached  near  tlie  middle  and  versatile  on  short  free  fila- 
ments which  form  below  prominent  wings  within  the  tube:  style  slender, 
about  3  lines  long:  capsule  ovoid,  a»out  4  lines  l')ng,  on  a  stipe  nearly  as 
long:  seeds  several  in  each  cell.  On  sandy  plains,  eastern  Oregon  and 
Washington  to  Wyoming  and  Utah. 

B.  Howellli  Watson  1  c  301.  Scape  1-3  feet  high:  leaves 8-12  inches 
lontr,  1-4  line?  broad:  umbel  u<ually  few  flowered  subcapitate:  flowers 
white  with  light  blue  base  to  light  blue,  8-10  lines  long;  the  broad  tube 
longer  than  the  oblong-ovate  obtuse  lobes :  stamens  in  2  rows,  the  lower 
inserted  on  the  throat  <»pposit-'  the  3  outer  segments,  on  very  short  deltoid 
filaments,  the  upper  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  inner  segment-",  with 
broadly  winged  filaments  about  2  lines  long;  anthers  all  attached  near  the 
middle,  nearly  2  lines  long:  capsule  oblong,  attenuate  upward  into  the 
style,  the  cells  about  6-seeded.  On  dry  plains,  eastern  Washington  and 
Oregon  near  the  base  of  the  Cascade  Mountains. 

§  3  Calliprora  Stamens  in  1  row,  with  deltoid  or  wing-dilat- 
ed filaments  and  versatile  anthers.     Capsule  stipitate. 

B.  lactea  Watson  1.  c  238.  Scape  usually  slender,  1-S  feet  high, 
smooth  or  scabrous:  leaves  6-8  inches  1<  ng  2-b  lines  wide:  umbel  subcapi- 
tate, few-  to  many-flowerpd :  pedicels  3^-2  inches  long:  perianth  white  with 
green  mid-nerve,  4-8  lines  long,  the  short  and  broad  tube  not  half  as  long 
as  the  oblong  obtuse  segments:  stamens  in  one  row,  inserted  on  the  base 
of  the  segments,  with  liroad  deltoid  filaments  and  short  anthers  attached 
a  little  below  the  middle:  style  slender,  3-4  liries  long:  capsule  subglobose, 
on  a  stipe  1-2  lines  long.  Common  in  wet  places  and  moist  meadows, 
California  to  Brit.  Columbia  and  Idaho. 

B.    Bridgesli  Watson  1.  c.  237    Scape  slender,  6-18  inches  high :  leaves 


BREvooRTiA  LILIACEiE  645 

LKUCOCKIXCM 

6-8  inclies  long,  2-3  lines  wide,  nsnally  falcate:  pedicels  10-20,  %-2  inches 
long:  perianih  l>]ne  or  piirpliph  to  nearly  white,  \'l-\b  lines  long,  the  tuhe 
very  narrow  and  longer  than  the  Fegments :  etamens  inserted  on  the  throat; 
tie  nearly  equal  filaments  dilated  downward,  the  free  portion  1-2  lines 
long;  anthers  linear,  2  lines  long:  cajsule  ovoid,  4  lines  long,  shorter  than 
the  stipe,  beaked  hy  the  verv  slender  style:  se«  ds  2-6  in  each  cell,  \%  lines 
long.     On  dry  ridges  in  the  Coafet  Mountains,  southern  Oregon  to  California. 

B.  Hendersoni  Watson  Pioc.  Am.  Acad,  xxiii,  266.  Scapes  6-18 
im  lies  high,  smooth:  leaves  as  long  or  longer  than  the  scape.  2-6  lines 
wide:  unibel  subcapitate,  few- to  many-flowered :  pedicels  slender,  1-2 
inches  long:  perianth  an  inch  long,  yellow  with  blue  mi«l  veins,  the  fun- 
nelform  tube  nearly  as  long  as  the  lanceolate  segments:  stamens  inserted 
at  the  base  of  the  tube,  the  filaments  adnate  to  it  and  winged  below,  the 
free  portion  slender  and  half  as  longas  the  segments:  anthers  small,  oblong, 
attached  near  the  base:  ovary  snbglobose,  on  a  stipe  as  long  as  the  tube  of 
the  perianth,  beaked  by  the  slender  style.    On  dry  ridges,  southern  Oregon. 

3    BREVOORTIA    Wood  Proc.  Philad.  Acad.  1867,  82. 

ScapoFe  herbs  from  coated  corm?,  with  all  radical  leaves  and 
showy  flowers  on  joint(d  pedicels  in  {-nbcapitate  unbels.  Peri- 
anth persistent,  broadly  tubular,  ehoitly  6-saccate  at  the  truncate 
base,  slightly  conslrided  above,  the  short  segments  usually  erect, 
faintly  one-nerved.  Stimens  3,  inserted  on  the  throat  opposite 
the  inner  Sfpm(n1s,  alternate  with  3  veiy  broad  tiuncate  (orona- 
like  stamir.cdia:  filaments  very  short,  naked:  anthers  attached 
by  the  base,  cmarpinate  at  each  end.  Ovary  stipitate,  with  elon- 
gated persistent  style  :  cells  4-6-ovuled.  Capsule  triangular-ovate, 
acuminate.     Seeds  angled,  black. 

B.  Ida-Maia  Wood  1.  c.  Fcape  slender,  1-3  feet  high  :  leaves  1-2  feet 
long  or  II  ore.  2-4  lines  wide  carinate.  glaucous:  umbel  6-15-flowered  :  pedi- 
cels (i-12  lints  long  or  moie:  perianth  1-1^  inches  long,  dark  red,  the  seg- 
ments ovate,  2-3  lines  long,  boidered  with  jiieenif-h  yellow :  anthers  oblong, 
equallinir  the  sepm.ents;  stamina dia  a  half  »-hoiter,  y»llow:  capsule  on  a 
8ti|e  2-3  lines  long,  ovate-oblong,  attenuate  upward  into  the  somewhat 
per>istent  style :  seeds  2  lines  long.  Along  the  coast  and  in  the  mountains, 
southern  Oregon  to  California. 

4    LEUCOCKINUM  Nutt.    Gray  Lye.  N.  Y.  110.  (1837.) 

Low  acaulescent  herbs  with  short  rootstocks,  narrow  leaves 
surrounded  at  base  by  scarious  bracts,  and  a  central  sessile  umbel 
of  white  flowers,  the  pedicels  and  ovaries  underground,  sheathed 
by  the  floral  bracts.  Perianth  salverform,  persistent,  tlie  seg- 
ments several- nerved.  Stamens  6:  fihiments  filiform,  inserted 
below  the  throat :  anthers  linear,  attached  near  the  base,  introrse. 
Ovary  sessile,  ovate-oblong:  style  persistent,  elongated  and  fili- 
form-tubular, the  orifice  somewhat  enlarged  and  sliirhtly  3-lobed: 
ovules  several  in  each  c  11.  Capsule  trianguhir-obovate  subcoria- 
ceous  loculi(  idallv  dehiscent.  Seeds  oLovate,  strongly  angled, 
with  a  dull  black  testa, 

L.  montaiiam  Nutt.  in  herb.  Gray  1.  c.  T^eaves  8-15.  flat  and  rather 
thi«;k,  4-s  inches  long,  1-3  lines  wide,  the  underjipund  poition  1-3  in»hes 
long,  broad,  siirrounbt-d  by  f-earions  acuii>h  bracts;  inner  bracts  very 
narrow:  flowers  4-fc,   on   pedicels  6-18  lines  loiig  from  the  summit  of  the 


646  LILIACE^  camassia 

rhizome :  tube  of  the  perianth  1-3  inches  long ;  segments  6-9  lines  long : 
anthers  2-3  lines  long:  capsule  somewhat  wrinkled,  truncate  above  3-4 
lines  long :  seeds  4-6  in  each  cell.  In  mountain  valleys,  eastern  Oregon  to 
California,  Nebraska  and  Dakota. 

5    CAMASSIA  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1486.     (1832.) 

Perennial  herbs  with  scapose  stems  from  tunicated  bulbs,  flat 
leaves  and  rather  large  blue  to  white  flowers  in  simple  bracted 
racemes  on  jointed  pedicels.  Perianth  of  6  distinct  3-7-nerved 
persistent  segments.  Stamens  6,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  peri- 
anth, shorter  than  its  segments:  filaments  filiform-subulate:  an- 
thers introrse,  versatile.  OVary  sessile,  with  several  ovules  in 
each  cell.  Style  filiform,  slightly  3-lobed  at  the  apex,  the  base 
persistent.  Capsule  3-lobed  and  angled,  thick-membranaceous, 
loculicidally  3-valved.  Seeds  several  in  each  cell,  often  more  or 
less  compressed  or  angled,  with  thin  black  testa. 

C.  esculenta  Lindl.  1.  c.  Scape  rather  stout,  1-23^  feet  high,  from  an 
ovoid  bulb  }4.-\y^  inches  indiametr:  leaves  lG-i2  inches  long,  3-8  lines 
wide,  usually  attenuate  above  and  nearly  as  long  as  the  scape :  bracts 
subulate,  1-2  inches  long,  acuminate :  pedicels  shorter  than  the  bracts : 
perianth  somewhat  odlique,  one  of  the  outer  segments  turning  downward, 
all  of  the  others  upward,  dark  to  light  blue,  the  outer  ones  narrowly  lan- 
ceolate nearly  an  inch  long,  the  inner  ones  broader  and  abruptly  contracted 
at  base  to  a  short  claw  not  twisted  over  tlie  young  capsule  but  loose  at  its 
baee,  stamens  nearly  equalling  the  segments,  with  oblong  anther  1-2  lines 
long:  ovules  16-18  in  each'cell :  capsule  oblong  obovate,  somewhat  narrow- 
ed at  base,  rather  obtusely  angled,  6-12  lines  long.  Common  in  wet  mead- 
ows, Brit.  Columbia  to  California  and  the  Rocky  mountains. 

C.  Leichtlinii  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xx,  376.  Scape  rather  slen- 
der 1-2  feet  high  :  leaves  about  a  foot  long,  4-6  lines  wide,  the  edges  involu- 
te at  the  apex  and  thus  apparently  attenuate :  bracts  scarsous  or  colored, 
or  the  lowest  ones  green,  linear-lanceolate,  often  longer  than  the  bracts  : 
perianth  regular  or  nearly  so,  dark  blue :  the  segments  rather  broadly  lan- 
ceolate, an  inch  or  more  long,  but  little  longer  than  the  stamens,  connivent 
over  the  young  capsule  and  at  length  deciduous  together:  capsule  oblong- 
obovate,  slightly  em arginate  at  the  apex,  usually  8-10  lines  long  and  shorter 
than  the  pedicels :  seeds  odovate,  dull.  In  wet  meadows  in  the  Cascade 
Mountains  Oregon  and  Washington. 

C.  '  Cnsickii  Watson  1.  c.  xxii,  479.  Bulbs  clustered  (1-12),  large,  1-2 
inches  thick  or  more,  and  bearing  8-  20  large  glaucous  leaves  12-18  inches 
long,  6-18  lines  wide  :  stem  2-3  feet  high :  pedicels  6-12  lines  long  or  more : 
flowers  large,  pale  blue,  the  narrow  segments  3-5-nerved,  persistently 
spreading;  capsule  oblong,  abruptly  acute,  transversely  veined,  6-8  lines 
long:  seeds  odovate,  shining.  On 'slopes  of  the  Eagle  Creek  Mountains, 
eastern  Oregon. 

C.  azurea  Heller  Bull.  Torr,  Bot.  Club,  xxvi,  547,  under  Quamasia. 
Scape  14-16  inches  high  from  a  deep  seated  bulb,  glabrous,  sparingly  leafy 
below:  leaves  about  %  the  length  of  the  scape  below  the  inflorescence, 2-3 
lines  wide,  somewhat  glaucous  beneath :  pedicels  slender,  10-12  lines 
long:  bracts  about  as  long  as  the  pedicels,  bluish  or  straw-color,  chaffy, 
lanceolate,  tapering  into  a  long  slender  acumination,  prominently  veined: 
perianth  bright  blue,  about  an  inch  long,  the  Fegments  persistent,  about  2 
lines  wide,  5-nerved  :  capsule  about  %  incht  s  high,  3  angled : seeds  shining 
black.    On  grassy  plains  near  Montesano  Washington 


HASTiNGSiA  LILIACE^  647 

CHLOROGALUM 

C.  Howellli  Watson.  I.  c  135.  Scape  rather  slender,  16-24  inches* 
high,  from  an  ovoid  bulb  about  an  inch  in  diameter :  leaves  6-8,  12-18 
inches  long,  2-6  lines  wide:  raceme  many-flowered,  12-18  inches  lon«^ 
bracts  filiform-subulate,  6-12  lines  long:  pedicels  slender,  spreading,  6-18 
lines  long,  longer  than  the  bracts :  perianth  dark  blue  or  purple,  the  lance- 
olate segments  8-10  lines  long,  regular,  opening  about  2  P  M.  remaining 
open  until  sunset,  then  cloasing  over  the  ovary  and  not  opening  again,  at 
length  deciduous:  capsule  broadly  triangular- ovate,  very  obtuse,  3  lines 
long,  the  cells  2-3-seeded  seeds  obovoid ,  shining,  a  line  long.  On  a  gravelly 
plain  east  of  Grant's  Pass,  southern  Oregon. 

6    HASTINGSIA  Watson  Proc  Am.   Acad,  xiv,  217. 

Perennial  herbs  with  scape-like  sparingly  branched  stems  from 
coated  bulbs,  rather  numerous  all  radical  flat  narrow  leaves  and 
numerous  small  whitish  flowers  in  somewhat  panicled  bracted 
racemes  on  jointed  pedicels.  Perianth  lax,  becoming  somewhat 
scarious  but  persistent,  of  6  distinct  oblong  closely  3-nerved  seg- 
ments. Stamens  G  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  segments:  anthers 
linear-oblong,  versatile.  Ovary  ovoid,  very  shortly  stipitate :  the 
cells  2-ovuled.  Style  short,  persistent.  Seeds  oblong,  with  black 
shining  testa. 

H.  alba  Watson  1.  c.  242.  Bulbs  membranously  coated,  or  the  outer 
somephat  fibious :  stem  often  stout,  erect,  1-2)^  feet  high :  leaves  12-18 
inches  long,  2-6  lines  wide,  attenuate  obove:  raceme  simple  or  sparingly 
branched,  densely  many-flowered:  bracts  narrowly  acuminate,  pedicels 
1-2  lines  long,  shorter  than  the  bracts:  segments  of  the  perianth  about  2% 
lines  long,  oblong,  obtuse,  white  or  tinged  with  green  cr  pink,  prominently 
3-nerved:  stamens  about  equalling  the  perianth:  capsule  broadly  ovoid,  3 
lines  high,  very  shortly  stipitate:  seeds  oblong,  2  lines  long.  On  dry  hill- 
sides, southern  Oregon  to  California. 

H,  bracteosa  Watson  1.  c.  xx,  377.  Bulb  narrowly  oblong,  membran- 
ously coated:  stem  1-3  feet  high,  often  stout:  leaves  12-20  inches  long,  1-4 
lines  wide,  acuminate  above:  racemes  simple  or  sparingly  branched, 
loosely  many-flowered :  bracts  filiform-subulate  from  a  broad  base,  6-10 
lines  long  or  more :  pedicels  ascending,  about  2  lines  long:  segments  of 
the  perianth  dull  white,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  4-5  lines  long,  prominently 
nerved:  stamens  about  half  as  long  as  the  segments:  mature  fruit  not 
seen.     In  marshes  near  Waldo  southern  Oregon. 

7    CHLOROGALUM  Kunth  Enum.  iv,  683. 

Coarse  herbs  with  fibrous  or  membranous  coated  bulbs,  narrow 
radical  leaves,  scape-like  stems  paniculately  branched  above  and 
small  scarious-bracted  flowers  on  jointed  pedicels.  Perianth  white 
or  pinkish,  of  6  distinct  oblong  or  narrowly  ligulate  more  or  less 
spreading  segments  with  3  close  but  distinct  nerves  down  the 
middle,  at  length  twisted  over  the  ovary  and  persistent.  Sta- 
mens 6,  a  little  shorter  than  the  segments,  inserted  on  and  adnate 
to  their  bases:  anthers  versatile.  Ovary  sessile  or  nearly  so,  with 
a  pair  of  ascending  ovules  in  each  cell.  Style  filiform,  slightly 
3-cleft  at  the  apex,  deciduous.  Capsule  thick-membranaceous, 
broadly  turbinate,  3-lobed,  loculicidally  dehiscent.  Seeds  1  or  2 
in  each  cell,  obovate,  with  a  close  thin  somewhat  rugose  blackish 
testa. 


648  LILIACEiE  chi.orogaldm 

LII.IUM 

>  €•  pomeridiannm  Kunth  1.  c.  Bulb  oblong-ovoid,  2-4  inches  in  di" 
ameter,  densely  covered   with  coarse   broun  fibres:   stem  and  spreading 

"^fmnicie  l-t>  feet  high:  leaves  «-18  inches  long,  3-10  lines  wide,  carinate, 
glanc 'US,  the  margins  strongl}' undnlate;  the  cauiine  one  or  two  much 
shorter  and  attenuate:  flowers  numerous,  scattered,  in  a  much  branched 
open  panicle:  bracts  lanceolate,  1-2  lines  long,  acuuiinate:  pedicels  slender, 
6-10  lines  long:  segnients  of  the  perianth  white  ^\ith  purple  veins,  8-10 
lines  long,  linear,  opening  only  in  the  afternoon  and  closing  over  the  ovary 
in  the  night:  capsuled  lines  high,  the  valves  pinnatfly  nerved:  seeds  1K~2 
lines  long.    On  dry  ridges,  southern  Oregon  lo  California. 

8    LILIUM  L.  Sp.  3U2. 

Herbs  with  simple  leafy  stems  from  scaly  bulbs,  with  flat  sessile 
whorled  or  scattered  leaves  and  usually  large  flowers  in  foliaceous- 
bracted  racemes  or  subumbellate  clusters.  Pedicels  not  jointed. 
Perianth  fannelform,  of  6  distinct  equal  deciduous  segments  with 
a  nectariferous  groove  toward  the  base.  Stamens  6,  hypogynous, 
included :  anthers  linear  to  oblong,  versatile,  extrorse,  longitu- 
dinally dehiscent.  Ovary  sessile,  many-ovuled.  Style  long, 
clavate,  deciduous:  stigma  3-lobed.  Capsule  coriaceons,  loculi- 
cidally  dehiscent,  somewhat  6-angled.  Seeds  numerous,  flat, 
horizontal,  in  2  rows  in  each  cell,  with  brownish  thin  testa. 

*    Flowers  white  to  purplish  or  red  :  Fegments  of  the  perianth  with 
long  narrow  claws,  the  tips  spreading  but  not  revolute. 

L.  Washingtonlanum  Kellogg  Proc.  Calif,  Acad,  ii,  13.  Bulb  large, 
somewhat  rhizoraatous  and  obliq-ie,  2-12  inches  long,  the  scales  imbricated, 
lanceolate,  2-:i  inches  long,  not  jointed:  stem  terete,  1-7  feet  high,  glab- 
rous or  somewhat  Fcabrous:  leaves  in  several  whorls  of  (VIS  the  upper 
and  lower  usually  scattered,  oblan-'eolate,  acute  or  acutish,3-5  inches  long, 
8-15  lines  wide,  more  or  less  undulate:  flowers  one  to  many,  very  fragrant, 
white,  becoming  purplish  with  age,  often  finely  dotted  with  purple,  hori- 
zontally declinate  on  stout  nearly  erect  pedicels  l-l  inches  long;  segments 
3-4  inches  long,  3-10  lines  wide,  the  upper  third  s[)reading:  stamens  a 
little  shorter,  with  yellow  anthers  5-6  lines  long:  capsule  obovate-oblong, 
truncate,  obtusely  angled  or  sometimes  narrowly  winiied,  1-lK  inches 
long.     Jn  loose  soil  on  dry  open  mountain  ridges,  Oregon  to  California. 

L.  rubescens  Watson  Proc.  Am. Acad,  xiv,  256.  Bulb  smaller,  but 
little  oblique,  1-3  inches  in  diameter,  the  thick  lanceolate  scales  about  an 
incli  long:  stem  stout,  1-7  feet  high,  smooth:  leaves  glabrou",  glnujous 
beneath,  undulite  or  flat,  the  lower  scattered  the  upper  in  3-7  whorls,  ob- 
lanceolatt*,  acute  or  acntish,  1-t  inches  long,  6-12  line-*  wide:  fl  )wers 
usually  severa',  on  ascending  pedicels  1-3  inches  long,  pale  Ulac.  to  white, 
becoming  rose  purple,  somewhat  dotted  with  brown,  segments  1^-3  inches 
long,  the  upper  third  spreading:  stamens  and  style  a  third  shorter:  anthers 
two  to  three  lines  long:  ovary  wing-angled,  attenuate  downward,  half  inch 
long.     On  wooded  hillsides,  southern  Oregon  to  California. 

L.  Folanderi  Watson  1.  c.  377.  Bulb  small,  ovoid,  one  to  two  in<he3 
in  diameter,  the  thick  lanceolate  scales  1-1%  inch  long:  stem  rather  stout, 
six  inches  to  four  feet  high,  one  to  several-flowered  :  leaves  verticillate  in 
one  to  four  approximate  whorls,  lanceolate  to  ohovate,  obtuse  to  acute, 
often  apiculate,  glaucous  beneath,  one  to  tw«»  inches  long:  flowers '^n^  to 
several  in  a  subumbellate  cluster,  somew  hat  nod-l  ng  on  erect  pedi<  els  1-4 
inches  long,  8»  gments  lanceolate  one  to  two  inches  long,  three  to  six 
lines  wide,  acute,  dull  purplish-red  outs-ide,  bright  red  dotte<l  with  maroon 
inside,  the  upper  third  spieading:   stamens  aiid  style  about  two  ihiids  as 


UMUM  LILIACEiE  649 

lonff  as  the  segrments :  anthers  two  to  three  lines  loner :  capsule  oblong  or 
shorter,  an  inch  lonjr.  On  dry  rocky  ridges  iu  the  Coast  Mountains  of 
soutliern  Uregon  and  northern  Cahiornia. 

*  *    Flowers  j'ellow,  orange  or  reddish,  mostly  conspicuously  spot- 
ted; segiients  ol  tlip  perianlli  usually  revulute. 

L.  paryam  Kellogg  1.  c.  176.  Bulb  small,  the  thick  jointed  scales  one 
half  to  one  inch  long,  upon  a  branching  rhizome:  stem  slender,  two  to  six 
feet  high  :  leaves  scattered  or  in  whorls,  lanceolate  to  linear,  acute  or  acu- 
minate, two  to  fix  inches  long,  an  inch  or  less  wide:  flowers  few  to  many, 
erect  or  nearly  so  on  slender  pedicels  two  to  four  inches  long,  yel'ow  or 
orange  and  usually  (lotted  with  purple  within,  reddish  above ;  segments  one 
to  two  inches  long,  more  or  less  spreading  or  the  tips  recurved,  pubescent 
toward  the  apex:  f^tamens  an  inch  long  about  equalling  the  s'yie:  anthers 
ahlong.one  to  two  lines  long:  capsule  subspherit-al,  7-9  lines  long,  truncate 
above.  In  the  mountains  at  40Jo-8l)00  feet  altitude,  southern  Oregon  and 
northern  California. 

C.  pardalinum  Kellogg  I.  c.  12.  Rhizome  thick  and  branching,  form- 
ing mat-like  masses  of  rouu.lish  bulbs,  the  scales  jointed  near  the  base :  stem 
slender,  3-7 feet  high:  leaves  usually  in  3-4  whorls  of  9-15,  scatter^'d  above 
and  heiow,  narrowly  lanceolate  and  sharply  acuminate,  3-7  inrhes  long, 
2-12  lineswide,  thin  and  faintly-nerved,  glahVous and  glaucous:  flowers  few 
to  many  racemogeorthe  lower  in  whorls,  on  stout  pedicels  2-1  finches  long: 
segments  of  the  perianth  2-3  incher*  long,  6-9  lines  wide,  lanceolate,  strong- 
ly revolute,  bright  orange-red  with  lighter  orange  centre  and  large  purple 
spots  on  the  lower  half:  stamens  1^2-2  inches  long:  with  red  anthrrs  4-5 
lines  long:  style  little  exceeding  the  anthers:  capsule  narrowly  oblong, 
with  acutish  angles,  1-1%  inches  long,  umbilicate  at  the  summit.  In 
springy  places,  Sjuthern  Oregon  to  California. 

L.  Colnmblanuin  Hansen.  Baker  Gard.  Chron.  1871,  1257.  Bulb 
small  ^-2  inches  in  diameter  with  lanceolate  acute  closely  appresed  scales 
about  an  inch  long:  stem  slender,  2-6  feet  high  :  leaves  in  whorls  of  3-9  or 
more  the  upper  and  lower  often  scattered,  usually  odlanceolate,  1-6  inches 
long,  9-15  lines  wide,  usually  acute,  the  lower  o'ten  obtuse,  smooth :  flow- 
ers few  to  many,  on  slender  curving  more  or  less  divergent  pedicels  3-6 
inches  long:  segments  of  the  perianth  1 3^-2  inches  long,  4-f>  lines  wide, 
strongly  revolute,  bright  orange  thickly  dotted  with  purple  within:  sta- 
mens about  equalling  the  style,  with  yellow  oblong  anthers  2-3  lines  long: 
capsule  short  oblong,  about  an  inch  long,  acutely  6-angled.  Common 
from  Brit.  Columbia  to  California  and  Idaho. 

L.  Pnrdyi  Waugh.  L.  Bakeri  Purdy  Eryth.  v,  104.  Bulb  ovoid,  about 
an  iu-h  iu  diameter  the  lanceolate  a  ute,  scales  closely  appresed:  stem  2-6 
feet  high,  rather  stout,  terete,  smooth  :  leaves  lanceolate,  mostly  in  whorls: 
flowers  1-10:  segments  of  the  perianth  13^  inch  long,  5  lines  wide  acute: 
lower  half  of  segments  forming  a  closely  costricted  tube  from  which  the 
upper  half  spreaiis  rotately,  tips  not  recurved,  orange  red,  the  lower  p'lrtion 
thickly  dotted  with  maroon  spots,  very  fragrant:  stamens  a  little  shorter 
than  the  segments,  equalling  or  exceeding  ihe  style:  capsule  about  an  inch 
long  acutely  6-*ngled.  In  sandy  woods  along  Puget  Sound,  Washington 
to  Brit.  Columbia. 

9    FRITILLARFA  L.  Sp.  303. 

Perennial  herbs  with  simple  leafy  stems  from  scaly  bulbs,  flat 
leaves  and  mostly  large  nodding  flowers  in  terminal  leafy-bracted 
racemes.  Perianth  campanulate  to  faiinelform,  of  6  distinct 
equal  concave  deciduous  se<rmen's  with  a  smooth  shallow  nectar- 
iferous pit  near  the  base.     Stamens  6,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the 


650  LILIACE^  fritillaria 

LLOYDIA 

segments,  included  :  filaments  slender  :  anthers  oblong,  versatile, 
extrorse,  dehiscent  laterally.  Ovary  sessile  or  nearly  so,  many- 
ovuled.  Styles  slender,  usually  exceeding  the  stamens,  united  to 
the  middle  or  throughout,  deciduous.  Capsule  membranaceous, 
obtusely  or  acutely  6-angled  or  6-winged,  loculicidally  3-valved. 
Seeds  numerous,  horizontal,  flat,  in  2  rows  in  each  cell,  with  thin 
light  brown  testa. 

F,  recnrya  Benth.  PI.  Hartw.  840.  Bulb-scales  thick,  3-4  lines  long 
or  less:  stem  rather  stout,  1-2  feet  high,  bearing  1-9  narrow  funnelform  flow- 
ers: leaves  linear-lanceolate,  2-4  inches  long,  usually  in  two  whorls  of  four  to 
eight  each  near  the  middle  of  the  stem:  segments  of  the  perianth  narrowly 
oblanceolate,  scarlet  outside,  yellow  spotted  with  scarlet  within,  1-1%  inch 
long,  4-5  lines  wide,  the  tips  recurved;  nectary  obscure:  stamens  and  style  a 
little  shorter  than  the  segments:  style  slender  distinct  above;  stigmas  linear: 
capsule  obscurely  angled.     On  dry  hillsides,  southern  Oregon  to  California. 

F.  lanceolata  Pursh  Fl.  230.  Bulb  of  thick  scales  three  to  six  lines 
long:  stem  usually  stout,  6-18  inches  high:  leaves  lanceolate;  to  linear-lanceolate, 
2-5  inches  long,  obtuse,  usually  in  a  whorl  of  5  near  the  middle  of  the  stem: 
flowers  1-15,  mottled  purple  and  greenish-yellow,  broadly  camp  ulate,  only 
rather  slender  recurved  pedicels,  segments  of  the  perianth  narrow  oblong-: 
lanceolate,  strongly  arch,  with  a  large  oblong  nectary,  about  an  inch  long 
stemens  6-8  lines  long:  style  distinct  to  the  middle:  stigmas  linear:  capsule 
short  and  thick,  broadly  winged.  Common  in  copses  Brit.  Columbia  to 
Cahfornia  and  Idaho. 

F.  glauca  Greene  Eryth.  i,  153.  Bulb  of  few  thick  scales:  stem  2-8 
inches  high,  rather  stout:  leaves  2-4,  scattered,  oblong-lanceloate,  1-3  inches 
long,  thick,  glaucous:  flowers  1-3,  open  campanulate,  purple  marked  with 
greenish  yellow:  segments  of  the  perianth  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse,  8-10 
lines  long,  about  four  lines  wide,  with  large  oblong  nectaries:  stamens  about 
six  lines  long,  the  filaments  dilated  downwai-d;  anthers  oblong,  little  more 
than  a  line  long:  styles  distinct  to  the  middle:  stigmas  linear:  capsule  short, 
acutely  angled.     On  barren  slopes  near  Waldo,  southern  Oregon. 

F.  atropurpnrea  Nutt.  Journ.  Acad.  Philad.  vii,  54.  Bulb  of  num- 
erous thick  scales  half-inch  long  or  less:  stem  usually  slender,  8-20  inches 
high:  leaves  6-20,  linear,  scattered  on  the  upper  part  of  the  stem  or  somewhat 
verticillate,  two  to  three  inches  long:  flowers  1-6,  on  slender  pedicels,  dull 
purple  with  more  or  less  green,  open  campanulate;  segments  broadly  lance j- 
late  6-9  lines  long,  spreading,  with  obscure  nectaries:  stamens  about  four 
lines  long:  style  slender,  distinct  to  the  middle,  with  linear  stigmas:  capsule 
broadly  obovate.  acutely  angled.  From  the  Blue  Mountains  of  Oregon  to 
California  and  Nebraska. 

F.  pndica  Sprengle  Syst.  ii,  64.  Bulb  of  numerous  very  small  rounded 
scales:  stem  2-10  inches  high:  leaves  3-S,  linear  to  narrowly  oblanceo  ate, 
scattered  or  somewhat  verticillate,  2-4  inches  long:  flower  usually  solitary, 
nodding,  yellow  or  orange,  sometimes  tinged  with  purple,  narrow-cam panu- 
late:  segments  of  the  perianth  5-9  lines  long,  oblong-spatulate,  obtuse, 
S'tmewhat  spreading:  stamens  nearly  equalling  the  style,  6-8  lines  long:  an- 
thers 2  lines  long:  styles  connate  to  the  top;  stigma  shortly  3-lobed:  capsule 
oblong  to  subglobose,  6-12  lines  long,  obtusely  angled.  Common  in  the 
interior,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California  and  Utah. 

10     LLOYDIA  Salisb. 

Bulbous  herbs  with  simple  leafy  stems,  narrow  grass-like  leaves 


LLOYDiA  LILIACE^  651 

BKYTHRONIDM 

and  whitish  flowers  in  terminal  racemes  or  solitary.  Perianth  of 
6  distinct  equal  persistent  segments  with  a  transverse  margined 
nectariferous  fold  above  the  base.  Stamens  6,  inserted  at  the  base 
of  the  segments :  filaments  subulate-filiform :  anthers  versatile, 
oblong,  rounded  at  the  apex,  deeply  perforated  at  the  emarginate 
base  for  the  insertion  of  the  filament,  dehiscent  along  each  margin. 
Ovary  triangular,  3-celled,  the  ovules  numerous,  in  two  rows  in 
each  cell,  horizontal,  anatropous.  Style  persistent,  with  shortly 
3-lobed  stigma.  Capsule  chartaceous,  loculicidally  3-valved  at 
the  apex.  Seeds  flat,  with  a  brow^n  membranously  margined 
testa  and  very  small  embryo. 

L,  serotina  Reichenb.  Fl.  Excurs.  102.  ^tem  slender,  erect  or  ascend- 
ing, 2-5  inches  high :  radical  leaves  filiform,  equalling  or  exceeding  the 
stem,  triangular  to  teretish,  the  cauline  ones  short  and  diminishing  up- 
ward, linear-lanceolate,  somewhat  sheathing :  flowers  erect,  usually  solita- 
ry: segments  of  the  perianth  oblanceolate,  obtuse,  obscurely  pitted  at 
base,  4-5  lines  long,  white  with  3  purplish  lines :  capsule  obovate,  obtusely 
angled,  4  lines  long.  Eastern  Oregon  to  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  the 
Arctic  coast. 

11    ERYTHRONIUM  L,  Sp.  305. 

Low  herbs  from  membranous-coated  corms  with  2-3  apparent- 
ly radical  flat  leaves  and  one  to  several  large  flowers  in  a  terminal 
raceme.  Perianth  broadly  funnelform,  of  Q  distinct  nearly  equal 
lanceolate  deciduous  segments  that  are  mostly  revolute  from 
near  the  base,  the  inner  usually  auriculate  below  and  callous- 
toothed  on  each  side  of  a  nectariferous  groove.  Stamens  g,  hy- 
pogynous,  with  rather  short  slender  filaments  and  linear  anthers 
attached  by  the  base  and  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary  nearly 
sessile,  many-ovuled.  Style  slender,  entire  with  short  3-lobe  stig- 
ma, or  3-cleft  and  the  stigmas  at  length  revolute,  deciduous. 
Caqsule  membranaceous,  obtusely  triangular,  loculicidally  3-val- 
ved. Seeds  in  two  rows  in  each  cell,  ascending,  with  brown  or 
black  rugulose  testa  somewhat  loose  at  the  apex. 

E.  grandifloram  Pursh  Fl.  231.  Scape  stout,  1-2  feet  high:  leaves 
broadly  lanceolate,  4-6  inches  long,  acute  and  shortly  cubpidate,  pale 
green,  not  mottled:  segments  of  the  perianth  bright  yellow  with  whitish 
base;  outer  ones  lanceolate,  obtuse;  inner  ones  narrower,  acuminate,  with 
4  stout  hyaline  teeth  at  base,  all  strongly  revolute,  1)^-3  inches  long:  style 
clavate ;  the  stigmas  at  length  distinct  and  recurved.  In  the  mountains  of 
eastern  Oregon  to  Brit.  Columbia  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

Var.  paryiflorum  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xxvi,  129.  Scape  usu- 
ally 8-12  inches  high:  leaves  oblong-lanceolate;,  flowers  smaller,  the  seg- 
ments 12-15  lines  long.  In  the  mountains  California  to  Brit.  Columbia 
and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

E.  revolntum  Smith  in  Rees'  Cyc.  Scape  10-12  inches  high,  1-3- 
flowered :  leaves  narrowed  below  to  a  usually  narrow  petiole,  2-^  inches 
long,  conspicuously  marked  with  dark  brown  and  white:  segments  of  the 
perianth  narrowly  lanceolate,  acuminate,  18  lines  long,  3-4  lines  wide, 
strongly  revolute,  white  to  pinkish-rose  outside,  golden-orange  deepning  to 
a  dark  purple  inside,  the  3  inner  auricled  and  with  4  blunt  teeth :  anthers 
about  4  lines  long,  bright  yellow:  stigmas  at  length  distinct  and  recurved. 


652  LILIACEiE  erythronium 

Near  the  coast,  Vancouver  Island  to  Oregon.    E.  Johnsoni  Bolander  Eryth . 
iii,  127,  appears  to  be  a  pink-flowered  form  of  this  species. 

E.  giganteum  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1786.  Scape  6-18  inches  high,  1-6- 
flowored:  leaves  broadly  lanceolate,  or  in  poorly  developed  specimens 
narrower,  green  mottled  with  brown  and  white,  4-6  inches  long,  mostly 
acute  and  shortly  apiculate,  rather  abruptly  narrowed  below  to  a  short  and 
broadly  margined  petiole :  outer  segments  of  the  perianth  lanceolate,  acu- 
minate, 1^-2  inches  long,  4-6  lines  wide;  inner  ones  a  little  wider  and 
more  acuminate,  all  cream-color  marked  with  yellow  and  orange  near  the 
base,  strongly  revolute ;  the  inner  ones  auricled  and  4-toothed  at  base : 
style  clavate,  about  as  long  as  the  stamens,  the  stigmas  distinct  and  at 
length  strongly  revolute.    On  stony  ridges,  western  Washington  to  Calif. 

E.  montaniiin  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xxvi,  130.  Scape  slender, 
6-18  inches  high,  1-3-flowered:  leaves  broadly  lanceolate  to  almost  ovate, 
more  or  less  abruptly  contracted  at  base  into  a  winged  petiole,  the  blade 
2-4  inches  long,  pale  green,  not  mottled :  segments  of  the  perianth  pure 
white  with  orange  base,  often  turning  pinkish  in  age,  1-1^  inches  long, 
broadly  lanceolate,  slenderly  acuminate,  the  inner  ones  with  small  teeth 
at  base:  style  clavate,  much  longer  than  the  stamens;  the  stigmas  distinct 
and  at  length  spreading.  On  grassy  slopes  in  the  highest  parts  of  the 
Cascade  Mountains  in  Oregon  and  Washington. 

E,  citriniim  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xxii,  480.  Corm  oblong,  1-2 
inches  long,  4-6  lines  in  diameter;  scape  rather  stout,  6-10  inches  high, 
1-9-flowered,  the  flowers  approximate  and  all  opening  at  near  the  same 
time :  leaves  very  broadly  lanceolate,  4-6  lines  long,  obtuse  and  very  shorty 
apiculate,  attenuate  at  base  to  a  very  short  petiole,  the  margins  more  or 
less  undulate,  green  markeed  with  dark  brown  and  white :  segments  of  the 
perianth  broadly  lanceolate,  obtuse,  12-15  lines  long,  bright  lemon-color 
with  orange  base,  the  tips  drying  pinkish,  strongly  revolute,  the  teeth  at 
the  base  of  the  inner  ones  thin:  filaments  not  dilated  downward:  style 
rather  thick  shorter  than  or  barely  equalling  the  stamens :  the  stigmas 
coalescent  by  the  edges :  capsule,  an  inch  long,  very  obtuse.  On  dry  ridges 
in  pine  woods,  near  Deer  Creek  southern  Oregon. 

E.  Henderson!  Watson  1.  c.  479.  Scape  slender,  6-12  inches  high, 
1-3-flowered :  leaves  lanceolate  to  oblong,  obtuse  and  very  shortly  apiculate, 
narrowed  below  to  a  short  petiole,  the  blade  3-6  inches  long,  green  mottled 
with  white  and  brown :  segments  of  the  perianth  lanceolate,  obtuse,  12-18 
lines  long,  purple  with  very  dark  base  bordered  above  with  yellow ;  the 
inner  ones  auricled  above  the  very  short  claw,  the  auricles  fleshy  and  sub- 
saccate,  the  2  scales  subglobose-inflated :  filaments  purple,  very  slender 
and  attenuate  upward,  thrice  longer  than  the  brownish  anthers :  style 
narrowly  clavate,  shorter  than  or  about  equalling  the  stamens,  the  trian- 
gular cupulate  stigma  very  shortly  3-lobed.  Common  in  the  Rogue  river 
valley,  southern  Oregon. 

E,  Howelllij Watson  1.  c.  480,  Scape  rather  slender,  6-18  inches  high, 
1-3-flowered :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  to  lanceolate,  3-^  inches  long,  an 
inch  or  less  wide  usually  acute  and  shortly  apiculate,  green  mottled  with 
white  and  brown:  segments  of  the  perianth  lanceolate,  18  lines  long,  straw- 
color  to  white^with  orange  base,  often  drying  pinkish :  the  inner  narrowed 
downward,  without  auricles  or  scales :  stamens  white,  the  filaments  very 
slender :  style  slightly  clavate,  shorter  than  the  stamens ;  the  cupulate 
stigma  faintly  3-lobed.    In  dry  open  woods  near  Waldo  southern  Oregon. 

12    CALOCHORTUS  Pursh  Fl.  240. 

Perennial  herbs  from  coated  corms,  simple  or  branched  leafy 
stems/^linear  leaves,  the  radical  in  our  species  solitary,  and  large 


CALOOHORTUS  LILIACE^  653 

flowers  in  bracted  racemes.  Perianth  of  3  narrow  greenish  se- 
pals and  3  broad  more  or  less  concave  distinct  deciduous  pet  als 
usually  with  a  conspicuous  glandular  pit  near  the  base.  Stamens 
6,  inserted  on  the  bases  of  the  the  segments,  included :  anthers 
linear  to  oblong,  attached  by  the  base,  longitudinally  dehiscent. 
Ovary  sessile,  triangular,  3-celled,  many-ovuled.  Stigmas  sessile, 
recurved,  persistent.  Capsule  membranaceous,  3-angled  or  3- 
winged,  mostly  septicidally  dehiscent.  Seeds  numerous,  in  two 
rows  in  each  cell,  somewhat  flattened,  with  a  thin  membranous 
white  or  brownish  often  loose  testa. 

C.  Maweanus  Leichtlin  Baker  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xiv,  305.  Stem 
flexuous  3-10  inches  high,  usually  branched  and  3-10-flowered ;  leaves 
glaucous,  exceeding  the  stem,  4-6  lines  wide :  bracts  lanceolate,  an  inch 
long  or  more :  sepals  ovate-lanceolate  acute  or  acuminate,  purplish  :  petals 
a  little  longer,  white,  or  purplish  at  base,  6-8  lines  long,  broadly  obovate, 
acute,  somewhat  pitted  and  arched,  the  broad  naked  claw  covered  above 
by  a  transverse  semicircular  scale,  the  rest  of  the  surface  more  or  leas 
densely  covered  with  long  erect  white  or  purplish  hairs :  anthers  lanceolate, 
acuminate,  2  lines  long:  capsule  oblong- elliptic,  acutish.  Near  the  coast, 
southern  Oregon  to  California. 

Var.    rosens  Purdy  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  3d  ser.  ii,  121,    Bulbs  with 
mahogany-colored  coats :  flowers  tinged  with  rose.    Southern  Oregon. 

C.  elegans  Pursh  Fl.  240.  Stem  very  slender,  4-8  inches  high  1-4- 
flowered:  leaf  lanceolate,  acuminate,  2-4  lines  wide,  exceeding  the  stem: 
bracts  about  half  the  length  of  the  pedicels,  acuminate  from  a  base  2  lines 
wide :  sepals  ovate,  acute,  greenish-white  outside,  purplish  at  base :  petals 
obovate,  obtuse,  whitish,  or  slightly  tinged  with  green,  with  a  purple  spot 
on  the  claw,  thickly  covered  with  rather  short  soft  hairs,  except  a  ban.l 
around  the  margins,  which  are  white  on  the  upper  and  purple  on  the  lower 
portion;  scale  narrow,  ascending,  deeply  fringed,  covering  about  %  the 
width  of  the  claw:  anthers  long-acuminate:  capsule  elliptical,  rounded  at 
each  end.    In  pine  woods,  eastern  Washington  and  Idaho. 

C.  Lyallii  Baker  1.  c.  C.  elegans  var.  nanus  Wood.  Stem  slender, 
3-  10  inches  high,  umbellately  3-5-flowered :  leaf  lanceolate,  4r-6  lines  wide, 
acute,  often  3^  longer  than  the  stem:  bracts  lanceolate,  long  acuminate, 
about  an  inch  long:  sepals  oblong-lanceolate  short  acuminate,  6-10  lines 
long,  greenish-purple,  strongly  arched  below,  the  pit  thus  formed  dark 
purple  inside:  petals  light  yellow  to  nearly  white  with  purplish  base, 
longer  than  the  sepals,  often  an  inch  broad,  triangular-ovate,  finely  erose, 
rounded  and  often  shortly  acuminate  at  the  apex,  strongly  arched  below, 
the  scale  broad  and  covered  with  retrorse  hairs,  the  portion  above  the  scale 
pubescent  with  short  soft  hairs  except  a  narrow  belt  around  the  apex :  fil- 
aments broad,  abruptly  narrowed  at  the  apex:  anthers  lanceolate,  long-ac- 
uminate above,  4  lines  long :  capsule  elliptical  10-12  lines  long  nodding. 
On  grassy  slopes  on  the  highest  parts  of  the  Cascade  Mountains,  Oregon 
to  Brit.  Columbia. 

€•  Lobbii  Purdy  1.  c.  122.  Stem  3-5  inches  high :  leaf  3-5  lines  wide, 
longer  than  the  stem,  abruptly  acute:  sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  acute, 
greenish  with  a  dark  spot  below,  6-8  lines  long ;  petals  a  little  longer,  white 
tinged  with  green,  broadly  rhombic-ovate,  very  deeply  pitted,  the  pit 
showing  as  a  prominent  knob  on  the  back,  hairy  above  the  gland :  scale 
very  narrow,  deeply  bordered  with  long  feathery  fringe  and  concealed  in 
the  recess  of  the  pit:  filaments  subulate;  anthers  oblong,  acuminate, 
ending  in  a  hooked  cusp :  capsule  narrowly  beaked.  Only  known  from 
Mount  Jefferson,  Oregon. 


654  LILIACEiE  calochortus 

C.  nniflorus  H.  &  A.  Bot.  Beech.  398,  t.  94.  Stem  low,  flexuous, 
usually  branched.  4-12  inches  high,  umbellately  1-9-flowered :  leaves  1-2, 
4-6  lines  wide,  exceeding  the  stem :  bracts  linear -lanceolate,  long  and  con- 
spicuous :  flowers  open-campanulate,  on  flexuous  pedicels  3-10  inches  long : 
sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  greenish-lilac;  petals  cuneate,  some- 
what truncate,  erose-denticulate,  10-12  lines  long,  lilac  to  rose-color,  often 
with  a  purple  spot  on  each  side  of  the  scale,  sparingly  hairy  immediately 
above  the  gland,  otherwise  naked ;  gland  shallow,  not  pitted;  scale  narrow, 
triangular:  filaments  slender;  anthers  obovate,  obtuse,  2  lines  long :  cap- 
sule elliptical  nodding.    In  wet  meadows,  southern  Oregon  to  California. 

C.  Tolmiei  H.  &  A.  1.  c.  Stem  erect  or  ascending,  6-18  inches  high, 
usually  branched:  leaf  4-8  lines  wide,  shorter  than  or  exceeding  the  stem : 
bracts  foliaceous,  long  acuminate,  1-4  inches  long:  flowers  broadly  cam- 
panulate;  sepals  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  6-10  lines  long,  purplish ; 
petals  yellowish  purple,  cuneate-obovate,  a  little  longer  than  the  sepals, 
rounded  and  acutely  apiculate  at  the  summit,  deeply  pitted  near  the  base, 
pubescent  with  long  crisped  purple  and  white  hairs ;  the  gland  without 
scale  but  the  upper  circular  edge  with  a  dense  fringe  of  reflexed  hairs : 
anthers  lanceolate,  acute,  2-3  lines  long:  capsule  elliptical,  acute  at  both 
ends  10-15  lines  long,  nodding.  On  dry  grassy  plains,  Willamette  valley 
Oregon  to  northern  California. 

C.  Purdyi  Eastwood  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  3d  ser.  i,  137,  pi.  xi,  figs. 
8a  &  8b.  Stem  8-16  inches  high,  rather  stout,  erect,  branching,  2 — many- 
flowered  :  leaf  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate,  about  8  inches  long,  4-6  lines 
wide :  bracts  foliaceous,  acuminate :  sepals  from  elliptical  to  narrowly  ovate, 
abruptly  acuminate,  green  tinged  with  purple  outside;  petals  broadly  ob- 
ovate-cuneate,  acate  or  rounded  at  the  apex,  creamy-white  or  tinged  with 
purple,  the  inner  surface  bearded  all  over  with  white  and  purple  hairs, 
somewhat  arched  by  the  narrow  semicircular  gland,  the  shallow  pit  covered 
by  a  densely  hairy  narrow  scale :  anthers  lanceolate,  abruptly  acuminate : 
capsule  elliptical, 'l)^  inches  long,  nodding.  On  grassy  hillsides,  Willam- 
ette valley  Oregon. 

C.  apicnlatns  Baker  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xiv,  305.  Stem  stout,  erect, 
12-18  inches  high :  leaf  6-12  inches  long,  3-9  lines  wide :  bracts  linear, 
acuminate,  1-3  inches  long:  sepals  lanceolate,  greenish- white,  acute,  6-9 
lines  long ;  petals  straw-color,  broadly  obovate,  an  inch  long,  sparingly 
hairy  above  inside,  distinctly  pitted,  the  pit  densely  hairy  and  without 
scale:  anthers  4  lines  long,  acuminate:  capsule  12-15  lines  long,  narrowly 
odlong,  nodding.    Lake  Pend  Oreille  Idaho. 

C.  nitidns  Dougl.  Trans.  Hort.  Soc.  vii,  277,  t.  9,  fig  a.  Stem  1-2 
feet  high,  rather  stout,  stiff ly  erect :  leaf  linear-lanceolate,  8-13  inches  long, 
3-6  lines  wide:  bracts  lanceolate,  long  acuminate,  1-2  inches  long :  flowers 
large,  open-campanulate;  sepals  lanceolate,  long-acuminate  16-18  lines 
long,  hyaline-margined  on  one  side;  petals  very  broadly  ovate,  as  long  as 
the  sepals,  white  or  straw-color  to  lavender,  with  an  Indago  spot  near  the 
centre,  rounded  above,  sparsely  bearded  except  a  broad  belt  at  the  summit, 
gland  small,  rounded,  densety  matted  with  short  hairs  :  anthers  linear-ob- 
long, 6-8  lines  long,  obtuse  at  both  ends :  capsule  round  to  broadly  elliptic, 
8-10  lines  long,  with  short  stout  beak,  erect.  Powder  river  Mountains, 
eastern  Oregon  to  Nevada. 

C.  Nuttallii  T.  &  G.  Pac.  R.  Rep.  ii,  124.  Stem  slender,  3-15  inches 
high,  umbellately  1-5  flowered:  radical  leaf  linear,  deeply  channeled,  cau- 
line  1-3,  narrow,  glaucous,  the  margins  revolute :  bracts  long-acuminate, 
1-2  inches  long:  sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  with  scarious  margins,  yellowish 
within,  with  or  without  a  dark  spot  at  base  which  is  sometimes  hairy,  10-12 
lines  long,  much  shorter  than  the  petals,  acute ;  petals  broadly  obovate- 
cuneate  with  rather  narrow  claw,   1}4  inches  long,   abruptly  acute  or 


•  CALOCHORTUS  LILIACEiE  655 

rounded  at  the  apex,  white  above,  yellowish  below,  with  a  small  round  or 
oblong  gland  which  is  densely  co^rered  with  agglutinated  hairs,  a  few  hairs 
scattered  above :  anthers  oblong,  obtuse,  more  or  less  sagittate  :  capsule 
lanceolate,  1-2  inches  long,  erect.    Eastern  Oregon  to  Nevada  and  Nebraska. 

C.  Howellii  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xxiii,  266.  Bulb  large,  6-12 
lines  in  diameter,  very  deep-seated :  stem  stiffly  erect,  1-2  feet  high,  um- 
bellately  1-3-flowered,  sometimes  branched :  radical  leaf  about  a  foot  long, 
4-6  lines  wide,  cauline  leaf  narrow,  3-6  inches  long,  long  acuminate  :  bracts 
long  acuminate  from  a  broad  base,  1-2  inches  long:  flowers  open-campanu- 
late:  sepals  broad  lanceolate,  acuminate,  about  6  lines  long,  one  margin 
hyaline,  purplish  outside :  petals  cuneate-obovate  rounded  at  the  apex, 
1-13=^  inches  long,  white  with  dark  base,  sparsely  bearded  with  short  crisp 
hairs  inside :  glaiid  transversely  oblong,  densely  covered  with  yellow  hairs : 
anthers  oblong,  acute  and  apiculate,  about  3  lines  long:  capsule  elliptical, 
8-10  lines  long,  erect.     In  moist  places  near  Waldo  southern  Oregon. 

C.  longibarbatus  Watson  1.  c.  xvii,  381.  Stem  slender,  10-15  inches 
high,  strictly  erect,  umbellately  one-  to  several-flowered :  radical  leaf 
broadly  linear,  acute,  nearly  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  stem;  cauline 
linear  and  bract-like :  bracts  linear- lanceolate,  acuminate,  1-2  inches  long: 
sepals  rather  narrowly  lanceolate,  acuminate,  8-10  lines  long,  greenish 
lilac  within :  petals  lavender-color,  lighter  below  with  a  dark-purple  circu- 
lar band  above  the  gland,  cuneate-obovate,  about  an  inch  long,  the  apex 
rounded  to  almost  truncate,  denticulate:  gland  small,  roundish,  covered 
with  dense  matted  brown  hairs  with  some  long  silky  hairs  above  and  be- 
side it,  the  margins  not  ciliate :  filaments  slender,  dilated  downward,  2-3 
times  as  long  as  the  narrowly  ovate  obtuse  anthers:  capsule  elliptical, 
9-10  lines  long,  erect.  In  low  grassy  grounds,  eastern  Oregon  and  Wash- 
ington near  the  base  of  the  Cascade  Mountains. 

C.  pavonacens  Fernald  Bot.  Gaz.  xix,  335.  Stem  slender,  strictly 
erect,  1-2  feet  high  :  radical  leaf  lanceolate,  not  channeled,  1-1)^  feet  long, 
cauline  bract-like,  3-4  inches  long :  bracts  subulate,  1-3  inches  long :  sepals 
purplish,  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  an  inch  long:  petals  cuneate-obo- 
vate, 15-18  lines  long,  lavender-color  to  purple,  with  a  circular  band  above 
the  small  round  gland  which  is  covered  with  densely  matted  yellow  hairs, 
the  margins  sparsely  ciliate,  the  lower  third  sparingly  bearded  with  silky 
hairs:  filaments  slender,  winged;  anthers  3-5  lines  long,  shorter  than  the 
filaments:  capsule  elliptical,  acutely  angled  and  strongly  beaked,  erect. 
In  low  meadows  near  Pullman,  Washington. 

C.  macrocarpns  Dougl.  Trans.  Hort.  Soc.  vii,  276,  t.  8.  Stem  stout, 
erect  and  rigid,  1-2  feet  high,  one-  to  several- flowered:  radical  leaf  deeply 
channeled,  a  foot  or  more  long;  cauline  3-5,  narrow  and  convolute,  3-6 
inches  long:  sepals  lanceolate,  acuminate,  15-18  lines  long,  purplish  with  a 
dark  base  inside,  sometimes  spotted  and  hairy,  with  a  broad  scarious  mar- 
gin :  petals  cuneate-obovate,  1)^-2  inches  long  and  half  as  wide,  purple, 
with  a  greenish  line  down  the  centre,  the  lower  third  above  the  gland  spar- 
ingly bearded  with  glandular  hairs:  gland  oblong,  densely  hairy:  anthers 
lanceolate,  obtuse  4-6  lines  long,  about  as  long  as  the  filaments :  capsule 
lanceolate,  attenuate  upward,  1-2  inches  long,  erect.  On  dry  or  sandy 
plains  in  the  interior,  California  to  Brit.  Columbia. 

Order  XCVII     CONVALLARIACEiE   Link.  Handb.  i,  184. 

Scapose  or  leafy-stemmed  plants  with  simple  or  branched 
rootstocks  or  bulbs,  mostly  broad  parallel-veined  leaves  and 
numerous  or  solitary  flowers  in  terminal  racemes  or  panicles. 
Perianth  inferior,  4-6-lobed  or  parted.  Stamens  6,  hypogyn- 
ous,  or  borne  on  the  perianth :  anthers  introrsely  or  exextrorsely 


656  CONVALLARIACEiE  vagnkra 

or  laterally  dehiscent.  Ovary  1-3-celled :  ovules  anatropous  or 
amphitropous.  Style  slender  or  short :  stigma  mostly  3-lobed. 
Fruit  a  fleshy  few- to  numerous-seeded  berry.  Embryo  small, 
in  copious  albumen. 

1  Vagnera    Leaves  alternate :  flowers  small,  in  a  simple  terminal  raceme 

or  panicle,  six-merous :  filaments  subulate. 

2  Unifolinm    Leaves  alternate :  flowers  small,  in  a  simple  terminal  ra- 

ceme, four-merous :  filaments  filiform. 

3  Streptopns    Leaves  alternate,   sessile:  flowers  small  or  middle-size, 

six-merous,  extra-axillary :  filaments  flattened,  short  and  broad. 

4  Disporum    Leaves  alternate:  flowers  middle-size,  in  terminal  fascicles, 

six-merous :   filaments  filiform  or  somewhat  flattened,  longer  than  the 
anthers. 

5  Clintonia    Leaves  all  radical :  flowers  middle-size,  six-merous  in  a  ter- 

minal umbel :  filaments  filiform. 

6  Scoliopis     Leaves  a  pair  upon  an  otherwise  naked  stem :  flowers 

middle-size,  umbeliate  upon  a  very  short  peduncle,  tri-merous :  fila- 
ments filiform-subulate. 

7  Trillium    Leaves  3,  whorled  at  the  summit  of  the  otherwise  naked 

stem :  flowers  large,  solitary  and  teminal,  tri-merous :  filaments  short. 

1    VAGNERA  Adans.  Fam.  PI.  u,  496.  (1763) 
SMILACINA  Besf.  {1807) 

Herbs  with  simple  leafy  stems,  broad  mostly  sessile  alternate 
leaves  and  small  white  flowers  on  jointed  pedicels  in  terminal 
bracteate  racemes,  or  panicles.  Perianth  persistent  of  6  distinct, 
1-3-nerved  segments.  Stamens  6:  filaments  subulate,  inserted  at 
the  base  of  the  segments:  anthers  versatile,  introrse.  Ovary  ses- 
sile, ovate,  3  celled,  with  2,  usually  collateral  ovules  in  each  cell. 
Style  short  and  thick.  3-lobed  at  the  summit,  persistent.  Fruit  a 
globose  1-3-seeded  berry.  Seeds  subglobose,  with  thin  testa  and 
horny  albumen. 

*    Flowers  panicled,  very  small:  stamens  exceeding  the  oblong-lan- 
ceolate segments  of  the  perianth. 

V.  amplexicanlis  Greene.  Smilacina  amplexicauUs  Nutt.  Stems  several 
from  a  stout  elongated  rootstock,  1-3  feet  long  ascending,  covered  with  a 
short  spreading  pubescence :  leaves  ovate  to  lanceolate  3-7  inches  long, 
strictly  sessile  and  amplexicaul  or  sometimes  with  a  very  short  dilated 
clasping  petiole,  acute,  rounded  at  base:  usually  pubescent  with  very  short 
stiff  hairs  :  panicle  sessile  or  shortly  peduncled,  2-9  inches  long :  pedicels 
solitary  usually  less  than  a  line  long;  segments  of  the  perianth  less  than  a 
line  long :  filaments  more  or  less  broadly  subulate,  often  broader  than  the 
segments :  style  nearly  as  long  as  the  ovary :  berries  light  red,  finely  dotted 
with  purple,  2-3  lines  in  diameter,  usually  1-seeded ;  seed  whitish,  \%  lines 
broad.    In  the  Coast  ranges,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California. 

V.  racemosa  Morong  Mem.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  v,  114.  Smilacina  race- 
mosa  Desf.  Stems  often  stout,  erect  or  ascending,  somewhat  angled,  finely 
pubescent  above  or  nearly  glabrous,  1-3  feet  high,  from  a  thick  fleshy  root- 
stock:  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  to  oval,  sessile,  or  the  lower  ones  short - 
petioled,  3-6  inches  long,  1-3  inches  wide,  acumin  ate,  finely  pubescent 


VAGNBBA  CONVALLARIACE^  667 

DNIFOLIUM 

beneath,  the  margins  minutely  ciliate:  panicle  densely  many- flowered,  1-4 
inches  long,  peduncled:  pedicels  about  a  line  long:  segments  of  the  perianth 
oblong,  a^ut  a  line  long:  style  about  half  as  long  as  the  ovaiy:  beiTies  red 
speckled  with  purple,  2-3  lines  in  diameter.  In  moist  woods,  Oregon  to 
Brit.  Columbia  and  across  the  continent. 

*  *  Flowers  larger,  in  a  simple  few-flowered  raceme:  stamens  shorter 
than  the  segments. 

V.  sessilifolia  Greene.  Smilacina  sessilifolia  Nutt.  Stems  slender, 
usually  flexuous  above,  10-18  inches  high,  fiom  slender  creeping  rootstocks: 
leaves  lanceolate,  2-6  inches  long,  acute  or  acuminate,  sessile  and  clasping, 
usually  flat  and  spreading,  more  or  less  pubescent,  racemes  3-9-flowered, 
sessile  or  shortly  peduncled,  the  solitary  pedicels  2-7  lines  long:  segments  of 
the  perianth  lanceolate,  3-4  lines  long,  twice  as  long  as  the  stamens:  filaments 
subulate:  style  about  a  line  long,  as  long  as  the  ovary:  berries  usually  black 
when  mature,  globose,  8-5  lines  in  diameter,  l-3-8eeded:  seeds  brown  sub- 
ovoid  1)4  lines  in  diameter.     In  damp  forests,  Brit.  Columbia  to  Califoraia. 

V.  stellata  Morong  1.  c.  Smilacina  stellata  Desf.  Stems  rather  stout, 
erect,  glabrous,  8-20  inches  high,  from  a  stout  fleshy  rootstock:  leaves  lan- 
ceolate to  oblong-lanceolate,  sessile  and  somewhat  clasping  minutely  pubes- 
cent beneath  2-5  iuches  long,  6-18  lines  wide,  obtuse  to  acute  or  acuminate: 
raceme  sessile  or  short  peduncled,  6-20-fiowered:  pedicels  1-4  lines  long, 
usually  shorter  than  the  flowers:  segments  of  the  perianth  oblong,  obtuse, 
4-5  lines  long,  %  longer  than  the  stamens:  style  about  2  lines  long,  as  long 
as  the  ovary:  berries  green  with  6  black  stripes  or  black,  3-5  lines  in  diameter. 
Along  streams  in  the  interior,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California  and  the  Eastern 
States. 

2    UNIFOLIUM  Adans.  Fam.  PI  ii,  54.     (1763) 

MAIANTHMUM  Wiggs.  Prim.  Fl.  Hols.  U.  {1180.) 

Low  herbs  with  slender  rootstocks,  erect  simple  few-leaved 
stems,  alternate  petioled  leaves  and  small  white  flowers  in  termin- 
al minutely  bracted  racemes.  Perianth  of  4  distinct  segments. 
Stamens  4,  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  segments,  with  filiform 
filaments  and  short  introrse  anthers.  Ovary  sessile,  2-celled, 
rarely  3-celled,  with  a  pair  of  ovules  in  each  cell.  Style  2-lobed 
or  2-cleft.     Berries  globose,  1-4-seeded. 

U.  dilatatum.  3faianthemnm  biflorum  tar.  dilatatum  Wood.  Glabrous: 
stem  2-12  inches  high,  erect:  leaf  of  the  sterile  shoots  round-cordate,  2-4 
inches  in  diameter,  acute  or  shortly  acuminate,  on  a  slender  petiole  2-8  mches 
long;  cauline  leaves  usually  2,  cordate  to  sagittate,  with  large  rounded 
auriclei,  2-4  inches  long,  on  slender  petioles :  often  with  a  subulate  bract  on 
the  peduncle:  raceme  1-3  inches  long,  many-flowered:  pedicels  spreading,  1-2 
lines  long,  often  2-4  together:  segments  of  the  perianth  oblong,  obtuse,  about 
a  line  long,  at  length  reflexed:  stamens  ihorter  than  the  segments:  style 
stout,  about  a  half  line  long:  berries  red,  globoie,  about  3  lines  in  diameter, 
1-4-seeded:  seeds  ovate,  brown,  1%  lines  long.  In  wet  places  along  moun- 
tain streams.     California  to  Alaska. 

3    STREPTOPUS  Michx.  Fl.  i,  200.  (1803.) 

Branching  herbs  with  stout  or  slender  rootstocks.  thin  sessile 
alternate  leaves  and  rather  small  flowers  on  slender  solitary  sim- 
ple or  forked  extra-axillary  peduncles.     Perianth  narrowly  cam- 


658  CONVALLARIACE^  streptopus 

DISPORUM 

panulate,  of  6  distinct  deciduous  segments.  Stamens  6:  filaments 
short,  deltoid  or  subulate,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  segments: 
anthers  sagittate,  acute  or  acutely  attenuate  above,  attached  on 
the  inner  side  near  the  base,  with  nearly  lateral  dehiscence.  Ovary 
sessile,  3-celled,  with  numerous  ovules  in  each  celL  Style  filiform, 
deciduous,  with  3-lobed  or  3-cleft  stigma.  Fruit  a  many-seeded 
berry.     Seeds  oblong,  with  close  thin  brownish  testa. 

S.  amplexifolius  DO.  Fl.  France  iii,  174.  Rootstock  short,  stout, 
horizontal,  covered  with  fibrous  roots:  stem  stout,  1-3  feet  high,  dichotom- 
ously  branched:  leaves  lanceolate,  2-5  inches  long,  1-2  inches  wide,  acuminate, 
cordate-clasping  at  base,  glabrous,  glaucous  beneath:  peduncles  1-2  inches 
long,  1-2-flowered  bent  or  twisted  at  about  the  middle:  segments  of  the  perianth 
gi'eenish-white,  4-6  lines  long^,  narrowly  lanceolate,  acuminate,  the  tips  spread- 
ing or  recurved:  anthers  subulate-pointed:  stigma  simple,  obtuse  or  trun- 
cate: beny  oval,  5-9  lines  long,  yellow  or  red.  Along  mountain  streams, 
California  to  Alaska  and  across  the  continent. 

S.  rosens  Michx,  Fl.  i,  201,  t.  18.  Stems  simple  or  sparingly  branch- 
ed, 6-30  inches  high,  from  a  short  stout  rootstock  covered  with  fibrous  roots: 
branches  sparingly  pubescent:  leaves  lanceolate-ovate  to  ovate,  2-4  inches 
long,  rather  abruptly  acuminate,  sessile  by  a  broad  rounded  or  slightly  cordate 
clasping  base,  the  margins  finely  ciliate:  peduncles  6-13  lines  long,  one- 
rarely  two-fiowered:  segments  of  the  perianth  lanceolate,  acuminate,  4-6 
lines  long,  the  tips  spreading,  purple  to  rose-color;  anther-cells  each  apiculate: 
style  3-ceft,  the  spreading  branches  stigmatic  along  the  inner  side:  berries 
globose  or  ovate,  5-6  lines  in  diameter.  In  damp  woods,  Oregon  to  Alaska 
and  the  Eastern  States. 

S.  brevipes  Baker  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xiv,  594.  Stems  mostly  simple, 
smooth,  6-12  inches  high,  from  very  slender  rootstocks :  leaves  lanceolate,  1-3 
inches  long,  tapering  from  below  the  middle  to  an  acuminate  apex,  sessile 
but  not  at  all  cordate  at  base,  very  minutely  or  not  at  all  ciliate:  peduncles 
3-6  lines  long:  segments  of  the  perianth  linear-oblong,  about  4  lines  long, 
less  than  a  line  wide,  more  than  twice  as  long  as  the  stamens:  berries  globose. 
In  damp  places  in  the  Cascade  Mountains  of  Washington, 

4    DISPORUM  Salisb.  Trans.  Hort.  Soc.  i,  331.    (1812.) 

PROSARTES  D.  Don.  (1840.) 

Branching  herbs,  scaly-bracted  below  and  leafy  above,  with 
running  rootstocks,  sessile  alternate  somewhat  oblique  leaves  and 
rather  small  flowers  in  terminal  few- flowered  umbels.  Perianth 
narrowly  campanulate,  of  6  distinct  deciduous  segments.  Sta- 
mens 6,  hypogynous:  filaments  filiform  or  somewhat  flattened, 
longer  than  the  oblong  or  linear  extrorse  anthers.  Ovary  sessile, 
3-celled.  mostly  with  2  suspended  ovules  in  each  cell.  Style 
slender,  entire  or  with  3  short  stigmas,  deciduous.  Fruit  a  3-0- 
seeded  berry.     Seeds  globose,  with  close  testa  and  horny  albumen. 

*    Perianth  broad  and  gibbously  truncate  at  base :  stamens  included, 
with  elongated  filaments :  style  3-cleft :  berries  aoute. 

1>,  Menziesii  B.  &  H.  Gen.  iii,  832.  Prosartes  Menziesii  D.  Don.  More 
r  less  woolly-pubescent:   stems  1-3' feet  high,  diffusely  much  branched: 

aves  ovate  to  lanceolate,  acuminate,  rounded  or  sometimes  slightly  cordate 
\)  base,  2-6  inches  long:  flowers  in  fascicles  of  2-5,  on  slender  pedicels  6-10 


DispoKUM  CONVALLARIACE^  659 

lines  long :  segments  of  the  perianth  nearly  erect,  acute  6-11  lines  long : 
stamens  a  third  shorter:  style  usually  more  or  less  woolly  above  and 
slightly  3-cleft  at  the  apex :  ovary  nearly  smooth :  berry  oblong-ovate, 
attenuate  above  into  a  short  beak,  triangular,  8-6-seeded,  about  6  lines  long, 
bright  salmon -color,     In  the  Coast  Ranges,  California  to  Brit.  Columbia. 

*  *    Leaves  acute  or  shortly  acuminate,  mostly  cordate  and  clasping : 
perianth  narrow  and  less  gibbous  at  base :  style  entire. 

■*-     Filaments  elongated,  longer  than  the  anthers. 

1),  Hookeri  B.  &  H.  1.  c.  Prosartes  Hookeri  Torr.  More  or  less  rough- 
pubescent  with  short  spreading  hairs  :  stems  slender,  1-2  feet  high,  diffuse- 
ly branched :  leaves  ovate,  mostly  deeply  cordate,  rough  on  the  margins 
and  nerves  beneath,  1-3  inches  long,  the  uppermost  very  oblique  t  flowers 
1-6  in  the  fascicles:  segments  spreading  above,  4-6  lines  long,  narrowed  at 
base :  stamens  equalling  or  a  little  exceeding  the  perianth :  ovary  narrow, 
more  or  less  pubescent :  style  entire,  exserted,  glabrous ;  berries  usually 
somewhat  pubescent,  obovate,  obtuse,  4  lines  long,  6-peeded.  In  the  Coast 
Ranges,  southern  Oregon  to  California. 

1).  trachyandrum  B.  &  H.  1.  c.  Prosartes  trachyandra  Torr.  More 
or  less  pubescent  with  minute  stiff  hairs :  stem  slender,  12-18  inches  high : 
leaves  ovate  to  oblong,  acute  or  somewhat  acuminate,  but  slightly  or  not 
at  all  cordate,  1-2  inches  long :  flowers  1-3  in  the  fascicles :  segments  of  the 
perianth  lanceolate,  acute,  4-5  lines  long,  ^g  longer  than  the  stamens, 
narrowed  at  base:  anthers  minutely  hispid:  ovary  glabrous:  berries 
smooth,  with  a  short  stout  beak.  In  the  mountains  of  southern  Oregon 
and  northern  California. 

•  D.  Oregannm  B.  &  H.  1.  c.  Prosartes  Oregana  Watson.  Stem  1-3 
feet  high,  diffusely  much  branched,  woolly-pubescent  above:  leaves  ovate 
or  orbicular  to  oblong,  more  or  less  acuminate,  distinctly  cordate  at  base, 
2-4  inches  long:  flowers  usually  1-2  in  the  fascicles,  funnelform  :  segments 
of  the  perianth  about  6  lines  long,  lanceolate,  narrowed  toward  the  base  to 
abroad  claw:  filaments  filiform  with  a  dilated  base,  about  8  lines  long: 
anthers  a  line  long:  style  filiform,  exceeding  the  stamens  :  berries  ovate, 
acutish,  pubescent,  5-6  lines  long,  3-6-8eeded.  Common  in  forests,  Oregon 
to  Brit.  Columbia. 

D.  trachycarpnm  B.  &  H.  1.  c.  Prosartes  trachycarpa  Watson.  Pu- 
bescent, at  least  when  young :  stem  1-2  feet  high,  rather  sparingly  branch- 
ed :  leaves  ovate  or  oval  to  oblong-lanceolate,  2-4  inches  long,  acute  or 
short  acuminate,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  base :  flowers  1-3  in  the  fascicles, 
narrow  campanulate :  segments  of  the  perianth  narrowly  oblong  or  oblan- 
ceolate,  6-7  lines  long :  stamens  about  equalling  the  perianth :  style  slender, 
exceeding  the  stamens  :  berries  roughened,  depressed-globose  or  somewhat 
ovoid,  4-5  lines  in  diameter,  3-18-seeded.  In  the  mountains  of  eastern 
Oregon  and  Washington  to  Nebraska  and  Manitoba. 

+-  •*-    Anthers  much  longer  than  the  very  short  filaments. 

D.  paryifolinm  B.  &  H.  1.  c.  Prosartes  parvifolia  Wsitson.  More  or 
]e?s  pubescent  with  spreading  hairs :  stem  6-12  inches  high,  densely  much 
branched :  leaves  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  more  or  less  abruptly  acumin- 
ate, very  acute,  slightly  cordate  at  base,  6-18  lines  long:  flowers  1-6  in  the 
fascicles,  narrow  campanulate:  segments  of  the  perianth  lanceolate,  acute 
or  somewhat  acuminate,  4-6  lines  long,  white,  twice  as  long  as  the  stamens: 
filaments  about  a  line  long,  shorter  than  the  lanceolate  acute  anthers: 
ovary  small,  slightly  pubescent:  style  slender,  slightly  exserted :  berries 
not  seen.  In  the  Coast  and  Siskiyou  Mountains  of  southern  Oregon  and 
northern  California. 


660  CONVALLARIACEJE  clintonia 

SC0IJ0PI8 

5    CLINTONIA  Raf.  Journ.  Phys.  102,  1819. 

Scapose  herbs  with  slender  rootstocks,  few  broad  apparently- 
radical  many-nerved  leaves  and  white  or  red  flowers  umbellate 
upon  a  scape-like  peduncle.  Perianth  campanulate,  of  6  distinct 
several-nerved  equal  deciduous  segments,  stamens  6,  inserted 
on  the  base  of  the  segments,  with  filiform  filaments  and  oblong 
to  linear  versatile  anthers,  attached  on  the  inner  side  and  laterally 
dehiscent.  Ovary  sessile,  2-3-celled,  with  2  to  several  ovules  in 
each  cell.  Style  slender,  deciduous,  slightly  2-3-lobed  at  the 
summit.  Fruit  a  smooth  few-  to  many-seeded  berry,  seeds 
somewhat  compressed  or  angled,  with  smooth  crustaceous  brown- 
ish testa. 

C  nniflora  Kunth  Enum.  v,  159.  More  or  less  villous-pubescent 
throughoat:  stems  1-2 inches  long,  mostly  under  ground:  leaves  lanceolate 
or  oblanceolate  to  oblong-obovate,  acute  or  shortly  apiculate,  attenuate 
below  to  a  sheathing  petiole,  4-8  inches  long  by  1-2  wide:  peduncle  shorter 
than  the  leaves,  1-  rarely  2-flowered:  segments  of  the  perianth  white,  ob- 
lanceolate. obtuse,  8-12  lines  long  %  longer  than  the  stamens :  style  about 
equalling  the  stamens;  berries  blue,  oblong,  4-6  lines  long,  the  cells  6-10- 
seeded.    Common  in  damp  forests  in  the  mountains,  California  to  Alaska. 

€•  Andrewsiana  Torr.  Pac.  R.  Rep.  iv,  150.  Nearly  glabrous,  the 
inflorescence  more  or  less  pubescent :  stem  stout,  2-6  inches  long,  mostly 
under  ground :  leaves  usually  4-6,  broadly  oblong  to  oblanceolate,  shortly 
apiculate  narrowed  below  to  short  petioles  or  sessile,  6-12  inches  long,  2-4 
inches  wide;  peduncle  1-2  feet  high,  usually  with  a  foliaceous  bract:  flow- 
ers deep  rose-color,  numerous  in  a  terminal  umbel  and  one  or  more  lateral 
umbellate  fascicles :  pedicels  slender,  unequal,  4-12  lines  long :  perianth 
gibbous  at  base,  4-7  lines  long :  stamens  a  half  shorter,  about  equalling  the 
style:  filaments  pubescent:  berries  4-5  lines  long,  the  cells  8-10-seeded. 
In  Sequoia  forests  near  the  coast,  southern  Oregon  to  California. 

6    SCOLIOPIS  Torr.  Pac.  R.  Rep.  iv,  145. 

Nearly  acaulescent  glabrous  herbs  with  short  fibrous-rooted 
rhizomes,  a  pair  of  thin  apparently  radical  leaves  subtended  by 
scarious  sheaths  and  few  flowers  on  long  pedicels  in  a  nearly 
sessile  umbel.  Perianth  of  6  distinct  deciduous  segments,  the  3 
outer  lanceolate,  several-nerved,  the  3  inner  narrower  and  3-nerved. 
Stamens  3,  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  3  outer  segments,  with  fili- 
form-subulate filaments,  and  oblong  2-celled  extrorse  anthers. 
Ovary  sessile,  strongly  triquetrous,  1-celled,  the  thickened  angles 
placentiferous,  with  about  10  ascending  ovules  in  2  rows  upon 
each  placenta,  style  very  short,  persistent :  stigmas  linear,  deep- 
ly channeled  down  the  inner  side.  Fruit  a  thin-walled  several- 
seeded  capsule  bursting  irregularly.  Seeds  oblong,  slightly  curved, 
longitudinally  sulcate-striate,  with  thin  close  light-colored  testa. 

S.  Hallll  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xiv,  272.  Rhizome  short,  with 
numerous  long  fleshy -fibrous  roots :  stem  not  rising  above  the  ground : 
leaves  broably  lanceolate,  acute,  3-6  inches  long,  1-2  inches  wide,  narrowed 
below  to  sheathing  petioles:  pedicels  1-8,  very  slender,  2-3  inches  long; 
outer  segments  of  the  perianth  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  3-4  lines  long, 
\%  lines  wide,  narrowed  to  a  claw  below,  yellowish  green  speckled  with 
red  outside,  striped  with  purple  inside,  bent  outward  near  the  middle,  the 


TBiLLiUM  CONVALLARIACEiE  661 

upper  half  spreadina:  or  deflexed :  inner  segments  linear-spatulate,  shorter 
than  the  outer  ones,  incurved  and  connivent  over  the  stigmas :  filaments 
1-2  lines  long,  about  half  as  long  as  the  ovary.  On  moist  mossy  banks 
along  mountain  streams,  western  Oregon. 

7    TRILLIUM  L.  Sp.  339. 

Glabrous  erect  herbs  with  short  tuber-like  rhizomes,  short  simple 
stems  bearing  scarious  sheaths  at  base  and  3  flat  leaves  in  a  whorl 
around  a  single  large  flower  at  the  summit.  Perianth  of  6  distinct 
persistent  segments:  the  3  outer  narrow,  green  and  sepal-like;  the 
3  inner  broader  and  usually  white  or  red.  Stamens  6,  hypogyn- 
ous ;  with  short  filaments  and  linear,  mostly  extrorse,  anthers. 
Ovary  sessile,  3-6-angled  or  lobed,  3-celled,  with  several  to  many 
ovules  in  each  cell.  Styles  3,  stigmatic  along  the  inner  side. 
Fruit  a  3-celled  or  imperfectly  1-celled  many-seeded  berry-like 
capsule.     Seeds  ovate,  with  close  thin  testa. 

T.  petiolatum  Pursh  Fl.  544.  Stem  3-4  inches  high,  often  scarcely 
exserted  above  the  basal  sheaths :  leaves  with  ovate-elliptic  to  reniform 
blade  3-6  inches  wide,  on  stout  petioles  as  long  or  longer:  flower  sessile; 
sepals  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  about  an  inch  long:  petals  dark  purple, 
narrowly  oblanceolate,  scarcely  longer  than  the  sepals,  2-3  lines  wide: 
anthers  6-8  lines  long,  dark  purple:  styles  5-6  lines  long,  recurved;  ovary 
shortly  beaked.  On  rich  hillsides  and  in  copses,  eastern  Oregon  and 
Washington  to  Idaho. 

T.  chloropetalnm.  T.  sessile  var.  chloropetalum  Ton.  in  part.  T. 
sessile  var.  Calif ornicum  Watson.  Rhizome  oblong  to  obovate,  usually 
erect,  about  an  inch  long:  stem  6-18  inches  high:  leaves  broadly  rhombic- 
ovate  thickish,  usually  marked  with  whitinh  blotches,  2-6  inhes  long,  often 
broader  than  long,  obtuse,  closely  sessile :  flower  sessile :  sepals  elongated- 
oblong,  obtuse,  10-12  lines  long,  3  lines  wide:  petals  white,  oblanceolate, 
obtuse,  1-13^  inches  long  3-4  lines  wide,  erect:  anthers  nearly  sessile, 
white,  about  6  lines  long,  longer  than  the  stigmas.  In  wet  copses,  western 
Oregon  to  California. 

T.  OTatnm  Pursh  Fl.  245.  Rhizome  oblong  1-2  inches  long,  horizont- 
al: stem  stout,  1-2  feet  high:  leaves  rhombic-ovate,  3-8  inches  long, 
usually  acuminate,  cuneately  narrowed  at  base,  sessile:  peduncle  slender, 
1-3  inches  long:  sepals  lanceolate,  acute  1-2  inches  long,  3-4  lines  wide: 
petals  broably  lanceolate,  acute,  \%-2%  inches  long,  4-12  lines  wide,  white, 
soon  changing  to  rose-color  and  dark  red  :  stamens  3-8  lines  long;  anthers 
yellow :  styles  slender,  recurved  or  revolute  at  the  apex.  Common  in 
wooded  districts,  California  to  Brit.  Columbia. 

T.  rivale  Watson  Proc  Am.  Acad,  xx,  378.  Rhizome  oblong,  6-10 
lines  long,  horizontal :  stem  slender,  2-10  inches  long,  erect  or  ascending, 
leaves  ovate,  obtuse  and  apiculate  to  acute  or  acuminate,  1>2-^  inches  long : 
rounded  or  subcordate  at  base,  on  petioles  4-10  lines  long :  flower  on  a 
slender  usually  declined  peduncle  1-3  inches  long:  sepals  broadly  lanceo- 
late, acute  to  acuminate  6-10  lines  long :  petals  broadly  lanceolate  to  ovate, 
acute  to  acuminate,  narrowed  below  to  a  claw,  but  little  longer  than  the 
sepals,  white,  speckled  with  purple  near  the  centre:  stamens  about  equal- 
ling the  short  recurved  stigmas:  capsule  slightly  if  at  all  lobed.  On  rocky 
banks  in  the  Coast  Mountains,  southern  Oregon  and  adjacent  California. 

Order  XCVIII  MLANTHACE^  R.  Br.  Prodr.  i,  272. 

Leafy-stemmed  herbs  with  rootstocks  or  bulbs,    broad  or 


662  MELANTHACEiE  veratrdm 

grdss-like  leaves  and  perfect,  polygamous  or  dioecious  flowers 
in  terminal  racemes,  panicles  or  umbels.  Perianth  of  6  distinct 
or  nearly  distinct  mostly  persistent  segment-s.  Stamens  6, 
borne  on  the  base  of  the  perianth- segments.  Anthers  small, 
2-celled  or  confluently  1-celled,  cordate  or  reniform,  mostly 
extrorsely  dehiscent.  Ovary  3-celled,  superior  or  partly  inferi- 
or, with  few  to  numerous  anatropous  or  ampfiitropous  ovules 
in  each  cell.  Styles  3,  distinct  or  more  or  less  united.  Fruit 
a  mostly  septicidal  few-  to  many-seeded  capsule.  Seeds  com- 
monly appendaged.     Embryo  small,  in  copious  albumen. 

*  Leaves  not  rigid  nor  equitant :  flowers  usually  polygamous :  anth- 
eas  1-celIed,  peltate  after  opening. 

1  Veratrnm    Stems  tall  and  stout,  from  a  thick  rootstock :  leaves  broad, 

strongly  nerved  and  plicate. 

2  StenautheUa    Stem  erect,  from  a  coated  bulb :   leaves  linear,  keeled : 

flowers  in  panicled  racemes :  perianth  nodding,  its  segments  acuminate, 
without  glands. 

3  Zy^adenus  Stem  erect,  from  a  coated  bulb :  leaves  linear :  inflorescence 

racemose  or  subpaniculate :  perianth  erect,  the  segments  not  acumin- 
ate, glandular  at  base- 

*  *  Flowers  perfect,  on  bracteolate  pedicels  in  a  simple  raceme  on 
an  equitant-leafy  stem  from  a  creeping  rootstock :  anthers  2-celled, 
introrse:  seeds  numerous. 

4  Tofleldia    Flowers   involucrate  with  3  scarious  united  bractlets :  fila- 

ments naked;  style  short:  capsule  ovate,  3-beaked:  seeds  horizontal, 
not  caudate. 

5  Abama    Bractlets  linear :  filaments  woolly :  style  none :  capsule  oblong, 

attenuate  upward :  seeds  ascending,  caudate  at  each  end. 

*  *  *  Stems  stout,  very  leafy,  from  a  tliick  rhizome :  leaves  very 
narrow,  rigid  and  rough-margined  :  flowers  perfect,  on  naked  pedicel's 
in  a  simple  dense  raceme. 

6  Xerophyllnm    Flowers  white,  on  long  pedicels:  segments  5-7-nerved : 

seeds  few,  not  appendaged. 

1     VERATRUM  L.  Sp.  1044. 

Tall  perennial  herbs  with  thick  rootstocks,  broad  strongly  vein- 
ed plicate  leaves  and  rather  large  flowers  in  a  terminal  pubescent 
panicle,  the  lower  flowers  mostly  staminate  only.  Perianth  of  6 
distinct  similar  segments.  Stamens  free,  with  subulate  filaments 
and  cordate  confluently  1-celled  anthers  that  are  peltate  after 
opening.  Ovary  sessile,  3-celle(l.  Styles  distinct,  stigmatic  at 
the  apex.  Caps*^ule  membranaceous,  3-beaked  by  the  persistent 
diverging  styles,  septicidal  to  the  base.  Seeds  several  in  each 
cell,  ascending,  compressed  and  margined  or  winged,  with  close 
thin  whitish  testa. 

V.  virida  Ait.  Hort,  Kew.  iii,  422.  "^Sterns  stout.  2-7  feet  high,  very 
leafy:  leaves  broadly  elliptical  and  acute,  or  the  upper  ones  lanceolate  and 
acuminate,  3-9  inches  long :  branches  of  the  simple  panicle  slender,  more 
or  less  drooping :  bracts  foliaceous,  lanceolate,  usually  nearly  equalling  the 


VEEATRUM  MELANTHACEiE  663 

STENA  NTH  ELLA 

flowers:  segments  i>f  the  perianth  oblanceolate,  ciliate-serrulate,  4-6  lines 
long,  greenish-yellow,  adnate  to  the  attenuate  base  of  the  ovary:  stamens 
2-3  lines  long :  ovary  glabrous :  capsule  oblong-ovate,  acute,  10-12  lines 
long,  many-seeded:  seeds  4-5  lines  long.  In  damp  woods  in  the  high 
mountains,  Oregon  to  Alaska  and  the  Eastern  States  and  Canada. 

V.  Californicum  Durand  Journ.  Philad.  Acad,  iii,  103.  ?  Stems  very 
stout,  3-10  feet  high,  very  leafy:  lower  leaves  broadly  oval,  6-12  inches 
long,  4-8  inches  wide  ,obtuse  to  acute ;  the  uppermost  ones  lanceolate, 
much  reduced  and  bract-like:  branches  of  the  panicle  slender,  ascending: 
bracts  ovate-lanceolate  to  subulate,  shorter  or  several  times  longer  than 
the  pedicels  :  segments  of  the  perianth  greenish- white,  lanceolate,  obtuse, 
attenuate  at  base,  8-10  lines  long,  entire,  or  denticulate  above,  slightly  ad- 
nate to  the  ovary :  stamens  3-6  lines  long :  ovary  glabrous  :  capsule  an  inch 
or  more  long.     In  swamps,  Washington  to  California  and  Colorado. 

V.  candatnm  Heller  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  xxvi.  588.  by  the  descrip- 
tion dose  not  differ  from  the  above  except  in  glabrous  leaves :  it  grows  m 
wet  meadows,  Chehalis  County,  Washington. 

2    STENANTHELLA  Rydberg  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  xxvii,  530. 

Erect  glabrous  herbs  with  coated  bulbs,  few  narrow  leaves  and 
perfect  flowers  in  bracted  racemes  or  panicles.  Perianth  of  6  dis- 
tinct lanceolate  acuminate  subequal  marcescent  segments  without 
glands  or  distinct  claw.  Stamens  6,  shorter  than  the  perianth- 
segments  and  inserted  on  their  bases,  free.  Anthers  reniform, 
confluently  1-celled  and  peltate  after  opening.  Ovary  ovoid,  su- 
perior. Styles  3.  Capsule  3-beaked,  septicidal  to  the  base. 
Seeds  oblong,  winged. 

S.  occidentalis  Rydb.  1.  c.  531.  Stenanthium  occidentale  Gray.  Bulb 
oblong-ovoid,  4-6  lines  in  diameter :  stem  slender,  10-20  inches  high :  leaves 
linear-lanceolate,  acuminate,  6-12  inches  long,  3-12  lines  wide:  raceme 
simple,  or  branched  at  base :  bracts  somewhat  scarious,  broadly  lanceolate, 
acuminate,  3-12  lines  long:  pedicels  slender,  spreading  or  recurved,  longer 
than  the  bracts:  flowers  campanulate,  nodding:  segments  of  the  perianth 
brownish-purple,  6-8  lines  long,  oblong  to  lanceolate,  acuminate,  the  tips 
spreading  or  recurved :  capsule  at  length  strictly  erect,  6-8  lines  long, 
attenuate  into  the  elongated  slender  styles:  seeds  linear,  flat,  winged,  3^ 
lines  long.   On  rocky  banks  and  bluffs,  Oregon  to  Brit.  Columbia  and  Idaho. 

3    ZYGADENUS  Michx.  Fl.  i,  213.     (1803.) 

Erect  herbs  with  coated  bulbs,  leafy  stems,  linear  leaves  and 
rather  small  white  or  yellowish  flowers  in  terminal  glabrous  pan- 
icles or  racemes,  perianth  of  6  distinct  similar  marcescent 
segments  bearing  1  or  2  glands  just  above  the  narrowed  base. 
Stamens  free  from  the  perianth-segments  and  about  equalling 
them  in  length  :  anthers  cordate  or  reniform,  confluently  1-celled. 
Capsule  3-lobed  and  3-celled,  the  cells  not  diverging,  dehiscent 
to  the  base,  seeds  several  or  numerous  in  each  cell,  oblong  or 
linear,  angled. 

*    Flowers  rather  large,  mostly  perfect. 

Z.  elegans  Pursh  Fl.  241.  Stem  6  inches  to  3  feet  high  :  leaves  glau- 
cous, 2-6  lines  broad :  raceme  simple,  or  sparingly  branched  below,  often 
few-flowered:  bracts  ovate  lanceolate,  usually  purplish  :  perianth  adnate  to 
the  base  of  the  ovary,  its  segments  broad,  oval  or  obovate,  obtuse,  4-5  lines 


664  MELANTHACEiE  zygadenus 

TOFIELDIA 

the  inner  abruptly  contracted  to  a  broad  claw ;  gland  obcordate :  styles 
about  2  lines  long:  seeds  oblong,  angular,  not  margined,  2  lines  long.  In 
moist  places,  eastern  Oregon  to  Alaska  and  Illinois. 

Z  Boa^lasii  Torr.  Pac.  R.  Eep.  vii,  Z.  Fremonti  Watson.  Stem 
rather  stout,  l%-2}4,  feet  high :  leaves  6-12  lines  wide,  nearly  as  long  as 
the  stem:  bracts  mostly  green,  ovate,  acuminate,  6-15  lines  long;  pedicels 
stoutish,  1-2  inches  long,  exceeding  the  bracts  :  perianth-segments  white  or 
yellowish,  free  from  the  ovary,  5-7  lines  long,  the  outer  not  clawed,  the 
inner  contracted  to  a  broad  claw :  glands  irregular,  toothed  on  the  upper 
margin :  stamens  about  half  as  long  as  the  segments :  styles  about  a  line 
long :  capsule  6-12  lines  long :  seeds  less  than  2  lines  long.  Along  the  coast, 
southern  Oregon  to  California. 

*  *    Flowers  smaller,  polygamous. 

Z.  paniculatns  Watson  Bot.  King  343.  Stem  usually  stout,  1-2  feet 
high ;  leaves  6-8  inches  long,  usually  all  sheathing,  roughish  on  both  sides, 
mostly  falcate:  raceme  usually  panicled,  many-flowered:  bracts  mostly 
scarious,  shorter  than  the  pedicels:  segments  of  the  perianth  1-2  lines 
long,  oblong,  acute,  rather  abruptly  contracted  to  a  claw :  gland  not  very 
definately  margined,  often  reaching  nearly  to  the  middle  of  the  blade: 
stamens  equalling  or  longer  than  the  segments :  capsule  oblong-ovate,  6-12 
lines  long.  On  dry  foothills,  eastern  Oregon  and  Washington  to  Montana 
and  Nevada. 

Z.  venenosus  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xiv.  279.  Stem  rather  slen- 
der, 8-30  inches  high:  leaves  4-15  inches  long,  2-3  lines  wide, scabrous,  the 
cauline  not  sheathing:  racemes  usually  simple,  with  narrow  scarious 
bracts:  perianth  free  from  the  ovary,  its  segments  triangular- ovate  to 
elliptical,  obtuse  or  rarely  acutish,  2-3  lines  long,  all  abruptly  contracted 
to  a  short  glandular  claw,  the  blade  rounded  or  subcordate  at  base:  gland 
extending  slightly  above  the  claw,  with  a  well  defined  irregular  margin : 
stamens  longer  than  the  segments ;  capsule  4-6  lines  long :  seeds  \.%-2% 
lines  long.     Common  in  meadows,  California  to  Brit.  Columbia  and  IJtah. 

Z.  intermedius  Rydb.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  xxvii,  535.  Stem  rath- 
er stout,  1-2  feet  high :  leaves  scabrous  on  the  margins  and  midrib,  6 
inches  or  more  long,  3-5  lines  wide,  keeled  and  sometimes  conduplicate, 
all  with  conspicuous  scarious  sheaths  at  base :  raceme  rather  long :  seg- 
mentf  of  the  perianth  3-4  lines  long,  obtuse,  the  outer  ones  broadly  ovate 
and  acute  or  rounded  at  base,  short-clawed,  the  inner  oblong,  subcordate 
at  base,  with  a  claw  half  a  line  long :  gland  almost  serai-orbicular,  the  upper 
margin  toothed  but  thin  and  not  well  defined.  Idaho  to  Montana  and 
Utah. 

Z.  graminens  Rydb.  1.  c.  Stem  slender.  8-14  inches  high:  leaves 
narrowly  hnear,  scabrous  on  the  margins  and  midrib,  4-8  inches  long,  1-3 
lines  wide,  conduplicate  and  somewhat  falcate,  all  with  distinct  scarious 
sheaths  surrounding  the  stem:  racemes  rather  short:  bracts  scarious, 
lanceolate,  long-acuminate :  outer  segments  of  the  perianth  broadly  ovate, 
obtuse,  acute  at  base  and  very  short-clawed,  inner  ones  ovate  obtuse,  sub- 
cordate at  base,  with  a  claw  about  a  line  long  :  gland  almost  semiorbicular, 
the  upper  edge  toothed  but  thin  and  not  well-defined  :  capsule  elongated- 
ovoid,  4-5  lines  long.    Idaho  to  Albertia  and  Nebraska. 

4   TOFIELDIA  Huds.  Fl.  Angl.  ed.  2,  157.     (1778.) 

Perennial  herbs  with  short  running  rootstocks,  fibrous  roots, 
erect  stems,  linear  somewhat  2-ranked  and  equitant  leaves  clus- 
tered at  the  base  and  small  perfect  white  or  greenish  flowers  in  a 
terminal  bracted  raceme,  the  flowers  usually  involucrate  by  3 


TOFiRLDiA  MELA  NTH  ACE^  665 

ABAMA 

scarious  more  or  less  united  bractlets  on  the  pedicel.  Perianth  of 
6  distinct  3-nerved  persistent  segments.  Stamens  6,  equalling 
the  segments  and  inserted  at  their  bases:  filaments  narrowly 
subulate:  anthers  round-cordate,  attached  by  the  base,  2-celled, 
laterally  dehiscent.  Ovary  sessile,  3-lobed  and  3-celled,  with 
several  ovule?  attached  to  the  inner  angle  in  each  cell.  Styles 
short,  distinct,  with  small  terminal  stigmas.  Capsule  membran- 
aceous or  rigid,  beaked  by  the  3  persistent  styles,  septicidally 
dehiscent.  Seeds  several  to  many,  with  thin  membranous  testa, 
often  tailed. 

T.  glntinosa  Pers.  Syn.  i,  399.  Stem  viscid -pubescent  with  black 
glands,  6-20  inches  hisih,  bearing  2-4  leaves  near  the  base:  ra'lical  leaves 
tufted,  8-7  inches  long,  1-8  lines  wide :  raceme  oblong,  the  upper  flowers 
first  appearing:  pedicels  commonly  clustered  in  S's,  ascending  viscid- 
pubescent,  becoming  2-6  lines  long  in  fruit :  involucral  bracts  minute, 
united  nearly  or  quite  to  their  apices,  borne  just  below  the  flower :  segments 
of  the  perianth  oblong,  mostlv  obtuse,  about  2  lines  long,  membranous: 
capsule  oblong,  about  3  lines  high,  3-valved :  seeds  tailed  at  both  ends.  In 
mountain  marshes,  Oregon  to  Alaska  and  across  the  Continent. 

T.  iutermedia  Rj'db.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot,  Club,  xxvii,  528,  Stem  slen- 
der, about  a  foot  high,  viscid-pubescent  with  black  glands  above,  leafy 
below:  leaves  3-10  inches  long,  ^-3  lines  wide:  raceme  dense,  6-12  lines 
long:  bracts  broad  ovate :  pedicels  usually  3  together,  a  line  or  less  long : 
involucral  bracts  3,  broadly  triangular,  united  for  %  their  length:  segments 
of  the  perianth  oblong,  about  a  line  long,  acute,  bright  white,  drying  yel- 
lowish: capsule  ovoid,  about  3  lines  long :  seeds  appendaged.  In  mountain 
marshes,  Oregon  to  Alaska. 

T.  occidentalis  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xiv,  283.  Stem  stout,  1-3 
feet  high,  glandular  above,  sparingly  leafy  below :  leaves  2-12  inches  long, 
numerous:  raceme  1-2 inches  long,  dense:  pedicels  2-3  together,  2-3  lines 
long,  viscid  below  the  involucral  bracts  which  are  united  to  the  middle : 
segments  of  the  perianth  oblong,  about  3  lines  long:  capsule  obovate,  3-4 
lines  long,  long-beaked :  seeds  angular- ovate,  with  loose  white  spongy  testa 
and  a  slender  tail  at  the  outer  end  nearly  as  long  as  the  body.  In  marshes, 
northern  California  to  the  Cascade  Mountains  in  Washington. 

5    ABAMA.  Adans.  Fam.  PL  ii,  47.     (1763.) 

NARTHECIUM  Jv8s.    Gen.   47.     (1789.) 

Perennial  herbs  with  creeping  or  horizontal  rootstocks,  fibrous 
roots,  erect  simple  stems,  linear  grass-like  leaves  and  small  per- 
fect flowers  in  terminal  bracted  racemes,  the  pedicels  bracteolate 
near  the  middle.  Perianth  of  6  distinct  persistent  segments. 
Stamens  6,  hypogynous,  distinct:  filaments  subulate,  pubescent : 
anthers  linear,  attached  by  the  base,  introrse.  Ovary  sessile, 
linear- oblong,  3-celled,  many-ovuled,  attenuate  upward  to  the 
small  slightly  lobed  stigma.  Capsule  thin-chartaceous,  loculicid- 
ally  3-valved..  Seeds  numerous  ascending  from  near  the  base, 
small  and  linear,  with  thin  transparent  testa,  and  a  long  bristle- 
like tail  at  each  end. 

A.  Californica  Heller.  Narthecium  Californicum  Baker,  Rootstocks 
slender,  with  scarious  scales  at  the  nodes :  stems  slender,  densely  tufted, 
10-20  inches  high :   radical  leaves  5-6  inches  long,  1-2  lines  wide,  cauline 


666  PONTEDERIICE^  xebophyllum 

HETEEANTHEBA 

2  or  3,  short:  raceme  loose,  becoming  3-15  inches  long,  30-40-flowered: 
pedicels  3-6  lines  long,  twice  longer  than  the  linear-lanceolate  bracts  and 
bractlets :  segments  of  the  perianth  3-4  lines  long,  a  third  longer  than  the 
stamens,  bright  yellow :  filaments  woolly  except  near  the  top :  capsule  ex- 
serted,  the  cells  10-15-seeded.  In  marshes  in  the  Coast  Mountains,  south- 
ern Oregon  and  northern  California. 

6    XEROPHYLLUM  Michx.  Fl.  i,  210.    (1803.) 

Tall  perennial  herbs  with  thick  short  woody  rootstocks,  coarse 
fibrous  roots,  simple  erect  leafy  stems,  narrow  linear  serrulate 
persistent  leaves  and  many  small  white  flowers  in  a  terminal  ra- 
ceme. Perianth  of  6  distinct  several-nerved  persistent  segments. 
Stamens  6,  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  segments,  wdth  filiform- 
subulate  filaments  and  rounded  extrorse  laterally  dehiscent  an- 
thers. Ovary  sessile,  ovate,  8-lobed,  with  1-2  pairs  of  ovules  in 
each  cell.  Capsule  chartaceous,  loculicidally  dehiscent  to  the 
base,  and  sometimes  also  septicidal.  Seeds  2-4  in  each  cell,  as- 
cending, oblong,  somew^hat  triangular-flattened,  with  thin  longi- 
tudinally wrinkled,  rather  light-colored  testa. 

X.  tenax  Nutt.  Gen.  i,  235.  Rootstock  often  an  inch  thick  or  more: 
stems  stout,  2-6  feet  high,  leafy  below:  radical  leaves  numerous,  1-3  feet 
long,  about  2  lines  wide,  flat  above,  rather  rigid ;  cauline  leaves  shorter, 
scattered,  gradually  reduced  udward:  racemes  at  first  dense,  elongating 
and  becoming  1-2  feet  long :  lower  bracts  foliaceous  and  serrulate,  the  up- 
per scarious  and  often  upon  the  lower  part  of  the  pedicel:  pedicels  an  inch 
or  two  long,  erect  in  fruit :  segments  of  the  perianth  4-5  lines  long,  scarcely 
equalling  the  stamens:  styles  2  lines  long:  capsule  broadly  ovate,  acute, 
nearly  3  lines  long,  3-valved  :  seeds  narrowly  oblong.  Common  in  the  high 
mountains,  California  to  Brit.  Columbia  and  Idaho. 

X.  Douglasii  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xiv,  284.  "  Pedicels  shorter, 
(6-15  lines  long) :  flowers  smaller,  the  segments  (2)^  lines  long)  exceeding 
the  stamens :  styles  a  line  long :  capsule  cordate-ovate,  2  lines  long,  6-valved, 
the  abruptly  acute  cells  separating  and  then  dehiscing :  seeds  shorter  and 
broader.     Oregon  to  Montana.  " 

Order  XCIX  PONTEDERIACE^  Dumort.  Fam.  59.  (1829) 

Perennial  aquatic  or  bog  plants  with  grass-like  or  petioled 
thick  leaves  and  perfect  more  or  less  irregular  solitary  or  spiked 
flowers  subtended  by  leaf-like  spathes,  Perianth  free  from  the 
ovary,  corolla-like,  6-parted.  Stamens  3  or  6,  inserted  on  the 
tube  or  the  base  of  the  perianth:  filaments  filiform,  dilated  at 
base  or  thickened  at  the  middle:  anthers 2-celled,  linear- oblong 
or  rarely  ovate.  Ovary  3-celled  with  the  placentae  in  the  axis, 
or  1-celled  with  3  parietal  placentae.  Style  filiform  or  columnar , 
with  terminal  entire  or  minutely  toothed  stigma,  ovules  ana- 
tropous,  numerous,  sometimes  only  one  of  them  perfect.  Fruit 
a  many-seeded  capsule  or  1-seeded  utricle.  Embryo  central, 
cylindrical,  in  copious  albumen. 

1     HETERANTHERA  R.  &  P,  Prodr.  Fl.  Per.  9.     (1794.) 

Herbs  with  creeping,  ascending  or  floating  stems,  grass-like  or 
petioled  leaves  and  small  yellow,  white  or  blue  flowers  subtended 


HETKRANTHERA  ARACE^  667 

LYSICHITON 

by  a  spathe.  Lobes  of  the  perianth  nearly  or  quit€  equal,  linear. 
Stamens  3,  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  perianth.  Ovary  fusi- 
form, completely  or  incompletel}^  3-celled  by  the  intrusion  of  the 
placentae:  ovules  numerous:  stigma  8-lobed.  Fruit  an  ovoid 
many-seeded  capsule  enclosed  in  the  marcescent  tube  of  the 
perianth.     Seeds  ovoid,  striate. 

H.  dubia  Mac  M.  Met.  Miun.  138.  Schollera  graminifolia  Willd, 
Aquatic  perennial :  stem  slender,  forked,  often  rooting  at  the  nodes.  1-4 
feet  long ;  leaves  linear,  flat,  acute,  their  sheaths  thin,  furnished  at  the  top 
with  small  acute  stipule-like  appendages :  spathes  1-  or  2-flowered :  flowers 
light  yellow :  perianth-segments  narrow,  3-4  lines  long,  the  tube  1-3  inches 
Iqng;  capsule  1-celled,  torulose,  3-4  lines  long.  In  ponds,  Oregon  to  Cali- 
fornia and  the  Atlantic  States. 

Order  C    ARACEiE  Neck.  Act.  Acad.  Theod.  Palat.  ii,  462. 

Glabrous  perennial  herbs  with  all  radical  or  alternate  leaves 
and  perfect,  monoecious  or  dioecious  flowers  sessile  and  crowded 
upon  a  spadix  which  is  surrounded  by  a  simple  spathe.  Peri- 
anth none,  or  of  4  scale-like  segments.  Stamens  4  in  our  spe- 
cies: filaments  very  short:  anthers  2-celled,  opening  by  pores 
or  slits.  Ovary  one-  to  several-celled,  with  one  to  several  ovules 
in  each  cell.  Style  short  or  wanting:  with  terminal  mostly 
minute  and  sessile  stigma.  Seeds  various,  mostly  minute  and 
albuminous. 

1    LYSICHITON  Schott  Prodr.  Aroid.  421. 

Acaulescent  swamp  herbs  with  large  flat  leaves  from  a  thick 
horizontal  rootstock  and  numerous  small  flowers  on  a  spdix  sur- 
rounded by  a  spathe  with  a  sheathing  base  that  at  first  envelopes 
it  but  at  length  becoming  long  exserted  upon  a  stout  peduncle. 
Flowers  perfect,  crowded  and  covering  the  spadix,  with  4-lobed 
perianth  and  4  stamens  opposite  to  the  lobes.  Filaments  short 
and  flat :  anthers  2-celled,  opening  upward.  Ovary  conical,  2- 
celled,  with  2  horizontal  orthotropous  ovuls.  Stigma  depressed. 
Fruit  fleshy,  somewhat  immersed  in  the  rachis  and  coalescent. 

L.  Kamtschatcensis  Schott  1.  c.  Leaves  1-4  feet  long,  3-18  inches 
wide,  oblong  to  oblong  lanceolate,  acute,  narrowed  below  to  a  short  mar- 
gined petiole  or  sessile :  spathe  yellow,  with  a  broad  acute  blade  2-6  inches 
long,  narrowed  below  to  a  sheathing  petiole  3-10  inches  long:  peduncle* 
very  stout,  8-12  inches  long ;  spadix  broader,  2-4  inches  long,  densely 
flowered.    Common  in  swamps,  California  to  Alaska  and  Kamtschatka. 

Order  CI     TYPHACE^  J.  St.  Hil.  Expos.  Fam.  i,  60. 

'  Aquatic  perennial  herbs  with  creeping  rootstpcks,  cylindrical 
solid  stems,  alternate  linear  entire  sessile  leaves  and  monoecious 
flowers  in  heads  or  on  a  spadix  without  perianth,  the  upper 
staminate,  the  lower  pistillate.  Stamens  and  ovaries  intermixed 
with  bristles  or  scales^.  Anthers  linear,  longitudinally  dehis- 
cent. Ovaries  one-  or  two-celled,  oiie-ovuled,  with  slender  style 
and  one-sided  stigmas.     Fruit  nut-like.    Seeds  pendulous,  ana- 


668  TYPHACEiE  sparganium 

TYPHA 

tropous,  with  straight  axile  embryo  and  copious  albumen. 

1  Sparganium    Flowers  in  globular  heads  with  foliaceous  bracts. 

2  Typha    Flowers  in  a  cylindrical  compact  terminal  spike. 

1    SPARGANIUM  L.  Sp.  971. 

Aquatic  herbs  with  erect  or  floating  stems,  linear  alternate  leaves 
and  small  flowers  densely  crowded  in  globose  heads  on  the  upper 
part  ot  the  stem  and  branches,  the  staminate  heads  uppermost. 
Spathes  linear,  immediately  beneath  or  at  a  distance  below  the 
head.  Perianth  represented  by  a  few  chaify  scales.  Stamens 
usually  5,  with  distinct  filaments  and  oblong  or  cuneate  anthers. 
Ovary  sessile,  mostly  1-celled.     Fruit  nut-like. 

S.  eurycarpum  Engelm.  in  Gray's  Man.  ed.  2,  430.  Stems  stout, 
2 -8  feet  high,  branching:  leaves  linear,  flat,  slightly  keeled,  the  lowest  2-6 
feet  long,  the  upper  shorter :  staminate  heads  numerous ;  pistillate  heads 
2-4  on  the  stem  or  branch,  sessile  or  peduncled,  compact,  10-16  lines  in  di- 
ameter when  mature :  style  1 ;  stigmas  1  or  2 :  nutlets  sessile,  3-5  lines  long, 
obtusely  4-5-angled,  narrowed  at  base,  the  top  rounded,  flattened  or  de- 
pressed, abruptly  tipped  with  the  style :  scales  as  long  or  nearly  as  long  as 
the  fruit,  and  as  many  as  its  angles,  often  with  2  or  3  outer  ones,  some- 
what spatulate,  the  apex  rounded  and  denticulate  or  erose.  In  marshes 
and  along  streams,  California  to  Brit.  Columbia  and  the  Eastern  States. 

S.  androcladum  Morong  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  xv,  78.  Stems  slen- 
der, more  or  less  branching  10-20  inches  high ;  pistillate  heads  3-7,  sessile 
or  the  lowest  peduncled:  style  1  :  stigmas  1,  rarely  2:  heads  6-12  lines  in 
diameter  when  mature :  scales  oblong,  as  long  as  the  nutlets  or  shorter : 
nutlets  fusiform,  2-3  lines  long,  often  strongly  contracted  at  the  middle, 
tapering  into  the  style,  pedicelled.  In  ponds,  Oregon  to  Brit.  Columbia 
and  the  Eastern  States. 

S.  simplex  Huds.  Fl.  Angl.  ed.  2,  401.  Stems  slender,  2-20  inches 
high,  simple:  leaves  more  or  less  triquetrous,  2-4  lines  wide :  staminate 
heads  4-7,  pistillate  2-6,  sessil,  or  the  lowest  peduncled,  5-8  lines  in  diameter 
when  mature :  scales  about  half  as  long  as  the  nutlets,  denticulate :  nutlets 
fusiform  or  narrowly  oblong,  obtusely  angled  at  the  apex;  more  or  lees 
contracted  in  the  middle,  pedicelled:  stigma  linear,  as  long  as  the  style 
Borders  of  ponds  and  streams,  California  to  Alaska  and  across  the  Continent* 

Tar.  angnstifolium  Engelm.  in  Gray  Man.  ed.  5,  481.  Floating 
in  deep  water:  leaves  very  long,  1-2  lines  wide,  their  sheaths  often  inflated 
at  base :  pistillate  heads  1-4,  3-7  lines  in  diameter.  In  mountain  lakes  and 
slow  streams,    California  to  Oregon  Newfoundland  and  New  York. 

S.  minimnm  Fries  Sum.  Veg.  ii,  560.  Floating:  stems  very  slender, 
4  inches  to  3  feet  long:  leaves  very  thin  and  lax,  1-3  lines  wide:  stamioate 
heads  1  or 2, pistillate  1-3, sessile 2-5  lines  in  diameter  when  mature;  pcales 
about  half  as  long  as  the  fruit,  denticulate :  stigmas  oval,  often  oblique: 
nutlets  ovoid,  slightly  triangular,  tapering  abruptly  into  the  style,  1-2  lines 
long  sessile  or  nearly  so.  In  ponds  and  streams,  Oregon  to  Utah,  Michi- 
gan, New  Jersey  and  New  Brunswic. 

TYPHA  L.  Sp.  971. 

Marsh  or  aquatic  plants  with  creeping  rootstocks,  simple  erect  , 
terete  stems,  linear  flat  ensiform  leaves  with  sheathing  base,  and 
very  numerous  small  flowers  in  dense  terminal  spikes  subtended 
by  spathaceous  usually  fugaceous  bracts,  the  staminate  spikes  , 


lYPHA  LKMNACE^  669 

LEMNA 

uppermost.  Ovaries  long-stipitaie,  1 -celled,  surrounded  by  num- 
erous bristles  and  clavate  rudimentary  ovaries.  Styles  filiform. 
Fruit  nut-like,  small,  usually  splitting  on  one  side.  Seeds  linear 
striate. 

T,  latifolia  L.  Sp.  971.  Stems  stout,  4-8  feet  high:  leaves  nearly 
equalling  or  exceeding  the  stem,  3-12  lines  wide:  pistillate  spike  dark 
brown  or  black,  at  length  an  inch  in  diameter;  the  staminate  portion  usu- 
ally contiguous,  each  3-12  inches  long:  pollen  grains  in  4'8:  pistillate 
flowers  without  bracts :  stigmas  rhomboid  or  spatulate.  In  marshes 
throughout  North  America,  Europe  and  -tisia,  except  the  extreme  north. 

T.  angnstifolia  L.  Sp.  971.  Stems  slender,  2-10  feet  high;  leaves  2-6 
lines  wide,  somewhat  convex  on  the  back :  spikes  light  brown,  the  stamin- 
ate and  pistillate  portions  usually  distant,  the  two  together  sometimes  15 
inches  long,  the  pistillate  portion  when  mature  2-8  lines  in  diameter  and 
provided  with  bractlets  :  pollen  grains  simple:  stigmas  linear  or  linear-ob- 
long.    In  marshes,  California  and  Oregon  to  the  Eastern  States  and  Europe. 

Order  CII    LEMNACEiE  Dumort.  Fl.  Belg.  147.  (1827.) 

Very  small  floating  stemless  herbaceous  plants  consisting  of 
flattened  disk-like  fronds  with  one  or  more  rootlets  from  the 
middle  below,  and  monoecious  flowers  without  perianth  imbed- 
ded in  the  frond.  Flowers  consisting  of  1-2  stamens  or  a  flask- 
shaped  1- celled  several-ovuled  pistil.  Style  simple,  with  fiin- 
nelform  stigma.  Fruit  a  1-6-seeded  utricle.  Seeds  compara- 
tively large,  with  straight  axile  embryo,  albuminous. 

1  Lemna    Frond  1-5-nerved,  with  a  single  rootlet. 

2  Spirodela    Frond  7-11-nerved,  with  several  rootlets. 

1     LEMNA  L.  Sp.  970. 

Fronds  1-5-nerved,  containing  numerous  acicular  raphides, 
destitute  of  vascular  tissue  proliferous  from  a  lateral  slit,  usually 
on  each  side  near  the  base,  with  a  single  rootlet.  Flowers  mar- 
ginal, bracteate,  diandrous.  Filaments  slender:  anthers  didymous, 
each  cell  bilocular  by  a  transverse  partition,  dehiscing  transverse- 
ly.    Seeds  1-6,  mostly  ribbed. 

L.  trisnlca  L.  Sp.  970.  Fronds  thin,  oblong  or  oblanceolate,  6-9  lines 
long,  attenuate  at  base  into  a  slender  stalk,  very  obscurely  3-nerved,  often 
without  rootlets,  usually  several  series  of  offshoots  remaining  connected: 
bracts  sac-like:  seeds  ovate,  amphitropous,  with  small  round  operculum. 
Jn  ponds'  throughout  most  of  North  America :  also  in  Europe  and  Asia. 

L.  minor  L.  Sp.  970.  Fronds  round  to  elliptic-ovate,  1-3  lines  in  di- 
ameter, rather  thick,  very  obscurely  3-nerved :  seeds  oblong-obovate, 
amphitropous,  with  prominent  rounded  operculum.  Common  in  ponds  in 
all  parts  of  ihe  world. 

2    SPIRODELA  Schleiden  Linn.  xiii.   391.   (1839.) 

Fronds  7-12-nerved.  Rootlets  several,  with  axile  vascular 
tisue.  Anther-cells  bilocellate  by  a  vertical  partition  and  longi- 
tudinally dehiscent.     Ovary  2-ovuled. 

S.  polyrhiza  Schleiden  1.  c.  Fronds  round-obovate,  2-5  lines  long, 
thick,  flat  and  dark  green  above,  slightly  convex  and  purple  beneath,  pal- 


670  VALLISNERIACEiE  philotrja 

mately  5-10-nerved,  each  with  a  central  chister  of  2-11  elongated  rootlets. 
Common  in  still  water  throughout  most  parts  of  the  world. 

Order  CIII  VALLISNERIACE^  Dumort.  Anal.  Fam.  54. 

Submerged  or  floating  aquatic  herbs  with  various  leaves  and 
regular  mostly  dicecious  flowers.  Perianth  3-6-parted:  the 
segments  all  petaloid,  or  the  outer  ones  smaller  and  herbaceous, 
the  tube  adherent  to  the  ovary  at  its  base.  Stamens  3-1'J,  dis- 
tinct or  monadelphous.  Anthers  2-celled.  Ovary  1-celled  with 
3  parietal  placentae  or  6-9-celled.  Styles  3-9,  with  entire  or 
2-cleft  stigmas.  Fruit  an  indehiscent  few-many-seeded  utricle, 
ripening  under  water. 

1    PHILOTRIA   Raf.  Am.  Month.  Mag.  ii,  175. 

Aquatic  perennial  herbs  with  leafy  branched  stems,  numerous 
opposite  or  whorled  sessile  1-nerved  leaves  and  small  flowers  in 
membranaceous  spathes.  Flowers  poygamo-dioecious,  solitar}^ 
and  sessile  in  an  axillary  spathe.  Perianth  small  in  the  stamin- 
ate  flowers  with  3  scan^ely  united  greenish  sepals  and  as  many 
narrow  petals:  the  pistillate  with  greatly  elongated  filiform  tube 
and  6-parted  spreading  limb.  Stamens  3-9,  with  short  filaments 
united  at  base.  Ovary  1-celled,  with  3  parietal  placentae,  few- 
ovuled.  Style  coherent  with  the  perianth- tube:  stigmas  3,  bifid 
or  emarginate.     Fruit  a  few-seeded  utricle. 

P.  Canadensis  Britton'^Science  (II)  ii,  5.  Anacharis  Canadensis  PL 
Stems  4  inches  to  3  feet  long,  according  to  the  debth  of  the  water,  much 
branched:  leaves  linear  or  elliptic,  acute  or  obtuse,  serrulate  or  entire,  2-7 
lines  long,  1-2  lines  wide:  flowers  axillary,  the  staminate  minute,  sessile, 
breaking  off  at  the  time  of  flowering  and  rising  to  the  surface  where  they 
shed  their  pollen :  pistillate  flowers  expanding  on  the  surface  of  the  water 
which  they  reach  by  the  elongation  of  the  slender  tube  which  varies  in 
length  from  2-12  inches :  stigmas  spreading,  papillose  or  pubescent.  Com- 
mon in  ponds,  nearly  throughout  North  America. 

Order  CIV    NAIADACE^  Lindl.  Nat.  Syst.  ed.  2,  366. 

Aquatic  herbs  with  slender  often  branching  leafy  stems,  flat 
or  filiform  leaves  and  perfect,  monoecious  or  dioecious  flowers 
in  axillary  spikes  or  solitary  or  spadaceous.  Perianth  of  4  seg- 
ments or  a  hyaline  envelope  or  wanting.  Stamens  1-4,  rarely 
more,  distinct  and  hypogynous  in  the  perfect  flowers,  solitary  or 
connate  in  the  sterile.  Anthers  extrorse,  1-2-celled.  Ovaries 
1-  6,  distinct,  or  rarely  connate,  1-celled,  mostly  1-ovuled .  Fruit 
follicular  or  capsular  or  an  indehiscent  berry  or  utricle.  Em- 
bryo large,  often  curved.     Albumen  none. 

*    Perianth  membranaceous  and  cup-shaped  or  none. 

•*-    Flowers  monoecious ar  dioecious:  ovary  solitary,  sessile:  stamen  1. 

1  Naias  Stems  slender,  with  opposite  or  ternate  leaves :  flowers  dioecious' 
solitary  or  clustered,  axillary :  perianth  none  in  pistillate  flowers,  cup- 
shaped  and  membranaceous  in  staminate:  style  with  2-4  subu /ate 
stigmas 


NAI18  NAIADACEiE  671 

2  Zostera    Stems  slender,  from  creeping  rootstocks :  perianth  wanting : 

ovaries  and  stamens  alternate  in  2  vertical  rows  on  the  inner  side  of  a 
margined  leaf-like  enclosed  spadix:  ovaries  pendulous:  stigmas  2. 

3  Phyllospadix    Stems  floating,  from  creeping  rootstocks:  flowers  dioeci- 

ous, without  perianth  :  anthers  sessile,  in  2  rows  on  a  spadix  :  ovaries 
in  2  rows  on  the  inner  side  of  a  margined  enclosed  spadix,  ascending: 
stigmad  2,  linear,  sessile. 

4  Lilaea    Annual  stem  less  plants :  flowers  monoecious ;  staminate  in  close 

spikes  on  scapes  under  a  single  bract;  pistillate  flowers  at  the  base  of 
the  leaves  with  very  long  styles,  or  in  dense  heads  on  scapes ;  stigmas 
capitate 

•*-  •*-    Ovaries  about  4,  nearly  sessile,  becoming  more  or  less  stipitate. 

i  Zannichellia  Leaves  opposite :  flowers  montecious,  axillary  or  nearly 
so :  anther  solitary,  on  a  slender  naked  filament :  pistillate  flowers 
solitary,  with  a  cup-shaped  membranaceous  spathe  or  perianth:  stigma 
peltate. 

6  Ruppia    Le»v«8  alternate :   flowers  perfect,  2  or  more  on  an  enclosed 

spadix,  at  length  long-exserted,  without  perianth  :  anthers  2,  sessile : 
stigma  depressed. 

*    *    Flowers  perfect,    with    herbaceous   4  parted    perianth,   in  a 
ped uncled   spike. 

7  Potamo^eton    Ovaries  and  anthers  4,  sessile :  stigma  sessile. 

1    NAIAS  L.  Sp.  1015. 

Slender  branching  aquatic  wholly  submerged  plants  with  oppo- 
site, alternate  or  verticellate  leaves  with  sheathing  bases,  and  in- 
conspicuous monoecious  or  dioecious  flowers  in  axillary  clusters  or 
solitary.  Staminate  flowers  of  a  single  stamen  and  a  membranous 
tubular  4-lobed  perianth  within  a  small  cup-shaped  membranous 
spathe.  Anther  4-celled.  nearly  sessile  :  pollen  granular  Pistil- 
late flowers  without  perianth  or  spathe,  the  oblong  ovary  termin- 
ated by  a  short  style  and  3-4  narrowly  subulate  stigmas.  Fruit 
a  membranous  utricle,  filled  by  the  single  erect  anatropous  seed. 

N  flexilis  Rost.  &  Schmidt  Fl.  Sed.  384.  Stem  slender,  dichotomous- 
ly  much  branched  6-18  inches  long :  leaves  linear,  acuminate  or  abruptly 
acute,  6-12  lines  long.  3^-1  line  wide,  numerous  and  crowded  upon  the  up- 
per part  of  the  branches,  with  25-30  minute  teeth  on  each  side;  sheaths 
obliquely  rounded,  with  5-10  teeth  on  each  margin  :  fruit  ellipsoid,  with 
very  thin  pericarp,  1-2  lines  long:  style  long,  persistent;  stigmas  short: 
seed  smooth,  shining,  straw-color,  sculptured  with  30-40  rows  of  nearly 
square  or  hexagonal  reticulations.  In  ponds  and  streams,  throughout 
nearly  all  parts  of  North  America:  also  in  Europe. 

N.  Gaadalupensis  Morong  Mem.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  iii,  60.  Stem  near- 
ly capillary  1-2  feet  long,  widely  branched  from  the  base:  leaves  numerous, 
6-9  lines  long,  )^-K  line  wide,  acute,  opposite  or  in  fascicles  of  2-5,  fre- 
quently recurved,  with  40-50  teeth  on  each  margin:  fruit  about  a  line  long; 
pericarp  dark  and  strongly  marked  by  15-20  rows  of  hexagonal  or  rectangu- 
lar reticulations  which  are  transversely  oblong:  seed  straw-color,  not 
shining.  In  ponds  and  streams,  Oregon  to  Nebraska  and  Texas :  also  in 
tropical  America. 

2    ZOSTERA  L.  Sp.  968. 
Marine  plants  with  creeping  rootstocks,  branching  compressed 


672  NAlADACEiE  zosteka 

PHYLI.OSPADIX 

stems,  long  grass-like  entire  few-nerved  leaves  and  inconspicuous 
flowers  on  an  enclosed  ;spadix.  Flowers  monoecious,  without 
perianth,  the  single  stamens  and  ovaries  arranged  alternately  in  2 
rows  upon  the  face  of  a  linear-oblong  leaf-like  sessile  spadix  en- 
closed in  the  dilated  membranous  base  of  a  leaf.  Anther  1-celled, 
sessile ;  pollen  thread-like.  Ovary  attached  near  its  apex,  beaked 
by  a  short  style  with  2  .linear  deciduous  stigmas,  with  a  single 
pendulous  orthotropous  ovule.  Fruit  utricular,  oblong.  Seed 
with  subcrustaceous  testa.  Embrj^o  split  longitudinally  and  en- 
closing the  long  linear  curved  plumule.  > 

Z.  marina  L.  iSp.  968.  Stems  rather  fleshy,  1-7  feet  long:  leaves  rib- 
bonlike, obtuse  at  the  apex,  1-8  feet  long,  2-4  lines  wide,  with  3-7  principal 
nerves:  spadix  1-3  inches  long:  flowers  crowded,  usually  from  10-20  of  each 
kind  on  the  spadix :  at  anthesis  the  stigmas  are  thrust  through  the  opening 
of  the  spathe  and  drop  off  before  the  anthers  of  the  same  spadix  open : 
the  anthers  at  maturity  work  their  way  out  pnd  shed  their  glutinous  stringy 
pollen  into  the  water:  seeds  cylindric,  strongly  about  20  ribbed,  about  \}4. 
lines  lone,  truncate  at  both  ends.  In  bays  and  streams  along  the  coast, 
Alaska  to  California  and  on  the  Atlantic  coast  and  Europe. 

Z.  latifolia  Morong,  Mem.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  iii,  63.  Rootstocks  very 
thick  :  stems  stout  2-10  feet  long:  leaves  2-4 feet  long,  3-6  lines  wide,  the 
broadest  10-13-nerved :  spadix  2-3  inches  long:  fruit  1)^-2  lines  long, 
cylindric,  with  a  stratght  beak  as  long  as  itsself  and  attached  to  the  spadix 
by  a  short  stipe,  distinctly  20-25-costate.     In  bays,  Puget  ^ound  to  Calif. 

3    PHYLLOSPADIX  Hook.  Fl.  ii,  171. 

Perennial  marine  herbs  with  thick  rootstocks,  slend^jr  stems'* 
elongated  linear  leaves  and  inconspicuous  dioecious  flowers  on  a 
spadix.  Staminate  flowers  of  numerous  sessile  anthers  in  2  rows 
crowded  upon  a  apadix.  Anthers  1-celled  dehiscing  by  a  vertical 
slit,  dorsally  attached  near  the  middle:  pollen  thread-like.  Pis- 
tillate flowers  of  sessile  ovaries  attached  above  the  base,  attenuate 
into  a  short  style.  Stigmas  2,  capillary.  Fruit  a  coriaceous 
utricle. 

P.  Scouleri  Hook.  1.  c.  Stems  very  stout,  an  inch  or  two  high,  bear- 
ing solitary  spathes :  leaves  2-6  feet  long,  1-2  lines  wide,  3-nerved,  with 
many  fine  striae  between  the  nerves:  spadix  appendages  on  both  kinds  of 
flowers  elliptical,  about  6  lines  long;  fruit  broadly  flattened,  the  lobes 
half  as  broad  as  the  body.  On  rocks  that  are  exposed  at  low  tide  along  the 
coast,  Oregon  to  Alaska. 

4     "LlhJF.k  Humb.  &.  Bonpl.  PI.  Ag.  i,  221.     (1808.) 

Annual  acaulescent  paludose  plants  with  terete  leaves  and 
dimorphous  flowers  sessile  among  the  leaves  and  in  heads  on  sim- 
ple scapes.  Staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  in  the  same  or  separ- 
ate heads,  without  perianth.  Stamens  solitarv.  Anthers  nearly 
sessile,  rounded,  2-celled,  subtended  by  a  hyaline  bract.  Ovaries 
naked, sessile  and  erect  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  with  very  long 
styles  and  in  heads  on  exserted  scapes  with  short  styles.  1-celled 
and  1-ovuled.  Stigma  capitate.  Fruit  coriaceous,  ovoid,  inde- 
hiscent,  compressed  and  ribbed,  the  upper  narrowly  winged,  the 


LiLJ?A  NAI  ADAGES  673 

ZANNICHELLIA 

lower  wingless  and  laterally  toothed  at  the  summit,     Seed  with 
membranous  testa  and  straight  narrow  embryo. 

L.  subnlata  Humb.  &  Boupl.  1.  c.  Leaves  6  inches  to  2  feet  long  or 
more,  1-2  lines  thick:  heads  crowded,  6-12  lines  long,  on  scapes  shorter 
than  the  leaves:  staminate  bracts  narrowly  oblong,  obtuse,  )^  line  long, 
twice  longer  than  the  anthers  :  radical  fruits  3  lines  long,  the  filiform  styles 
often  nearly  as  long  as  the  scapes :  upper  fruits  elliptical,  acute,  somewhat 
smaller.     In  shallow  water  or  mud,  Vancouver  Island  to  South  America. 

5    ZANNICHELLIA  L.  Sp.  969. 

Very  slender  immersed  branching  aquatic  herbs  with  filiform 
flattened  mostly  opposite  leaves,  with  small  free  membranous 
stipules,and  inconspicuous  monoecious  flowers  in  axillary  clusters. 
Staminate  flowers  of  a  single  naked  stamen  with  elongated  fila- 
ment and  2-celled  anther.  Pistillate  flowers  usually  in  the  same 
axils,  of  2-5  sessile  or  shortly  stipitate  ovaries  in  a  membranous 
cup-shaped  perianth  or  spathe:  style  short,  with  peltate  stigma. 
Ovule  solitary,  suspended.  Fruit  an  obliquely  oblong  coriaceous 
nutlet,  somewhat  compressed,  beaked  by  the  short  style.  Seeds 
with  membranous  testa.  Embryo  slender,  the  attenuate  ootyle- 
donary  end  bent  into  a  coil. 

Z.  palustris  L.  Sp.  969.  Stems  2  inches  to  2  feet  long,  branching  and 
leafy :  leaves  about  3  inches  long.  ^^^  line  or  less  wide,  thin,  1-nerved:  fruit 
sometimes  incurved,  often  more  or  less  toothed  on  the  back.  1-1)^  lines 
long,  about  twice  longer  than  the  style,  usually  becoming  shortly  stipitate 
and  often  also  pedunculate.  In  fresh-water  ponds  and  slow  streams, 
throughout  most  partb  of  the  World. 

6    RUPPIA  L.  Sp.  127. 

Slender  branching  submersed  herbs  growing  in  brackish  or  salt 
water,  with  filiform  or  capillary  alternate  leaves,  with  broadly 
sheathing  bases,  and  small  perfect  flowers  enclosed  in  the  base  of 
the  leaves.  Flowers  on  a  capillary  spadix-like  peduncle,  without 
perianth,  consisting  of  2  sessile  antners,  each  with  2  separate  cells, 
dttached  by  the  back  to  the  peduncle,  having  between  them  sev- 
eral pistillate  flowers  in  2  sets  on  opposite  sides  of  the  rachis,  the 
whole  at  first  enclosed  in  the  base  of  a  leaf,  the  peduncle  at  length 
long  exserted  and  bearing  the  ovaries  in  2  clusters  at  the  end. 
Ovaries  at  first  sessile,  with  nearly  sessile  depres^^ed  stigmas  and 
solitary  suspended  camplytropous  ovules.  Fruit  obliquely  ovoid, 
very  shortly  beaked,  on  elongated  slender  stipes,  hard  and  drupe- 
like. Seed  with  membranous  testa.  Embryo  ovoid,  with  short 
cotyledon  and  short  lateral  plumule. 

E.  maritima  L.  Sp.  157.  Stems  elongated,  filiform,  6-20  inches  or 
more  high,  leafy :  leaves  2-4  inches  long.  }/^  line  wide,  with  usually  broadly 
dilated  bases:  flowers  2-8,  in  a  short  close  spike:  fruiting  peduncle  H-6 
inches  long,  contorted:  fruit  \%  lines  long,  the  stipe  1-12  lines  long.  In 
brackish  or  salt  pools  along  the  coast.  Alaska  to  California,  and  in  most 
parts  of  the  world. 


674  NAIADACEiE  potamogeton 

7    POTAMOGETON  L.  Sp.  126. 

Submersed  aquatic  herbs  with  slender  jointed  branching  stems, 
mosily  alternate  leaves  with  scarious  stipules  and  perfect  flowers 
in  peduncled  axillary  spikes.  Perianth  herbaceous,  of  4  narrow 
valvate  segments.  Stamens  4,  opposite  to  the  segments,  with 
nearly  sessile  2-celled  anthers.  Ovaries  usually  4  and  sessile, 
with  oblique  depressed  niearly  sessile  stigmas  and  solitary  ascend- 
ing campylotropous  ovules.  Fruit  somewhat  compressed,  ovate, 
drupe-like,  with  a  crustaceous  nutlet  within.  Seed  with  mem- 
branous testa  and  strongly  curved  or  spiral  embryo. 

*  Floating  leaves  more  or  less  coriaceous,  with  a  dilated  petioled 
blade,  different  in  form  from  the  thinner  submerged  ones :  stipules 
free :  spikes  cylindrical,  mostly  dense,  not  interrupted. 

P.  natans  L.  Sp.  126.  Stems  1-4  feet  long,  simple  or  sparingly  bran- 
ched: floating  leaves  thick,  ovate-elliptic  to  lanceolate,  acutish,  slightly 
cordate  at  base,  usually  2-3  inches  long,  mostly  shorter  than  the  petiole, 
21-29-nerved:  stipules  long  and  conspicuous,  acute  or  acuminate ;  upper 
submersed  leaves  often  with  a  small  lanceolate  blade,  the  lower  reduced  to 
petioles :  peducles  stout,  bearing  an  eraersed  spike  1-2  inches  long :  fruit 
turgid,  obliquely  obovate,  acute,  2  lines  long:  nutlets  with  a  small  deep 
pit  on  each  side  :  embryo  nearly  circular.  In  ponds  and  ditches,  Alaska  to 
California  and  across  the  Continent:  olso  in  Europe  and  Asia. 

F.  amplifolias  Tuckerm.  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  (11)  vi,  225.  Stems  often 
stout,  simple :  floating  leaves  elliptic  to  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  mostly 
rounded  or  slightly  cordate  at  base,  2-4  inches  long,  30-50-nerved,  on  peti- 
oles about  as  long  as  the  blade;  stipules  large  and  conspicuous  :  submerged 
leaves  often  very  large,  mostly  falcate  and  somewhat  undulate,  acute,  at- 
tenuate to  a  usually  short  petiole :  spikes  thick  and  often  dense,  1-3  inches 
long,  on  very  short  peduncles:  fruit  over  2  lines  long,  3-keeled,  with  a 
broad  stout  beak :  sides  of  the  nutlet  not  pitted :  embryo  slender,  the  coty- 
ledon incurved.  In  ponds  and  streams,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California  and 
the  Eastern  States. 

P.  pnlcher  Tuckerm.  Am  Journ.  Sci.  xlv,  38.  Stems  simple,  terete, 
black-spotted,  1-2  feet  long :  floating  leaves  usually  massed  at  the  top  on 
short  lateral  branches,  ovate  or  round-ovate,  subcordate,  2-5  inches  long, 
many-nerved  :  petioles  about  as  thick  as  the  stem,  2-4  inches  long,  spotted: 
submerged  leaves  of  two  kinds,  the  uppermost  lanceolate,  long-acuminate, 
undulate,  3-8  inches  long,  6-8  lines  wide,  tapering  into  a  short  petiole,  the 
lowest  much  thicker,  spatulate,  oblong  or  ovate,  on  petioles  )^-4  inches 
long:  stipules  2-cannate:  spikes  dense,  long- peduncled :  fruit  adout  2  lines 
long,  turgid,  tapering  into  a  stout  apical  style,  the  back  sharply  3-keeled : 
embryo  coiled.    In  ponds,  Idaho  to  Main  and  Georgia. 

P.  Nattallii  Cham.  &  Sch.  Linn,  ii,  226.  P.  Claytonii  Tuckerm. 
Stems  compressed,  mostly  simple,  2-6  feet  long:  floating  leaves  narrowly 
oblong  to  elliptic,  1-3  inches  long,  11-17-nerved,  obtuse  or  acutish,  attenu- 
ate below  into  a  flattened  petiole  usually  shorter  than  the  blade :  stipules 
sheathing,  soon  deciduous,  an  inch  or  less  long :  submerged  leaves  very 
thin  linear,  2-5  inches  long,  5  nerved,  with  a  close  cellular  reticulation 
between  the  middle  nerves !  ppikes  6-12  lines  long,  on  shoi-t  stout  peduncles: 
fruit  obovate,  3-keeled,  slightly  apiculate,  1-1  ^  lines  long:  nutlets  slightly 
depressed  on  the  sides :  embryo  coiled  nearly  1%  times.  In  ponds  and 
streams,  California  to  Alaska  and  the  Eastern  States, 

P.    alpiaiis  Balbis   Miso.  Bot.  13.  (1804).  P.  rufescem  Schrad.  (ISl/i.) 


POTAMOQETON  NAIADACE^  675 

Stems  simple  or  branched,  1-2  feet  high,  somewhat  compressed:  floating 
leaves  often  wanting,  rather  thin,  11-17-nerved,  narrowly  oblong-elliptic 
or  oblanceolate,  2-4  inches  long,  acutish,  attenuate  into  a  very  broad  short 
petiole;  submerged  leaves  as  large  as  the  floating  ones,  sessile  or  nearly  so, 
mostly  attenuate,  narrowly  oblong-lanceolate,  3-12  inches  long,  3-6  lines 
wide:  stipules  broad,  usually  acuminate,  6-12  lines  long  or  more :  spikes 
1-2  inches  long,  rather  slender,  on  stout  often  elongated  peduncles :  fruit 
round-obovate,  1)4  lines  long,  compressed  acutely  margined,  beaked  by  the 
rather  long  style :  nutlets  pitted  on  both  sides :  embryo  nearly  circular. 
In  alpine  ponds,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California  and  the  Eastern  States,  also 
in  Europe. 

P.  lonchites  Tuckerman  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  (II)  vi,  226.  Stems  rather 
slender,  branching,  terete,  3-6  feet  long:  floating  leaves  thickish,  11-23- 
nerved,  long-elliptical  to  oblong-lanceolate,  usually  2-4  inches  long,  9-15 
lines  wide,  acute  or  acutish,  rather  abruptly  narrowed  into  a  petiole,  usu- 
ally longer  than  the  blade ;  submersed  leaves  thinner,  mostly  linear-lance- 
olate, 3-12  inches  long,  2-12  lines  wide,  attenuate  at  base,  the  lower  sessile : 
stipules  1-4  inches  long:  spikes  dense,  1-2  inches  long,  on  stout  peduncles: 
fruit  obliquely  obovate,  1-2  lines  long,  carinate,  acute :  nutlets  somewhat 
3-keeled,  the  sides  scarcely  impressed :  cotyledons  incurved  above  the  base 
of  the  slightly  incurved  embryo.  In  ponds  and  slow  streams,  Washington 
to  California  and  the  Eastern  States. 

P.  heterophyllus  Schreb.  Special  Fl.  Lip.  xxi,  1771.  Stems  very 
slender,  branching:  floating  leaves  rather  thin,  9-15-nerved,  oblong-ellip- 
tic, acutish,  1-2  inches  long,  rounded  or  cuneate  at  base,  on  slender  peti- 
oles mostly  as  long  or  longer  than  the  blade :  stipules  broad,  obtuse,  about 
an  inch  long :  submersed  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  1-2  inches  long,  1-3  lines 
wide,  acute  or  acuminate,  narrowed  at  base:  spikes  about  an  inch  long, 
rather  loose,  on  stout  often  elongated  peduncles :  fruit  round-obovate,  a 
line  long,  acute,  scarcely  keeled:  embryo  stout,  incurved.  Indifferent 
forms  throughout  most  parts  of  North  America :  also  in  Eerope. 

*  *     Leaves  all  submerged  and  uniform,  thin  and  dilated,  numer- 
ous, mostly  sessile:  spikes  dense,  on  stout  peduncles. 

P.  praelongus  Wulf.  in  Roem.  Arch,  iii,  331.  Stems  stout,  elonga- 
ted, branching  and  flexuous  above,  usually  growing  in  deep  water,  some- 
times 8  feet  long:  leaves  often  lanceolate,  2-10  inches  long,  6-12  lines 
wide,  obtuse  and  somewhat  cucuUate  at  the  apex,  rounded  and  clasping  at 
base,  undulate-serrate:  stipules  white  and  conspicuous,  6-12  lines  long: 
peduncles  often  much  elongated ;  fruit  semicircular,  2  lines  long,  acutely 
keeled,  prominently  beaked :  embryo  slender,  the  cotyledons  pointing  to 
the  base  of  the  radicle.  In  deep  water,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California  and 
the  Eastern  States. 

P.  perfoliatus  L.  Sp.  126.  Stems  slender,  not  flexuous,  2-4  feet  high, 
branching :  leaves  broadly  cordate  to  cordate-lanceolate,  6-18  inches  long, 
obtuse  to  acute,  clasping  at  base :  stipules  small  and  not  persistent :  spikes 
8-12  lines  long,  often  flowering  and  fruiting  under  water :  fruit  obliquely 
obovoid,  nearly  1}4.  lines  long,  obtusely  keeled,  beaked  by  the  short  slender 
style :  embryo  slightly  incurved  or  with  the  apex  pointing  directly  toward 
the  base.  In  streams  and  ponds,  California  to  Brit.  Columbia  and  across 
the  continent. 

Var.  Richardsonii  A.  Bennett  Britten's  Journ.  Bot.  xxvii,  25. 
Leaves  1-5  inches  long,  4-8  lines  wide  at  the  broadened  amplexicaul  base, 
often  curved  inward  at  the  apex,  13-23-nerved :  fruit  about  2  lines  long, 
15^  lines  thick.    In  streams  and  ponds,  Oregon  to  California  and  Delaware, 

P.    zosteraBfolius  Schum.  Enum.  PI.  Saell.  50.  Stems  much  flattened, 


676  NAIADACEiE  potamogeton 

aometimes  winged,  widely  branching:  leaves  linear:  mucronate  or  short- 
pointed  at  the  apex,  2-12  inches  long,  1-2  lines  wide,  with  3  principal  nerves 
and  many  fine  ones  :  stipules  scarious,  finely  nerved,  soon  perishing:  pe- 
duncles 1)^-4  inches  long:  spike  cylindric,  about  3^  inch  long,  12-15-flow- 
ered :  fruit  obovoid  with  a  broad  base,  about  2  lines  long,  3-keeled  on  the 
back,  the  lateral  keels  rather  obscure,  beaked  with  a  short  recurved  style : 
embryo  slightly  incurved.  In  still  or  running  water,  Oregon  to  New  Jersey 
and  New  Brunswick  ;  also  in  Europe. 

P.  foliosas  Raf.  Med.  Rep.  (ii)  v,  354.  Stems  flattened,  much  bran- 
ched, 1-3  feet  long :  leaves  1-2  inches  long,  3^-1  line  wide,  acute,  3- nerved, 
mostly  glandular  at  base:  stipules  white,  hyaline,  obtuse  to  acute,  6-10 
lines  long :  peduncles  more  or  less  clavate,  erect,  about  6  lines  long :  spikes 
about  4-flowered,  fruit  lenticular  or  nearly  orbicular,  about  1  line  in  diam- 
eter, 3-keeled  on  the  back,  the  middle  keel  winged  and  sinuate-dentate, 
the  face  strongly  angled  or  arched,  sharp,  often  with  a  projecting  tooth  at 
base:  style  apical.  In  ponds  and  streams,  California  to  Brit.  Columbia, 
and  New  Brunswick. 

Var.  Californicns  Morong  Bot.  Gaz.  x,  254.  Stems  Ptout  and 
bushy,  strongly  flattened  and  sometimes  winged,  thickly  clustered :  leaves 
smaller,  with  dilated  midrib  and  frequently  5-nerved  at  base:  peduncles 
4-6  lines  long,  erect,  clavate,  flattened :  spikes  often  ripening  12  strongly 
marked  fruits.    Eastern  Oregon  to  southern  California. 

P.  pnsillus  L.  Sp.  127.  Stems  filiform,  branching,  6-24  inches  long: 
leaves  narrowly  linear,  1-3  inches  long,  rarely  a  line  wide,  often  nearly  se- 
taceous, 1-3-nerved,  obtuse  and  mucronate  or  acute,  biglandular  and  sessile : 
stipules  obtuse,  becoming  setose:  spike  capitate  or  somewhat  elongated 
and  open  or  interrupted,  on  slendei  flattened  peduncles  %  to  nearly  2  inch- 
es long:  fruit  obliquely  ellipsoidal,  about  a  line  long,  2-grooved  on  the 
back  or  sometimes  with  3  distinct  keels :  apex  of  the  embryo  slightly  in- 
curved and  pointing  obliquely  downward.  In  ponds,  Brit.  Columbia  to 
California  and  across  the  continent :  also  in  Europe. 

+-  -^     Stipules  united  with  the  sheathing  base  of  the  leaf :   spikes 

interrupted. 

P.  peetinatns  L.  Sp.  127.  Stems  slender,  repeatedly  branched,  1-3 
feet  long:  leaves  setaceous,  attenuate  to  the  apex,  l-nerved,  1-6  inches  long, 
often  capillary  and  nerveless:  stipules  half  free,  6-12  lines  long,  thin: 
sheaths  scarious  on  the  margins:  peduncles  filiform,  2-12  inches  long, 
the  flowers  in  verticils:  fruit  obliquely  obovoid,  with  a  broad  thick  shell, 
1-2  lines  long,  plump  on  the  sides :  apex  of  the  embryo  pointing  almost 
directly  toward  the  basal  end.  In  ponds  and  brackish  or  salt  water,  Brit. 
Columbia  to  California  and  the  Eastern  States. 

P.  Robbinsii  Oakes  Hovey's  Mag.  vii,  180.  Stems  stout,  widely  bran- 
ching, 2-4  feet  long:  leaves  linear,  3-5  inches  long,  acute,  finely  many- 
nerved,  crowded  in  2  ranks,  minutely  serrulate,  auriculate  at  the  point  of 
attachment  with  the  obtuse  at  length  setose  stipules :  spikes  usually  sev- 
eral, on  stout  peduncles  about  an  inch  long,  loose  and  more  or  less  inter- 
rupted, about  6  lines  long :  fruit  oblong-obovate,  nearly  2  lines  long,  keeled 
with  a  broadish  wing,  acutely  beaked :  embryo  stout,  the  apex  pointing 
a  little  inside  of  the  basal  end.  In  ponds  and  lakes,  Oregon  to  California 
and  the  Atlantic  States. 

Order  CV     SCHEUCHZERIACEiE    Agardh 
Theor.  Syst.  PL  44. 

Marsh  herbs  with  terete  or  semi  terete  leaves  and  small  flow- 
ers in  terminal  spikes  or  racemes.     Perianth  4-6-parfced,  its 


THiGLOCHiN  SCHEUCHZERIACE^  677 

SCHEUCHZERIA 

segments  in  2  series.  Stamens  3-6,  with  short  or  elongated 
filaments  and  mostly  2-celled  extrorse  anthers.  Carpels  3-6, 
1-  or  2-ovuled,  more  or  less  united  until  maturity.  Seeds  ana- 
tropous,  without  albumen.     Embryo  straight. 

1  Triglochin    Leaves  all  radical :  flowers  bractless,  in  a  spike-like  raceme 

terminating  a  jointless  scape:  ovaries  3-6,  united  until  maturit)', 

2  Schenchzeria    Flowers  bracteate  in  a  loose  raceme  upon  a  leafy  stem : 

ovaries  3,  nearly  distinct,  at  length  divergent. 

1    TRIGLOCHIN  L.  Sp.  338. 

Perennial  herbs  with  all  radical  terete  or  semiterete  ligulate 
leaves  with  membranous  sheaths,  and  perfect  flowers  in  a  naked 
raceme  upon  a  scape-like  peduncle.  Perianth  herbaceous,  decidu- 
ous, of  3  small  concave  sepals  and  as  many  similar  petals.  Sta- 
mens 3  or  6,  with  oval  nearly  sessile  anthers.  Ovaries  3-6-celled 
with  sessile  stigmas  and  solitary  ovules,  separating  at  maturity 
from  the  central  axis  into  as  many  distinct  carpels.  Seeds  ana- 
tropous,  erect,  with  membranous  testa.  Embryo  straight,  with 
minute  included  plumule. 

T.  maritima  L.  Sp.  339.  Kootstock  without  stolons,  often  sabligne- 
ous,  the  caudex  thick,  mostly  covered  with  the  sheaths  of  former  leaves: 
scapes  stout,  nearly  terete,  %-2  feet  high:  leaves  semiterete,  usually 
about  1  line  wide,  shorter  than  the  scape :  raceme  elongated,  often  16 
inches  or  more  long:  pedicels  decurrent,  1-13^  lines  long :  segments  of  the 
perianth  6,  each  with  a  large  sessile  anther  at  its  base :  pistil  of  6  united 
carpels:  fruit  oblong  or  ovoid,  2)^-3  lines  long,  obtuse  at  base,  with  6  re- 
curved points  at  the  summit :  carpels  3-angled.  In  saltmarshes  and  saline 
places,  California  to  Alaska  and  across  the  continent :  al30  in  Europe. 

T.  palnstris  L.  {^p.  338.  Rootstock  short,  oblique,  with  slender  fu- 
gaceous  stolons :  leaves  linear,  shorter  than  the  scapes,  5-12  inches  long, 
tapering  to  a  sharp  point :  scapes  striate,  8-20  inches  high:  racemes  5-12 
inches  long:  pedicels  capillary,  in  fruit  erect-appressed,  2%-i  lines  long: 
perianth  segments  6,  greenish-yellow  :  anthers  6,  sessile :  pistil  of  3  united 
carpels:  stigmas  sessile :  fruit  linear  or  clavate:  ripe  carpels  separating 
from  the  axis  and  becoming  suspended  from  its  apex,  the  axis  3-winged. 
In  bogs,  Idaho  to  Alaska  and  the  northern  Atlantic  States  :  also  in  Europe. 

2    SCHEUCHZERIA  L.  Sp.  338. 

Bog  perennials  with  creeping  rootstocks,  erect  leafy  stems  flat- 
ish  leaves  and  small  flowers  in  a  loose  terminal  raceme.  Perianth 
of  3  oblong  sepals  and  3  narrower  petals.  Stamens  6,  with  linear- 
oblong  anthers  and  slender  exserted  filaments.  Ovary  of  3  nearly 
distinct  ovoid  1-2-ovuled  carpels,  becoming  divergent  coriaceous 
subglobose  follicles,  dehiscing  ventrally.  Stigmas  flat,  sessile. 
Seed  ascending,  anatropous,  with  coriaceous  testa.  Embryo 
straight,  thick. 

S.  palustris  L.  Sp.  338.  Stems  solitary  or  several  together,  usually 
clothed  at  the  base  with  the  remains  of  old  leaves,  4-10  inches  high :  leaves 
5-15  inches  long,  exceeding  the  stem,  the  uppermost  reduced  to  bracts: 
pedicels  3-10  lines  long,  spreading  in  fruit :  flowers  white,  few,  in  a  loose 
terminal  raceme :  segments  of  the  perianth  membranaceous,  1-nerved,  1% 
lines  long:   filaments  2-4  lines  long :  seeds  oval,  brown,  2)^-3  lines  long, 


678  ALISMACE^  alisma 

with  a  very  hard  coat.    In  cold  bogs,  California  to  Alaska  and  across  the 
continent :  &Uo  in  Europe  and  Asia. 

Order  CVI     ALISMACE^  DC.  Fl.  France  iii,  181. 

Marsh  herbs  with  scape-like  stems,  broad  leaves  with  sheath- 
ing base  and  conspicuous  perfect  or  unisexual  flowers  in  pani- 
cles or  racemes.  Perianth  of  3  herbaceous  persistent  sepals  and 
as  many  often  conspicuous  white  deciduous  sepals.  Stamens 
6  or  more,  included.  Ovaries  numerous,  distinct,  l-celled  and 
mostly  1-ovuled,  becoming  achenes  in  fruit.  Seed  erect,  campy- 
lotropous,  with  membranous  testa  and  no  albumen.  Embryo 
strongly  recurved  or  uncinate. 

1  Alisma    Flowers  perfect :   stamens  usually  6 :   carpels  numerous,  ver- 

ticillate,  distinct,  obovate-oblong. 

2  Sagittaria    Fowers  monoecious  or  dioecious:  carpels  numerous,  flat- 

tened and  membranously  winged. 

1    ALISMA  L.  Sp.  342. 

Perennial  herbs  growing  in  shallow  water  or  mud  with  broad 
leaves  and  small  flowers  in  a  verticillately  branched  panicle. 
Flowers  perfect,  small,  numerous,  on  unequal  3-bracteolate  pedi- 
cels. Stamens  5,  rarely  more,  with  short  filaments,  Ovaries 
distinct,  numerous,  borne  in  several  whorls  on  a  small  flat  re- 
ceptacle, 1-ovuled.  Styles  very  short,  ventral.  Achenes  in  a 
crowded  whorl,  ovate-oblong,  flattened. 

A.  Plantago-aquatica  L.  Sp.  342.  Scapes  )^-3  feet  high,  usually 
solitary:  leaves  ovate,  acute  at  the  apex,  cordate,  rounded  or  narrowed  at 
base,  or  when  floating  sometimes  lanceolate  or  even  linear,  on  petioles  1-10 
inches  long :  inflorescence  a  large  loose  panicle  5-15  inches  long :  pedicels 
verticillate  in  3's-lO's,  subtended  by  3  striate  acuminate  bracts  :  petals  3^-1 
line  long:  styles  deciduous,  the  base  remaining  as  a  small  point  or  short 
beak  on  the  inner  curve  of  the  achenes :  stigmas  small,  terminal :  achenes 
nearly  1  line  long,  arranged  in  a  circle  forming  an  obtusely  triangular 
truncate  head.  In  shallow  water  or  mud,  throughout  North  America: 
also  in  Europe  and  Asia. 

2    SAGITTARIA  L.  Sp.  993. 

Perennial  aquatic  or  bog  herbs  with  broadly  sheathing  leaves, 
often  without  blades,  and  mostly  simple  stems  bearing  one  to  few 
whorls  of  flowers  mostly  in  threes.  Flowers  monoecious  or  some- 
times dioecious,  the  staminate  ones  above.  Petals  usually  con- 
spicuous. Stamens  usually  numerous,  inserted  on  the  convex 
receptacle:  anthers  2-celled,  dehiscent  by  lateral  slits.  Pistillate 
flowers  with  numerous  distinct  ovaries.  Stigmas  small.  Achenes 
numerous,  densely  aggregated  in  subglobose  heads. 

S.    arifolia  Nutt.   J.  G.  Smith  Ann.  Rep.  Mo.  Bot.  Garden  vii,    32. 


SAGITTAEIA  JUNCACEJE  679 

JUNCOIDES 

pi.  1.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so,  terrestrial  or  partly  submerged:  scapes  weak, 
ascending,  8-20  inches  high:  leaves  sagittate,  long-petioled,  the  blade  3-10 
inches  long,  acute,  the  lobes  divergent,  acute  or  acuminate:  bracts  lanceo- 
late, acute,  4-10  lines  long,  scarious-margined  and  obscurely  veined,  often 
reflexed :  1-3  lower  verticils  pistillate :  fruiting  heads  4-8  lines  in  diameter: 
achenes  a  line  long,  tumid,  winged  on  both  margins.  Along  streams  and 
borders  of  lakes,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California  and  Minnesota. 

Var.  stricta  J.  G.  Smith  Ann.  Rep.  Mo.  Bot.  Card,  vi,  8.  Slender, 
erect,  12-16  inches  high :  blade  of  leaf  1-3  inches  long :  scape  simple :  bracts 
ovate,  acute,  3-4  lines  long:  fruiting  heads  6  lines  in  diameter:  achenes 
smooth  or  laterally  unicostate.  Boggy  meadows  and  slow  streams,  Falcon 
Valley,  Washington. 

S.  cnneata  Sheldon  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  xx,  289,  pi.  159.  Sub- 
merged aquatic,  rooting  in  the  mud :  leaves  sagittate,  long-petioled,  the 
blade  floating,  3-4  inches  long,  with  linear  lobes :  scapes  simple,  slender, 
terete,  2-3  feet  long,  bearing  verticils  of  flowers  at  the  surface  of  the  water: 
bracts  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  2-3  lines  long :  stamens  few :  fruiting  heads 
small,  about  6  lines  in  diameter:  achenes  3^  line  long.  In  ponds  or  on 
margins  of  lakes,  Brit.  Columbia  to  Washington  and  Minnesota. 

S.  escnlenta.  S.  variabilis  Engelm.  in  part,  (wapatoo).  Glabrous 
or  nearly  so:  scapes  simple  or  branched,  1-3  feet  high:  leaves  large,  the 
blade  4-12  inches  long,  obtuse  or  abruptly  acute,  the  lobes  from  lanceolate 
to  broadly  ovate,  acuminate,  divaricate :  bracts  scarious,  3-5  lines  long, 
ovate,  obtuse :  achenes  about  3  lines  long,  with  rather  tumid  dorsal  wing 
and  long  horizontal  beak.  In  shallow  lakes,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California : 
this  species  was  very  abundant  along  the  lower  Columbia  river,  but  is  now 
almort  exterminated  by  the  Carp. 

Order  CVII  JUNCACE^  Vent.  Tabl.     ii,  150.     (1799.) 

Mostly  perennial  herbs,  cespitose  or  with  creeping  rhizomes, 
terete  hollow  or  spongy  usually  simple  stems,  alternate  sheath- 
ing flat,  channelled  or  terete  leaves  and  small  usually  sessile 
scarious  bracteolate  flowers  in  panicles,  cymes,  subumbellate 
clusters  or  spicate  heads.  Flowers  perfect,  with  a  regular  per- 
sistent perianth  of  6  similar  glumaceous  segments  in  two  rows, 
3-6  nearly  hypog;ynous  included  stamens  with  persistent  filiform 
filaments  and  2-celled  anthers,  and  a  superior  3-celled  ovary, 
or  sometimes  one- celled  with  3  parietal  placentae,  with  three  or 
many  anatropous  ovules.  Styles  very  short,  with  three  filiform 
stigmas.  Capsule  loculicidally  3-valved.  Seeds  with  mem- 
branous or  cellular  often  caudate  or  appendaged  testa.  Em- 
bryo minute,  enclosed  within  the  base  of  fleshy  albumen. 

1  JancoiUes    Stems  leafy,  hollow :  leaves  flat  and  soft,   often  villous : 

capsule  1-celled,  with  3  parietal  1-seeded  placentae. 

2  Jnncns    Stems  usually  with  spongy  pith :  leaves  terete  or  flat,  not 

villous. 

1    JUNCOIDES  Adans.  Fam.  PI.  ii,  47.     (1763.) 
LUZULA  DC.  Fl.  Fr.  Hi,  47.     {1805.) 

Perennial  herbs  with  simple  hollow  leafy  stems,  grass-like  flat 
leaves  and  numerous  small  flowers  in  loose  involucrate  umbels 
or  panicles,  or  more  or  less  densely  clustered  or  spicate.     Fioral 


680  JIJNCACE^  JUNCOIDKS 

bracts  small  and  scarious.    Stamens  always  6.    Capsule  1-celled, 
with  3  parietal  placentae  and  1-3  erect  seeds. 

J.  pilosnm  Kuntze  Rev.  Gen.  ii,  725.  Tufted,  often  somewhat stolon- 
iferous:  stems  erect,  2-4-leaved,  6-12  inches  high :  radical  leaves  2-6  inches 
long,  2-4  lines  wide,  slightly  pubescent,  acuminate  into  a  blunt  almost 
gland-like  point:  cauline  leaves  similar  but  successively  shorter:  inflores- 
cence an  umbel-like  cluster,  the  filiform  pedicels  usually  nearly  equal, 
1-2-flowered :  perianth  1-1)^  lines  long,  its  segments  triangular-ovate, 
acuminate,  brown  with  hyaline  margins,  almost  twice  as  long  as  the 
toothed  bractlets:  capsule  about  J:^  longer  than  the  perianth,  its  valves 
ovate-lanceolate :  seeds  about  1  line  long,  with  a  conspicuous  hooked  ca- 
runcle at  the  summit.  Oregon  to  Alaska  and  in  the  Alleghany  Mountains: 
also  in  Europe  and  Asia. 

J.  spadicenm  Kuntze  1.  c.  724.  Glabrous  or  slightly  villous:  stems 
6-18  inches  high :  leaves  4-6  inches  long,  3-5  lines  wide,  acute  or  shortly 
acumin'ate:  inflorescence  lax,  and  drooping,  much  exceeding  the  usuall)' 
small  involucral  bracts:  perianth  straw-color  or  tinged  with  brown,  the 
segments  lanceolate,  acuminate,  about  1  line  long,  slightly  shorter  than  the 
acute  apiculate  capsule :  seeds  oblong,  brownish,  not  appendaged.  In  the 
mountains,  California  to  the  Arctic  regions  and  the  northern  Atlantic 
States :  also  in  Europe. 

J.  parviflomm  Coville  Cont.  Nat.  Herb,  iv,  209.  Stems  slender, 
tufted,  1-2  feet  high  :  leaves  narrowly  lan«;eolate,  3-6  inches  long:  3-6  lines 
wide :  inflorescence  a  loose  decompound  panicle,  commonly  3-4  inches  high, 
its  lowest  bract  foliaceous,  seldom  more  than  ^  the  length  of  the  panicle : 
flowers  borne  singly  or  2-3  together  on  the  branches  of  the  panicle,  on 
slender  pedicels:  bractlets  ovate:  perianth  %-'i'i4.  lii^e  long,  its  segments 
ovate,  acuminate,  slightly  exceeded  by  the  green  to  brown  ovoid  capsule : 
feeds  narrowly  oblong,  attached  to  the  placentae  by  a  slender  fibre.  In 
sorests,  Alaska  to  California  and  the  northern  Atlantic  States. 

Var,  m elan 0 car pnm  Sheldon  Bull.  Geol.  Surv,  Minn,  ix,  63.  Stems 
stouter  and  shorter:  leaves  more  numerous,  and  somewhat  broader:  inflor- 
escence more  dense :  bracts  all  scarious  :  pedicels  3-6  lines  long :  perianth 
and  capsule  dark  brown.    On  the  highest  parts  of  the  Cascade  Mountains. 

Var.  snbcongestnm  Sheldon  1.  c.  Often  tufted :  leaves  narrower : 
inflorescence  more  narrowly  paniculate:  pedicels  only  a  line  or  two  long, 
the  flowers  thus  appearing  in  small  heads.  In  the  high  mountains,  Alaska 
to  California. 

J.  spicatum  Kuntze  1.  c.  725.  Closely  tufted,  without  rootstocks : 
stems  erect,  4-16  inches  high,  distantly  1-3  leaved  tapering  to  a  filiform 
summit :  leaves  2-3  lines  wide,  often  involute,  tapering  to  a  sharp  apex  : 
inflorescence  a  nodding  spike-like  often  interrupted  panicle,  commonly 
9-15  lines  long,  usually  exceeded  by  the  lowest  leaf-like  bract,  ovate-lan- 
ceolate, acuminate,  equalling  the  perianth :  segments  of  the  perianth  brown 
with  hyaline  margins,  1-1^  lines  long,  lanceolate,  aristate-acuminate : 
capsule  broadly  ovoid,  about  %  as  long  as  the  perianth:  seeds  narrow  and 
obliquely  obovoid.    Alaska  to  California  and  across  the  continent. 

J.  comosum  Sheldon  1.  c.  64.  Stems  slender,  6-15  inches  high,  leafy, 
leaves  3-4  inches  long,  1-3  lines  wide,  the  foliaceous  bract  usually  exceed- 
ing the  narrow  panicle :  peduncles  2-12,  unequal,  the  longer  1-3  inches  long 
spikes  simple,  usually  oblong,  loosely -flowered:  perianth  pale  or  somewhat 
tinged  with  brown,  about  \%.  lines  long,  its  segments  narrowly  acuminates 
equalling  the  obtuse  capsule:  anthers  small,  as  long  as  the  filaments:  seed, 
dark  brown  with  a  white  caruncle,  appendage  sometimes  half  as  long  as 
the  seed.    Alaska  to  California  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 


JUNCOIDES  JUNCACE^  681 

JUNCUS 

Var,  congestum  Sheldon  1.  c.  Spikes  several,  sessile  and  closa, 
forming  a  somewhat  pyramidal  head  :  bracts  white  and  conspicuous :  peri- 
anth brown,  1}4  lines  long.    Near  the  coast,  Oregon  to  California. 

Var.  macranthum  Parish.  Perianth  2-3  lines  long,  much  exceeding 
the  broad  obtuse  capsule :  anthers  equalling  or  twice  longer  than  the  fila- 
ments :   seeds  longer,  the  appendage  always  short.     Alaska  to  California. 

Var.  snbsessile  Watson  Bot.  Cal.  ii,  203,  under  Luzula.  Spikes 
solitary  or  few,  nearly  sessile,  loose:  perianth-segments  lax  and  scarious. 
Oregon  to  California. 

J.  campestre  Kuntze  1.  c.  724,  More  or  less  villous  with  long  white 
hairs :  stems  densely  tufted,  erect,  4-10  inches  high,  2-4-leaved  :  leaves  2-5 
inches  long,  1-4  lines  wide,  tapering  at  the  apex  to  a  blunt  almost  gland- 
like point:  branches  of  the  panicle  unequal,  straight,  each  bearing  an 
oblong  or  short-cylindric  dense  spike :  the  lowest  bract  leaf-like,  often 
exceeding  the  panicle:  floral  bracts  white,  ovate,  acuminate,  about  equal- 
ling the  flowers  :  segments  of  the  perianth  lanceolate-ovate,  acuminate, 
brown  with  white  margins,  l-l}4  lines  long :  capsule  obovoid ;  seeds  oblong, 
with  a  thick  white  appendage  at  base.  In  the  mountains,  Alaska  to 
California  and  the  Eastern  States. 

J,  diyaricatam  Coville  1.  c.  Stems  4-7  inches  high :  cyme  broadly 
diffuse,  with  divaricately  spreading  branches  and  pedicels :  perianth  tinged 
with  brown  :  seed  light-colored,  with  a  small  appendage  at  base.  In  the 
Cascade  and  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains,  southern  Oregon  to  California. 

2    JUNCUS  L.  Sp.  325. 

Glabrous  perennial  or  annual  plants,  growing  in  wet  or  moist 
places,  with  simple  terete  leafy  or  leafless  stems,  terete  channel- 
led or  flat,  sometimes  equitant,  often  knotted  leaves  and  small 
flowers  in  clusters,  cymes,  panicles  or  heads  or  solitary.  Stamens 
6,  or  sometimes  3  by  supression  of  the  inner  ones.  Capsule  glo- 
bose to  pyramidal,  many-seeded,  3-valved,  3-celled  with  central 
placentae,  or  1 -celled  with  parietal  placentae.  Seeds  usually  dis- 
tinctly reticulated  or  ribbed,  often  tailed. 

*  Stems  leafless  and  scape-like,  from  matted  rootstocks,  sheathed 
at  base :  the  inner  sheaths  sometimes  bearing  terete  leaves :  flowers  in 
sessile  apparently  lateral  panicles. 

■*-  Scapes  slender :  sheaths  mostly  leafless :  spathes  usually  very 
much  exceeding  the  panicle :  stamens  usually  6. 

■«•  Flowers  in  compound  panicles,  two  lines  long  or  more :  capsule 
oblong-ovate. 

J.  Lescnrii  Bolander  Proc.  Calif.  Acad,  ii,  179?.  Stems  stout,  1-3 
feet  high,  from  a  stout  creeping  rhizome:  sheaths  short,  black,  obtuse : 
spathe  6-15  inches  long  very  acutely  pointed ;  flowers  in  a  dense  somewhat 
secund  many-flowered  panicle :  bracts  ovate,  acuminate :  perianth-segments 
2)^-3  lines  long,  lanceolate,  acuminate :  greenish-white  with  intermarginal 
brown  stripes:  anthers  much  longer  than  the  filaments:  capsule  brown, 
triquetrous,  sharply  angled,  acute,  shorter  than  the  perianth :  seeds  ovate, 
obtuse,  scarcely  apiculate.  In  shifting  sands  along  the  coast  of  Oregon : 
perhaps  distinct  from  J.  Lescurii  as  that  species  is  said  to  grow  in  "Salt- 
marshes  and  saline  localities". 

J.  Balticus  Willd.  Berlin  Mag,  iii,  298.  Stems  erect,  8-36  inches 
high,  arising  at  intervals  from  stout  creeping  rootstocks :  sheaths  green  or 
tinged  with  dark  brown :  spathe  slender,  4-6  inches  long :  panicle  commonly 


682  JUNCACEiE  juncds 

loosely  branching  1-3  inches  long :  perianth  l}4-2}4  lines  long  its  segments 
lanceolate,  acute,  or  the  inner  sometimes  obtuse,  brown  with  green  midrib 
and  hyaline  margins :  stamens  6,  about  %  the  length  of  the  perianth :  an- 
thers much  longer  than  the  filamants:  capsule  about  as  long  as  the  peri- 
anth, pale  to  dark  brown,  narrowly  ovoid,  conspicuously  mucronate:  seeds 
usually  with  a  loose  coat.  On  shores  of  lakes  and  streams,  Alaska  to 
California  and  across  the  continent :  also  Europe  and  Asia. 

•**  **■    Flowers  in  compound  panicles,  smaller :  capsule  obovate  or 

subglobose. 

J.  effusns  L.  Sp.  326.  Pale  green  or  yellowish  •  stems  densely  tufted, 
3-4  feet  high,  from  stout  branching  proliferous  rootstocks :  sheaths  short  or 
mere  rudiments:  spathe  short,  often  not  exceeding  the  erect,  loosely  flow- 
ered panicle :  perianth  l-lj^  lines  long,  its  segments  green,  lanceolate,  acu- 
minate :  stamens  3,  the  anthers  shorter  than  the  filaments  :  capsule  obovoid, 
3-cleft,  obtuse  or  retuse:  seeds  apiculate,  finely  ribbed,  about  ^  line  long. 
Common  in  swamps  and  wet  places  in  most  parts  of  the  world. 

Var.    Brnnnens  Engelm.    Panicle  usually  veiy  short  and  compact: 
perianth  and  capsule  dark  brown.    Near  the  coast,  Oregon  to  California. 

J.  patens  Meyer  Rel.  Haenk.  i,  141.  Densely  tufted,  pale  green: 
stems  slender,  1-3  feet  high:  sheaths  few,  1-4  inches  long,  acute:  spathe 
slender,  4-6  inches  long :  panicle  small,  often  compact  and  somewhat  se- 
cund  :  perianth  pale  to  light  brown,  its  segments  lanceolate,  acuminate, 
about  1%  lines  long :  stamens  6,  the  anthers  shorter  than  the  filaments : 
capsule  subglobose,  slightly  angled,  equalling  or  a  little  shorter  than  the 
perianth,  with  thin  septa,  the  valves  breaking  away  from  the  central  pla- 
centae.    In  wet  pices,  Oregon  and  Washington  to  California. 

J.  flllformis  L.  Sp.  326.  Stems  slender,  4  inches  to  2  feet  high  many 
of  them  sterile  and  appearing  like  leaves,  from  stout  matted  rootstocks': 
sheaths  purplish,  obtuse,  with  a  short  bristle-like  appendage :  spathe  usu- 
ally longer  than  the  stem:  panicle  rather  few-flowered,  6-12  lines  high  : 
segments  of  the  perianth  1}4.~\%  line  long,  green  with  hyaline  margins, 
narrowly  lanceolate,  acuminate:  stamens  6,  about  half  the  length  of  the 
perianth:  anthers  shorter  than  the  filaments:  capsule  obovoid,  green, 
barely  pointed,  about  ^  as  long  as  the  perianth,  3-celled:  seeds  oblong,- 
about  )^  line  long,  pointed,  at  each  end.  In  marshes,  Washington  to 
Alaska  andacross  the  continent. 

•*-  Low  alpine  perennials  :  flowers  1-3 :   stamens  6. 

J.  Drnmmondii  E.  Meyer  Ledeb.  Fl.  Ross,  iv,  235.  Cespitose: 
stems  very  slender,  10-16  inches  high:  sheaths  green,  obtuse,  the  inner 
ones  bristle-tipped :  spathe  filiform,  6-12  lines  long,  equalling  or  exceeding 
the  usually  3-flowerea  panicle:  perianth-segments  about  3  lines  long,  green 
with  brown  margins,  lanceolate,  acute,  or  acuminate :  anthers  a  little  longer 
than  the  filaments  :  capsule  brown,  oblong,  retuse,  nearly  equalling  the 
perianth :  seeds  a  line  long,  ovate,  caudate,  very  finely  striate.  On  the 
highest  mountains,  California  to  Unalaska  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

J,  Parryl  Engelm.  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad,  ii,  446.  Cespitose:  stems 
filiform,  3-10  inches  high  :  inner  sheaths  leaf-bearing,  the  leaves  sulcate  at 
base,  terete  above,  much  shorter  than  the  stems:  spathe  longer  than  the 
inflorescence,  6-18  lines  long:  panicle  loosely  1-3-flowered :  perianth-seg- 
ments 3  lines  long  or  more,  more  or  less  tinged  with  brown,  lanceolate, 
acuminate,  or  the  inner  obtuse :  anthers  much  longer  than  the  filaments  : 
capsule  oblong,  acute,  about  equalling  the  perianth :  seeds  ovate,  caudate, 
a  line  long,  finely  striate.  On  grassy  slopes  on  the  highest  mountains, 
Brit.  Columbia  to  California  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

J.     castaneus  Smith  Fl.  Brit.  1,  383.     Stems  erect,  4-20  inches  high, 


jUNCDS  JUNCACK^  683 

leafy,  from  slender  rootstocks :  leaves  terete,  deeply  channelled  at  base : 
spathe  longer  than  the  inflorescence :  heads  1-3,  3-l2-flowered :  perianth- 
segments  brown  or  black,  2-4  lines  long,  lanceolate,  acute :  anthers  pointed, 
half  as  long  as  the  filaments:  capsule  brown,  longer  than  the  perianth, 
narrowly  oblong,  tapering  to  an  acute  summit,  imperfectly  3-celled :  seeds 
with  long  slender  tails,  the  body  about  %  line  long.  Oregon  to  Alaska 
and  across  the  Continent. 

*  *    Stems  leafy  at  base :   leaves  flat  or  semiterete,  not  knotted : 
panicle  or  head  evidently  terminal :  the  spathe  usually  short. 

•*-    Dwarf  or  low  slender  annuals  with  fibrous  roots :   stems  leafy, 
branched. 

J.  bufonius  L.  Sp.  328.  Stems  usually  branching  from  the  base,  1-12 
inches  high  :  leaves  very  narrow,  usually  revolute  and  bristle-like :  flowers 
greenish,  mostly  remote  and  secund  upon  the  spreading  branches  :  perianth - 
segments  lanceolate,  acuminate,  with  scarious  margins,  2-3  lines  long,  the 
inner  slightly  shorter :  stamens  6;  anthers  about  as  long  as  the  filaments : 
capsule  oblong,  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  perianth :  seeds  ovate,  obtuse, 
very  finely  striate  and  cross-lined.  A  common  species  everywhere,  grow- 
ing in  places  that  are  wet  in  spring. 

J.  triformis  Engelm.  1.  c.  492.  Stem  very  short  or  almost  none, 
bearing  several  erect  filiform  scape-like  peduncles  1-3  inches  long :  leaves 
an  inch  long  or  less,  filiform,  channelled,  flat  above:  flowers  usually  3-7, 
in  a  small  head:  perianth  brownish,  its  segments  narrowly  lanceolate, 
acuminate,  1-1  >^  lines  long,  a  little  longer  than  the  3  stamens  and  the 
obtuse  apiculate  capsule :  style  exserted,  with  elongated  stigmas :  seeds 
ovate,  obtuse,  finely  ribbed  and  cross-lined.  In  barren  places  that  are  wet 
in  spring,  western  Oregon  to  California. 

Var.  brachystylus  Engelm.  1.  c.  Smaller,  the  peduncles  1-3-flow- 
ered :  stamens  half  the  length  of  the  perianth ;  the  oblong  anthers  shorter 
than^the  filaments :  style  and  stigmas  short,  included.    With  the  type. 

Var,  nniflorns  Engelm.  1.  c.  Very  small,  only  half  to  an  inch  high, 
the  solitary  flowers  mostly  dimerous.    Oregon  to  California. 

■*-   •*-    Taller  perennials :  stems  simple :   stamens  6. 

■'*■     Stems  naked :  flowers  solitary  in  a  diffuse  or  compact  panicle, 

J.  tenuis  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  214.  Stems  slender,  erect,  1-2  feet  high, 
leafy  at  base :  leaves  very  narrow,  flat  or  more  or  fess  channelled  or  invo- 
lute', shorter  than  the  stem  :  spathe  exceeding  the  inflorescence :  panicle 
usually  loose  and  spreading :  perianth-segments  pale,  narrowly  lanceolate, 
acuminate,  13^-2  lines  long,  spreading  in  fruit  and  equalling  or  exceeding 
the  ovate  retuse  greenish  capsule :  seeds  white-appendaged  at  each  end, 
very  finely  ribbed  and  cross-lined.  In  dry  or  moist  soile,  throughout  most 
parts  of  North  America. 

J.  occidentalis  Weigand  BuU.^Torr.  Bot.  Club  xxvii,  521.  /.  tenuis 
tar.  congestus  Engelm.  Stems  stiff  and  erect,  1-2  feet  high,  pale  green, 
nearly  terete ;  leaves  H~/^  ^^^e  length  of  the  stem ,  flat  and  flexuous : 
spathe  2-3  inches  long,  exceeding  the  inflorescence :  panicle  glomerate,  or 
more  commonly  somewhat  open,  fuscous :  perianth-segments  broadly  subu- 
late, fuscous  with  green  midrib  and  rather  broad  scarious  margins :  stamens 
about  half  as  long  as  the  perianth,  the  oblong  anthers  much  shorter  than 
the  filaments:  capsule  oblong-ovoid,  fobtuse  or  retuse,  %  as  long  as  the 
perianth,  fuscous,  the  placentae  extending  onlj'  about  half-way  to  the  axis : 
seeds  oblong,  irregularly  apiculate  at  each  end  areolate-reticulated,  not 
striate.    Along  ditches  and  in  wet  places,  Oregon  to  California. 

J.    confnsus  Coville  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  of  Wash.  x.  127.    Densely  tuft- 


684  J  UNCAGED  juncus 

ed,  7-30  inches  high,  erect :  sheaths  of  the  leaves  with  well  developed 
ligules,  the  blades  about  %  the  length  of  the  stem,  flat,  usually  involute: 
spathe  much  longer  than  the  inflorescence,  usually  involute :  panicle  con- 
gested into  a  turbinate  cluster,  an  inch  long:  perianth-segments  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acute,  brown  with  green  midrib :  stamens  6,  the  anthers  shorter 
than  the  filaments:  capsule  oblong,  equalling  the  perianth,  retuse,  com- 
pletely 3-celled :  seeds  light  brown.  In  meadows,  eastern  Washington  to 
Montana  and  Colorado.    . 

-►*  -M-     Stems  more  or  less  leafy ;  the  leaves  flat  and  graps-like,  not 
equitant:  flowers  clustered. 

J.  falcatus  E.  Meyer  Reliq.  Hsenk.  144.  Bright  green:  stems  slender, 
6-18  inches  high,  from  slender  stoloniferous  rootstocks :  leaves  usually 
equalling  or  exceeding  the  stem,  1-2  lines  wide,  the  open  somewhat  oblique 
sheaths  without  ligules :  spathe  short :  heads  usually  1-5,  1-10-flowered : 
perianth-segments  brown  with  bright  green  midrib,  2-3  lines  long,  ovate, 
the  outer  shortly  acuminate,  the  inner  obtuse:  anthers  much  shorter  than 
the  filaments:  capsule  ovate,  obtuse,  apiculate,  as  long  or  longer  than  the 
perianth,  almost  black,  3-celled:  seeds  oblong-ovate,  obtuse,  K  ^i^©  long, 
with  loose  pale  testa,  longitudinally  reticulated.  In  springy  places  along 
mountain  streams,  California  to  Alaska. 

J.  longistylis  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  Surv.  223.  Stems  rather  stout, 
1-2  feet  high,  from  stout  stoloniferous  rootstocks:  leaves  6-12  inches  long, 
the  sheaths  with  distinct  ligules:  spathe  narrow.  2-4  inches  long:  heads 
5-20,  in  a  sparingly  branched  panicle,  few-  to  several-flowered  :  perianth- 
segments  pale  brown  with  green  midrib  and  hyaline  margins,  about  3  lines 
long,  lanceolate,  acute  or  the  outer  ones  acuminate :  anthers  much  longer 
than  the  filaments:  style  about  a  line  long :  capsule  brown,  oblong,  about 
half  as  long  as  the  perianth,  angled  above,  obtuse  or  depressed  at  the  sum- 
mit, 3-celled  :  seeds  light  brown,  3^  line  long.  In  wet  places.  Wadhington 
to  California. 

*  *  *    Leafy- stemmed  perennials :  leaves  terete  or  laterally  flattened, 
more  or  less  distinctly  knotted  by  internal  partitions :  flowers  capitate. 

-^     Leaves  terete  or  only  slightlv  compressed. 

J.  Bichardsonianns  Schult.  in  R.  &  S.  Syst.  vi,  201.  Stems  erect, 
6-20  inches  high,  in  loose  tufts  from  creeping  rootstocks,  1-2-leaved  below 
the  middle :  panicle  3-8  inches  high,  its  branches  strict  or  slightly  spread- 
ing: heads  3-12-flowered :  perianth-segments  unequal,  the  outer  ones  pale, 
obtuse,  mucronate  or  acute;  the  inner  ones  shorter,  obtuse,  stamens  6; 
the  anthers  much  shorter  than  the  filaments:  capsule  ovoid-oblong,  slight- 
ly exceeding  the  perianth,  acute  or  obtuse,  with  a  short  tip :  seeds  about 
3^  line  long,  narrowly  obovoid  to, oblong,  apiculate,  acute  or  acuminate  at 
Idaho  to  Brit.  Columbia  and  across  the  Continent. 


J.  dubious  Engelm.  1.  c.  459.  Stems  rather  stout,  2-4  feet  high,  from 
stout  horizontal  rootstocks,  several-leaved :  leaves  narrow,  often  equalling 
or  exceeding  the  stem,  the  sheaths  with  scarious  margins:  panicle  com- 
pound, diffuse,  3-12  inches  long :  heads  numerous,  6-20-flowered :  perianth- 
segments  brown  or  brownish,  about  2  lines  long,  lanceolate,  acuminate: 
stamens  6,  the  anthers  elongated,  longer  than  the  filaments:  capsule  nar- 
row, acuminate,  shorter  than  the  perianth :  seeds  ovate,  rather  abruptly 
acuminate  at  each  end,  brownish.     In  marshes,  Oregon  to  California. 

J.  uodosus  L.  Sp.  466.  Stems  slender,  6  inches  to  2  feet  high,  arising 
singly  from  tuber -like  thickenings  of  a  slender  rootstock:  leaves  narrow, 
the  upper  one  often  exceeding  the  inflorescence  :  panicle  1-8  inches  long, 
bearing  1-30  spherical  8-20-flowered  heads :  perianth-segments  usually 
reddish-brown  above,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  lK-1%  line  long,  the  inner 


JUNOTB  JUNCACE^  685 

longest :  stamens  6,  with  anthers  about  as  long  as  the  filaments :  capsule 
lanceolate-subulate,  S-angled,  1-celled,  exceeding  the  perianth:  seeds  ob- 
long, acute  below,  apiculate  above.  Alaska  to  Oregon  and  the  Eastern 
States, 

J.  Torreyi  Coville  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  xxii,  303.  Stems  stout,  8-40 
inches  high,  arising  singely  from  tuber-like  thickenings  of  a  slender  root- 
stock  :  leaves  terete,  thick,  abruptly  divergent  from  the  stem :  inflorescence 
congested,  consisting  of  1-20  dense  heads  5-8  lines  in  diameter :  perianth- 
segraents  2-23^  lines  loner,  subulate,  the  outer  longest:  stamens  6:  capsule 
subulate,  3-angled.  1-celled,  with  a  beak  %-%  line  long,  exceeding  the 
perianth  and  holding  the  valves  together  vluring  dehiscence:  seeds  oblong, 
acute  at  each  end.    Oregon  to  California,  Texas  and  New  York. 

J.  Oreganns  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xxiii,  267.  Stems  numerous, 
very  slender,  6-10  inches  high,  exceeding  the  very  narrow  leaves,  from 
very  slender  matted  rootstocks:  heads  simply  panicled,  few-flowered,  often 
proliferous:  perianth-segments  nearly  equal,  lanceolate,  acute, :  stamens  6, 
with  anthers  as  long  as  the  filaments:  capsule  dark  brown,  acutish,  mu- 
cronate,  at  length  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  perianth :  seeds  rather  turgid. 
In  bogs,  llwaco,  "Washington. 

J.  Bolanderi  Engelm.  1.  c.  470.  Stems  slender,  about  2  feet  high: 
leaves  aubterete,  nearly  equalling  the  stem ;  the  ligule  conspicuous,  some- 
times elongated  and  leaf-like  :  heads  subglobose,  usually  2  or  3,  very  many- 
flowered:  perianth-segments  greenish  brown,  narrowly  lanceolate  and 
setaceous!  V  acuminate,  1%  lines  long;  stamens  3,  with  anthers  much  shorter 
than  the  fllaments :  capsule  clavate-oblong,  shorter  than  the  perianth, 
obtuse,  apiculate,  1-celled:  seeds  very  small.  In  wet  places  southwestern 
Oregon  to  California, 

J.  Nevadensis  Watson  1.  c.  xiv,  303.  Stems  very  slender,  6  inches  to 
2  feet  high,  somewhat  compressed,  from  slender  creeping  rootstocks :  leaves 
very  narrow,  somewhat  compressed  nearly  equalling  the  stem,  with  large 
sheaths  and  conspicuous  ligules :  heads  small,  few  to  rather  many,  in  a 
short  open  panicle,  or  often  solitary:  perianth -segments  brownish,  lanceo- 
late, acuminate,  2  lines  long :  stamens  6 ;  anthers  linear,  longer  than  the 
filaments :  capsule  oblong,  abruptly  acute  and  beaked,  nearly  equalling 
the  perianth :  seeds  minute,  apiculate  at  both  ends.  Common  in  wet 
mountain  meadows,  eastern  Washington  to  California  and  Nevada. 

J.  Snksdorfii  Rydberg  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  xxvi,  541.  Stems  about 
a  foot  high,  strict,  light  green  :  leaves  terete  or  slightly  flattened,  the  low- 
est ones  short :  cauline  except  the  upper  one  often  a  foot  long,  all  with 
conspicuous  scarious  sheaths :  heads  in  a  contracted  panicle,  brown  and 
shining,  2-8-flowered:  perianth-segments  subequal,  about  2  lines  long, 
narrowly  lanceolate,  acute  ot  acuminate,  stamens  6 ;  anthers  longer  than 
the  filaments:  capsule  dark  browd  and  shining,  oblong,  acuminate, 
3-angled.    In  wet  meadows  about  the  base  of  Mount  Adams,  Washington. 

.r.  brachyphyllns  Weigand  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  xxvii,  519.  Stems 
stiff,  erect  and  very  stout,  20-30  inches  high,  slightly  compressed,  very 
conspicuously  grooved:  leaves  short,  ^-K  the  length  of  the  stem,  the 
blade,  usually  broad  and  flat  but  rather  thick,  stiff  and  spreading,  about  a 
line  wide ;  sheaths  loose  and  mostly  free,  with  membranous  margins ; 
ligule  conspicuous :  inflorescence  short  and  cro\^  ded :  perianth-segments 
2}^  lines  long,  slightly  unequal,  subulate,  very  acute:  anthers  oblong, 
about  as  long  as  the  filaments :  capsule  rather  narrowly  oblong,  triangular 
above,  obtuse  or  retuse,  equalling  the  perianth,  3-celled:  seeds  oblong, 
strongly  apiculate  at  each  end.     Idaho  to  Arkansas. 

J.  latifolius  Buch.  Stems  15-36  inches  high,  from  creeping  rootstocks: 
leaves  flat,  about  a  line  wide,  pale  green,  shorter  than  the  sheaths,  with 


686  JUNCACEiE  juncus 

ligules:  heads  panicled  few-flowered:  perianth -segments  straw-color,  lan- 
ceolate, acuminate,  scarious-margined,  rough,  3  lines  long:  stamens  6: 
caqsule  triangular,  oblong,  acute,  short-beaked.  Common  along  streams, 
eastern  Washington. 

■i-  +-  Stems  compressed  and  usually  acutely  edged :  leaves  flattened 
latterally  and  equitant. 

J,  ensifolius  Wiks.  Stems  8-20  inches  high,  leafy,  from  thick  root- 
stocks:  leaves  equitant:  heads  several  to  numerous,  papicled,  globose, 
usually  dark  brown :  perianth-segments  lanceolate,  acuminate  1%  lines 
long :  stamens  3 :  capsule  3-angled,  acute,  hardly  exceeding  the  perianth. 
Common  in  wet  places  Brit.  Columbia  to  California. 

J.  xiphioides  Meyer  1.  c.  Stems  rather  stout,  1-4  feet  high,  from  stout 
creeping  rootstocks :  leaves  2-3  lines  wide,  the  sheaths  without  ligules : 
heads  few  to  numerous,  dense, 3-20-flowered,  in  a  compound  panicle:  peri- 
anth-segments brownish  to  almost  black,  1%  lines  long,  lanceolate,  acu- 
minate: stamens  6;  anthers  very  small  oblong-linear,  equalling  or  much 
shorter  than  the  filaments :  capsule  oblong,  acute,  about  equalling  the 
perianth  :  seeds  very  small,  ovate-oblanceolate.  A  variable  species :  in  wet 
places,  California  to  Alaska. 

J.  oxymeris  Engelm.  1.  c.  483.  Stems  stout,  2-4  feet  high :  leaves  2-3 
lines  wide:  panicle  decompound,  4-8  inches  long:  heads  small,  very  num- 
erous, 3-12-flowered :  perianth-segments  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate-awn- 
ed,  about  2  lines  long :  stamens  6 ;  anthers  twice  as  long  as  the  filaments  : 
capsule  lanceolate,  rostrate,  longer  than  the  perianth,  1-celled :  seeds  ovate- 
oblanceolate,  }4  liJ^e  long.     In  marshes,  southern  Oregon  to  California. 

J.  Mertensianus  Bong.  Veg.  Sitch.  167.  Stems  weak,  6-18  inches 
high,  from  matted  rootstocks :  leaves  usually  about  a  line  wide ;  ligule 
conspicuous :  inflorescence  usually  a  single  many-flowered  head,  4-6  lines 
in  diameter:  perianth-segments  very  dark  brown,  ovate- lanceolate,  the 
outer  ones  aristate-acuminate :  stamens  6 ;  anthers  usually  mucronate,  as 
long  or  shorter  than  the  filaments :  capsule  obovate,  obtuse,  about  equal, 
equalling  the  perianth:  seeds  oblanceolate,  apiculate  at  each  end.  In  wet 
meadows  on  the  highest  mountains,  California  to  Alaska  and  the  Rocky 
Mountains. 

Order  CVIII  CYPERACEiE  J.  St.  Hil.  Expos.  Fam.  i,  62. 

Perennial  or  annual  herbs  with  rhizomatous  rootstocks,  tri- 
angular or  terete  mostly  solid  stems,  alternate  mostly  radical 
leaves  and  small  perfect,  monoecious  or  dioecious  flowers  in  the 
axils  of  imbricated  glumaceous  bracts  or  scales.  Perianth  none 
or  represented  by  bristles  or  scales.  Stamens  usually  2  or  3, 
hypogynous,  with  basifixed  anthers.  Ovary  1-celled,  with  an 
erect  anatropous  ovule  and  a  2-3-clef t  style,  m  fruit  a  lenticular 
or  more  or  less  triangular  membranaceous,  crustaceous  or  bony 
achene.  Embryo  minute,  lenticular  or  turgid,  at  the  base  of 
copious  albumen. 

*  Flowers  of  the  spikelets  all  or  at  least  one  of  them  perfect :  spike- 
lets  all  alike,  few-  to  many-flowered,  capitate  or  umbellate,  one  or  two 
of  the  lower  scales  usually  sterile. 

-*-  Spikelets  more  or  less  flattened,  the  scales  being  in  two  ranks  : 
inflorescence  involucrate. 

1    Cyperns     Inflorescence  spicate  or  clustered:  perianth   none:    ityle 

persistent.  *••'    *  j  ^.i**^  ^«z»>  «.  «.v ....  e*^"  a-^***' 


CYPJJBD8  CYPERACEiE  6»7 

2  Dulichium     Inflorescence  axillary:   perianth  of  6-9  brietles:  style 
persistent. 

-*-  ■*-    Spikelets  many-flowered,  not  flattened,  the  scales  imbricated 
all  around. 

♦+     Styles  not  enlarged  at  base. 

3  Scirpns    Spikelets  solitary  or  clustered,  or  in  a  compound   umbel, 

involucrate:  perianth  of  few  barbed  persistent  bristles  or  wanting. 

4  Eriophornm    Spikelets  solitary  or  few,  involucrate :  perianth  of  numer- 

ous long  silky  naked  bristles :  stamens  1-3. 

5  Hemicarpha    Low  annuals:  spikelets  solitary  or  few,   in  a  sessile 

apparently  lateral  cluster:  perianth  a  minute  hyaline  bractlet  between 
each  flower  and  the  rachis:  stamen  only  one. 

•*•■  -^     Style  enlarged  at  base. 

6  Eleocharis    Spikelet  solitary  and  terminal  upon  a  leafless  terete  stem: 

perianth  of  3-9  retrorsely   barbed  bristles,   or  wanting :   stamens  3 : 
base  of  the  style  persistent. 

7  Stenophyllus    Low  annuals,   the  stem  leafy  at  base;  spikelets  in  an 

involucrate  umbel :  perianth  none :  stamens  1-3. 

*  *  Spikelets  polygamous,  few-flowered,  ovoid,  the  scales  imbricated 
all  around,  only  the  terminal  one  fertile. 

8  Rhynchospora    Stems  leafy:  spikelets  variously  clustered :   perianth 

of  9-12  retrorsely  barbed  bristles:   achenes  lenticular,  beaked  by  the 
persistent  base  of  the  style. 

*  *  *  Flowers  monoecious,  in  the  same  or  distinct  spikelets,  or 
dioecious:  pistillate  flowers  enclosed  in  an  inflated  sac-like  persistent 
perigynium. 

9  Carex    Spikelets  solitary,  spicute  or  panicled  :   perianth  wholly  want- 

ing, or  of  a  single  short  bristle  at  the  base  of  the  ovary. 

1    CYPERUS  L.  Sp.  44. 

Perennial  or  annual  herbs  with  mostly  triangular  nearly  naked 
simple  stems,  alternate  nearly  radical  leaves  and  perfect  flowers 
in  few-  to  many-flowered  mostly  flattened  spikelets,  the  concave 
more  or  less  carinate  scales  in  2  ranks.  Perianth  wholly  wanting. 
Stamens  1-3.  Style  not  thickened  at  base,  2-3-cleft,  deciduous. 
Achenes  lenticular  or  3-angled,  not  beaked,  smooth  or  nearly  so. 

C.  inflexus  Muhl.  Gram.  16.  C.  aristatus  Bceckl.  in  part.  Annual : 
stems  slender  or  almost  filiform,  diffusely  branched  from  the  base,  1-6  inches 
high:  leaves  a  line  wide  or  less,  about  equalling  the  stem:  those  of  the  involu- 
lucre  2-3,  exceeding  the  inflorescence:  umbel  sessile,  1-3-rayed:  spikelets 
linear-oblong,  6-10-flowered,  2-3  lines  long:  scales  bright  brown,  lanceolate, 
rather  firm,  strongly  several-nerved,  tapering  into  a  long  recurved  awn,  fall- 
ing from  the  rachis  at  maturity:  stamens  1:  style  3-cleft:  rachis  nan*owly 
winged,  the  wings  persistent:  achenes  3-angled,  dull  brown,  uaiiowly  obovoid 
or  oblong,  obtuse,  mucronulate.  In  wet  sandy  soil,  California  to  British 
Columbia  and  the  Eastern  States. 

C.  acumiuatus  Torr.  &  Hook.  Ann.  Lye,  N.  Y.  iii,  436.  Annual: 
stems  very  slender,  tufted,  2-15  inches  high:  leaves  light  green,  usually  less 
than  a  line  wide,  often  equalling  the  stem,  those  of  the  involucre  much 
elongated:  umbel  1-4-rayed,  simple,  rays  short:  spikelets  flat,  ovate  oblong, 


688  CYPERACE^  cypercs 

DULIGHIUM 

obtuse,  2-4  lines  long,  many-flowered,  densely  capitate:  scales  oblong,  pale 
green,  3-nerved,  coarsely  cellular,  conduplicate,  with  a  short  sharp  more  or 
less  recurved  tip:  stamens  1:  style  3-cleft:  achenes  sharply  3 -angled,  gray, 
oblong,  narrowed  at  each  end,  almost  half  as  long  as  the  scale.  In  moist 
sandy  soil,  California  to  Oregon  and  Illinois. 

€.  esculentus  L.  Sp.  45.  C.  phymatoides  Muhl.  Perennial  by  scaly 
hoiizontal  tuber- bearing  rootstocks:  stems  usually  stout,  6-30  inches  high: 
leaves  bright  green,  as  loug  or  longv^r  than  the  stem,  2-4  lines  wide,  the 
midrib  prominent;  those  of  the  involucre  much  longer  than  the  inflorescence: 
umbel  4-10-rayed,  often  compound:  spikelets  numerous,  in  loose  spikes, 
straw-color  or  yellowish  brown,  flat,  spreading,  6-12  lines  long,  many-flow- 
ered: scales  ovate  oblong,  subacute,  3-nerved:  rachis  narrowly  winged: 
stamens  3:  style  3-cleft:  achenes  obovoid,  obtuse,  3- angled,  In  moist  sandy 
fields,  Alaska  to  California  and  the  Atlantic  States. 

C.  erytlirorhizos  Muhl.  Gram.  20.  Stems  tufted,  stout  or  slender,  3 
inches  to  2  feet  high:  leaves  1-4  lines  wide,  rough-mai'gined,  those  of  the 
involucre  2-7,  some  of  them  often  4  times  as  long  as  the  inflorescence:  umbel 
mostly  compound,  several-rayed:  spikelets  linear-subulate,  3-10  lines  long, 
less  than  a  line  wide,  compressed,  many-flowered,  clustered  in  oblong  nearly 
or  quite  sessile  spikes:  scales  chestnut- brown,  oblong-lanceolate,  mucronulate, 
appressed,  separating  from  the  rachis  at  maturity:  the  membranous  wings  of 
the  rachis  separating  as  a  pair  of  hyaline  interior  scales:  stamens  three:  style 
three-cleft:  achenes  sharply  3-angled,  oblong,  pointed  at  both  ends,  pale,  J 
as  long  as  the  scale.  In  wet  soil,  Oregon  to  California  and  the  Eastern 
States. 

C.  Honghtoni  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  iii,  277.  Perennial  by  tuber" 
like  corms:  stems  slender,  erect,  1-2  feet  high:  leaves  shorter  than  the  stem' 
a  line  or  less  wide,  sjnooth;  those  of  the  involucre  3-5,  the  longer  much  ex" 
ceeding  the  inflorescence;  umbel  simple,  1-5-rayed,  the  rays  mostly  short' 
their  sheaths  2-toothed:  spikelets  loosely  capitate,  linear,  compressed,  acute 
4-8  lines  long,  about  a  line  wide,  11-15-flowered,  falling  away  from  the  axis 
when  mature:  chestnut  brown,  firm,  somewhat  spreading,  shining,  oblong, 
obtuse,  truncate  or  apiculate:  racbis  very  naiTowly  Avinged:  stamens  3:  style 
3-cleft:  achene  broadly  oblong,  3-angled,  brown,  apiculate,  nearly  as  long  as 
the  scale.     In  sandy  soil,  along  the  Columbia  river  to  the  Eastern  States. 

2    DULICHIUM  L.  C.  Richard  Pers.  Syn.  i,  65.  (1805.) 

Tall  perennial  herbs  with  terete  hollow  jointed  stems,  leafy  to 
the  top,  the  lower  leaves  reduced  to  sheaths,  flat  grass-like  leaves 
and  perfect  flowers  in  axillary  simple  or  compound  spikes. 
Spikelets  fiat,  linear,  many-flowered.  Scales  2- ranked,  carinate, 
conduplicate,  decurrent  on  the  joint  below.  Perianth  of  6-9  re- 
trorsely  barbed  bristles.  Stamens  8.  Style  2-cleft  at  the  apex, 
persistent  as  a  beak  on  the  summit  of  the  linear-oblong  achene. 

D.  spathaceum  Pers.  Syn.  i,  65.  Stems  stout.  1-3  feet  high,  erect: 
leaves  numerous,  flat,  1-3  inches  long,  2-4  lines  wide:  spikelets  shorter  than 
or  the  uppermost  exceeding  the  leaves:  pedicels  2-12  lines  long:  spikelets 
naH'Owly  linear,  spreading.  6-12  lines  long,  about  a  line  wide,  6-12-floweved* 
scales  lanceolate,  acuminate,  appressed,  brownish:  bristles  of  the  perianth 
stiff,  longer  than  the  achene:  style  long-exserted.  In  marshes  Oregon  to 
Minnesota  and  Nova  Scotia. 


8CIBPUS  C  f  PERACE.E  689 

3    SCIRPUS  L.  Sp.   47. 

Tufted  annual  or  perennial  herbs  with  creeping  rootstocks, 
leafy  stems,  or  the  leaves  reduced  to  sheaths  in  some  species,  and 
perfect  flowers  in  a  terminal  or  apparently  lateral  involucrate 
cluster  or  compound  umbel-like  panicle.  Spikelets  usually  many- 
flowered,  with  the  scales  closely  imbricated  around  the  rachis,  the 
lower  one  or  two  often  empty.  Perianth  of  3-6  bristles  or  none. 
Stamens  1-3.  Style  2-3-cleft.  scarcely  or  not  at  all  thickened  at 
base,  deciduous  or  only  the  base  persistent.  Achenes  lenticular 
or  more  or  less  3-angled  or  obovoid. 

§  1  IsoLEPis  Benth.  Stems  low  and  slender.  Spikelets  soli- 
tary, small,  with  a  single  erect  in volucral  bract.     Perianth  none. 

S.  riparins  Spreng.  Stems  tufted,  from  fibrous  roots,  very  slender, 
often  setaceous,  2-10  inches  high,  slieatlied  at  base,  the  upper  sheath  usually 
bearing  a  short  slender  ieaf :  involucral  bract  1-10  lines  long  or  nearly  want- 
ing: spikelets  ovate  to  ovate- oblong,  1^-3  lines  long:  scales  pale  or  often  deep 
brown,  with  a  pale  prominent  midrib,  concave,  obtuse  or  pointed:  stamen^ 
usually  3:  style  3-cleft:  achene  triangular-obovoid,  with  distinct  angles,  the 
sides  convex,  dark  brown  when  mature.  In  marshy  places  near  the  coast 
Oregon  to  Calif oraia  and  South  America. 

§  2  EusciRPUs  Benth.  Bristles  present,  retrorsely  barbed  or 
ciliate,  not  elongated. 

*     Inflorescence  terminal,  without  involucre, 

S.  uanus  Spreng.  Pug  i,  4.  Annual:  stems  fililorci,  flattened, 
grooved,  tufted,  erect  or  ascending,  1-2  inches  high,  bearing  bladeless  scari- 
ous  sheaths  near  the  base:  spikelet  solitary,  ovoid-objong,  3-8-flowered,  1-1^ 
lines  long:  scales  ovate  or  lanceolate,  pale  green,  the  lower  obtuse,  the  upper 
acutish:  bristles  about  6.  longer  than  the  achene:  stamens  3:  style  3-cleft: 
achene  oblong  3-an^led,  pale  pointed  at  each  end,  smooth.  Muddy  places, 
Oregon  to  Alaska  and  the  Atlantic  States. 

S.  pauciflorns  Lightf.  Fl.  Scot.  1078.  Perennial  by  filiform  rootstocks : 
stems  very  slender  little  tufted,  3-10  Inches  high,  upper  sheaths  truncate: 
spikelets  solitary,  oblong,  4-10-flowered,  2-3  lines  long;  scales  brown  with 
lighter  margins  and  midrib,  lanceolate,  acuminate:  bristles  2-6,  hispid,  as 
long  as  the  achene  or  longer:  stamens  3:  style  .{-cleft:  achene  obo  void-oblong, 
gray,  rather  abruptly  beaked,  its  surface  finely  reticulated.  In  wet  soil 
along  the  Columbia  river,  Oregon  to  Brit.  Columbia,  Ontario  and  New  York. 

*  *    Inflorescence  apparently  lateral,  with  a  single  involucral  leaf. 

*-     Stems  terete  or  nearly  so, 

S.  subternilnalls  Torr.  Fl,  U.  8.  i,  47.  Stems  slender,  terete,  nodu- 
lose, 1-3  feet  high:  leaves  slender,  channelled,  6  inches  to  2  feet  long,  ^-f 
line  wide,  spikelet  solitary,  terminal,  oblong-cylindric,  narrowed  at  each  end, 
3-5  lines  long:  involucral  bract  6-12  lines  long:  scales  ovate-lanceolate,  acute, 
membranaceous,  light  brown  with  green  midiib:  bristles  about  6,  as  long  as 
the  achene  or  shorter:  stamens  3;  style  3-cleft  to  about  the  middle:  achenes 
obovoid,  2-angled,  dark  brown,  smooth,  about  a  line  long,  obtuse,  abruptly 
beaked  by  the  slender  base  of  the  style.  In  ponds  and  streams,  eastern 
Washington  to  Pennsylvania  and  New  Brunswick. 

8.    Xeyadensis  Watson  Bot.  King,  360.    Stems  clustered,  from   run- 


690  CYPERACE^  scirpus 

ning  rootstocks,  6  inches  to  3  feet  high,  somewhat  flattened  above,  leafy: 
leaves  nearly  equalling  the  stem,  deeply  channelled  or  revolute,  very  rough 
on  the  margins,  sharply  acute:  spikelets  1-8,  in  a  sessile  cluster,  ovate-oblong, 
acute,  4-10  lines  long:  scales  brown  and  shining,  ovate,  sharply  carinate, 
acutish;  bristles  1-3,  not  half  the  length  of  the  achene:  style  2-cleU:  achene 
broadly  ovate,  plano-convex,  acute,  a  line  long.  In  alkaline  soil  on  borders 
of  lakes,  eastern  Oregon  to  Nevada  and  California. 

S.  lacustris  L.  Sp.  48.  Perennial  by  stout  rootstocks:  stems  stout, 
terete,  6-1 5i  feet  high,  often  nearly  an  inch  in  diameter,  sheathed  below,  the 
the  upper  sheath  sometimes  extended  into  a  short  leaf:  involucral  bract  stout, 
shorter  than  the  inflorescence:  spikelets  numerous,  solitarj^  or  more  or  less 
clustered  in  an  iiTegularly  compound  umbel,  oblong-ovate,  3-6  lines  long: 
scales  broadly  ovate,  very  obtuse  to  emarginate  and  mucronate,  ciliate,  often 
pubescent,  usually  pale  with  fine  brown  lines;  bristles  usually  6,  slender, 
equalling  or  longer  than  the  adhene;  stamens  3,  style  2-c!eft;  achene  broadly 
obovate,  rounded  at  the  summit,  abruptly  short  beaked.  In  marshes,  Alaska 
to  California  and  the  Atlantic  States;  also  in  Europe. 

-^-  ■*-     Stems  acutely  triangular  or  triquetrous. 

S.  Olneyl  Gray  Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist,  v,  238.  Stem  stout,  Q-7  feet 
high,  from  a  stout  mnning  rootstock;  more  or  less  deeply  triquetrous  or 
wing-angled,  sheathed  at  base;  leafless  or  with  a  few  short  leaves;  involucral 
bract  stout,  triangular,  an  inch  or  less  longer  than  the  inflorescence:  spikelets 
2-12,  in  a  crowded  sessile  cluster,  oblong-ovate,  brown:  bristles  4-6,  shorter 
than  or  equalling  the  achene:  stamens  2  or  3:  style  2-cleft:  achene  obovate, 
plano-convex,  mucronate,  brown.  In  salt  marshes,  eastern  oregon  to  Cali- 
fornia and  the  Eastern  States. 

S.  Americanus  Pers.  Syn.  i,  68.  S.  pungens  Vahl.  Stems  usually 
slender,  from  long  perennial  rootstocks,  1-4  feet  high,  acutely  triangular, 
somewhat  leafy  at  base:  leaves  1-4,  shorter  than  the  stem,  keeled:  involucral 
bract  more  or  less  channelled,  1-4  inches  long:  spikelets  1-6,  closely  crowded 
in  a  sessile  cluster,  ovate  to  ovate-oblong:  scales  brown,  often  very  dark, 
broadlv  ovate,  emarginate  and  usually  tipped  with  a  straight  awn:  bristles 
2-6,  shorter  than  or  equalling  the  achene:  stamens  3:  style  usually  2-cleft: 
achene  obovate,  smooth,  dark  brown  mucronate.  Common  in  salt  marshes, 
throughout  the  United  States. 

*  *  *    Stems  triangular,  leafy  at  base:  leaves  flat:  involucre  foliaceous. 

Spikelets  large,  few,  in  a  sessile  cluster  or  sparingly  umbellate,  nifous. 

S.  robwstus  Pursh  Fl.  56.  Stem?  stout,  1-3  feet  high,  from  running 
often  tuberiferous  rootstocks:  leaves  flat,  equalling  or  exceeding  the  stem: 
involucral  bracts  unequal,  one  much  longer  and  more  erect:  spikelets  ovate 
to  oblong-ovate,  acute,  5-10  lines  long:  scales  ovate,  2-3  lines  long,  dull 
brown,  emarginate,  tipped  with  a  long  slender  soon  reflexed  awn:  bristles 
1-6,  fragile,  shoi"ter  than  the  achene:  stamens  3:  style  3-cleft:  achene  com- 
pressed very  flat  on  the  face,  convex,  or  with  a  low  ridge  on  the  back, 
obovate-orbicular,  dark  brown,  shining,  H  lines  long.  In  salt  marshes, 
Bri.  Columbia  to  California  and  the  Atlantic  States. 

■*-  -*-    Spikelets  small,   numerous,  greenish  or  light  brown,  in  a 
compound  or  decompound  umbellate  panicle. 

S.  microcarpus  Presl.  Reliq.  Hsenk.  i,  195.  S.  sylvaticus  var.  digynus 
Bcekl.  Stems  usually  stout,  3-5  feet  high,  from  perennial  rootstocks : 
leaves  ample,  often  exceeding  the  stem,  rough-margined,  those  of  the  in- 
volucre usually  exceeding  the  inflorescence:  panicle  ample,  decompound, 
rather  loose :  spikelets  ovoid,  oblong,  acute,  l>^-2  lines  long,  3-25  together 


sciRPUS  CYPERACEiE  691 

ERIOPHOKOM 

in  capitate  clusters  at  the  ends  of  the  usually  spreading  raylets :  scales 
brown  with  a  green  midrib,  obtuse  or  subacute :  bristles  4,  somewhat  lon- 
ger than  the  achene:  stamens  2:  style  2 -cleft :  achenes  oblong-obovate, 
nearly  white,  plano-convex  or  with  a  low  ridge  on  the  back,  pointed.  In 
swamps  and  wet  woods,  Alaska  to  California  and  the  Atlantic  States 

S.  atroTirens  Muhl.  Gram.  43.  Stems  rather  slender,  leafy,  2-4  feet 
high,  from  slender  perennial  rootstocks :  leaves  elongated,  rough  on  the 
margins,  dark  green,  8-6  lines  wide  one  or  two  of  them  usually  exceeding 
the  inflorescence :  umbel  simple  or  1-2-compound  :  spikelets  ovoid-oblong, 
acute,  6-20  in  the  dense  capitate  clusters  at  the  ends  of  the  rays  or  raylets : 
scales  greenish-brown,oblong,  acute,  the  midrib  excurrent,  bristles  usually 
6,  about  as  long  as  the  achene:  stamens  3:  style  3-cleft:  achene  obovoid- 
oblong,  3-angled,  pale  dull  brown.  In  swamps,  Oregon  to  Nova  Scotia 
and  Georgia. 

S.  lineatus  Michx.  Fl.  i,  32.  Perennial  by  stout  rootstocks:  stems 
rather  slender,  erect,  1-3  feet  high,  leafy :  leaves  light  green,  shorter  than 
the  stem,  2-4  lines  wide,  the  upper  ones  and  those  of  the  involucre  not 
exceeding  the  inflorescence,  flat,  rough  on  the  margins :  umbels  terminal 
and  commonly  also  axillary,  decompound,  the  rays  very  slender,  becoming 
pendulous :  spikelets  mostly  solitary  at  the  ends  of  slender  raylets,  oblong, 
obtuse,  3-5  lines  long:  scales  ovate  or  oblong,  reddish-brown  with  green 
midrib:  bristles  6,  weak,  smooth,  much  longer  than  the  achene:  stamens 
3:  style  3-cleft:  achenes  oblong,  pale  brown,  narrowed  at  both  ends, 
3-angled,  short-beaked.  In  wet  places,  Oregon  to  Texas,  Georgia  and 
Ontario. 

§  S  Stems  leafy,  bearing  a  sessile  head  of  spikelets  subtended 
by  a  few  involucral  bracts.  Bristles  elongated,  the  barbs  directed 
upward. 

S.  criniger  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  vii,  392,  Stems  slender,  3  inches 
to  3  feet  high,  from  slender  matted  rootstocks,  triangular  and  striate, 
rough  above :  leaves  flat,  rough  on  the  margins,  the  radical  one  elongated 
but  shorter  than  the  stem,  the  cauline  only  an  inch  or  two  long,  distant, 
the  uppermost  usually  very  near  the  top :  involucral  bracts  broad  and 
scale-like,  acuminate,  2-4  lines  long :  spikelets  5-9,  oblong,  3-4  lines  long : 
scales  thin  and  soft,  brownish,  oblong :  bristles  6 :  filaments  slender,  much 
exserted:  style  3-cleft:  achenes  oblong,  3-angled,  acute  and  shortly  beaked, 
a  line  long.    In  marshes,  southern  Oregon  to  California. 

4    ERIOPHORUM  L.  Sp.  52. 

Low  herbs  with  creeping  perennial  rootstocks,  triangular  or 
nearly  terete  stems,  grass-like  leaves  and  small  perfect  flowers  in 
terminal  solitary  or  umbellately  clustered  spikelets  subtended  by 
a  one-  to  several-leaved  involucre  or  naked.  Scales  spirally  im- 
bricated, usually  all  fertile.  Perianth  of  few  to  many  filiform 
smooth  soft  exserted  bristles.  Stamens  1-3.  Style  3-cleft. 
Achenes  3-angled,  oblong,  ellipsoid  or  obovoid. 

*    Involucral  leaves  none :  spikelets  solitary. 

E.  yaginatum  L.  Sp.  52.  Stems  stiff,  tufted,  obtusely  triangular, 
smooth,  slender,  8-16  inches  high,  leafless  except  at  base,  bearing  2  inflat- 
ed sheaths,  the  upper  one  usually  above  the  middle:  leaves  stiff,  filiform, 
triangular,  channelled,  shorter  than  or  sometimes  exceeding  the  stem : 
s pikelet  ovoid,  erect :  scales  ovate-lanceolate  or  the  lowest  lanceolate,  acu- 
minate, purple-brown,  thin:  bristles  numerous,  white,  straight,  glossy, 
4-5  times  as  long  as  the  scale :   anthers   linear :  achene  obovoid,  obtuse 


692  '  CYPERACE^  eriophorum 

HEMICARPHA 

brown,    minutely  apiculate.      In  high  mountain  bogs,   Washington   to 
Alaska  Newfoundland  and  Pennsylvania. 

E.  Scheuchzeri  Hoppe  Taschenb.  1800,  104.  Stems  slender,  smooth, 
nearly  terete,  10-20  inches  high,  leafy  below,  often  with  a  leafless  sheath 
above:  leaves  filiform,  channelled,  usually  much  shorter  than  the  stem: 
spikelet  erect:  scales  ovate-lanceolate,  long-acuminate,  purple-brown, 
membranaceous:  bristles  numerous,  white  or  slightly  yellowish,  weak, 
nearly  straight,  4-5  times,  as  long  as  the  scale :  achene  narrowly  oblong, 
brown,  acute  and  somewhat  beaked.  In  bogs,  Oregon  to  Alaska  and 
Newfoundland. 

E.  russeolum  Fries  Novet.  Mant.  ii,  67.  Stems  solitary  or  little 
tufted,  triangular,  smooth,  8-20  inches  high,  leafy  at  base,  bearing  an  in- 
flated mucronate  sheath  above:  leaves  filiform,  triangular,  channelled, 
mucronate,  1-4  inches  long :  spikelet  erect:  scales  ovate-lanceolate,  acu- 
minate, thin,  purplish-brown  with  narrow  white  margins:  bristles  numer- 
ous, bright  reddish  brown,  an  inch  or  more  long :  achene  oblong,  narrowed 
at  each  end,  apiculate.    In  marshes,  Oregon  to  Alaska  and  Newfoundland. 

*  *    Spikelets  several,  subtended  by  a  1-4-leaved  involucre. 

E.  polystachyon  L,  Sp.  52.  Stems  stiff,  smooth,  triangular  above, 
nearly  terete  below,  1-3  feet  high,  leafy :  leaves  flat,  shorter  than  the  stem, 
1-4  lines  wide,  tapering  to  a  triangular  rigid  point :  involucre  of  2-4  leaves, 
commonly  equalling  or  exceeding  the  inflorescence :  spikelets  3-12,  ovoid 
or  oblong,  nodding,  in  a  terminal  more  or  less  compound  umbel;  rays 
filiform:  scales  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  or  acuminate,  purple-green  or 
brown :  bristles  numerous,  bright  white,  about  an  inch  long :  achenes  ob- 
ovoid,  obtuse,  light  brown.  In  bogs,  Oregon  to  Alaska  and  the  Atlantic 
States :  also  in  Europe  and  Asia. 

E.  gracile  Koch  Roth.  Catal.  Bot.  ii,  259.  Stems  slender,  obtusely 
3-angular,  rough  on  the  angles,  1-2  feet  high,  leafy :  leaves  narrowly  linear, 
about  a  line  wide,  triangular-channelled,  rough-margined,  shorter  than 
the  stem :  involucre  commonly  of  a  single  stiff  erect  leaf :  spikelets  3-8, 
capitate  or  subumbellate,  the  longer-peduncled  ones  drooping :  scales  ovate 
or  oblong,  obtuse  or  subacute,  greenish-brown,  the  midrib  rather  strong: 
bristles  numerous,  bright  white,  8-12  lines  long:  achenes  linear-oblong, 
acute,  pointed.  In  bogs,  California  to  Alaska  and  across  the  Continent: 
also  in  Europe  and  Asia. 

5    HEMICARPHA  Nees  &  Arn.  Edinb.  New  Phil.  Journ.  xvii,  263. 

Low  or  dwarf  setaceous  annuals  with  flattened  stems,  somewhat 
leafy  at  base,  linear  leaves  and  1-3  small  spikelets  sessile  in  an 
involucrate  cluster.  Scales  spirally  imbricated  all  around,  de- 
ciduous. Flowers  perfect.  Perianth  of  a  single  hyaline  scale 
between  the  rachis  and  the  flower.  Stamens  1-3.  Style  2-cleft, 
deciduous,  not  enlarged  at  base.  Achenes  oblong,  turgid  or 
lenticular. 

H.  snbsqnarrosa  Nees  in  Mart.  Fl.  Bras,  ii,  Pt.  1,  61.  Stems  tufted, 
numerous,  1-6  inches  high,  with  brown  sheaths  at  base:  leaves  1  or  2,  very 
short,  filiform:  principal  involucral  bract  continuous  with  the  stem,  6-12 
lines  long,  the  others  much  smaller  or  wanting:  spikes  1-3,  brownish, 
ovate,  1-1)^  lines  long:  scales  numerous,  cuneate-obovate,  shortly  acumin- 
ate and  slightly  spreading  at  the  tip  or  erect,  %  line  long,  little  exceeding 
the  obtuse  nutlet.  In  moist  sandy  soil,  Washington  to  Brazil  and  the 
Atlantic  States. 

H.    occidentalis  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  vii,  391.     Stems  filiform,  1-2 


HEMiCAKPHA  CYPERACEiE  693 

ELEOCHABIS 

inches  high,  tufted,  with  reddish- brown  basal  sheaths:  leaves  filiform, 
shorter  than  the  stem:  principal  involucral  bract  continuous  with  the 
stem,  5-8  lines  long,  the  others  shorter:  spikelets  greenish,  broadly  ovate: 
scales  with  broadly  ovate  base  and  long  acuminate  spreading  tips,  twice 
as  long  as  the  nutlet:  hyaline  scale  truncate  or  erosely  toothed,  not  ad- 
herent to  the  nutlet.  In  wet  grounds,  base  of  Mount  Adams  Washington 
to  California. 

H.  intermedia  Piper  Fl.  Palouse  Reg.  36.  Stems  numerous,  tufted, 
2-4  inches  high :  leaves  narrow,  involute,  the  recurved  blades  6-18  lines 
long :  spikelets  ovoid,  obtuse,  1-2  lines  long :  involucral  bracts  usually  3, 
the  uppermost  6-18  lines  long,  the  others  much  shorter :  scales  )^-l  line 
long,  broadly  obovate,  the  abruptly  acuminate  somewhat  spreading  or  re- 
curved apex  as  long  as  the  body:  hyaline  scale  triangular-ovate,  not  ad- 
herent to  the  nutlet,  which  is  oblong-ovate  or  obovate,  about  3^  line  long, 
with  a  short  beak.  Margins  of  ponds  along  the  Columbia  and  Snake  rivers, 
Oregon  and  Washington. 

6    ELEOCHARIS  R.  Br.  Prodr.  Fl.  Nov.  Hoi.  i,  224.   (1810.) 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  with  simple  triangular,  quadrangu- 
lar, terete,  flattened  or  grooved  stems,  the  leaves  reduced  to  sheaths, 
or  the  lowest  rarely  leaf-bearing,  and  small  flowers  in  dense  sol- 
itary terminal  spikes  without  an  involucre.  Scales  concave, 
spirally  imbricated  all  around.  Perianth  of  1-12  bristles,  usually 
retrorsely  barbed,  w^anting  in  some  species.  Stamens  2  or  3. 
Style  2-cleft,  the  base  persistent  and  forming  a  tubercle  on  the 
summit  of  the  more  or  less  3-angled  achene. 

E,  ovata  R.  &  S.  Syst.  ii,  152.  Glabrous  annual  with  fibrous  roots: 
stems  tufted,  slender  or  filiform,  rather  deep  green,  nearly  terete,  mostly 
erect,  2-16  inches  high :  spike  ovoid  or  oblong,  obtuse,  many-flowered, 
2-5  lines  long,  1-lK  lines  in  diameter:  scales  thin,  oblong-orbicular,  very 
obtuse,  brown  with  green  midrib  and  scarioua  margins :  bristles  6-8,  de- 
ciduous, usually  longer  than  the  achene :  stamens  2  or  3 :  style  2-  or  3-cleft : 
achene  pale  brown,  shining  lenticular,  obovate-oblong,  smooth,  3^  line 
long  or  more:  tubercle  deltoid,  acute,  compressed,  scarcely  constricted  at 
base,  about  ^  as  long  as  the  achene  and  narrower.  In  wet  soil,  Oregon  to 
Brit.  Columbia,  New  Brunswick  and  Florida :  also  Europe. 

E.  palnstris  R.  &  S.  1.  c.  151.  Perennial  by  horizontal  often  densely 
matted  rootstocks:  stems  stout,  terete  or  somewhat  compressed,  striate, 
1-5  feet  high  :  basal  sheaths  brown,  rarely  bearing  a  short  blade,  the  up- 
per obliquely  truncate:  spike  ovoid-cylindric,  4-12  lines  long,  lK-2  lines 
in  diameter,  many-flowered,  thicker  than  the  stem :  scales  ovate-oblong  or 
ovate-lanceolate,  purplish  brown  with  scarious  margins  and  green  midrib, 
or  pale  green  all  over:  bristles  usually  4,  slender,  longer  than  the  achene 
and  tubercle,  sometimes  wanting:  stamens  2  or  3:  style  2-  or  3-cleft: 
achene  lenticular,  smooth,  yellow,  %  line  long:  tubercle  conic-triangular, 
constricted  at  the  base,  flattened,  ^-%  as  long  as  the  achene.  In  ponds 
and  moist  meadows,  Alaska  to  California  and  across  the  continent :  also  in 
Europe  and  Asia. 

Var.  ^lancescens  Gray  Man.  ed.  5,  558.  stems  slender  or  nearly 
filiform,  8-18  inches  high  :  spikes  oblong,  2-5  lines  long:  achenes  smaller: 
tubercle  narrower.  In  wet  meadows  and  marshes,  range  nearly  of  the 
type  in  North  America. 

E,  acicnlaris  R.  &  S.  1.  c  354.  Perennial  by  filiform  stolons  or  root" 
stocks  :  stems  tufted,  filiform  or  self  ceous,  obscurely  4-anglfd  and  grooved' 
weak,  erect  or  reclining,  1-8  inches  Icng:    sheaths  truncate:    spikes  com 


694  CYPERACEiE  stenophylslu 

RYNCHOSPORA 

pressed,  narrowly  ovate  or  linear-oblong,  acute,  broader  than  the  stem, 
2-10-flowered,  1-4  lines  long,  3^  line  wide :  scales  oblong,  obtuse,  or  the 
upper  subacute,  thin,  pale  green,  usually  with  a  narrow  brown  stripe  on 
each  side  of  the  midrib,  deciduous,  many  of  them  commonly  sterile :  brist- 
les 2-4,  fragile,  fugacious,  shorter  than  the  achene:  stamens  3:  style 
3-cleft:  achenes  obovoid-oblong :  tubercle  conic,  acute,  3^  as  long  as  the 
achene.    In  wet  soil,  throughout  North  America:  also  Europe  and  Asia. 

E.  rostellata  Torr.  Fl.  N.  Y.  ii,  347.  Perennial  by  a  short  caudex : 
stems  slender,  the  fertile  erect,  the  sterile  reclining  and  rooting  at  the 
apex,  1-6  feet  long :  upper  sheaths  truncate :  spikes  oblong,  narrowed  at 
both  ends,  thicker  than  the  stem,  10-20-flowered,  4-6  lines  long,  about  a 
line  in  diameter :  scales  ovate,  obtuse  or  the  upper  acute,  green  with  a 
somewhat  darker  midrid  and  slightly  scarious  margins :  bristles  4-8,  longer 
than  the  achene  and  tubercle :  stamens  3:  style  3-cleft :  achene  oblong- 
obovoid,  obscurely  3-angled :  tubercle  conic-subulate,  about  half  as  long  a 
the  achene.     Brit.  Columbia  to  California  and  the  Atlantic  States. 

7    STENOPHYLLUS  Raf.  Neog.  4.     (1825.) 

Annual  herbs  with  slender  erect  stems,  narrowly  linear  or  fili- 
form leaves  with  ciliate  or  pubescent  sheaths  and  perfect  flowers 
in  umbellate,  capitate  or  solitary  spikelets  subtended  by  a  one-  to 
several-leaved  involucre.  Scales  spirally  imbricated  all  around, 
mostly  deciduous.  Perianth  wholly  wanting.  Stamens  2  or  3. 
Style  2-  or  3-cleft,  glabrous,  at  base  much  swollen  and  persistent 
on  the  achene  as  a  tubercle.    Achene  3-angled,  turgid  or  lenticular. 

S.  capillaris  Britton  Bull.  Torr.  Bot,  Club  xxi,  30.  Fimbristylis  cap- 
illaris  Gray.  Stems  filiform,  densely  tufted,  erect,  grooved,  smooth,  2-10 
inches  high:  leaves  filiform,  roughish,  much  shorter  than  the  stem,  their 
sheaths  more  or  less  pubescent  with  long  hairs:  involucral  leaves  1-3,  se- 
taceous, shorter  than  or  one  of  them  exceeding  the  inflorescence  :  spikelets 
narrowly  oblong,  somewhat  4-8ided,  2-4  lines  long,  less  than  a  line  thick, 
several  in  a  simple  or  compound  umbel,  or  sometimes  solitary  :  scales  ob- 
long, obtuse  or  emarginate,  pubescent,  dark  brown  with  green  keel: 
stamens  2:  style  3-cleft:  achenes  yellowish  brown,  narrowed  at  base,  very 
obtuse  or  truncate  at  the  summit  J^  line  long,  3-angled,  transversely 
wrinkled:  tubercle  minute,  depressed.  In  dry  or  moist  soil  throughout 
North  America. 

8    RYNCHOSPORA  Vahl.  Enum.  ii,  229.  (1806.) 

Leafy- stemmed  herbs  with  erect  3-angled  or  terete  stems,  nar- 
row flat  or  involute  leaves  and  small  flowers  in  variously  clustered 
spikelets.  Scales  thin,  1-nerved,  imbricated  all  around,  usually 
mucronate  by  the  excurrent  midrib,  the  lower  empty.  Upper 
flowers  imperfect,  the  lower  perfect.  Perianth  of  1*20  barbed  or 
scabrous  bristles  or  none.  Stamens  commonly  3.  Style  2-cleft, 
2- toothed  or  entire.  Achenes  lenticular  or  swollen,  capped  by  the 
persistent  base  of  the  style,  or  sometimes  by  the  whole  style. 

R.  alba  Vahl  Enum.  ii,  236.  Pale  green:  rootstock  short:  stems 
slenderer  almost  filiform,  glabrous,  6-20  inches  high:  leaves  setaceous, 
)^-%  line  wide,  shorter  than  the  stem :  spikelets  several  or  numerous,  in 
1-4  dense  corymbose  terminal  and  axillary  clusters,  narrowly  oblong, 
acute,  at  both  ends,  1-3  lines  long:  scales  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  white, 
acute :  bristles  9-15,  downwardly  barbed,  slender,  about  as  lonsj:  as  the 
achene  and  tubercle:  achene obovate-oblong,  smooth,  pale  brown,  lenticu- 


CARKX  CYPERACEiE  695 

lar:  tubercle  triangular-subulate,  flat,  J^  as  long  as  the  achene.    In  bogs, 
Oregon  to  Alaska,  Newfoundland  and  Florida. 

9    CAREX  L.   Sp.  972. 

Perennial  herbs  with  triangular  stems,  linear  2-ranked  leaves 
and  monoecious,  dioecious  or  androgynous  flowers  borne  in  termin- 
al solitary  or  racemed  spikes,  each  usually  subtended  by  a  leaf- 
like bract.  Perianth  none  or  rarely  represented  by  a  single  bristle. 
Staminate  flowers  of  3  stamens  with  filiform  filaments,  usually 
all  in  the  terminal  spike.  Pistillate  flowers  of  a  single  pistil 
with  a  style  and  2  or  3  stigmas,  borne  on  a  very  short  axis  in  the 
axil  of  a  sac-like  bractlet  or  second  bractlet  called  the  perigynium 
.which  completely  encloses  the  3-angled,  lenticular  or  plano- 
convex achene. 

Subgenus  i  Eucarex  Cosson  Fl.  Paris,  744.  Staminate 
flowers  in  one  or  more  terminal  spikes,  sometimes  with  pistillate 
flowers  at  the  base  or  apex.  Pistillate  flowers  in  distinct  and 
simple  mostly  peduncled  spikes.  Cross-section  of  the  perigynium 
circular,  obtusely  angled  or  prominently  trigonous  in  outline. 
Style  mostly  3-parted  and  the  achene  triangular  or  triquetrous. 

Tribe  i  Physocarp^  Drejer  Symb.  Car.  10.  Spikes  few  to 
many,  distinct,  densely  flowered.  Perigynium  mostly  straw-color 
at  maturity,  papery  in  texture,  more  or  less  inflated,  smooth, 
nerved,  tapering  into  a  beak  as  long  or  longer  than  the  body. 
Stigmas  mostly  3. 

§  1  Pauciflor^  Tuckerman  Enum,  Meth.  7.  Spike  andro- 
gynous, the  pistillate  flowers  at  the  base,  few.  Perigynium  green- 
ish, linear-lanceolate,  several  times  longer  than  the  scale. 

C.  pauciflora  Lightf.  Fl.  Scot.  545,  t.  6.  Glabrous:  stems  erect  or 
assurgent,  very  slender,  4  inches  to  2  feet  high :  leaves  very  narrow,  shorter 
than  the  stem,  the  lowest  reduced  to  toothed  sheaths  :  scales  inconspicuous, 
lanceolate  to  ovate,  deciduous:  perigynium  scarcely  inflated,  3-4  lines 
long,  about  }4.  line  in  diameter,  tapering  from  below  the  middle  into  a 
slender  or  almost  subulate  beak,  strongly  reflexed :  stigmas  3.  In  bogs, 
Washington  to  Alaska,  Newfoundland  and  Pennsylvania. 

§  2  Vesicari^e  Tuckerman  1.  c.  13.  Staminate  spikes  com- 
monly 2  or  more.  Pistillate  spikes  usually  long-cylindrical  and 
dense.  Perigynium  smooth  and  shining,  much  inflated,  at  ma- 
turity straw-color  or  sometimes  purple,  beaked  and  conspicuously 
2-toothed,  usually  prominently  few-nerved.     Stigmas  3. 

C.  ntricnlata  Boott  Hook.  Fl.  ii,  221.  Glabrous :  stems  stout,  erect, 
2-4  feet  high :  leaves  elongated,  the  upper  mostly  exceeding  the  stem,  2-6 
lines  wide,  the  midrib  prominent:  bracts  leaf-like:  staminate  spikes  2-4» 
linear,  peduncled,  the  lower  sometimes  pistillate  at  the  top:  pistillate 
spikes  2-4,  densely  many-flowered,  or  sometimes  looser  near  the  base,  2-6 
inches  long,  the  lower  short- peduncled,  the  upper  sessile  or  nearly  so, 
sometimes  staminate  at  the  summit:  scales  lanceolate,  the  lower  awned 
and^  slightly  longer  than  the  perigynium,  the  upper  acute:  perigynium 
ovoid,  light  green,  2-3  lines  long,  narrowed  above  to  a  sharp  2-toothed 


696  CYPERACE^  carex 

beak.    In  marshes,  California  to  Alaska  and  across  the  continent. 

C.  monile  Tuckerman  Enum.  Meth.  20.  Stems  slender,  erect  or  re- 
clining, 1-3  feet  high:  leaves  elongated,  rather  light  green,  1-4  lines  wide, 
sometimes  exceeding  the  stem:  bracts  similar,  often  longer  than  the  in- 
florescence :  staminate  spikes  1-4,  slender-peduncled :  pistillate  spikes  1-3, 
cylindrical,  1-3  inches  long,  about  4  lines  in  diameter,  rather  loose  at  ma- 
turity, the  upper  sessile,  the  lower  one  when  3,  slender-pednncled  and 
usually  remote:  perigynium  yellowish- green,  ovoid,  inflated,  about  2)4 
lines  long,  tapering  into  a  sharp  2-toothed  beak,  longer  than  the  lanceolate 
acuminate  scale.  In  marshes  and  wet  meadows,  California  to  Alaska  and 
across  the  continent. 

C.  exsiccata  Bailey  Mem.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  i,  6.  Stems  stout,  erect, 
1-3  feet  high :  leaves  pale  green,  4-6  lines  wide,  the  upper  ones  surpassing 
the  stem:  staminate  spikes  1  or  2,  slender:  pistillate  spikes  1-3,  cylindric, 
1-3  inthes  long,  nearly  sessile  or  the  lowest  one  slender-peduncled :  scales 
very  narrow,  muticose  :  perigynia  lance-ovate,  scarcely  inflated,  strongly 
nerved,  3-4  times  longer  than  the  scale.   In  swales,  Oregon  and  Washington. 

Var.  globosa  Bailey  1.  c.  More  slender,  with  narrower  leaves: 
spikes  small,  an  inch  or  less  long,  more  or  less  scattered,  closely  sessile, 
rusty  in  color:  scales  hyaline  and  very  small:  perigynia  narrower,  con- 
spicuously spreading.  lu  ponds  on  the  high  mountains,  Oregon  to  Brit. 
Columbia. 

C,  retrorsa  Schwein.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  i,  71.  Glabrous:  stems  stout, 
erect,  1-3  feet  high:  leaves  elongated  thin,  rough -margined,  2-4  lines  wide, 
the  upper  usually  exceeding  the  stem ;  the  bracts  similar:  staminate  spikes 
1-3,  short-peduncled :  pistillate  spikes  3-6,  all  close  together  at  the  top  and 
sessile  or  nearly  so,  or  the  lowest  distant  and  peduncled,  densely-flowered, 
1-2  inches  long,  6  lines  in  diameter:  perigynia  ovoid,  membranous,  yellow- 
ish-green, about  three  lines  long,  tapering  into  a  subulate  2-toothed  beak, 
%  longer  than  the  smooth  lanceolate  acute  scale,  reflexed  at  maturity.  In 
bogs  and  wet  meadows,  Oregon  and  the  Atlantic  States. 

C.  comosa  Boott  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xx,  117.  Stems  stout,  2-3  feet 
high  :  leaves  ample,  rough  on  the  margins,  5-6 lines  wide :  staminate  spikes 
erect,  short-peduncled,  sometimes  pistillate  at  the  top:  pistillate  spikes 
5-6,  all  on  slender  peduncles,  or  the  uppermost  nearly  sessile  all  nodding 
or  spreading,  about  2  inches  long,  5-7  lines  in  diameter :  scales  narrow, 
very  rough,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  short  acuminate,  about  2  lines  long: 
perigynia  with  oblong  little  inflated  base  and  long  slender  2-toothed  beak, 
twice  as  long  as  the  scale;  the  long  slender  teeth  spreading.  In  bogs, 
Washington  to  California  and  the  Atlantic  States. 

Tribe  ii  TiiACHYCHL^NiE  Drejer  Symb.  Car.  9.  Staminate 
spikes  one  or  more.  Pistillate  spikes  compactly  flowered,  mostly 
large,  erect  or  nearly  so.  Stamens  3.  Perigynia  mostly  thick, 
and  hard  in  texture,  commonly  scabrous  or  hirsute,  straight- 
beaked. 

§  1  Anomal^e  Carey  Gray's  Man.  557.  Terminal  spikes  all 
staminate:  pistillate  spikes  long  and  cylindrical,  mostly  densely 
flowered.  Perigynia  broad  and  short,  short-beaked,  the  apex 
very  slightly  toothed  or  entire,  mostly  granulate. 

C.  amplifolia  Boott,  Hook.  Fl.  ii,  228,  t.  226.  Stems  stout,  2-3  feet 
high,  very  sharply  angled,  rough  above :  leaves  many,  5-8  lines  wide> 
rough  on  the  margins,  usually  exceeding  the  stem  :  bracts  leaf-like,  with- 
out sheaths :   pistillate  spikes  4-6,  erect,  the  upper  one  sessile,  the  lowei 


CAREX  CYPERACE^  697 

short-peduncled,  1-4  inches  long  slenderly  cylindrical :  perigynia  elliptic 
conspicuously  few-nerved,  abruptly  narrowed  into  a  whitish  beak,  spread- 
ing, about  as  long  as  the  whitish  purple-margined  awn-pointed  scale.  In 
wet  places  in  wooded  districts,  California  to  Oregon  and  Idaho. 

§  2  HiRTiE  Tuckerman  Enum.  Meth.  14.  Terminal  spike 
all  Btaminate:  pistillate  spikes  densely  many-flowered.  Perigynia 
more  or  less  hairy,  the  beak  more  deeply  toothed. 

C.  Oregonensis  Olney  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  viii,  407.  Stems  smooth  or 
nearly  so,  very  leafy,  about  a  foot  high :  pistillate  spikes  about  3,  an  inch 
long,  often  staminaie  at  the  top,  erect,  approximate,  shortly  peduncled: 
perigynia  ovate,  tapering  at  both  ends,  prominently  many-nerved,  thickly 
covered  with  short  stiff  hairs,  gradually  produced  into  a  white  and  smooth 
distinctly  2-toothed  beak,  longer  than  the  ovate  acute  membranous  scale. 
In  the  higher  parts  of  the  Cascade  Mountains. 

C.  lannginosa  Michx.  Fl.  ii,  175.  Stems  rather  slender,  acutely  an- 
gled and  rough  above,  1-2  feet  high  :  leaves  and  lower  bract  elongated, 
flat,  not  involute,  1-2  lines  wide,  sometimes  longer  than  the  stem  :  stamin- 
ate  spikes  1-3,  long  peduncled  sometimes  pistillate  at  base:  pistillate  spikes 
1-3,  usually  distant,  sessile  or  the  lowest  peduncled,  9-18  lines  long ;  scales 
ovate,  membranous,  often  purplish,  acuminate  or  short-awned  :  perigynia 
green,  densely  pubescent,  tapering  into  a  short  2-toothed  beak,  as  long  or 
longer  than  the  scale.  In  moist  meadows,  California  to  Brit.  Columbia 
and  across  the  continent. 

§  3  Paludosa:  Fries  Corp.  190.  Staminate  spikes  2  or  more, 
long-peduncled :  pistillate  spikes  2  to  several,  usually  all  pedun- 
cled, long  and  heavy,  loosely  flowered.  Perigynia  large,  thick  in 
texture,  strongly  nerved,  mostly  smooth,  usually  produced  into  a 
long  beak  which  terminates  in  conspicuous  subulate  erect  or 
spreading  teeth. 

C.  aristata  R.  Br.  Franklin  Journ.  721.  Stems  stout,  erect,  smooth 
or  roughish  above,  acutely  angled,  2-5  feet  high  ;  leaves  elongated,  3-5  lines 
wide,  more  or  less  scabrous  often  pubescent  beneath  and  on  the  sheaths : 
bracts  similar,  the  lower  often  exceeding  the  stem :  staminate  spikes  3-5, 
remote,  cylindrical,  sessile  or  the  lowest  short-peduncled,  looselyrflowered : 
at  the  base,  dense  above,  1-4  inches  long,  sometimes  8  lines  in  diameter 
scales  oblong-lanceolate,  rough-awned,  thin-margined,  perigynia  ascend- 
ing, conic,  glabrous,  4-6  lines  long,  gradually  tapering  into  .the  conspic- 
uously 2-toothed  beak  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  scale.  In  bogs,  Oregon, 
the  Northwest  Territory,  Michigan  and  New  York. 

C.  riparia  Curtis  Fl.  Lond.  iv  t.  60.  Pale  green  and  glabrous:  stems 
stout  01  rather  slender,  smooth  or  somewhat  rough  above,  erect,  2-3  feet 
high:  leaves  elongated,  somewhat  glaucous,  3-6  lines  wide,  about  equaling 
the  stem  :  staminate  spikes  1-5;  pistillate  spikes  2-5,  cylindric,  2-4  inches 
.ong,  about  4  lines  in  diameter  the  upper  erect,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  the 
lower  more  or  less  peduncled :  scales  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate  long-aris- 
tate  or  acute:  perigynia  narrowly  ovoid,  firm,  scarcely  inflated,  tapering 
gradually  into  a  short  2-toothed  beak,  as  long  or  longer  than  the  scales. 
In  swamps,  Idaho  to  Manitoba  and  Florida. 

Tribe  hi  MiCROHYNCHiE  Drejer  Symb.  Car  9.  Paludose  and 
alpine  species  of  various  habit,  mostly  with  colored  spikes,  often 
growing  in  dense  tufts.  Perigynia  small  nearly  beakless,  not 
prominently  toothed  at  the  apex,  rather  thin  in  texture. 


698  CYPBRACEiE  carex 

§  1  AtrattE  Kuntz  Enum.  PL  ii,  431.  Mostly  alpine  or 
boreal  species.  Terminal  spikes  club-shaped  and  androgynous 
with  the  staininate  flowers  below:  pistillate  spikes  mostly  short 
and  dark  colored. 

C.  alpina  Swartz  Lilj.  Sv.  Fl,  ed.  2,  26.  Stems  slender,  erect,  rough 
above,  leafy  only  below  the  middle,  6  inches  to  2  feet  high,  leaves  roughiah, 
shorter  than  or  equaling  the  stem:  spikes  2-4,  clustered  at  the  summit,  the 
terminal  1  or  2  staminate  below,  oblong  or  globose,  2-5  lines  long,  sessile 
or  the  lower  peduncled :  perigynia  oval,  orbicular  or  ovoid,  light  green, 
about  a  line  long,  tipped  with  a  very  short  minutely  2toothed  beak, 
equaling  or  shorter  than  the  ovate  black  or  purple-brown,  obtuse  or  acut- 
ish  scale:  stigmas  S.  In  rocky  places,  Oregon  to  Colorado,  James  Bay  and 
Lake  Superior ;  also  in  Europe. 

C.  Mertensii  Prescott  Bong,  Veg,  Sit.  168.  Stems  erect,  rather  slender, 
2-3  feet  high,  rough  on  the  very  sharp  angles,  leafy:  leaves  broad  and  flat, 
shorter  than  the  stem:  bracts  leaf-like  the  lower  exceeding  the  stem: 
spikes  5-8,  an  inch  or  two  long,  very  densely  flowered,  all  more  or  less 
staminate  at  base,  the  upper  one  conspicuously  so,  all  drooping,  on  filiform 
scabrous  peduncles :  perigynia  very  flat,  broadly  ovate,  winged,  very  thin 
in  texture,  green  or  whitish,  much  longer  and  wider  than  the  purple  white - 
ribbed  scale:  Along  streams,  mostly  high  mountain  streams,  Oregon,  to 
Alaska  and  Montana. 

C.  (xmelini  Hook,  Bot.  Beech.  118.  t.  27.  Stems  slender,  erect,  1-3  feet 
high,  leaves  erect,  1-2  lines  wide:  spikes  2-4,  short  and  thick,  peduncled, 
awn  of  the  scales  hispid:  perigynia  ferruginous,  smooth,  Oregon  to  Alaska 
and  Siberia. 

C.  fnsca  All.  Fl.  Fed.  11,  269.  Slender,  stiff,  erect,  sharp-angled  rough 
above  2-3  feet  high :  leaves  rough,  erect  1-2  lines  wide,  shorter  than  or 
sometimes  exceeding  the  stem:  spikes  2-4,  oblong  or  cylindric,  erect,  all 
sessile,  and  close  together  or  the  lowest  sometimes  distant  and  very  short 
peduncled,  4-8  lines  long,  about  4  lines  in  diameter  when  mature,  the 
terminal  one  staminate  at  base  or  sometimes  throughout:  scales  ovate 
awn-tipped  black  or  dark  brown  with  green  midvein,  perigynia  elliptic  or 
or  somewhat  obovate  flat,  ascending,  a  line  long,  very  light  green,  beakless 
the  apex  minyitely  2-toothed,  shorter  than  the  scales,  stigmas  3.  In  bogs. 
California  to  Alaska  and  the  Eastern  states,  also  in  Europe. 

§  2  RiGiDiE  Fries  Summa.  72.  Mostly  stiff  and  rigid 
with  short  and  erect  very  closely  flowered  spikes,  the  terminal 
one  entirely  staminate  and  purple  or  black.  Bracts  with  auricu- 
late  base. 

C.  heteronenra  W.  Boott  Bot.  Cal.  ii,  239.  Stems  slender  erect  1-2 
feet  high,  sharply  angled:  leaves  narrow,  flat,  shorter  than  the  stem, 
lower  bract  leaf-like,  nearly\as  long  as  the  stem,  sheathless:  pistillate 
spikes  about  a  half  inch  long,  3  lines  thick,  sessile  or  the  lower  ones  very 
short  peduncled,  more  or  less  contiguous,  whitish  or  yellowish :  perigynia 
oval,  smooth,  straw  color,  thin  in  texture,  narrowed  abruptly  into  a  very 
short  slightly  emarginate  beak,  longer  and  broader  than  the  obtuse  or 
muticose  purple  white-ribbed  scale.  In  the  mountains  California  to 
Idaho. 

C.  Raynoldsil  Dewey  Sill.  Journ.  xxxii,  39.  Stems  6-18  inches  high, 
sharply  angled :  leaves  glaucous,  3-4  lines  broad,  flat,  with  revolute  mar- 
gins rather  abruptly  tapering  to  a  triangular  apex,  shorter  than  the  stem  ; 
spikes  3-6,  oblong  or  obovoid,  the  staminate  4-9  lines  long,  sessile;  pistil- 
late 6-8  lines  long,  3-4  lines  thick,  sessile  or  short  peduncled,  contiguous 


CAREX  CYPERACE^  698 

.  or  the  lowest  distant,  on  a  peduncle  1-lK  inches  long:  scales  purple,  or 
pale  in  the  middle  and  on  the  margins,  oblong  or  oval  acute  or  acuminate, 
divergent,  pale  yellow  above,  abruptly  rostellate  with, a  .purple  emarginate 
beak,  longer  and  broader  than  the  scale.  In  the  mountains,  California  to 
eastern  Washington  and  Montan^. 

C.  stylosa  C.  A.  Meyer  Act.  Acad,  St.  Petersb.  i,  222,  t.  12. 
Stems  slender,  erect,  12-18  inches  high,  rough  and  leafless  above;  leaves 
1-2  lines  wide,  shorter  than  the  stem:  Staminate  spikes  solitary,  nearly 
sessile^  pften  partly  pistillate,  an  inch  or  less  long :  pistillate  spikes  2-3,  6 
lines  long  or  less,  the  lowest  longest,  slender-peduncled,  the  others  sessile 
or.nearly  so:  perigynia turgid-ovate,  fuscous,  minutely  punctate,  beakless, 
the  entire  orifice  closed  with  the  stiff  and  persistent  style  from  which  the 
stigmas, are  caducous,  longer  than  the  very  obtuse  black  white-ribbed  scale. 
In  wet  meadows,  northern  Washington  to  Alaska  and  Labi ador. 

C.  sprcta  Bailey  Mem.  Torr.  Botv  Glub,  1,  6.  ,  Stems  stout,  12 
to  18  inches  high  :  leaves  2-3  lines  wide,  usually  equalling  or  exceeding 
the  stem  :  spikes  sessile  4-6  lines  long,  and  nearly  as  thick,  the  upper  2-3 
contiguous  to  the  staminate  spike :  perigynia  broadly^elliptical,  or  broader 
tjian  long,  bekkless,  thin,  green,  longer,  and  much  broader  than  the  black 
and  muticose  faintly  white-nerved  scale    Columbia  riverj bottoms. 

C.  Tolmlei  Boott  Hook.  Fl.  11,  224.  Stem  rigid,  12-18  inches  high 
triquetrous,  smooth  or  nearly  so:  leaves  rough  on  the  margins,  mostly 
shorter  than'  the  stem :.  lower  bracts  leaf-like  and  about  fequalling  the  stem, 
sheathless:  spikes  4-7,  the  uppermost  an  inch  or  less  long,  staminate  "and 
mostly  contiguous,  oval  or  oblong  8-12  lines  long,  dark -colored,  often  stam- 
inate at  the  apex,  the  2  or  3  lowest  slender-peduncled  1-2  inches  long: 
perigynia  compressed- trigonous,  oval  or  oval-oblong,  pale  and  more  or  less 
discolored  with  purple  dots,  produced  into  a  very  short  and  entire  cylind- 
rical beak,  either  longer  or  shorter  than  the  obluse  or  muticous  purple 
white-ribbed  scale.    Oregon  to  Behiing  Straits. 

Var.  nigella  Bailey  Men.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  i,  47.  Perigynia  minutely 
bidentate :  scale  narrower  and  more  acute. 

Var,  subsessllis  Bailey  1.  c.  Spikes  short  and  thick,  very  densely 
flowered  the  staminate  sessile;  the  pistillate  aggregated  near  the  top, 
sessile  or  the  lowest  very  shortly  peduncled :  perigynia  broader  and  more 
abruptly  contracted.    Eastern  Oregon  to  Colorado. 

Var;  aingnsta  Bailey  1.  c.  Taller,  leaves  very  long  and  narrow,  the 
basal  sheaths  becoming  fibrillose :  spikes  sessile  or  lowest  peduncled,  cy- 
lindrical: bracts  narrow  or  filiform.    Kerbyville  Oregon. 

C.  Kelioggil  W.  Boott.  Bot.  Cal.  11,  240.  Stems  very  slender  12-16 
inches  high,  sharply  angled  and  scabrous  above :  leaves  1-2  lines  wide, 
the  caullne shorter,  the  sterile  rather  longer  than  the  stem:  bracts  with- 
out isheaths,  the  lowest  slightlv  exceeding  the  stem;  spikes  4-6,  narrowly 
cylindrical  or  clavate,  short-peduncled  and  loosely  flowered  at  base,  the  up- 
permost stamiinate,  rarely  with  some  pistillate  flowers  at  top  or  base,  9 
lines  long ;  pistillate  spikes  3-12  lines  long,  about  a  line  thick :  scales 
purple  with  pale  midrib,  obtuse  perigynia  pale,  ovate,  tapering  to  a  short 
beak,  the  orifice  entire,  pui^e,,  smooth,  longer  than  the  scale.  In  the 
mountains,  California  to  Brit.  Columbia. 

C.  decidua  Boott.  Linn  Trans,  xx,  119.  Stems  12-18  inches  high : 
leaves  1-3  lines  wide,  shorter  than  the  stem:  bracts  without  sheaths,  th,e 
lower  exceeding  the  stem;  spikes  4-6,  dark  purple,  oblong  or  cylindric,  the 
\ippermost  staminate,  at  least  at  base,  or  at  both  ends,  12-14*  lines  long, 
^3 lines  thick,  the  others  pistillate  and  solitary  Or  in  clusters  of  2-3,  6-18 
hnes  long,  2-4  lines  thick:  scales  darfcpurple  with  pale  cehtre,  oblong-pvial 


700  CYPERACE^  carex 

to  lanceolate  and  mucronulate:  perigynia  ferruginous,  oval,  fostellate  with 
an  entire  beak,'stipitate,  papillose,  deciduous,  longer  or  shorter  than  the 
scale.    Oregon  to  California  and  Patagonia. 

C.  nudata  W.  Boott  Bot.  Cal.  ii,  241.  Stems  slender,  12-16  inches 
high,  sharply  angled,  scabrous,  leaves  1-2  lines  wide  setaceously  pointed, 
shorter  than  the  stem:  bracts  without  sheaths,  the  lowest  rarely  equalling 
the  stem,  the  others  shorter  than  the  spike:  spikes  4  or  5,  cylindrical,  the 
uppermost  staminate,  at  least  above,  6-12  lines  long,  l-lj^  lines  thick, 
single  or  rarely  with  a  smaller  one  at  its  base,  the  others  pistillate,  6-18 
lines  long,  1-2  lines  thick,  the  highest  close  to  the  staminate  and  sessile, 
the  others  contiguous  on  short  peduncles  or  rarely  the  lowest  ra<lical  on  a 
peduncle  a  foot  long:  scales  dark  purple,  oblong,  obtuse,  or  the  lower 
lanceolate  and  acute :  perigynia  purple  above,  almost  lanceolate,  attenuate 
to  an  entire  cylindrical  beak,  very  d^cidiiousV  Along  streams  in  the  coast 
mountains,  Oregon  to  California.    , 

Var.  angustifolia  Bailey  Mem.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  16.  More  slender 
and  lax :  leaves  narrower :  spikes  6-9  lines  long,  sessile  or  nearly  so:  perig- 
ynia shorter  and  relatively  broader ;  much  more  abrutly  contraced  above. 
Along  streams  in  the  Coast  Mountains,  Oregon    to  the  Mackenzie  river. 

Var.  anomala  Bailey  1.  c.  Very  slender,  18-30  inches  high,  the 
stem  and  leaves  very  rough  :  leaves  very  numerous,  long  and  narrow : 
spikes  3-5,  the  lowest  one  or  two  on  long  and  very  slender  peduncles,  very 
narrow  and  thinly  flowered  at  base,  1-2  inches  long,  greenish  or  brownish, 
the  terminal  one  often  pistillate  at  the  top  or,  throughout:  perigynia 
firmer  in  texture,  long  and  often  very  slender,  green  or  greenish-yellow, 
longer  than  the  narrow  brown  and  obtuse  scale.  Cascade  Mountains  of 
Oregon. 

C.  Hallii  Bailey  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xxii,  82.  Stems  1-2  feet  high, 
sharp-angled  and  rough,  strict:  leaves  narrow,  rough  on  the  margins, 
shorter  than  the  stem  ;  bracts  all  serrate  on  the  margins,  without  sheaths 
the  lowest  more  or  less  leaf-like  and  equalling  the  stem,  the  upper  seta- 
ceous :  spikes  sessile,  about  5,  the  terminal  staminate  and  usually  more  or 
less  peduncled,  the  others  closely  sessile  and  short:  scales  of  the  staminate 
spike  very  broad  and  obtuse,  often  emarginate  purplish-black:  perigynia 
flat,  almost  white,  elliptic  with  contracted  ends,  smooth,  the  beak  very 
short  and  entire,  either  much  exceeding  or  about  the  length  of  the  broad 
obtuse  black  scale.    Oregon. 

C.  Invisa  Bailey  I.e.  Stems  5-24 inches  high,  sharply  angled,  erect, 
smooth:  leaves  nearly  as  long  as  the  stem,  12  lines  wide,  roughish  on  the 
margins,  short-pointed :  spikes  4  or  5,  all  sessile  or  the  two  lowest  on  short 
peduncles  and  erect,  oblong  and  somewhat  narrowed  at  base,  about  an 
inch  long,  or  short  and  nearly  globular,  the  upper  1  or  2  staminate  and 
short,  the  others  all  approximate  or  contiguous  and  pistillate ;  bracts  short 
and  sheathless:  perigynia  elliptic-ovate  green  and  olive-colored  with 
black-purple  blotches,  flat.  Very  short  beaked,  the  orifice  entire  or  nearly 
so,  broader  and  commonly  longer  than  the  purple-black,  very  conspicu- 
ously white-ribbed  apiculate  scale.  In  the  mountains,  California  to  Brit. 
Columbia. 

C.  lacinlata  Boott.  III.  175  t.  594.  Stems  stout.  2-3  feet  high,  very 
sharply  angled :  leaves  stiff  and  carinate,  pale,  2-4  lines  wide :  bracts 
without  sheaths,  the  lowest  sometimes  2)^ feet  long :  spikes  2-6,  yellowish, 
ferruginous,  cylindrical;  the  staminate  1  or  2,  commonly  peduncled,  the 
uppermost  2  inches  long,  2-3  lines  thick,  sometimes  with  a  few  pistil- 
late above  the  middle  or  at  the  base :  the  rest  pistillate,  1-3  inches  or  more 
long,  2-4  U46s  thick,  remote,  densely  flowered,  the  upper  sessile,  the  lower 


CABEX  CfPERACE^  701 

nodding  on  long  peduncles  and  loosely  flowered  at  base:  scales  purple  or 
ferruginous,  pale  in  the  middle,  lanceolate  or  oblong,  ciliate,  acute  or 
with  a  rough  awn,  rarely  obtuse:  perigynia  oval,  ovate,  round  or  obovate 
abruptly  or  gradually  beaked  with  the  orifice  varying  from  nearly  entire 
to  bidentate  with  serrate  teeth,  coriaceous,  sparingly  toothed  on 
the  upper  margins,  compressed  lenticular,  punctate,  broader  than  the 
scale.    In  dry  alluvial  soil,  southern  Oregon  to  California. 

C.  Nebraskensis.  Dewey  Sill.  Journ.  xviii,  102.  Stems  rather  stout, 
erect, 8  harply  angled  1-2  feet  high :  leaves  pale  green,  2-3  lines  wide,  rough- 
margined,  not  exceeding  the  stem:  lower  bract  foliaceous,  sometimes 
equalling  the  stem,  the  upper  much  shorter  and  narrower:  staminate 
spikes  commonly  2,  peduncled :  pistillate  spikes  2-4,  dense,  oblong-cylindric, 
erect,  9-15  lines  long,  about  three  lines  thick.sessile  or  the  lower  on  short 
peduncles:  perigynia  elliptic  or  somewhat  obovate,  short-beaked,  the 
beak  2- toothed,  longer  than  the  ovate  or  lanceolate  acute  brown  scale: 
stigmas  2.  In  wet  places  eastern  Oregon  and  Washington  to  Nebraska 
and  New  Mexico. 

C,  aqaatilis  Wahl.  Kongl.  Vet.  Acad  Handl.  (11)  xxiv,  165. 
Stems  rather  stout,  erect,  sharp  angled  above,  smooth  pr  nearly  so,  2-4 
feet  high ;  leaves  elongated,  sometimes  equalling  the  stem,  2-3  lines  wide  : 
bracts  similar  to  the  leaves,  the  lower  exceeding  the  stem :  staminate 
spikes  1-3,  peduncled :  pistillate  spikes  narrowly  linear-cylindric,  often 
staminate  ajt  the  summit,  erect  or  slightly  spreading  1-2  inches  long,  2-3 
lines  thick,  sessile  and  dense  or  the  lower  narrowed  and  loosely-flowered 
at  the  base,  and  short  peduncled :  perigynia  elliptic,  green,  minutely 
beaked,  the  orifice  entire,  longer  than  or  equalling  the  oblong  scale:  stig- 
mas 2  In  swamps  and  along  streams.  California  to  Brit.  Columbia  and 
the  Atlantic  States :  also  in  Europe. 

C.  stricta  Lam.  Encycl.  iii,  387.  Stems  slender,  stiff,  erect,  usu- 
ally in  dense  tufts,  sharply  angled,  rough  above,  13^--4  feet  high:  leaves 
long,  rarely  exceeding  the  stem,  very  rough  on  the  margins  1-2  lines  wide : 
lower  bracts  similar,  sometimes  equalling  the  stem:  staminate  spikes 
solitary  or  sometimes  2,  peduncled:  pistillate  spikes  2-5,  linear-cylindric, 
often  staminate  at  the  top,  very  densely  flowered,  or  loose  at  base  J^-2 
inches  long,  about  2  lines  thick,  all  sessile  or  the  lower  peduncled:  perigy- 
nia ovate  elliptic,  ascending,  acute,  a  line  long  or  less,  minutely  beaked 
the  orifice  entire  or  nearly  so,  longer  than  the  brown  purple  green-mar- 
gined oblong  or  lanceolate  scale:  stigmas  2.  In  swamps,  California  to 
Washington  and  the  Atlantic  States. 

C.  Intermpta  Boeckl.  Linnaea  xl.  432.  Stems  slender,  erect,  12-16 
inches  high,  sharply  angled  above:  leaves  elongated,  usually  exceeding 
the  stem  about  2  lines  wide;  bracts  all  shorter  than  the  infloresence :  stam- 
nate  spike  usually  solitary,  8-10  lines  long,  pistillate  spikes  3-5,  6-18  lines 
long,  about  2  lines  thick,'  often  staminate  at  the  top,  densely  flowered 
above,  the  lower  ones  loose  and  often  interrupted  at  base ;  sessile  or  the 
the  lowest  one  short-peduncled :  scales  brown  with  pale  midrib  and  mar- 
gins, nearly  as  long  as  the  perigynium,  broadly  lanceolate  appressed : 
perigynia  small,  green,  elliptical,  shortly  beaked.  Along  mountain 
streams,  Western  Oregon. 

C.  lenticnlaris  Michx.  Fl  ii,  172.  Stems  very  slender,  erect  1-2 
feet  high :  leaves  rarely  over  a  line  wide,  shorter  or  rarely  longer  than  the 
stem,  slightly  rough  on  the  margins :  lower  bracts  similar  to  the  leaves, 
usually  much  longer  than  the  spikes :  staminate  spikes  solitary  or  rarely  2, 
sessile  or  short  peduncled,  often  pistillate  above:  pistillate  spikes  2-5, 
clustered  at  the  summit  or  the  lower  distant,  sessile  or  the  lower  short 
peduncled  :  4-12  lines  long,  about  2  lines  thick:  perigynia  ovate  or  ellip- 
tic, acute,  tipped  with  a  minute  entire  beak  longer  than  the  appressed 


702  CYPERACE^  carex 

green  scales.    On  shores,  California  to  Washington  and  the  eastern  states. 

C.  acutina  Bailey  Mem.  Torr.  Bot,  Club  1,  52.  Stems  erect,  16-20' 
inches  high,  smooth  or  r.ough  above,  leaves  flat  and  thin,  about  as  long  as  the 
stem:  the  lower  lor  2, bracts  flat  and  leaf -like,  about  equalling  the  stenq, 
the  margins  mostly  serrate:  spikes  4  or  5,  the  upper  1  or  2  staminate,  all 
approximate  and  sessile  or  the  lower  sliort-peduncled,  1-2  inches  long:  peri- 
gynia  thin  and  soft,  yellowish  somewhat  inflated,  the  small  beak  entire, 
shoi-ter  or  longer  and  broader  than  the  obtuse  or  muticose  scale.  Alon^: 
rivers,  eastern  Oregon. 

Var.    tennior  Bailey    1.   c.  53.    Tall    and    more     slender:    leaves   , 
narrower;  spikes  an  inch  or  less  long  and  more  scattered:  perigynia  smaller. 
Margins  of  mountain  lakes,  Oregon  and  Washington. 

C.  bovina.  Densely  matted  and  forming  extensive  meadows  of  many 
acres:  stems  slender  12-18  inches  high,  erect:  leaves  strongly  carinate, 
shorter  than  or  equalling  the  stem:  spikes  all  peduncled  or  the  upper  one 
sessile,  lower  more  or  less  ceruuous  12- 18  lines  long,  nearly  8  lines  thick: 
perigynia  elliptical,  somewhat  inflated,  broader  and  shorter  than  the  lanceo- 
late acuminate  scale.  On  lands  that  are  overflown  by  the  Columbia  river  in 
June.  f 

§  4  Cryptocarp^  Tuckerman  Enum.  Meth.  11.  Large  spec- 
ies with  cernuous  or  drooping  large  spikes  which  bear  long  and 
conspicuous  mostly  dark  scales:  stigmas  2. 

C.    cryptocarpa  0.  A.  Meyer  Mem.   Acad.  St.   Petersb.  i.   226,  t.  14 
Stems  stout,   erect,   sharply  angled,  rough  above,   l|-3  feet  high:  leaves 
smooth,  pale  2-3  lines  wide,  the  basal  shorter  than  or  equalling  the  stem,  the 
upper  ones  and  the  bracts  shorter,  all  withering  with  the  first   frosts:  stami- 
nate spikes  2-4,  pedunclpd,   1-2  inches  long:  pistillate  spikes   2-5.   all  on 
long  filiform  peduncles  and  drooping,  densely -flowered,  often   staminate   at 
the  top,  1-3  inches  long,  0-4  lines  in  diameter,  scales  purple-brown,   ascend,-    , 
^ng,  lanceolate,  acuminate:  perigynia  elliptical,  light  colored,^  1 J  lines  long ;^  ^ 
ipped  with  a  very  short  entire  beak,  much  shortier  than  the J8fcdk|e,,;^ln£^t. 
marshes  Caliornia  to  Alaska  and  Greenland.  '         "^'''-^        i^.'^!!^.v'.  *' ,.  ^       - . 

C.  Sltchen sis  Prescott  Bong.  Veg.'  Sitch.  165.  Stems  stout,  1-4  feet 
high,  sharply  angled,  rough,  many-leaved  at  base.  3-4, lines  wide,  very  dark 
gi'een,  persistent  through  the  winter,  very  rigid,  the  radical  longer  than,  the 
stem:  spikes  dark  purple,  the  staminate  1-4,  sessile,  erect,  1-3  inches  long, 
2-3  lines  thick:  pistillate  spikes  3-.^. sessile  or  more  or  less  pedunc  ed,  1.-4 
inches  long,  3-5  lines  thick,  spreading  or  nodding,  loosely  flowered  at  base, 
dense  above:  scales  purple,  the  staminate  oblong,  obtuse,  the  pistillate  ovate.' 
or  lanceolate,  acuminate  or  awned :  perigynia  purple  or  orbicular-obovate^?  < 
abrubtly  short-beaked;  stipitate,  shorter  than  the  scale.  In  marshes,  Califor- 
nia to  Alaska. 

C.  Barbarae  Dewey  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  231.  Stems  slender  2  feet  or 
more  high,  glaucous  leaves  surpassing  the  stem:  pistillate  spikes  2-4,  linear, 
1-3  inches  long,  the  upper  1  or  2  sessile  or  short  peduncled,  the  lower  very 
long  on  a  peduncle  3-4  inches  long:  scales  dark,  obtuse  or  muticose:  perigyr 
nia  email  appressed,  pale,  more  or  less  attenuate  below,  abruptly  contracted 
into  a  short  and  entire  beak,  nearly  nerveless,  shoi*ter  or  longer  than  the 
white  backed  and  brown  edged  obtuse  or  muticose  scale.  Banks  of  streams, 
California  and  Oregon. 

C.  Howellii  Bailey  Mem.  Bot.  Club  i  45.  Stems  stout  3-6  feet  high, 
sharply  angled,  rough  above:  leaves  broad  and  lax,  very  long,  the  sheaths 
covering  the  base  of  the  stem  with  along  and  papery  brown   envelop:  stam- 


CABEX  CYPERACE/E  703 

inate  spikes  2-3,  prominently  peduncled;  pistillate  spikes  about  4,  2-4  inches 
long,  cernuous  or  somewhat  bent,  the  upper  2  on  peduncles  6-12  lines  long, 
and  usually  staminate  above,  the  lowest  very  l<mg -peduncled:  perigynia  nar- 
rowly elliptic  or  elliptic-oblong,  conspicuously  granulate  when  mature,  pro- 
duced into  a  slender  and  entire  beak,  shorter  than  the  linear-lanceolate  muti- 
cose  dull  brown  scale.  In  swamps  along  the  coast,  from  the  mouth  of  the 
Columbia  river  to  Alaska. 

§  5  FerrugineA  Tuckerman  Enum.  Metb.  12.  Plants  smal- 
ler:  spikes  small,  an  inch  or  less  long,  the  upper  ones  often  and- 
rogynous :  perigynium  tapering  into  a  conspicuous  point,  often 
rough  on  the  angles,  dark-colored  :  bracts  conspicuously  sheath- 
ing: stigmas  usually  3. 

C.  frigida  All.  Fl.  Ppd.  ii,  270.  Stems  8-20  inches  high,  leafy  at  base: 
leaves  shorter  than  the  stem:  spikes  4-8,  rusty-black,  oblong,  the  tenninal 
one  staminate,  the  others  pistillate,  the  upper  contiguous  and  sessile,  the 
lower  remote  and  exserted  on  a  long  peduncle:  bracts  shorter  than  the  stem: 
perigynia  triangular,  lanceolate,  tapering  to  a  beak,  bifid  at  the  orifice, 
hispid  on  the  margins  longer  than  the  ovate  accuminate  mucronate  scale. 
In  wet  prairies  on  the  high  mountains,  Washington  to   California  and  Utah. 

C.  InznlsBfolla  W.  Boott.  Bot.  Cat.  ii,  250.  Stems  2-3  feet  high,  obtusely 
angled,  smooth  1  or  2  leaved  at  br  below  the  middle,  many-kaved  at  base: 
leaves  4-10  inches  long,  2-4  lines  wide,  acuminate  to  a  sharj)  rough  irregu- 
lar point,  much  shorter  than  the  stem  bracts  tapering  to  a  short  sharp  point, 
shorter  than  the  peduncles:  spikes  3-6,  the  upper  1-3  etaminate,  clavate  or 
obovoid,  3-6  lines  long,  1-3  lines  thick,  often  crowded  so  closely  ias  to  ap- 
pear as  a  single  one,  the  others  pistillate,  clavate,  6-14  lines  long,  2  lines 
thick,  the  upper  often  sessile  at  the  base  of  the  staminate,  the  others  all  re- 
mote on  exserted  scabrous  peduncles  2-6  inches  long:  scales  purple  or  pale 
in  the  middle,  oblong  to.  lanceolate,  ciliate  obtuse  or  acute  or  roughly  cus- 
pidate: perigynia  tawny  or  purple,  oval  to  lanceolate,  acuminate  to  along  cy- 
lindrical bidehtate  beak,  stipitate,  smooth,  longer  and  broader  than  the  scale. 
In  the  high  mountains',  California  to  southern  Oregon. 

§  6  Pendulinj^:  ^ries  Corp.  190.  Bracts  sheathless:  perigyn- 
ium whitish,  iridl-e' or  less  granulated,  nearly  pointless. 

C.  liinosa  L.  Sp.  977.  Stems  slender,  rough  above,  erect,  10  inches  to  2 
feet  high:  leaves  a  line  wide,  or,  less,,  shorter  than  the  stem:  bracts  linear- 
filiform  the  lower  >^  to  finches  long:  stamihatte  spike  golitaiy  on  a  long  pe- 
duncle: pistillate  spikes  lor  2  on  filiforni  peduncles,  drooping,  oblong  5-10 
lines  long  about  3  lines  thick;  perigynia  pAle.  oval,  narrowed  atboth  ends  1 3^ 
lines  long,  tipped  with  a  minute  entire  beak,  about  as  long  as  the  oval  green 
or  purplish-brown  acute  or  cuspid'ate  scale.  In  bogs,  Idaho  to  New  Jersey 
and  the  Atlantic  regions:  also  in  Europe. 

Trib:e  iv  Hymenochl^n^  Drejer  Symb.  Car.  10.  Staminate 
spikes  several  or  many,  mostly  loosely  flowered  and  on  filiform 
nodding  peduncles  Perigynia  mostly  light  green  or  whitish,  thin- 
membranaceous,  mostly  somewhat  inflated,  commonly  smooth 
and  shining,  tapering  gradually  into  a  minutely  2-toGthed  beak. 

C,  capillaris  L.  Sp.  977.  Stenas  slender  or  filiform,  smooth,  or 
roughish  above,  erect,  2-14  inches  high:  leaves  )^-l  line  wide,  much  shorter 
than  the  stem,  flat  or  somewhat  involute  in  drying,  roughish:  bracts  all  with 
sheathing  base:  spikes  all  on  filiform  peduncles,  the  terminal  one  staminate; 


704  CYPERACE^  carex 

pistillate  spikes  1-3,  nairowly  oblong,  2-6  lines  long,  1  line  thick,  nodding, 
10-12-flowered:  perigynia  oblong,  3-angled  light  green,  the  slender  beak 
about  %  as  long  as  the  body,  longer  than  the  oval,  scaiious  marginejd  scale. 
Idaho  to  Alaska,  Greenland  and  the  Atlantic  States:  also  Europe  and  Asia. 

C.  cinnainomea  Olney  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  396.  Stems  slender,  1-2 
feet  high,  erect:  leaves  narrow-margined,  shorteij  than  the  stem:  bracts 
sheathing,  longer  or  shorter  than  the  stem:  spikes  3-5,  erect,-  12-18  inches 
long,  cinnamon  colored,  tlie  terminal  one  staminate,  fusiform  and  long  pe- 
duncled,  the  others  pistillate,  cylindrical,  densely  flowered,  the  upper  ap- 
proximate, the  lower  on  long  exserted  peduncles,  attenuate  and  loosely  flow- 
ered at  base,  the  lowest  remote:  scales  cinnamon  colored  with  green  centre, 
membranous,  ovate,  obtuse,  ciliate  at  the  apex:  perigynia  elliptical,  3  angled, 
green,  rostellate  with  bidentate  orifice  ciliate  within,  glabrous,  longer  and 
broader  than  the  scale      In  marshes,  southern  Oregon  and  California. 

Tribe  v  Sptrostachy^  Drejer  Symb.  Car.  10.  Staminate 
spikes  usually  solitary,  pistillate  spikes  2-5,  short  yellovirish  or 
fuscous,  compactly  flowered.  Perigynia  smooth  or  minutely  gran- 
ulate, rarely  somewhat  serrate  on  the  margins,  prominently 
nerved,  squarrose,  mostly  beaked,  the  orifice  entire.     Stigmas  3. 

C.  yiridnla  Mich.  Fl.  ii,  170^  Glabrous  and  bright  green:  Stema 
slender,  erect,  4-15  inches  high:  leaves  a  line  or  less  wide,  often  longer  than 
the  stem:  bracts  similar,  strictly  erect  and  much  exceeding  the  spikes,  sed- 
sile,  sometimes  pistillate  at  the  top:  pistillate  spikes  2-5,  all  approximate  and 
sessile  or  the  lowest  distant  and  short-peduncled,  oblong,  2-6  lines  long,  2 
lines  or  less  thick:  perigynia  ovoid-oblong,  a  line  or  less  long,  narrowed  at 
base,  tapering  into  a  2-toothed  beak  about  half  as  long  as  the  body,  longer 
than  the  ovate  scale.  In  wet  places,  Washington  to  Alaska,  New  Eoundland 
and  Pennsylvania. 

Tribe  vi  Dactylostachy^  Drejer  Symb.  Car.  10.  Bracts 
sheathing,  the  sheaths  often  conspicuous  and  colored.  Staminate 
spike  mostly  one:  pistillate  spikes  short,  commonly  rather  loosely 
flowered  and  slender,  their  scales  mostly  whitish,  often  small. 

§  1  Laxiflorae  Kunth  Enum.  PL  ii,  452.  Slender,  more  or 
less  broad-leaved  species  with  mostly  leafy  bracts,  green  sheaths 
and  loosly  flowered  spikes.  Perigynia.  mostly  conspicuously  3- 
angled,  with  a  more  or  lessjcurved  beak. 

C.  Heailersoni  Bailey  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  :fcxir.  115.  Slender  and  rather 
weak,l-2V^  f»^et  high:  leaves  thick  jlnd  flaccid^  4-8  lines  wide,  bhorter  thn 
the  stem:  bracts  with  sheaths  1-i  inches  long:  spikes  4-5,  pale,  the 
pistillate  approximate,  on  short  peduncles,  loosely  flowered:  perigyni*  2-3 
lines  long,  gradually  contracted  at  each  end,  longer  than  the  firm  hyaline- 
margined  ovate  obtuse  often  mucronate  scale.  In  forests  and  thicket's, 
Washington  to  California. 

§  2  Panaiceje  Tuckerman  Enum.  Meth.  15.  Mostly  stouter 
narrow-leaved  species.  Perigynia  often  strongly  nerved,  not  con- 
spicuously trigonous,  often  turgid 

C.  livida  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  iv,  285.  Pale  green  and  very  glaucous-* 
Stems  slender,  strictly  erect,  smooth,  12-18  inches  high:  leaves  1-2  lines 
wide,  shorter  than  or  equalling  the  stem:  bracts  narrow,  usually  short: 
staminate  spike  solitary,  short-peduncled:  pistillate  spikes  1-3,  5-12  linea 


CI  REX 


CYPERACE.E  70 


long,  about  2  lines  thick,  erect  and  clustered  at  the  summit  of  the  stem, 
densely  several-flowered  or  loose  at  the  base,  the  third  when  present  distant 
or  sometimes  nearly  basal,  pedunoled:  perigynia  oblong,  very  pale,  nearly 
2  lines  long,  less  than  a  line  thick,  beakless,  narrowed  to  an  entire  orifice, 
linger  than  the  ovate  obtuse  scale:  stigmas  3.  In  bogs,  Alaska  to  Califor- 
nia and  the  Atlantic  States. 

§  BicoLORES  Tuckerman.l.  c.  12,  Small  species  with  the  ter- 
minal spike  androgjmous  or  all  staminate :  perigynia  more  or 
less  round  or  pyriform,  beakless,  commonly  glaucous. 

C.  anrea  Nutt.  Gen.  ii,  205.  Light  green:  stems  very  slender,  erect 
or  reclining,  2-15  inches  long:  leaves  flat,  1-1 3^  lines  wide,  the  basal  equal- 
ling or  exceeding  the  stem:  bracts  similar  and  exceeding  the  spikes:  termin- 
al spike  short-peduncled;  pistillate  spikes  2-4  oblong  or  linear-oblong,  erect 
and  clustered  near  the  top,  or  the  lower  one  distant,  on  filiform  peduncles, 
loosely  or  densely  few-flowerqd,  2-10  lines  long:  perigynia  obovoid  or  sub- 
globose,  yellow  or  brown  and  a  line  in  diameter  when  mature,  beakless?, 
longer  than  or  equalling  the  membranous  acute  cuspidate  or  ehort-awned 
scale.    In  wet  meadows  Oregon  to  Brit.  Columbia  and  the  Eastern  States. 

Var.  celsa  Bailey  Mem,  Torr.  Bot.  Club  1,  75.  Taller  and  strict, 
15-20  inches  high:  spikes  large  and  compactly  flowered,  longer-ped uncled. 
Oregon  to  California. 

§  4  Digitate'  Fries  Corp.  187.  Low  species  with  ordinary 
leaves :  sheaths  membranous  or  hyaline  and  colored  either  not 
prolonged  into  a  bract  or  the  bract  very  short  and  not  foliaceous  : 
perigynia  more  or  less  3-angled,  often  hairy,  the  beak  straight  or 
nearly  so. 

C.  Blchardsoni  R.  Br.  Frankl.  Jonrn,  751  Stems  slender,  rough, 
erect,  4-12  inches  high:  leaves  flat,  about  a  line  wide,  the  basal  shorter 
than  or  equalling  the  stem:  staminate  spike  short-peduncled;  pistillate 
spikes  1  or  2,  erect,  short-peduncled,  4-9  lines  long,  compactly  several-flow- 
ered, close  together:  perigynia  obovoid,  pubescent,  about  a  line  long,  min- 
utely  beaked,  shorter  than  the  ovate  purple  conspicuously  white-mirgined 
scale:  stig  mas  3.  In  dry  soil  California  to  Brit.  Columbia  and  the  Eastern 
States. 

Tribe  vii  Sph^riodiphor^  Drejer  Car.  9.  Low  species  of 
dry  ground  with  the  leaves  all  radical.  Staminate  spikes  solitary: 
pistillate  spikes  short,  usually  globular  or  short-oblong,  more  or 
less  sessile  and  approximate  or  the  Iqnger  ones  radical.  Perigyn- 
ia usually  short  and  rounded,  the  beak  straight  and  usually  bifid, 
firm  or  hard  in  texture,  not  inflated,  hairy  or  scabrous. 

C.  flUfoIia  Kutt.  Gren.  II,  204.  Densely  tufted,  pale  green  and  glabrous: 
stems  very  slender,  smooth,  erect;  3-14  inches  high:  leaves  filiform,  rather 
stff,  spike  solitary,  erect,  bractlesg,  staiminate  above,  pistillate  below,  3-15 
lines  long,  the  pistillate  part  about  2  lines  in  diameter  perigynia  obovoid- 
oval,  triangular,  rough  or  somewhat  pubesent  at  the. summit  a  line  long 
abruptly  tipped  by  a  short  cylindrical  hyaline  entire  beak,  narrower  than 
and  about  as  long  as  the  broadly  oval  scarious  margined  obtuse  or  cuspidate 
scale.     In  dry  soil  California  to  British  Columbia  and  Nebraska. 

C.  vespertina.  C.  Pennsylvanica  of  authors  as  to  the  Pacific  coast 
plant.     Stoloniferous:  stems  very  slender,    erect,   8-20  inches  high:  leaves 


706  CYPERACE^  carex 

1-1)^  lines  wide,  shorter  than  the  stem;  lower  bract  leaf-like,  6-12  lines 
long:  stamiuate  spikes  usually  short-peduncled,  about  an  inch  long:  pistillate 
spikes  1-3,  short-oblong,  few-flowered:  perigynia  white  or  light  colored,  ob- 
ovate,  tipped  with  a  rather  stout  2-toothed  beak,  hairy,  shorter  than  the  brown 
scarious-njar^lned  {^cute  or -mucronate  scale,  In  pine  forests,  eastern  W4sh- 
ingtrm  and  Oregon.  ' 

C.  deflexa  Hornem.  Plantel.  ed.  3,  i,  938.  Very  low  and  much  tufted : 
stems  1-6  inches  high,  setaceous,  more  or  less  curved  or  spreading:  leaves 
narrow,  nearly  equalling  or  longer  than  the  stems :  staminate  spike  min- 
ute and  nearly  ialw:ay8  invisible  in  the  head;  pistillate  spikes  2  or  3,  2-5 
flowered,  green  or  green  and  brown,  all  aggregated  into  a  small  head,  the 
lowest  oiie  always  more  or  less  short-peduncled  and  subtended  by  a  leafy' 
bract  4-6  lines  long:  perigynium  very  small,  much  contracted  below, 
tipped  wit^  a  very  small  flat  beak.  Alpine  prairies  eastern  Oregon  to 
Alaska,  Greenland  and  Vermont. 

Var,  media  Bailey  Mem.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  1,  73.  Rather  stiff,  4-1^^" 
inches  high,  in  dense  tufts,  most  of  the  »t^jms  somewhat  exceeding  the 
leaves:  staminate  apike  prominent  and  erect,  4-5  lines  long:  pistillate 
spikes  2-3,  all  scattered,  the  lowest  peduncled  'iand  subtended  by  a  bract 
which  surpasses  the  stem.    In  the  mountains  of  eastern  Oregon  to  Montaria.-*- 

C.    umbellata  Schk.  Reidgr.  Nachtr.  75i    Closely  tvif ted  and  matted, 
stolon  if  e  fous :  stems  filiform,  1-6  inches  longl'  erector  reclining:  leaves 
M — 1/^  lJi^6  wide,  usually  much  exceeding  the  stems :  staminate  spike, 
solitary,  terminal  4-6  lines  long  commonly  .conspicuous :  pistillate  spikes 
1-3,  all  filiform  peduncled  from  the  basal  sheaths  or  1  or  2  of  them  sessile  . 
or  very  nearly  so  at  the  base  of  the  staminate,   ovoid-oblong,  several  -flow- 
ered, 2-4  lines  long :    perigynia  oval,   finely  pubescent,  pale^   obtusely 
3-angled,  tipped  with  a  subulate  2-toothed  beak  nearly  as  long  as  the  body, x 
about  as  long  as  the  ovate-lanceolate  acuminate  or'  shortaw:ned  scales.  - 
Oregon  to  the  eastern  states. 

C.  globosa  Boott  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xx.  125.  Stoloniferous :  stems  . 
4-16  inches  high,  very  slender,  scabrous,  clothed  at  base  with  reddish 
brown  sheaths  that  break  up  into  thread-like  fibres:  leaves  firm,  1-2  lines 
wide,  the  lower  longer  than  the  stem  :  lower  bracts  longer  than  the  spikes : 
staminate  spike  6-12  lines  long,  a  line  thick;  pistillate  spikes  oblong, 
loosely  2-9-flowered,  3-6  lines  long,  2  lines  thicl^,  the  upper  sessile  and 
close  to  the  staminate,  the  others  remote  and  pedunculate,  scales  oblong 
or  lanceolate,  acute  or  cuspidate,  purple  with  green  midrib  and  hyaline 
margins:  perigynium  more  or  less  purple,  globose,  produced  at  base,  ab-  ,. 
ruptly  beaked  with  a  bidentate  orifice,  hirsute  scabrous,  broader  than, 
the  scale.     Washington  to  California. 

C.  inops  Bailey  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xxii,  126.  Stems  slender,  rigi^, 
sharply  angled,  a  foot  high,  from  long  and  erect  rootstocks :  leaves  numer- 
ous, rigid,  narrow,  long-pointed,  about  half  as  long  as  the  stem:  spikes 
3-4,  all  aggregated  and  sessile  at  the  top  of  the  stem,  the  lowest  subtended 
by  a  sheathless  bract  of  about  its  own  length,  the  terminal  spike  staminate, 
about  an  inch  long,  the  others  half  as  long  and  staminate  at  the  top :  per- 
igynia small,  elliptic,  brown  below,  very  abruptly  produced  into  a  white 
straight  and  deeply  cut  beak,  scabrous  below,  hairy  on  the  shoulders  and 
beak,  about  as  long  as  the  brown-centred  broad  acute  scale.  On  sandy 
ground  among  timber  on  Mount  Hood. 

Tribe  vrii  Phyli^ostachys  Carey  Gray's  Man.  1848,  538. 
Spikes  solitary,  staminate  above;  pistillate  flowers  few,  often 
remote,  usually  on  a  more  or  less  zigzag  rachis :  scales  prolonged 
and  leaf-like  or  scabrous. 


ciREX  *  CYPERACEiE  707 

C.  Geyeri  Boott  Linn.  Trans,  xx.  118.  Stems  stiff,  slender,  6  inches 
to  2  feet  high,  leafy  at  base:  leaves  rigid,  }4^1  line  wide, carinate,  scabrous 
on  the  margins  and  keel :  staminate  flowers  1-6,  alternate,  appressed  to  the 
rachis :  scales  whitish,  becoming  ferruginous,  green  in  the  middle,  ciliate, 
in  the  staminate  flowers  oblong  and  obtuse,  the  pistillate  clasping  and  cus- 
pidate, the  lower  foliaceous  and  equalling  the  stem  :  perigynia  triangular- 
ellipsoidal,  tapering  to  the  base,  with  a  very  short  entire  beak  and  hyaline 
oritice,  smooth,  1-nerved  on  the  middle  of  2  sides,  shorter  than  the  scale. 
On  dry  ridges,  Oregon  and  Washington  to  Colorado  and  Montana. 

C.  mnlticauUs  Bailey  Bot.  Gaz.  ix,  117.  Stems  numerous,  1-3  feet  high, 
stiff  and  wiry,  terete  or  obtusely  angled,  smooth  or  minutely  scabrous  be- 
neath the  spike,  dark  green  and  remaining  so  a  year  after  fruiting :  leaves 
short  and  reduced  to  sheaths :  staminate  flowers  3-8,  their  scales  oblong  or 
lanceolate,  green  with  hyaline  margins,  appressed;  pistillate  flowers  1-4, 
their  scales  green  with  ovate  scarious-margined  base  and  long  acuminate 
tips,  sometimes  longer  than  the  spike :  perigynium  large,  green,  triangular 
contracted  below  to  a  stipitate  base,  tipped  with  a  short  stout  beak.  On 
dry  ridges  among  pine  timber,  southern  Oregon  to  California. 

Tribe  ix  Lamprochl^n^  Drejer  Symb.  Car.  10.  Small 
mostly  boreal  species.  Spikes  mostly  solitary.  Scales  obtuse 
with  hyaline  margins.  Perigynium  smooth,  firm  in  texture,  or 
or  even  horny,  glossy  or  shining,  brown  or  black,  lightly  nerved 
or  nerveless,  tipped  with  a  short  beak.     Stigmas  mostly  3. 

C.  Pyrenaica  Wahl.  Acad.  Handl.  xxiv,  139.  Cespitose,  the  filiform 
stems  4-7  inches  high,  very  leafy  at  base :  leaves  3^-1  line  broad,  flat  or 
often  conduplicate  :  bracts  scale-like:  spikes  dark-brown  or  purple,  ellips- 
oidal, densely-flowered,  5-8  lines  long,  2-4  lines  thick,  staminate  above : 
scales  membranaceous,  deciduous,  of  the  staminate  flowers  linear-oblong, 
acutish :  of  the  pistillate  darker,  ovate- lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  the 
lowest  often  cuspidate  or  subfoliaceous :  perigynium  membranaceous,  lan- 
ceolate or  spindle-shaped,  gradually  attenuate  to  an  acute  obliquely  cut, 
hyaline-margined  orifice,  long-stipitate,  reflexed  at  maturity,  rather  longer 
than  the  scale.  On  the  high  mountains,  northern  California  to  Alaska  and 
the  Rocky  Mountains. 

C.  nigricans  C.  A.  Meyer  Cryp.  Nov.  t.  7.  Stems  rather  stout,  4-8 
inches  high,  very  leafy  at  base:  leaves  1-5  lines  wide,  not  half  as  long  as 
the  stem,  flat,  attenuate  to  a  very  sharp  point:  spike  very  dark  brown  or 
black,  oblong  to  obovate,  3-6  lines  long,  staminate  at  the  top:  scales  ob- 
long to  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate :  perigynia  broadly  lanceolate  or  oblong, 
abruptly  contracted  below  to  a  slender  stipe,  produced  above  into  a  slender 
sharply  2-toothed  beak,  usually  longer  than  the  scale.  In  wet  meadows 
on  the  highest  mountains,  California  to  Alaska  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

Tribe  x  Leptocephal^  Bailey  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xxii,  131. 
Spike  solitary,  staminate  above,  thin  and  slender.  Perigynia  thin 
in  texture,  green,  oblong,  lanceolate  or  linear  in  outline,  beakless 
or  nearly  so. 

C.  leptalfa  Wahl.  Kongl.  Vet,  Acad.  Handl.  (11,)  xxiv,  139.  Light 
green  and  glabrous :  stems  filiform,  erect  or  spreading,  6-18  inches  long: 
leaves  ^  line  wide,  mostly  shorter  than  the  stems:  spikes  narrowly  linear, 
2-7  lines  long,  less  than  a  line  thick :  perigynia  few,  linear-oblong,  narrow- 
ed at  base,  obtuse  and  beaked  at  the  summit,  l}4  lines  long,  longer  than 
the  attenuate  scales.  In  wet  places,  California  to  Alaska  and  across  the 
continent. 

Tribe  xi     Physocephalje  Bailey  1.  c.  132.     Spikes  solitary. 


708  CVPERaCE^  CAREt 

globular  or  short-oblong,  staminate  at  top.      Perigynia  straw- 
color,  papery,  more  or  less  inflated.     Stamens  3. 

C.  Breweri  Boott  111.  142,  t,  455.  Rootatock  creeping,  etoloniferous : 
stems  5-18  inches  high,  obtusely  angled,  smooth,  leafy  at  base:  leaves  rig- 
id, filiform,  the  cauline  shorter  than  the  stem:  spikes  dark  fulvous  or 
chestnut-color,  oval  or  ovate,  6-12  lines  long,  4-6  lines  thick,  naked :  sta- 
minate flowers  few:  perigynia  oval,  much  inflated  and  very  thin,  with  a 
very  short  obliquely  cut  entire  beak,  lo^er  and  broader  than  the  hyaline- 
margined  scale.    Alpine,  California  to  Washington. 

Subgenus  ii    VIGNEiE  Koch  Syl.  Fl.  Germ.  748. 

Staminate  flowers  few  and  inconspicuous,  borne  at  the  base  or 
apex  of  the  spikes.  Pistillate  flowers  in  one  to  several  short  and 
sessile  spikes  which  are  commonly  more  or  less  aggregated  into 
heads  or  even  panicles.  Crossection  of  the  perigynium  plano- 
convex in  outline.     Styles  2.     Achenes  lenticular. 

Tribe  xii  AcROARRHENiE  Fries  Summa.  73.  Staminate  flow- 
ers borne  at  the  top  of  the  spikes,  or  the  spikes  wholly  staminate 
or  the  plants  sometimes  dioecious. 

§  1  FcETiD^  Tuckerm.  Enum.  Meth.  10.  Spikes  tawny  or 
brown,  not  elongated,  very  densely  aggregated  into  a  continuous 
globose  somewhat  chafiy  head.  Perigynium  ovate  or  ovate-lan- 
ceolate, nerveless  or  nearly  so,  mostly  thin  in  texture. 

C.  yernacula  Bail.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  xx,  417.  Stems  rather  stout, 
triangular,  3-30  inches  high,  leafy  at  base:  leaves  flat,  1-2  lines  wide,  1-4 
inches  long :  bract  leaf-like,  sometimes  much  longer  than  the  inflorescence : 
spikes  congested  into  a  head  6-20  lines  long  by  3-8  lines  thick,  of  numerous 
small  roundish  ferruginous  spikelets,  the  lower  often  distinct :  scales  ovate, 
acute,  cuspidate :  perigynia  ovate,  contracted  below  to  a  short  stipe  and 
above  to  a  stout  bidentate  beak,  longer  than  the  scale.  In  the  high  moun- 
tains, Washington  to  California  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

C.  Hoodil  Boott  Hook.  Fl.  ii,  211,  t.  211.  Stems  slender,  erect,  1-2 
feet  high  longer  than  the  leaves:  spikes  several  to  many,  very  few-flowered, 
in  a  dense  ovoid  or  oblong  head  6-9  lines  long :  perigynia  spreading,  small 
and  narrow,  gradually  contracted  at  both  ends,  green,  nerveless  or  nearly 
so,  conspicuously  winged,  rough  on  the  angles,  about  the  length  of  the 
brown  or  tawny  scales.    Oregon  and  Washington  to  Montana. 

Var.  nervosa  Bailey  Mem.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  i,  14.  Very  tall  and 
slender,  2-3  feet  high :  head  looser :  perigynia  more  conspicuously  winged 
on  the  outer  face.    In  woods  near  the  coast,  Puget  Sound  to  California. 

§  2  VuLPiNA  Kunth  Enum.  PI.  ii,  383.  Spikelets  mostly 
yellow  or  tawny  when  mature,  densely  aggregated  or  sometimes 
somewhat  scattered  below  or  even  panicled.  Perigynia  thick  in 
texture,  spongy  at  base,  mostly  stipitate,  conspicuously  nerved. 

C.  Joncsii  Bailey  Mem.  Torr.  Club  i,  16.  Stems  slender,  erect,  some- 
what stiff,  7-18  inches  high,  sharply  angled  and  rough,  somewhat  exceed- 
ing the  narrow  leaves,  spikes  several  to  many,  densely  aggregated  into  a 
small  oblong  or  ovoid  naked  head  an  inch  or  less  long :  perigynia  small, 
lanceolate  from  a  truncate  base,  stipitate,  very  strongly  many-nerved, 
marginless,  smooth  or  but  slightly  rough  on  the  angles  above,  the  long  and 
brown  beak  nearly  entire,  exceeding  the  brown  muticose  or  obtuse  icale. 
in  the  mountains,  Washington  tq  California. 


CABBX  CYPERACE^  709 

C.  macrocephala  Willd.  in  Herb,  Spring.  Syst  iii,  808.  Stems  atout, 
3-angled,  4-12  inches  high,  from  long  running  rootetocks :  leaves  stiff,  1-4 
lines  wide,  rough  on  the  margins,  as  loilg  or  longer  than  the  stem :  spikes 
densely  aggregated  into  an  oblong  or  ovate  head  1-3  inches  long  by  1-1)^ 
inches  thick,  subtended  by  slender  bracts :  perigynia  6-8  lines  long,  2  lines 
or  more  thick,  ovate  from  a  truncate  base,  produced  above  into  a  subulate 
deeply  2-toothed  beak  nearly  as  long  as  the  body,  the  angles  conspicuosly 
margmed  with  dentate  wings,  longer  than  the  ovate  acuminate  scales.  On 
sandy  banks  along  the  coast  of  Oregon  and  Washington. 

C.  stipata  Muhl.  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  233.  Stems  smooth,  erect,  1-3  feet 
high:  leaves  flat,  3-4  lines  wide,  shorter  than  the  stem,  the  upper  ones 
sometimes  exceeding  the  spike:  bracts,  bristle-like  or  wanting:  spikes 
numerous,  yellowish,  crowded  into  an  oblong  cluster  1-4  inches  long,  the 
lowest  sometimes  branched:  staminate  flowers  few,  always  terminal:  peri- 
gynia lanceolate,  2-2)^  lines  long,  about  a  line  thick  at  the  base,  gradually 
tapering  into  a  rough  flattened  2-toothed  beak  1-2  times  as  long  as  the 
body,  longer  than  the  ovate  or  lanceolate  acuminate  hyaline  scale.  Com- 
mon in  wet  places.  Brit.  Columbia  to  California  and  across  the  continent. 

§  MuLTiFLOR^  Kunth  Enum.  PI.  ii,  387.  Heads  various, 
mostly  loosely  flowered,  sometimes  panicled,  yellow  or  tawny. 
Spikes  short.  Staminate  flowers  sometimes  occupying  whole 
spikes  in  the  middle  or  at  the  apex  of  the  head.  Perigynia 
mostly  small  and  short,  nearly  nerveless  in  some  species,  becom- 
ing nearly  lanceolate  and  more  or  less  prominently  nerved,  firm 
in  texture. 

C.  Gayana  Desv..  Fl.  Chile,  205.  Stems  1-2  feet  high,  scabrous:  leaves 
1-2  lines  wide,  shorter  than  the  stem :  spikes  aggregated  into  an  oblong  or 
ovoid  head  6-10  lines  long  by  4-7  lines  thick,  dioecious  or  nearly  so :  scales 
membranous,  chestnut  color  with  hyaline  margins,  ovate,  acuminate,  cari- 
nate,  cuspidate :  perigynia  chestnut  color,  broadly  ovate,  cordate,  stipitate 
at  base,  tipped  with  a  minute  conical  beak  with  an  entire  orifice,  snorter 
than  the  scale.    Idaho  to  Colorado.  f 

C.  marcida  Boott  Hook.  Fl.  ii.  212,  t.  213.  Stems  slender,  1-2  feet 
high,  scabrous:  leaves  a  line  wide,  shorter  than  the  stem  :  heads  8-16 
lines  long,  3-5  lines  thick,  sometimes  nearly  dioecious,  dull  brown,  com- 
posed of  many  ovate  crowded  or  contiguous  closely  imbricated  spikes  2-3 
lines  long  by  a  line  thick,  the  lower  compound,  the  upper  simple :  perigynia 
nearly  black  at  maturity,  orbicular  with  a  short,  or' ovate  with  a  longer, 
bidentate  beak,  stipitate,  equalling  the  ovate  acute  or  cuspidate  hyaline- 
margined  scale.    In  meadows,  California  to  Brit.  Columbia  and  Colorado. 

Tar.  debilis  Bailey  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xxii,  136.  Small  and  slender, 
a  foot  or  less  high,  the  stems  mostly  exceeding  the  very  narrow  leaves: 
perigynia  smaller  and  more  contracted  at  base.  Along  streams,  eastern 
Oregon. 

C.  teretinscnla  Goodn.  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  ii,  163.  Stems  slender, 
erect  or  reclining,  very  rough,  at  least  above,  1-2  feet  long :  leaves  mostly 
less  than  a  line  wide,  shorter  than  or  sometimes  equalling  the  stem :  spikes 
several  or  numerous,  staminate  above,  in  a  narrowly  oblong  compact  or 
interrupted  terminal  cluster  1-2  inches  long:  perigynia  ovate,  smooth,  dark 
brown,  slightly  more  than  half  a  line  long,  truncate  or  rounded  at  base, 
tapering  into  a  flat  conic  beak  about  as  long  as  the  body,  about  equalling 
the  ovate  brownish  acute  or  short-awned  scales.  In  swamps  and  wet  mead- 
ows, Idaho  to  Brit.  Columbia  and  Hudson  Bay. 

Tar.    pralrea  Britten;    Clusters  of  spikes  compound,  branched,  the 


710  CYPERACEiE  carex 

top  commonly  nodding.    Oregon  to  Brit.  Columbia  and  the  Eastern  States. 

Var.  amplia  Bailey  Mem.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  i,  53.  Very  large  and 
stout,  2-3  feet  high :  heads  1-3  inches  long,  much  branched :  perigynia 
a  line  or  more  long,  nerved  on  the  back,  produced  into  a  long  beak.  In 
bogs,  Oregon  and  Washington. 

C.  Yicaria  Bailey  1.  c.  49.  Stems  10-30  inches  high,  slightly  scabrous 
above  :  leaves  1-2%  lines  wide,  shorter  than  the  stem  :  bracts  setaceous^ 
exceeding  the  spike,  heads  ferruginous,  6-20  lines  long  by  3-8  lines  thick, 
ovate-oblong  or  cylindrical,  of  numerous  small  roundish  crowded  spikes  or 
clusters  of  spikes,  the  lower  often  distant:  scales  ovate,  acute,  cuspidate: 
perigynia  divergent,  membranaceous,  ovate;  rostrate  and  bidentate,  serrate 
above  on  the  somewhat  winged  margins,  longer  and  broader  than  the  scale. 
In  wet  places,  Oregon  to  California. 

Var,  costata  Bailey  1.  c.  49.  Perigynia  very  strongly  many-nerved 
or  ribbed  on  the  outer  face  and  usually  bearing  3  or  4  nerves  on  the  inner 
one.     Southern  Oregon. 

§  4  Arenari^  Kunth  Eniim.  PL  ii.  376.  Spikes  longer, 
linear  or  nearly  so,  aggregated  into  short  almost  globose  heads. 
Perigynia  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  mostly  larger  and  more 
delicate  in  texture.  Scales  very  acute  or  awn-pointed.  Stamin- 
ate  flowers  variously  situated. 

C.  Donglasii  Boott  Hook.  Fl.  ii,  213,  t.  213.  Rootstocks  creeping: 
stems  about  a  foot  high,  obtusely  angled,  smooth:  leaves  1-2  lines  wide, 
tapering  to  an  extremely  slender  triangular  point:  bracts  scale-like,  clasp- 
ing, cuspidate,  or  the  lowest  prolonged  beyond  the  stem  :  heads  dioecious 
or  nearly  so,  oblong,  pale  or  chestnut  color,  1-2  inches  long,  6-9  lines  thick, 
of  many  ellipsoidal  or  ovoid  crowded  spikes  the  upper  simple,  the  lower 
compound  and  sometimes  branching,  often  half  inch  long:  perigynia  ovate 
or  lanceolate-ovate,  acuminate  to  a  slender  obliquely  cut  beak,  stipitate, 
shorter  than  the  ample  membranous  oblong  or  lanceolate  acute  or  cuspi- 
date hyaline-margined  scale :  stigmas  2,  very  long.  In  alkaline  soil,  eastern 
Washington  to  California. 

§  5  MuHLENBERGiAN^  Tuckcrm.  Enum.  Meth.  9.  Spikes 
green  or  nearly  so  when  mature,  aggregated  or  scattered,  never  in 
compound  heads.  Staminate  flowers  always  borne  at  the  top  of 
the  spike.  Perigynia  mostly  short-ovate,  usually  not  conspicu- 
ously nerved. 

€•  tenella  Schk.  Reidgr.  23.  Rootstocks  very  slender :  stems  almost 
filiform,  rough,  commonly  reclining,  6  inches  to  2  feet  long :  leaves  soft, 
about  %  line  wide,  spreading,  shorter  ^than  or  sometimes  equalling  the 
stem:  spikes  very  small,  1-2-flowered,  distant,  or  the  upper  close  together: 
perigynia  ovoid-ellipsoid,  nearly  terete,  hard,  about  1  line  long  by  %  line 
thick,  tipped  with  a  minute  entire  beak  longer  than  or  equalling  the  ovate 
acute  hyaline  scale :  stigmas  2.  In  bogs,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California  and 
the  Eastern  States. 

C.  yalicola  Dewey  Sill.  Jour n.  2nd  ser.  xxxii,  40.  Stems  6-12  inches 
high,  very  slender :  leaves  %  line  wide,  shorter  than  the  stem :  bracts 
roughly  cuspidate  from  a  broad  hyaline-margined  base,  the  lowest  equal- 
ling or  exceeding  its  spike :  head  6-12  lines  long,  linear-oblong,  of  4-7  nar- 
rowly oblong  contiguous  spikes:  scales  chestnut-color,  membranous,^  with 
very  broad  hyaline  margins,  acute,  or  the  scabrous  keel  prolonged  into  a 
short  mucro:  perigynia  pale  brown,  obovate,  abruptly  attenuate  to  the 
base  and  to  the  obliquely  cut  entire  beakj  about  equalling  the  scales. 


CAREX  CfPERACEiE  711 

Southern  Idaho. 

C.  nardina  Fries  Mant.  ii,  55.  Stems  filiform,  erect,  smooth,  2-6 
inches  high,  very  densely  tufted :  leaves  filiform,  erect,  about  as  long  as 
the  stems:  spikes  solitary  erect,  terminal,  ovoid-oblong,  3-5  lines  long, 
less  than  2  lines  thick,  bractless:  perigynia  oblong-elliptic,  yellowish- 
brown,  narrowed  at  both  ends,  nearly  2  lines  long,  somewhat  hispid  above, 
beakless,  the  orifice  2-toothed,  equalling  or  shorter  than  the  brown  ovate 
acute  or  cuspidate  thin  scales.  Washington  to  Brit.  Columbia  and  Hudson 
Bay. 

Tribe  xiii  Hyparrhen^  Fries  Summa.  72.  Staminate  flow- 
ers borne  at  the  base  of  the  spike  or  variously  situated. 

§  1  Elongat^e  Kunth  Enum.  PI.  ii,  402.  Spikes  silvery- 
green  or  sometimes  lawny  when  mature,  distinct,  mostly  small. 
Perigynia  not  wing-margined  nor  conspicuously  broadened, 
mostly  nearly  flat  on  the  inner  face, 

C.  sterilis  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  iv,  208.  Stems  slender,  stiff,  erector  spread- 
ing, 8-18  inches  long,  rough  above :  leaves  3^-1  line  wide,  shorter  than  the 
stem :  bracts  very  short  or  sometimes  bristle-like :  spikes  3-5,  subglobose 
or  short-oblong,  contiguous  or  separated,  about  2%  lines  thick  :  staminate 
flowers  usually  numerous  at  the  base  of  the  upper  spike  or  sometimes 
whole  spikes  staminate,  rarely  quite  dioecious:  perigynia  pale,  lanceolate, 
compressed,  spreading  or  reflexed  when  mature,  'i%  lines  long,  thickene'd 
at  base,  tapering  into  a  sharp-edged  2-toothed  rough  beak  more  than  half 
as  long  as  the  body,  longer  than  the  ovate  hyaline  scale :  stigmas  2.  Com- 
mon in  moist  places,  California  to  Alaska  and  across  the  continent. 

f  C,  canescens  L.  Sp.  974.  Pale  green  and  somewhat  glaucous:  stems 
slender,  erect,  roughish  above,  10-30  inches  high:  leaves  flat,  %-l  line 
wide,  shorter  than  the  stem  :  bracts  very  short  or  none,  or  the  lowest  bris- 
tle-like and  longer  than  its  spike :  spikes  4-9,  short-oblong  or  subglobose, 
densely  many-flowered,  2-5  lines  long,  about  2  lines  thick,  scattered  or  the 
upper  close  together:  staminate  flowersbasal :  perigynia  oval,  silvery-green 
to  nearly  white,  rather  less  than  a  line  long,  about  %  line  wide*  rough 
above,  tipped  with  a  minute  entire  beak,  equalling  or  surpassing  the  ovate 
hyaline  scale.  In  swamps  and  bogs,  Oregon  to  Alaska  and  across  the 
continent. 

Var.  Oregana  Bailey  Mem.  Torr.  Bot,  Club  i,  75.  Head  larger 
and  more  dense,  becoming  brown:  spikes  loosely  flowered,  the  perigynia 
sometimes  spreading  in  a  stellate  manner,  narrow,  often  almost  linear- 
lanceolate,  brown-nerved,  sharp  edged  and  rough  above.  In  wet  places. 
Oregon  to  Vancouver  Island. 

C.  brunnpscens  Poir.  in  Lam.  Encycl.  Supp.  iii,  286.  Rather  dark 
green,  not  glaucous:  stems  slender,  stiff,  erect,  8-18  inches  high:  leaves  a 
line  or  less  wide,  shorter  than  the  stem,  spikes  4-8  subglobose  or  short- 
oblong,  few-flowered,  rarely  over  2%  lines  long,  scattered  or  the  upper 
close  together :  staminate  flowers  basal :  perigynia  ascending  or  spreading, 
brown,  less  than  a  line  long,  tipped  with  a  beak  about  i^  as  long  as  the 
body,  about  equalling  the  ovate  membranous  brownish  scale.  In  wet 
places,  Oregon  to  Brit.  Columbia  and  the  Eastern  States. 

C.  arcta  Boott  111.  155,  t.  497.  Kather light  green  but  not  glaucous: 
stems  slender,  erect,  12-30  inches  high,  rough  above:  leaves  flat,  aline 
wide,  shorter  than  or  equalling  the  stem :  spikes  oblong,  many-flowered, 
3-4  lines  long,  about  2%  lines  thick,  all  aggregated  into  a  terminal  (»void 
cluster :  staminate  flowers  basal :  perigynia  pale,  ovate,  mostly  spreading, 
tapering  into  a  rough  beak  about  half  as  long  as  the  body,  long-er  than  the 


712  CYPERACE^  caret 

membranous  pale  brown  scale :  stigmas  2.    In  swamps  and  wet  woods, 
Oregon  to  Brit.  Columbia  and  across  the  continent. 

C.  Deweyana  Schwein.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  i,  65.  Stems  slender » 
spreading,  nearly  or  quite  smooth,  1-2  feet  long:  leaves  1-2  lines  wide,  flat, 
soft,  shorter  than  the  stem :  spikes  3-6,  oblong  or  subglobose,  few-flowered, 
2-3  lines  thick,  distinctly  separated  or  the  upper  ones  contiguous :  stamin- 
ate  flowers  basal :  perigynia  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  thin,  tapering 
above  to  a  rough  strongly  2- toothed  beak  half  as  long  as  the  body,  equal- 
ling the  hyaline-margined  broadly  ovate  acute  or  cuspidate  scale :  stigmas 
2.    In  wooded  districts,  California  to  Alaska  and  across  the  continent. 

Yar,  Bolanderi  "W,  Boott  Bot.  Cal.  ii,  236.  Stems  stouter  and 
leaves  broader:  spikes  4-10,  with  more  numerous  flowers:  scales  hispid- 
awned.    With  the  type,  Washington  to  California. 

§  2  OvALES  Kunth  Enum.  PI.  ii,  394.  Spikes  tawny  or 
dark,  rather  large,  sometimes  crowded.  Perigynia  with  a  more 
or  less  winged  margin  which  is  mostly  incurved  at  maturity  mak- 
ing thetn  concave. 

€•  si<icata  Dewey  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  x,  278.  Rootstock  long  and  stout : 
stems  slender,  erect,  1-2  feet  high:  leaves  about  a  line  wide,  the  upper 
sometimes  exceeding  the  stem,  the  lower  short:  bracts  short  or  the  lower 
bristle-like  and  elongated :  spikes  3-6,  oblong  or  subglobose,  3-4  lines  long, 
brownish,  clustered  or  more  or  less  scattered:  staminate  flower  variously 
situated  or  whole  spikes  staminate:  perigynia  ovate-lanceolate,  less  than  3 
lines  long,  wing-margined,  tapering  to  a  rough  beak  nearly  as  long  as  the 
body,  about  equalling  the  ovate-lanceolate  membranous  acute  or  acumin- 
ate scale:  stamens 2.  In  dry  ground,  California  to  Brit.  Columbia  and 
New  York. 

C.  piFatensis  Drejer  Rev.  Crit.  Car.  24.  Stems  slender,  erect  when 
young,  the  summit  at  length  nodding,  12-18  inches  high :  leaves  about  1 
line  wide  shorter  than  the  stem:  spikes  3-6,  oblong  or  club-shaped,  scat- 
tered or  the  upper  contiguous,  silvery-brown,  shining,  3-5  lines  long,  less 
than  3  lines  thick,  several-flowered:  staminate  flowers  basal:  perigynia 
lanceolate,  thin,  pale,  wing-margined,  tapering  into  a  beak  nearly  as  long 
as  the  body,  about  as  long  as  the  lanceolate  acute  or  acuminate  membran- 
ous scale :  stigmas  2.  Eastern  Oregon  to  Alaska,  Labrador  andthe  Rocky 
Mountains. 

C.  straminiformis  Bailey  Mem.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  i,  24.  Stems  6  inches 
to  2  feet  high,  obtusely  angle'!,  nearly  smooth:  leaves  flat,  1-2  lines  wide, 
shorter  than  the  stem:  heads  variegated,  pale  green  and  chestnut,  6-12 
lines  long,  6-10  lines  thick,  oblong,  trians;ular-ovoid  or  subspherical,  of 
3-8  crowded  ellipsoidal  spikes :  scales  chestnut-color,  pale  in  the  middle, 
with  narrow  hyaline  margins  ovate,  acute:  perigynia  broadly  ovate  or 
roundish,  abruptly  attenuate  to  a  sharp  minutely  bidentate  beak,  broadly 
wing-margined  to  the  base,  the  wings  finely  serrate,  longer  and  broader 
than  the  scales.    In  dry  soil  on  the  high  mountains,  Washington  to  Calif. 

C.  feta  Bailey  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  xx,  417.  Stems  slender,  1-3  feet 
high :  leaves  2  lines  wide,  shorter  than  the  stem :  heads  ovoid  or  oblong,  of 
4-12  crowded  or  contiguous,  spikes,  naked  or  the  lowest  with  a  setaceous 
bract  with  a  dilated  base:  perigynia  pale  fulvous,  lanceolate,  attenuate, 
rather  sharply  bidentate,  winged,  nearly  2  lines  long,  broader  than  the 
membranous  fulvous  lanceolate  acuminate  scales.  In  swales,  Washington 
to  California. 

C.  leporina  L.  Sp.  973.  Stems  slender,  erect,  roughish  above,  12-18 
inches  high :  leaves  about  1  line  wide,  flat,  shorter  than  the  stems :  bracts 


CAftEX  CYPERACE^  718 

very  short  and  scale-like  or  wanting :  spikes  4-7,  oblong,  obtuse,  narrowed 
and  staminate  at  base,  4-6  lines  long,  about  3  lines  thick,  dark  brown, 
shining,  clustered  but  distinct  in  a  terminal  oblong  head  about  an  inch 
long:  perigjrnia  erect  or  ascending,  ovate-lanceolate,  2  lines  long,  rather 
narrowly  winged,  the  rough  tapering  2-toothed  beak  nearly  as  long  as  the 
body,  longer  and  broader  than  the  lanceolate  acute  membranous  scale. 
Oregon  to  Brit.  Columbia  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

€•  festiva  Dewey  Sill.  Journ.  xxix,  246.  Cespitose :  stems  6  inches  to 
2  feet  high,  sharply  angled :  leaves  3-5,  the  upper  longest,  commonly  shor- 
ter than  the  Stem,  2-3  lines  wide;  heads  dark  ferruginous,  9-12  lines  long, 
3-12  lines  thick,  of  from6-12or  more  nearly  equal  roundish  or  ovoid  spikes, 
contiguous  in  an  oblong,  or  crowded  in  a  spherical  or  ovoid  cluster,  naked 
or  subtended  by  a  scale-like  or  foliaceous  bract  that  sometimes  exceeds 
the  stem;  perigynia  membranous,  spreading  or  divergent,  ovate,  lanceo- 
late or  narrowly  elliptical,  attenuate  to  a  longer  or  shorter  obliquely  cut 
beak,  narrowly  winged,  serrate  above  on  the  sharp  margins,  longer  than 
the  scale.  In  moist  meadows,  California  to  the  Arctic  regions  and  the 
Rocky  Mountains. 

Var,  gracilis  Olney  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  viii,  407.  Stems  very  slen- 
der, nodding  at  the  top,  20-30  inches  high :  heads  oblong,  12-18  lines  long, 
of  3-6  roundish  contiguous  or  approximate  ferruginous  spikes.  Washing- 
ton to  California. 

Var,  stricta  Bailey  Mem.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  i,  51.  Stems  rather  stiff 
20-30  inches  high :  leaves  stiff  and  the  lower  ones  short :  heads  very  dense 
globular  or  short-ovoid,  light  brown,  9-12  lines  long:  perigynia  broad 
more  or  less  nerved.    In  wet  places,  eastern  Oregon  to  California. 

Var.  pachystachya  Bailey  1.  c.  Stems  1-3  feet  high,  flat  and  weak, 
longer  than  the  lax  leaves :  heads  small,  globular  or  oolong,  dull  dark 
brown,  th6  spikes  often  somewhat  distant,  very  short:  perigynia  spreading, 
about  equalling  the  ovate- lanceolate  muticose  brown  scales.  Oregon  to 
Alaska  and  Montana. 

C.  athrostachya  Olney  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  viii,  393.  Cespitose:  stems 
acutely  triangular,  leafy,  8-24  inches  high :  leaves  narrow,  shorter  than 
the  stem:  bracts  with  an  expanded  strongly  nerved  hyaline-margined 
base,  the  lower  3-5  foliaceous,  much  exceeding  the  stem :  heads  glpbose, 
•traw-color,  of  5-20  densely  crowded  spikes  or  the  lowest  distant:  scales, 
membranous,  pale  ferruginous,  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate:  perigynia, 
ovate-lanceolate,  attenuate  to  an  elongated  sharply  bidentate  beak,  the 
winged  margins  serrate,  about  as  long  and  broad  as  the  scale.  In  the 
mountains  of  California  to  Brit.  Columbia  and  the  Rocky  Mountains, 

Order  CIX     GRAMINEiE  Juss.  Gen.  28.  (1789) 

Annual  or  perennial  plants  with  usually  hollow  cylindrical, 
rarely  flattened,  jointed  stems  with  closed  nodes,  two-ranked 
usually  linear  parallel-veined  leaves  with  sheathing  base,  the, 
sheaths  open  on  the  side  opposite  the  blade,  and  usually  a  sca- 
rious  or  cartilaginous  ring  called  the  ligule  at  the  orifice  of  the 
sheath,  and  small  flowers  in  spikelets  which  ar«  arranged  in 
panicles,  racemes  or  spikes,  and  which  consist  of  a  shortened 
axis  called  the  rachella,  and  two  or  more  chaff-like  distichous 
imbricated  scales  called  glumes  of  which  the  first  two  are  usu- 
ally empty,  in  the  axil  of  each  of  the  others,  except  sometimes 
in  the  uppermost,  is  borne  a  flower  and  a  two-nerved  scale  called 


714  GRAMINE^ 

the  palet,  with  its  back  turned  toward  the  rachella  and  often 
enveloping  the  flower  by  its  enfolded  edges:  at  the  base  of  the 
flower  between  it  and  its  glume  are  usually  two  very  small  hya- 
line scales,  called  lodicules.  Stamens  1-6,  usually  3,  with  very 
slender  filaments  and  two-celled  usually  versatile  anthers.  Pis- 
til with  a  one-celled  one-ovuled  ovary  and  one  to  three,  usually 
two  styles  with  variously  branched  mostly  plumose  stigmas. 
Embryo  small,  situated  at  the  base  of  the  seed  and  covered 
only  by  the  thin  pericarp.  Fruit  a  caryopsis,  usually  called  a 
grain,  with  copious  mealy  albumen. 

Suborder  i    PANICACEiE  R.  Br. 

Spikelets  1-  or  2-flowered,  when  2-flowered  the  upper  fertile, 
the  lower  staminate.  Rachella  articulated  below  the  glumes  or 
the  subtending  involucre,  not  extending  beyond  the  flower. 

Tribe  i  Andropogone^  Spikelets  perfect  or  one  staminate 
or  rudimentary,  mostly  silky.  Flowering  glumes  and  palet  hya- 
line, none  of  the  glumes  spiny. 

1  Imperata    Spikelets  in  pairs  both  perfect :  empty  glumes  clothed  with 

long  white  silky  hairs. 

Tribe  ii  Panice^  Spikelet  of  one  perfect  flower  with  a  sta- 
minate or  neutral  one  below  it,  the  latter  often  reduced  to  a  single 
palet ;  sometimes  appearing  as  if  one-flowered  by  the  supression 
of  the  lower  glume  and  the  palet  of  the  neutral  tlower. 

2  Paspalum    Spikelets  apparently  1-flowered,  plano-convex,  on  one  side 

of  a  flattened  rachis,  without  an  involucre. 

8     Panicum    Spikelets  l>^-2-floweretl  without  an  involucre,   the  lower 
usually  minute. 

4  Chaetochloa    Spikelets  2-flowered,  with  an  involucre  of  bristles  proceed- 

ing from  the  pedicels. 

Tribe  hi  Oryze^  Spikelets  usually  much  compressed  lat- 
erally, one-flowered.  Empty  glumes  two  or  more.  Stamens  of- 
ten 6. 

5  Homalocenchrns     Spikelets  much  flattened:  glumes  wanting:  palet 

rigid. 

Suborder    ii     POACEiE  R.  Br. 

Spikelets  not  articulated  below  the  glumes,  one-  to  many- 
flowered,  the  imperfect  flowers  if  any  usually  uppermost. 

Tribe  iv  Phalaride^e  Spikelets  more  or  less  laterally  com- 
pressed, 1-3-flowered.  Glumes  5,  the  first  2  below  the  articula- 
tion of  the  rachella  the  third  and  fourth  very  unlike  the  others  ; 
the  fifth  with  a  hermaphrodite  flower. 

6  Phalaris    Spikelets  3-flowered,  the  lateral  reduced  to  a  rudiment,  the 

fertile  coriaceous. 

7  ANTHOXANTHUM    Spikelets  3-flowered,   the  lateral  neutral,  of  a  single 


GRAMINEJE  716 

awned  hairy  palet. 

8  Hierochloa    Spikelets  3-flowered,  the  lateral  ones  staminate. 

Tribe  y  Agrostide  Ji:  Spikelets  all  hermaphrodite  and  fertile, 
with  3  glumes,  the  first  2  empty.  Rachella  sometimes  prolonged 
behind  the  paleae  into  a  naked  or  plumose  bristle. 

*    Flower  sessile  within  the  glumes. 

9  CQleanthns    Spikelets  in  small  umbellate  clusters,  all  perfect. 

10  Sporobolns    Spikelets  in  contracted  or  open  panicles,  all  perfect. 

*  *    Flower  raised  within  the  glume  on  a  short  rounded  or  stalk- 
like base. 

Glumes  long-awned. 

11  Polypo^on    Glumes  much  longer  than  the  flower. 

-*-   •*-    Glumes  mostly  awnlens. 

12  Agrostis    Lower  glumes  exceeding  the  very  thin  obtuse  paleta :  inflor* 
escence  spike -like  to  open  paniculate. 

IS    Gastrididm    Inflorescence  spike-like :  glumes  with  a  shining  ventri- 
cose  base. 

14  Clnna    Flower  distinctly  stipitate :  flowering  glume  short-awned  bo- 
low  the  tip. 

15  Muhlenbergia    Flowers  mostly  bearded  at  base,  early  deciduous: 
flowering  glume  awned  from  the  apex. 

•♦-+-•*-    Flowers  with  a  more  or  less  conspicuous  tuft  of  hairs  at 
base,  shorter  than  the  glumes. 

16  Calamagrostis    Spikelets  2-flowered  and  mostly  with  the  rudiments 
of  a  second  flower  present :  palet  awned  from  below  the  apex. 

Tribe  IV  Chlorides  Spikelets  one,  to  several-flowered,  in 
simple  one-sided  spikes,  upon  a  jointless  rachis. 

*    Spikelets  one-flowered. 

17  Spartina    Spikelets  much  flattened  laterally,  in  2  rows  upon  one  side 
of  a  3-angled  rachis:  spikes  racemed.  I 

18  Beckmannia    Spikes  panicled :  spikelets  2-flowered,  or  by  abcjS^bi 
1-flowered,  upon  one  side  of  a  flattened  rachis. 

*  *    Spikelets  2-flowered  or  more,  one  flower  perfect  with  one  or 
more  imperfect  or  neutral  ones  above  it. 

19  Boateloua    Flowering  glumes  3-cleft  and  3-awned  at  the  apex :  im- 
perfect flowers  often  reduced  to  these  awns. 

20  Eleusinb    Spikes  digitate  at  the  summit  of  the  stem :  spikelets  sev- 
eral-flowered. 

Tribe  v  Stipace^e  Spikelets  strictly  one-flowered.  Flowers 
with  a  sharp-pointed  callus  at  base,  deciduous.  Flowering  glume 
wrapped  around  the  flower  and  palet,  coriaceous  and  indurated 
in  fruit  and  terminated  by  a  simple  or  triple  awn. 

21  Stipa    Awn  simple,  long,  twisted  below,  not  caducous. 

22  Oryzopsis  Awn  simple,  caducous :  flower  clothed  with  long  silky  hairs. 


716  ORAMINE^ 

23  Aristida    Awn  triple,  continuous  or  articulated  with  the  glume. 

24  Phlenm    Panicle  dense  and  spike-like:  glumes  distinct:  awn  simple, 

25  Alopecurus    Panicle  spike-like :  glumes  more  or  less  united  at  base : 
awn  simple. 

Tribe  vi     AvENACEiE     Spikelets  panicled  2-several-fiowered, 
rachis  often   bearded,   prolonged  into   an  imperfect   rudiment. 
Glumes  mostly  equalling  or  exceeding  the  flower.     Flowering 
glumes  usually  bearing  an  awn  on  its  back  or  between  its  teeth. 
*    Spikelets  with  2  or  more  lower  flowers  perfect. 

26  Danthonia     Spikelets    several-flowered,   awned  from  the  3  United 
middle  nerves. 

27  AvKNA    Spikelets  2-flowered,  awned  from  the  midnerve  only. 

28  Trisetnm    Spikelets  2-8everal-flowered :  flowering  glume  2-toothed 
at  the  summit,  awned  from  the  midnerve  only. 

29  AiRA    Spikelets  2-flowered,  both  perfect,  the  rachella  not  prolonged 
beyond  the  upper  one. 

80    Deschampsla    Spikelets  with  2  perfect  flowers,  the  rachella  prolonged 
beyond  the  second  flower. 


*  « 


Spikelets  2-flowered  with  one  flower  staminate 


81  Arrhenatherdm    Lower  flower  staminate,  upper  perfect  and  usually 
awnless. 

82  HoLcus    Lower  flower  perfect,  awnless,  upper  staminate  and  awned. 

Tribe  vii  Festuce^e  Spikelets  panicled,  2-many-flowered, 
the  rachis  usually  prolonged  and  bearing  an  imperfect  flower  or 
bristle. 

*    Lower  one  or  two  flowers  staminate  or  neutral. 

88    Munroa    Spikelets  in  clusters  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves,  with 
the  two  lower  glumes  empty. 

81    Phragmites    Spikelets  in  an  ample  panicle,  with  one  staminate  flow- 
er below  2-4  perfect  ones :  rachis  bearded  with  long  hairs. 

*  *    Lowest  flowers  all  perfect :  grain  not  adherent  to  the  palet 

•*-    Flowering  glumes  pointed,   awned  or  acute,  the  nerves,  when 
present,  running  into  the  point. 

86    Dactylis    Spikelets  in  dense  one-sided  clusters  in  a  one-sided  panicle : 
glumes  herbaceous,  compressed,  awn-pointed. 

86  KcBleria    Spikelets  in  a  dense  spike-like  panicle :  glumes  membranous, 
keeled,  pointed  or  mucronate. 

•*-  •*-    Flo^^enng  glumes  pointless  and,  except  in  Melicat  awnless, 
obtuse ;  the  nerves  parallel. 

**    Flowering  glume  1-nerved ;  the  palet  3-nerved. 

87  Eatonia    (Jlumes  very  unlike;  the  upper  one  mucji  broader  than  the 
linear  lower' one  and  wrapped  around  the  flower. 

**  -^    One  or  two  of  the  glumes  5-nerved  or  more. 

88  Melica    Flowering  glumes  flattish  on  the  back,  7-nerved  or  more, 
membranaceous  at  tip :  fertile  flowers  1-3,  the  upper  enwrapping  the 


GRAMINE^  717 

1-3  imperfect  ones. 
89    Distlchlis    Flowers  dicecicus:  flowering  glumes  much  compressed 
laterally,  many-nerved,  somewhat  coriaceous. 

**  **  -^    Glumes  1-3-nerved. 

40  Catabrosa    Glumes  membranous,  erose-truncate. 

41  Oraphephornm  Hachella  hirsute  with  stiff  hairs,  extended  into  a 
hairy  appendage  :  flowering  glumes  membranous. 

42  Fanicnlaria  Spikelets  several-flowered  decidttbus,  the  rachella 
breaking  up  into  joints :  flowering  glumes  rounded  on  the  back,  the 
5-7  nerves  not  reaching  the  scarious  mostly  obtuse  apex. 

48  Pnccinellia  Flowering  glumes  chartaceous^  convex  on  the  back, 
faintly  2-nerved,  the  nerves  not  reachinjg  the  obtuse  subdenticulate  or 
or  mucronulate  apex. 

44  Pleuropogon  Flowering  glumes  chartaceous,  several-nerved,  the 
nerves  not  reaching  the  truncate  awned  apex. 

46  Poa  Flowering  glumes  laterally  compressed,  mostly  keeled,  5-nerved, 
membranous,  the  margins  or  nerves  below  with  cobweby  hairs  or  pu- 
bescent: palet  falling  with  the  glume. 

46  Eragrostis  Flowering  glume  3-nerved,  keeled,  deciduous,  leaving 
the  persistent  palet. 

*  *  *    Spikelets  several- flowered :  lowest  flowers  all  perfect :  grain 
adherent  to  the  palet. 

47  Briza  Spikelets  somewhat  heart-shaped :  flowering  glumes  rounded, 
many-nerved,  becoming  ventricose. 

48  Festuca  Spikelets  flattish :  flowering  glumes  rounded  on  the  back, 
few-nerved,  pointed  or  awned  at  the  tip:  ovary  inostly  smooth. 

49  Bromns  Spikelets  flattened :  flowering  glumes  convex  to  compressed, 
mostly  awned  below  the  tip:  ovary  pubescent. 

Tribe  viii  Hordeae  Spikelet?  one-  to  several-flowered,  ses- 
sile in  alternate  notches  on  the  opposite  sides  ''6i  a  zigzag  rachis, 
either  solitary  or  several  together. 

*     Spikelets  single  at  each  joint  of  the  rachis. 

50  Scribneria  Spikes  slender,  solitary :  spikelets  l-rfowered,  almost  em- 
bedded in  the  notches  of  the  rachis. 

51  LoLiuM  Spikelets  several-flowered,  placed  with  the  edge  next  to  the 
rachis :  the  inner  glumes  wanting  except  the  terminal  one. 

52  Agropyron  Spikelets  3- to  several-flowered,  placed  flatwise  on  the 
rachis :  both  glumes  present,  standing  right  arid  left. 

*  *    Spikelets  2  or  more  at  each  joint  of  the  rachis :  glumes  anterior, 
forming  a  sort  of  involucre  to  the  spikelet.         ■ 

58  Hordenm  Spikelets  I- to  several- flowered,  in 'three's  at  each  joint: 
lateral  spikelets  usually  sterile.  ^      — 

54  Elymus  Spikelets  1-  to  several-flowered,  2-4  at  each  joint,  all  perfect 
and  similar  :  glumes  shorter  than  the  spikelets:  flowering  glumes  not 
long-awned. 

55  Sitanion  Spikelets  1-  to  several-flowered,  2^4  attach  joint,  all  perfect : 
glumes  very  long,  usually  2-parted  to  the  base  and  long-awned :  flow- 
ering glumes  long-awned  and  2-toothed,  or  3-awnbd. 


718  GR  AMINES  imperata 

PA8PALUM 

Suborder    i    PANICACEJE    R.  Br.  Verm.'  Schr.  i,  114. 

Spikelets  one-  or  two-flowered,  when  two-flowered  the  second  or 
terminal  one  is  perfect  and  the  lower  one  staminate  or  neutral. 
Rachella  articulated  below  the  empty  glumes  the  spikelets  falling 
from  the  pedicels  entire  either  singly  or  in  groups  or  with  the 
joints  of  an  articulated  rachis. 

Tribe  1  Andropogpneoe.  Spikelets  in  spike4ike  racemes,  2  at 
each  joint  of  an  articulated  rachis,  one  sessile  and  hermaphrodite,  the 
other  pedicellate  and  either  hermaphrodite,  staminate,  neutral  or 
or  reduced  to  the  pedicel  only,  glumes  usually  4,  the  first  2  empty, 
larger  and  much  firmer  in  texture  than  the  others;  the  third  usually 
with  a  staminate  flower  in  its  axil;  the  fourth  hyaline  with  a  fertile 
flower  in  its  axil,  usually  awned.  Awn  usually  twisted  or  geniculate. 
1    IMPERATA  Cyrill  PI.  Rar.  Ic.  ii,  26.  (J 796.) 

Panicle  spike-like.  Spikelets  in  pairs  on  unequal  short  clavate 
pedicels  or  one  sessile,  both  perfect,  awnless.  Outer  empty  glumes 
clothed  with  long  white  silky  hairs:  third  and  fourth  glumes  and 
palet  hydlihe.     Stamens  1  or  2.     Stigmas  2. 

I.  Hookeri  Rupr.  (Elvers  Vet.  Acad.  Stockh.  160.  Stems  2-4  feet 
high,  simple,  smooth,  from  creeping  rootstocks:  radical  leaves  4-12  inches 
long,  the  cauline  shorter,  decreasing  upward :  ligule  short,  ciliate :  panicle 
nearly  cylindrical,  erect,  6-12  inches  long,  sometimes  interrupted  below : 
hairs  depse,  straight,  about  }4  inch  long,  giving  the  peculiar  feathery  ap- 
pearance, decked  with  the  yellow  or  brown  anthers  and  stigmas.  Along 
stream^i  eastern  Oregon  and  Nevada  to  California  and  Texas. 

Tribe  2  Paniceas.  Spikelets  hermaphrodite,  terete  or  flattened 
on  the  back.  Glumes  S-4,  when  4  there  is  sometimes  a  staminate 
flower  or  palea  in  the  axil  of  the  third.  Axis  of  the  inflorescence  not 
articulated;  the  rachella  being  articulated  below  the  glumes,  the 
spikelets  falling  off  singly  from  their  pedicels. 

5    PA8PALUM    L.  Syst.  ed.  10,  ii,  865. 

Spikes  or  racemes  either  solitary,  few  and  digitate  or  many  and 
panicled.  Spikelets  in  2-4  rows  upon  one  side  of  a  flattened  or 
filiforra  jointless  rachis,  jointed  upon  their  short  pedicels,  plano- 
convex, awnless,  apparently  one-flowered.  Glumes  2,  nearly 
equal,  few-nerved.  Flowering  glumes  roundish  or  ovate,  coria- 
ceous, convex  and  enclosing  the  palet.  Scales  2.  Stamens  3. 
Ovary  smopth.     Grain  enclosed  in  the  glume. 

P.  dlstichnm  L.  Amoen.  Acad,  v,  391.  Rootstock  widely  creeping, 
perennial:  stems  6-18  inches  high,  clothed  below  with  the  somewhat 
crowded  sheaths:  leaves  flat,  2-3  inches  long,  glaucous,  rough  above: 
spikes  2,  spreading,  one  sessile,  the  other  peduncled,  1-13^  inches  long, 
densely  flowered:  spikelets  in  2  rows,  ovate,  acute,  1)^  hues  long:  glumes 
3-nerved,  more  or  less  pubescent.  In  moist  meadows  Oregon  to  California 
and  the  southern  Atlantic  States :  also.in  Europe. 

3    PANICUM  L.  Sp.  55. 
Spikelets  1-  or  2-flowered,  when  2-flowered  the  lower  one  sta. 


PANicuM  GKAMINEiE  719 

minate  only.  Glumes  4,  the  3  low-er  membranous,  empty  or  the 
third  with  a  staminate  flower,  the  fouHh  chartaceous,  shining, 
enclosing  a  palet  of  similar  texture  and  a  perfect  flower.  Sta- 
mens 3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free,  enclos- 
ed in  the  hardened  fruiting  glume. 

*  Spikelets  in  pairs,  one  sessile  the  other  pedicelled,  crowded  on  one 
side  of  simple  flattened  branchies  which  are  digitately  clustered  at  the 
top  of  the  stem :  lower  flower  neutral,  of  a  single  palet. 

P.  8ANGUINALE  L.  Sp.  57,  Stems  erect  or  decumbent,  1-3  feet  long, 
often  rooting  at  the  lower  nodes,  smooth  :  leaves  2-6  inches  long,  2-4  lines 
broad,  acuminate :  spikes  3-10,  narrowly  linear,  2-6  inches  long,  digitate  or 
in  approximate  whorls  at  the  summit  of  the  stem :  rachis  flat,  margined: 
spikelets  lanceolate,  acute.  In  fields  and  waste  places  throughout  North 
America  and  Europe  except  the  extreme  north. 

*    Spikelets  disposed  in  panicles,  awnless. 

-*-    Annual. 

P.  capilare  L.  Sp.  58.  Stem  erect  or  decumbent,  1-2  feet  long,  sim- 
ple or  sometimes  branched:  sheaths  pilose-hirsute:  leaves  6-12  inches 
long,  3-8  lines  broad,  more  or  less  pubescent:  terminal  panicle  3-14  inches 
long,  its  lower  branches  at  first  included  in  the  upper  sheaths,  finally  ex- 
serted  and  widely  spreading,  2-10  inches  long:  spikelets  1-1 J^  lines  long, 
acuminate.  In  dry  soil,  throughout  most  parts  of  North  America  and 
Europe. 

•*-  ■*-     Perennials. 

P  pnbescens  Lam.  Encycl.  iv,  748.  Stenis  at  first  erect  and  simple, 
later  profusely  branched  and  leaning  or  ascending :  sheaths  hirsute  to 
villous,  often  papillose :  leaves  rounded-truncate  or  often  narrowed  at  base, 
those  of  the  stem  2-3  inches  long,  those  of  the  branches  much  shorter : 
primary  panicle  less  than  3  inches  long,  ovoid,  the  branches  ascending: 
spikelets  hardly  a  line  long,  pubescent.  In  dry  Eoil,  eastern  Washington 
to  the  Eastern  States. 

P.  dichotomum  L.  Sp  58.  Smooth  and  glabrous  or  the  lower  nodes 
bearded  :  stems  erect,  6-24  inches  high,  at  first  simple,  later  profusely  di- 
chotomously  branched  at  about  the  middle:  leaves  light  green,  generally 
much  narrowed  toward  the  base,  the  primary  ones  distant,  2-3  inches  long 
by  2-3  lines  broad,  those  of  the  branches  much  smaller,  sometimes  invo- 
lute: primary  panicle  usually  long-exserted  1-2  inches  long,  the  branches 
loose  and  spreading,  bearing  few  glabrous  ellipsoid  spikelets  about  a  line 
long.   In  dry  woodlands,  Washington  to  the  Eastern  States. 

P.  Scribneriannm  Nash  Bull.  Torr,  Bot.  Club  xxii,  421.  Stems 
erect,  6-24  inches  high,  simple  or  later  in  the  season  dichotomously  branch- 
ed above,  sparingly  pubescent :  sheaths  shortly  papillose-hispid,  sometimes 
glabrate :  leaves  2-4  inches  long,  3-6  lines  broad,  rounded  or  truncate  at 
base)  acuminate,  more  or  less  spreading,  smooth  above,  scabrous  beneath : 
panicles  small,  the  primary  one  exserted,  ovoid,  1-3  inches  long,  its  bran- 
ches spreading  8-12  lines  long,  often  flex.uous :  spikelets  turgid  obovoid, 
about  1%  lines  long.  In  dry  or  moist  soil,  eastern  Washington  to  the 
Eastern  States. 

P.  Scoparium  Lam.  Encycl.  iv,  744.  ?  Stems  spreading,  6-24  inches 
lpiig»  geniculate  at  the  lower  nodes  and  at  length  branched :  leaves  lanceo- 
late, 3-5  inches  long,  4-6  lines  broad,  mostly  erect  and  somewhat  rigid; 
hairy  beneath  and  fringed  with  spreading  hairs  at  base :  sheaths  hairy 
panicle  2-3  inches  long  nearly  simple,  the  simple  branches  bearing  a  few 


720  GR  AMINES  ch^btochloa 

HOM  A  LOCENCHRU  S 

large  tumid  x>bovate  usually  hairy  spikelets  1)^  lines  long.    Common  in 
open  places,  Washington  to  California. 

*  *  *    Spikelets  crowded  in  3-4  rows  or  irregularly  on  one  side  of 
the  spike-like  branches  of  the  panicle. 

P.  Crds-galli  L.  Sp.  56.  Stems  stout,  1-4  feet  high,  often  branching 
at  base :  sheaths  smooth  and  glabrous :  leaves  6-20  inches  long,  ^-1  inch 
broad,  glabrous,  smooth  or  scabroiis :  panicle  composed  of  5-15  sessile  erect 
or  ascending  branches,  or  the  lower  branches  spreading  or  reflex6d :  spike- 
lets  ovate,  green  or  purple,  densely  crowded,  the  glumes  more  or  less 
awned.  Common  In  fields  and  waste  places  throughout  North  America: 
naturalized  from  Europe. 

4    CH^TOCHLOA  Scribn.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  BiV.  Agros.  Bui.  4,  38. 

Mostly  annual  grasses  with  erect  stems,  flat  leaves  and  spike- 
like panicles.  Spikelets  1-flowered  or  rarely  with  a  second  sta- 
minate  one.  Rachella  with  bristles  below  the  articulation. 
Spikelets  with  4  glumes,  the_3  outer  membranous,  the  third  often 
subtending  a  palet  and  rarely  a  staminate  flower,  the  fourth 
chartaceous,  subtending  a  palet  of  similar  texture  and  a  perfect 
flower.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct,  elongated.  Stigmas  plum- 
ous.     Grain  free,  enclosed  in  the  glume. 

C.  viRiDis  Scribn.  1.  c.  39.  Setaria.piridis  Beauv.  Stems  erect  or  as- 
cending, 1-3  feet  high,  simple  or  branched:  sheaths  glabrous :  leaves  3-10 
inches  long,  2-6  lines  wide:  spikes  1-4  inches  long:  spikelets  about  a  line 
long,  elliptical,  much  shorter  than  the  upwardly  barbed  bristles.  In  waste 
places  and  cultivated  fields,  throughout  North  America  :  introduced  from 
Europe. 

Tribe  3  Oryzese  Kunth  Enum.  i,  5.  Spikelets  usually  much 
compressed  laterally ,  1-flowered^  staminate,  pistillate  or  hermaphro- 
dite. Empty  glumes  2  or  none,  the  flower  being  subtended  by  the 
floral  glume  and  palet  alone.  Stamens  frequently  6.  Axis  of  the 
inflorescence  not  articulated. 

5    HOMALOCENCHRUS  Mieg.;  Hall  Hist.  Stirp.  Helv.  ii,  201. 

Panicle  loose,  its  base  often  enclosed  by  the  upper  sheath. 
Spikelets  much  flattened,  more  or  less  crowded  and  overlapping 
each  other,  awnless,  1-flowered.  Glumes  only  one,  hard,  strongly 
flattened  laterally,  fringed  on  the  keel  with  bristly  hairs,  8-nerved. 
Stamens  1,  8,  or  6.  Ovary  smooth.  Styles  short.  Stigmas  plu- 
mose with  branching  hairs.     Grain  flat,  enclosed  by  the  glume. 

H.  oryzoides  Poll.  Hist.  PI.  Palat.  i,  52.  Stems  2-3  feet  high :  leaves 
flat,  spreading,  6-8  lines  wide,  yery  rough  upward :  panicle  much  branched, 
spreading,  6-8  inches  long :  spikelets  2J^-3  lines  long,  pale  green  :  stamens 
3.    In  wet  places,  eastern  Oregon  to  California  and  the  Atlantic  States. 

Suborder  ii    POACE^'^  R.  Br.-  Yerm.  Schr.  i,  115. 

Spikelets  one-  to  many-flowered,  the  imperfect  or  rudimentary 
flowers  if  any  uppermost.  Rachella  usudlly  articulated  above  the 
empty  glumes  so  that  these  are  persistent.  In  spikelets  with  2  or 
more  flowers  the  rachella  is  usually  articulated  beloW  each  flow- 
ering glume.       ■    ■^ 


PH^LARis  GRAMINEA  721 

ANTHOXANTHDM 

Tribe  5  Pkalarideas  Kunth  Enum.  118.  Spikelets  more  or  less 
laterally  compressed,  1-3-flowered,  Glumes  5,  the  first  2  empty  and 
below  the  articulation  of  the  rachella\  the  third  and  fourth  usually 
empty,  very  unlike  the  outer  ones,  rarely  subtending  staminate  Homers, 
sometimes  reduced  to  mere  bristles;  the  fifth  glume  with  a  1-nerved 
or  nerveless  palet  and  a  hermaphrodite  flower. 

6    PHALARIS  L.  Sp.  54. 

*    Panicle  dense  and  spike-like:,  glumes  keeled. 

P.  Canariensis  I>.  Sp.  54.  Stems  1-3  feet  high,  from  an  annual  root; 
leaves  flat,  with  the  upper  sheaths  much  inflated:  spikes  1-2  inches  long, 
ovoid  or  somewhat  cylindrical,  very  dense:  glumes  broad,  with  a  conspicu- 
ous keel  with  a  distinct  green  line  withiii  it:  rudimentary  flowers  represented 
by  small  smooth  lanceolate  scales:  perfect  flowers  with  minute  silky  hairs 
In  fields  and  waste  places:  Introduced  from  Europe. 

P.  Oaroliniana  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  74.  JP.  intermedia  Bosc.  Stems  6 
inches  to  4  feet  high,  smooth,  from  an  annual  root:  leaves  short,  an  inch  long 
or  less,  often  glaucous;  sheaths  inflated:  spikes  1-2  inches  long,  dense:  spike- 
lets  8  lines  long:  glumes  with  a  broad  keel,  pointed  rudimentary  flowers 
linear,  hairy,  less  than  half  as  long  as  the  perfect  one  which  is  long-pointed, 
hairy  and  one  thiid  ehorter  than  the  glumes,  In  waste  places,  Oregon  to 
California  and  the  southern  Atlantic  States. 

P.  amethystina  Trin.  Phalarid.  10.  Stems  rather  slender,  2-8  feet 
high,  from  a  perennial  root:  leaves  often  purplish,  short,  the  sheaths  inflated: 
spikes  oblong,  1-2  inchfes  long,  usually  purplish:  spikelets  2  lines  long  or 
more:  glumes  but  slightly  keeled:  rudimentaiy  flowers  hairy,  more  than  half 
as  long  as  the  hairy  perfect  one.     Along  the  coast,  southern  Oregon  to  Calif. 

**    Panicle  branched:  glumes  not  keeled. 

P.  arundinaceae  L.  Sp.  65.  Stems  2-6  feet  high,  from  creeping  per^ 
ennialrootstocks:  leaves  3 -20  inches  long,  3-8  lines  wide  smooth  panicle  4-8 
inches  long,  its  rough:  branches  erect  or  somewhat  spreading:  spikelets  2 
lines  long,  ovate:  glumes  pointed,  3-nerved,  not  keeled:  rudimentary  flowers 
reduced  to  narrow  silky  scales,  one-third  as  long  as  the  perfect  one  which  is 
smooth  or  silky  and  one-third  shorter  than  the  glume.  Common  in  low 
grounds  California  to  Brit.  Columbia  and  the  Atlantic  States:  also  in  Europe 
and  Asia. 

7    ANTHOXANTHUM  L.  Sp.  28. 

Panicle  cylindrical,  spike-like.  Spikelets  3-flowered,  the  lat- 
eral flowers  neutral  and  consisting  of  a  single  palet ;  the  upper  or 
central  one  perfect.  Glumes  thin,  unequal,  the  lower  smaller, 
1-nerved,  the  upper  about  twice  as  long  as  the  lower  and  3-nerved. 
Palets  of  neutral  flowers  usually  awned.  Stamens  2.  Ovary 
glabrous.     Stigmas  feathery.     Grain  ovate,  enclosed  by  the  glume. 

A.  ODORATDM  L.  Sp.  58.  Stems  erect  aud  rather  slender,  1-2  feet  high, 
from  a  perennial  root:  leaves  flat  hairy:  sheaths  often  hairy;  the  ligule  short 
and  obtuse:  panicle  1-6  inches  long,  interrupted  below,  often  brownish: 
spikelets  3-4  lines  long:  neutral  palets  2  lobed,  hairy,  one  with  a  bent  awn 
from  near  the  base,  the  other  short-awned  below  the  tip:  whole  plant  pleas- 
antly scented  when  drying.  Common  in  lawns  aud  waste  places:  introduc- 
ed from  Europe. 


722  GRAMINE^  hierochloe 

C0LEANTHU8 

8    HIEROCHLOE  Gmelin  Fl.  Sib.  i,  101. 

Panicle  loose  and  spreading.  Spikelets  laterally  compressed, 
3-flowered,  the  2  lower  or  lateral  ones  staminate,  the  upper  or 
central  one  perfect.  Glumes  5,  the  first  and  second  about  equal, 
acute,  glabrous;  the  third  and  fourth  somewhat  shorter,  obtuse, 
entire,  emarginate,  2-toothed  or  2-lobed  with  or  without  an  awn, 
enclosing  a  palet  and  stamens ;  the  fifth  often  produced  into  a 
short  awn,  enclosing  a  palet  and  perfect  flower.  Stamens  3  in 
the  staminate  flowers,  2  in  the  perfect  one.  Styles  distinct.  Stig- 
mas plumose.     Grain  free,  enclosed  by  the  glume. 

H.  macrophylla  Thurber:  Bolander  in  Trans.  Cal.  Agr.  8oc.  1864-65, 
132.  Stems  1-3  feet  high  forming  large  loose  tufts,  with  leaves  12-18  inches 
long  by  4-10  lines  wide,  rough  on  the  upper  surface  and  mai'gins:  panicle 
with  rather  distant  branches  in  pairs:  glumes  greenish  along  the  very  distinct 
nerves,  obtuse  and  barely  equalling  the  staminate  flowers,  the  lower  palets 
of  which  are  stronghly  fringed  on  the  margins,  notched  at  the  apex  and  often 
with  a  slight  mucro  or  awn:  perfect  flower  pubescent  toward  the  apex,  other- 
wise smooth  and  shining;  the  flowering  glume  very  obtuse  and  fringed  on  the 
margins.     In  forests,  western  Washington  to  California. 

H.  borealis  R.  &  S.  Syst.  ii,  513.  Stems  1-2  feet  high,  erect  simple, 
smooth:  lower  leaves  elongated,  4-8  inches  long,  1-3  lines  wide,  scabrous, 
the  upper  ones  3^-2  inches  long:  panicle  2-4  inches  long,  its  branches  1-2 
inches  long,  usually  spreading,  naked  below:  spikelets  yellowish -brown  and 
purple,  2-3  lines  long:  lower  glumes  glabrous;  flowering  glumes  villous  and 
strongly  ciliate,  entire,  awn-pointed:  palets  villous  at  the  apex.  Along 
gtreams,  Oregon  to  Alaska  and  the  northern  Atlantic  States. 

Tribe  V  Agrostidex.  Spikelets  all  hermaphrodite ^  one-flowered, 
with  one  pair  of  empty  glumes,  or  these  rarely  wanting,  usually  as 
long  as  or  exceeding  the  lowering  glumes.  Rachella  sometimes  pro- 
longed behind  the  palet  into  a  naked  or  plumose  bristle. 

9    COLEANTHUS  Seidel  Reichenb.  Incon.   Fl.  Germ,  i,  177. 

Panicles  simple  or  branched,  the  flowers  in  umbellate  clusters 
of  short  1-flowered  ray<<.  Empty  glumes  wanting :  flowering 
glume  membranous,  1-nerved,  acuminately  awned.  Palet  shorter 
than  the  glume,  with  2  divergent  nerves,  keeled,  bifid  at  the  apex, 
the  divisions  acuminate:  scales  none.  Stamens  2,  with  oblong 
anthers.  Ovary  sessile,  smooth.  Stigmas  sessile,  denticulate 
with  subulate  hairs.  Grain  oblong,  somewhat  longer  than  the 
glumes  which  are  persistent  and  surround  its  base. 

C.  snbtllis  Seidel  1.  c.  Stems  slender,  1-3  inches  long,  forming  loose 
tufts  1-4  inches  in  diameter,  decumbent  and  geniculate  below,  often  branch- 
ed, from  an  annual  root:  leaves  about  6  lines  long,  curved,  smooth:  ligule 
elongated,  acute; sheaths  all  inflated:  panicle  6^18  lines  long,  its  base  includ- 
ed in  the  upper  sheath,  mostly  simp4ef  with  3-4  umbellate  clusters,  sometimes 
with  one  or  two  short  branches  with  all  umbel  at  the  end  of  each:  pedicels 
longer  than  the  spikelets,  scabrous,  glumes  roughened  on  the  keel.  On  low 
muddy  flats  along  the  Columbia  river;  also  in  northern  Europe. 

10    SP0R0B0LU8  R.  Br.  Prodr.  Fl  Hoi.  i,  169. 

Panicle  open  and  pyramidal  to  narrow  and  spike-like.     Spike- 


spOROBOLUs  GEAMINEiE  723 

lets  l-flowered.  Glumes  membranaceo-chartaceous,  l-nerved  or 
nerveless,  not  awned  but  sometimes  pointed.  Flowers  sessile,  or 
with  a  minute  callus,  usually  longer  than  the  glumes.  Palets 
similar  to  the  glumes  in  texture,  mostly  1-  or  indistinctly  3-nerved. 
Stamens  2  or  3.     Ovary  oblong.     Stigmas  with  simple  hairs. 

S.  asperifolius  Thurber  Bot.  Cal.  ii,  269.  Stems  6-15  inches  long* 
branched,  decumbent  at  base,  rooting  at  the  nodes  and  thus  forming  broad 
matted  tufts:  leaves  flat,  1-3  inches  long,  about  1  line  broad,  scabrous: 
ligules  very  short,  truncate:  sheaths  smooth,  loose,  very  short  and  overlap- 
ping below :  panicle  included  at  base,  open,  3-5  inches  long,  pyramidal  or 
ovoid,  in  outline,  its  scabrous  branches  solitary  or  in  pairs:  spikelets  less 
than  a  line  long,  on  pedicels  6  lines  long:  glumes  nearly  equal,  acute,  min- 
utely scabrous :  flowers  slightly  exceeding  thf  glumes,  the  flowering  glume ' 
sometimes  with  a  minute  mucro  at  its  obtuse  tip.  In  alkaline  soil,  Brit. 
Columbia  to  California  and  Nebraska. 

S.  cryptandrus  Gray  Man.  ed.  2,  542.  Stems  2-3  feet  high,  usually 
geniculate  and  branched  below:  sheaths  smooth,  strongly  bearded  at  the 
throat,  the  lower  shorter  than  the  internodes :  ligules  reduced  to  a  mere 
fringe :  leaves  flat,  3-6  inches  long,  about  2  lines  wide,  acuminate,  scabrous 
above:  panicle  narrowly  pyramidal,  more  or  less  enclosed  by  the  upper 
sheath,  4-8  inches  long,  its  branches  mostly  in  pairs,  spreading :  spikelets 
aline  long,  short-pedicelled.  rather  crowded,  lead-colored:  empty  glumes 
sondewhat  acute,  the  upper  twice  the  length  of  the  very  narrow  lower  one: 
flowering  glume  about  equalling  the  second  one.  In  sandy  soil,  Oregon  to 
the  New  England  coast. 

S.  airoides  Torr.  Pac.  R.  Rep.  vii,  21.  Stems  2-3  feet  high,  somewhat 
rigid,  smooth,  forming  large  tufts,  rarely  branched,  clothed  below  with 
dead  sheaths :  sheaths  smooth,  with  a  few  long  hairs  at  the  throat,  the 
2  lower  overlapping,  the  uppermost  loose:  ligules  nearly  obsolete:  leaves 
very  pale,  convolute  and  tapering  to  a  filiform  point,  the  basal  ones  about 
half  as  long  as  the  stems,  the  uppermost  reduced  to  a  mere  filiform  appen- 
dage to  the  sheath :  panicle  broadly  pyramidal,  soon  exserted,  6-12  inches 
long,  few-flowered:  its  slender  branches  solitary  or  in  pairs,  spreading  or  '• 
reflexed:  spikelets  a  line  long,  brownish,  on  rather  long  pedicels:  empty 
glumes  rather  obtuse,  the  first  norrower  and  K"*K  as  long  as  the  second 
one ;  flowering  glume  slightly  longer  than  the  second  one :  palet  about  as 
long  as  the  glume.    On  prairies,  eastern  Oregon  to  California  and  Nebraska . 

S.  cnspidatns  Wood  Bot.  i(:  Fl.  385.  Smooth  and  glabrous :  stems 
1-2  feet  high,  erect,  simple  or  somewhat  branched:  sheaths  shorter  than 
the  internodes:  ligule  a  mere  ring:  leaves  1-4  inches  long,  less  than  1  line 
wide,  erect,  involute  setaceous,  at  least  when  dry:  panicle  2-5  inches  long, 
slender,  its  branches  ^-1  inch  long,  appressed:  spikelets  1^-13^  lines 
long:  empty  glumes  acuminate  or  cuspidate,  scabrous  on  the  keel;  flower- 
ing glume  long-acuminate  and  cuspidate,  sparingly  scabrous.  In  dry  soil, 
eastern  Washington  to  the  Missouri  river. 

S.  depanperatas  Rcribn.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  ix,  103.  Vilfa  dep- 
auperata  Torr.  Stems  tufted,  very  slender,  3  inches  to  2  feet  longj  decum- 
bent and  geniculate,  often  much  branched :  leaves  short,  often  involute, 
very  minutely  scabrous  above :  sheaths  rather  loose,  crowded  and  overlap- 
ping below :  panicle  >^-2  inches  long,  very  narrow,  of  few  solitary  distant 
erect  .branches :  spikelets  1  line  long  or  less,  short-pedicelled:  empty  . 
glumes  ovate,  obtuse,  nearly  equal :  flower  about  twice  as  long  as  the  emp- 
ty glumes,  often  blackish,  deciduous ;  flowering  glume  obscurely  3-nervea, 
the  mid-nerve  often  excurrent  as  a  small  mucro :  palet  nearly  as  long  as 
the  glume.  On  margins  of  ponds,  eastern  Oregon  to  California  and  New  , 
Mexico,  tUvoiME 


724  GRAMINEiE  sporobolus 

POLYPOGON 

S.  Bolanderl  Vaaey  Bot.  Gaz.  xi.  337.  Stems  slender,  about  1  foot 
long,  decumbent  below,  smooth:  ligules  short  and  obtuse :  leaves  narrow, 
flaccid,  the  radical  ones  about  6  inches  long:  cauline  ones  similar,  1-2 
inches  long:  panicle  2-3  inches  long,  open,  lax,  its  lower  branches  in  twos 
or  threes,  filiform,  12-18  lines  long:  empty  glumes  unequal,  1-nerved; 
flowering  glume  exserted,  5-nerved,  softly  pubescent  on  the  nerves  below. 
Collected  at  Multnomah  Falls  Oregon  by  Dr.  H.  N.  Bolander. 

S.  confnsns  Vasey  Beal  Grasses  N.  Am.  ii,  294.  Stems  slender, 
tufted,  branching,  3-8  inches  high  from  an  annual  root :  sheaths  loose : 
leaves  flat,  6-12  lines  long :  panicle  ovoid  or  oblong,  with  loose  capillary 
branches:  spike  lets  less  than  a  line  long,  smooth,  on  capillary  pedicels  3-4 
times  as  long :  empty  glumes  subequal,  obtuse  or  retuse  at  the  apex ;  flow- 
ering glume  but  little  longer,  barely  acute.  On  sandy  banks  of  streams, 
eastern  Washington  to  California,  Colorado  and  Montana. 

S.  sfracillimns  Vasey  Vilfa  gracillima  Thurher.  Stems  capillary, 
smooth,  much  branched  at  base,  forming  small  dense  tufts,  3-12  inches 
high,  the  leafy  portion  about  2  inches  high :  sheaths  equalling  the  inter- 
ncKles,  smooth,  with  hyaline  margins:  liy;ules  about  a  line  long,  obtuse  and 
lacerate:  leaves  3-6  lines  long,  less  than  a  line  wide,  flat,  involute  at  the 
apex,  very  minutely  scabrous  on  the  upper  side  and  margins:  panicle  long- 
exserted,  narrowly  linear,  few-flowered,  interrupted  below,  its  branches 
in  twos  or  threes,  appressed:  spikelets  about  1  line  long:  empty  glumes 
subequal,  membranaceous,  very  obtuse,  distinctly  1-nerved,  mucronate  or 
erose-dentate  at  the  apex :  flowering  glume  3-nerved,  mucronate  or  tipped 
with  a  small  awn.  Edge  of  marshes  in  the  high  mountains,  Oregon  to 
California. 

S.  simplex  Scribn.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Bull.  11,  48.  A  densely  cespi- 
tose  leafy  annual,  2-6  inches  high:  stems  slender,  smooth:  lower  sheaths 
loose,  longer  than  the  internodes :  ligules  a  line  or  more  long :  leaves  flat, 
1-2  inches  long,  scabrous  on  the  margins,  very  rough  near  the  rigid  apex : 
panicle  linear,  1-2  inches  long,  its  scabrous  branches  erect :  spikelets  1  line 
long:  empty  glumes  subequal, obtuse  or  truncate, scabrous  on  the  back  above, 
flower  twice  as  long  as  the  glumes :  flowering  glumes  3-nerved,  mucronate 
pointed,  scabrous  above.    In  moist  places,  Idaho  to  California  and  Colorado. 

S.  flliformls  Scribn.  1,  c.  Bull  17,  173.  A  very  slender  densely  tufted 
annual,  3-12  inches  high :  stems  filiform  and  scape-like,  with  very  short 
internodes  below:  leaves  filiform.  6-12  lines  long:  panicle  linear,  long-ex- 
serted  spikelets  less  than  a  line  long:  empty  glumes  subequal,  obtuse  and 
mucronate,  flowers  about  twice  as  long  as  the  empty  glumes ;  flowering 
glume  acute,  3-nerved,  scabrous  on  the  midnerve.  In  moist  soil  in  the  high 
mountains,  Washington  to  California  and  Utah. 

11    POLYPOGON  Desf.  Fl.  Atl.  i,  66.    (1798.) 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses  with  flat  leaves  and  numerous 
flowers  in  spike-like  panicles.  Spikelets  1 -flowered.  Glumes  3, 
the  2  outer  empty,  nearly  equal,  compressed,  1-nerved  and  bear- 
ing a  long  awn  at  or  below  the  apex.  Flower  much  shorter  than 
the  empty  glumes,  without  manifest  callus  and  naked  at  base. 
Flowering  glume  hyaline,  broad,  1-nerved,  truncate,  toothed, 
awned  at  the  apex:  scales  2,  falcate,  entire,  as  long  as  the  ovary. 
Stamens  3,  with  small  anthers.  Styles  short,  with  long  feathery 
stigmas.     Grain  free,  enclosed  in  the  glume  and  palet. 

P.  Monspeliensis  Desf.  1.  c.  67.  Stems  6-30  inches  high  erect  from  a 
procumbent  geniculate  base,  often  branching  from  the  lower  nodes  t  sheaths 
smooth  usually  shorter  than  the  internodes :  ligules  2-3  lines  long,  obtuse : 


POLYPOGON  GRAMINEiE  725 

AGR08TI8 

leaves  flat,  2-6  inches  long,  1-3  lines  wide,  somewhat  scabrorts :  panicle  2-6 
inches  long  cylindric  or  somewhat  interrupted,  yellowish,  dense  and  soft : 
empty  glumes  about  1  line  long,  obtuse,  notched  at  the  apex,  bearing  slen- 
der awns  2-3  lines  lonir;  flowering  glume  much  shorter,  erose-truncate, 
bearing  a  slender  awn  about  >^  line  long  inserted  below  the  tip.  Common 
in  wet  places,  Brit.  Columbia  to  Mexico  and  the  A.tlantic  States. 

P.  littoralis  Smith  Comp.  Fl.  Brit.  ed.  2,  13.  Stems  slender,  from  a 
perennial  root,  1-2  feet  long,  often  decumbent  and  forming  large  tufts: 
ligules  1-3  lines  long,  acute:  leaves  narrow,  scabrous  on  both  sides:  pani- 
cle narrow,  much  lobed  its  whole  length  and  sometimes  completely  inter- 
rupted below,  often  purplish :  empty  glumes  scabrous,  attenuate  above  into 
an  awn  as  long  as  the  body:  flowering  glume  much  shorter  than  the  empty 
ones,  obtuse,  2-toothed  at  the  apex :  awn  1  line  long.  In  wet  places,  Ore- 
gon to  California :  also  in  Europe  and  South  America. 

12  AGROSTIS  L.  Sp.  6. 
Annual  or  perennial  grasses  with  flat  or  involute  leaves  and 
numerous  flowers  in  more  or  less  open  panicles  with  whorled  or 
clustered  branches.  Spikelets  small,  one-flowered  or  sometimes 
with  the  rudiments  of  a  second  flower.  Empty  glumes  somewhat 
unequal,  the  lower  usually  longest,  obtuse  or  acute,  membranous. 
Flowers  mostly  shorter  than  the  empty  glumes,  with  a  very  short 
naked  base.  Flowering  glume  ver}'^  thin,  3-5-nerved,  pointless, 
naked,  often  bearing  a  slender  straight  awn  on  the  back  usually 
much  below  the  apex.  Palet  obsolete,  or  present  and  shorter 
than  or  equalling  the  ovary,  rarely  nearly  as  long  as  the  glume. 
Stamens  mostly  3.  Styles  2  distinct,  short,  with  plumose  stigmas. 

A.  eqniTalvis  Trin.  Agrost.  ii,  116.  Stems  slender,  erect,  1-2  feet 
high,  smooth  :  sheaths  smooth,  shorter  than  the  internodes:  upper  ligules 
about  1  line  long :  leaves  flat,  4-6  inches  idng,  smooth  or  nearly  so :  panicle 
2-6  inches  long,  loose,  very  narrow,  smooth  and  shining,  the  branches  in 
whorls  of  5  below,  in  pairs  or  solitary  above,  very  unequal:  spikelets  1-lK 
lines  long,  mostly  in  pairs:  empty  glumes  nearly  equal,  acute,  l-l}4  lines 
long:  flowering  glume  acute.  5-nerved:  palet  about  as  long  as  the  glume. 
In  moist  ground,  Alaska  to  California. 

A.  ALBA  L.  Sp.  63.  (Redtop.)  Stems  slender,  erect,  often  decumbent 
at  base,  6-30  inches  high :  sheaths  smooth  :  ligules  short  and  truncate  or 
long  and  acute:  leaves  flat,  4-12  inches  long,  smooth  or  rough:  panicle 
slender,  2-8  inches  long;  green,  red  or  brownish,  its  roughish  branches 
usually  spreading  in  flower  and  more  or  less  contracted  afterwards :  empty 
glumes  nearly  equal,  or  the  lower  slightly  longest :  flowering  glume  very 
thin,  with  some  short  hairs  at  base,  shorter  than  the  empty  ones,  rarely 
with  a  short  awn :  palet  3^-)^  as  long  as  the  glume.  Common  in  meadows 
and  waste  places. 

A.  exarata  Trin.  Unifl.  207.  Stems  1-3  feet  high,  erect,  sometimes 
decumbent  at  base,  simple,  glabrous :  sheaths  usually  shorter  than  the 
internodes:  ligules  1-3  lines  long:  leaves  1-8  inches  long,  1-4  lines  wide, 
generally  erect,  flat  or  involute,  scabrous :  panicle  contracted,  2-10  inches 
long,  often  interrupted,  its  branches  1-3  inches  long,  erect  or  appressed : 
spikelets  crowded,  1-2  lines  long :  empty  glumes  subequal,  scabrous :  flow- 
ering glume  )^-^  line  long:  palet  minute.  In  moist  meadows  and  along 
streams,  Alaska  to  California  and  Nebraska. 

A.  asperifolia  Trin.  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petersb.  ser.  6.  331.  Pale  green 
throughout  or  the  inflorescence  purplish :  stems  erect  or  slightly  geniculate 
below,  nearly  smooth,  2-3  feet  high :  sheaths  rather  loose,  smooth,  the 


726  GR  AMINES  agroutis 

Mower  exceeding  the  internodes:  ligules  almost  herbaceous,  3-4  lines  long, 
obtuse:  panicle  rather  dense,  narrow,  erect,  7-10  inches  long,  its  short 
branches  erect:  spikelets  l-l)^  lines  long,  narrowly  lanceolate,  turgid : 
outer  glumes  unequal,  hispidulou-s  throughout  and  hispid  on  the  keel:  1-2 
lines  long:  flowering  glume  broadly  oblong,  minutely  dentate  at  the  trun- 
cate apex,  thin-membranous,  5-nerved  to  the  apex,  %  line  long:  palet  min- 
ute or  wanting.    In  moist  places,  Alaska  to  California. 

A.  densiflora  Vasey  Cont.  Nat.  Herb.  3,  702.  A  tufted  annual :  stems 
erect  or  geniculate  at  the  lower  nodes  smooth,  9-12  inches  high  :  sheaths 
rather  loose,  nearly  smooth,  crowded  below,  longer  than  the  internodes: 
ligules  2  lines  long,'  obtuse :  leaves  flat  or  folded,  2-3  lines  wide,  hispidulous 
on  both  sides,  rather  thick  and  rigid,  erect  tapering  to  the  apex:  panicle 
dense,  2-3  inches  long,  its  scabrous  branches  glomerate:  empty  glumes  1^ 
lines  long,  nearly  equal,  acuminate,  carinate  and  hispidulous  on  the  back : 
flowering  glume  oblong,  truncate,  smooth  except  a  minute  tuft  of  white 
hairs  on  the  ventral  side  at  base,  5-nerved,  nearly  1  line  long,  with  or 
without  a  slender  awn  a  line  or  less  long  near  the  apex :  palet  wanting. 
Washington  to  California. 

A,  microphylla  Steud.  Syn.  PI.  Gram.  164.  Loosely  tufted  annual : 
stems  slender,  erect,  6-15  inches  high,  often  branched  at  the  base :  sheaths 
nearly  smooth,  closed,  shorter  than  the  internodes:  ligules  1-2  lines  long, 
usually  lacerate:  leaves  erect,  flat  or  loosely  involute,  1-3  inches  long : 
panicle  spike-like  1-3  inches  long,  light  green  or  purplish,  its  branches  5-6 
lines  long :  empty  glumes  nearly  equal,  13^-2  lines  long,  subulate- pointed, 
hispid  on  the  keel,  1-nerved :  flowering  glume  broadly  oblong,  4-toothecl 
at  the  apex,  thin,  a  line  or  less  long,  with  a  slender  awn  2-3  lines  long  on 
its  back  above  the  middle :  palet  wanting.  In  the  coast  ranges,  Oregon 
and  California. 

A.  grandis  Trin.  Agrost.  ii,  70.  Stems  erect,  1-2  feet  high:  sheaths 
smooth,  much  shorter  than  the  internodes  :  ligule  about  2  lines  long,  acute : 
leaves  2-8  inches  long,  1-3  lines  wide:  panicle  usually  ample,  4-8  inches 
long,  erect,  dense,  more  or  less  interrupted  below,  its  short  branches  erect: 
empty  glumes  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  \%  line  long,  the  lower  one  scab- 
rous, on  the  keel:  flowering  glume  similar  to  the  outer  ones.  In  moist 
meadows,  California  to  Washington. 

A;  verticillata  Yill.  Trin.  Sp.  Gram,  i,  t.  36.  Stems  1-2  feet  long, 
decumbent  and  taking  root  below,  several  of  the  lower  nodes  geniculate : 
sheaths  loose,  shorter  than  the  internodes :  ligules  truncate,  1-2  lines  long : 
leaves  short,  flat,  1-3  lines  wide,  roughish  on  the  upper  surface  and  mar- 
gins:  panicle  2-6  inches  long,  dense  and  spike-like,  lobed  and  interrupted, 
its  short  branches  crowded  and  spikelet-bearing  from  the  base:  empty 
glumes  about  equal,  acute,  roughened  with  minute  pubescence:  flow- 
ering glume  about  half  as  long  as  the  outer  ones,  5-nerved  and  minutely 
5^toothed  at  the  obtuse  apex :  palet  nearly  as  long  as  the  glume.  In 
ditches  and  wet  places,  southern  Oregon  to  California  and  Texas. 

A.  tennicnlmis  Nash  A.  tenuis  Vasey.  Loosely  tufted :  perennial : 
stems  slender,  6-10  inches  high,  somewhat  geniculate  below :  leaves  1-2 
inches  long,  narrow,  about  2  on  the  stem :  ligules  short :  panicle  pyramidal, 
open,  2-3  inches  long,  its  capillary  branches  in  threes  or  fives  below,  the 
longest  an  inch  or  more  long,  spreading  or  ascending:  spikelets  less  than  a 
line  long:  empty  glumes  acute,  purplish,  the  lower  cne  a  little  shorter  and 
broader:  flowering  glume  thin,  obtusish,  3-neryed  above,  a  little  shorter 
than  the  outer  ones,  not  awned :  palet  very  minute  or  wanting.  On  dry 
ridges,  California  to  eastern  Washington. 

A.  Pringrlei  Scribn.  Am.  Grasses  i,  156.  Stems  erect  or  ascending, 
1-2  feet  long,  from  a  stoloniferous  perennial  base :  leaves  flat,  narrow, 
rather  rigid:   panicle  narrow,  loosely  flowered,  3-8  ixieheslong:   empty 


AGROSTis  GRAMINE^  727 

glumes  about  2  lines  long,  acuminate-lanceolate,  scabroius  on  the  keel ; 
flowering  glume  much  shorter  than  the  outer  ones,  densely  hairy  at  base, 
obtuse,  not  awned.     On  the  plains  of  southeastern  Oregon  to  California. 

A.  canina  L.  Sp.  62.  Stems  slender,  erect,  1-2  feet  high,  simple, 
smooth:  sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes:  ligules  1-1)^  lines  long: 
leaves  1-3  inches  long  by  a  line  wide,  scabrous :  panicle  2-7  inches  long, 
contracted  in  fruit,  its  slender  branches  ascending  or  spreading  in  flower: 
spikelets  a  line  long,  onappressed  pedicels:  empty  glumes  subequal,  acute, 
strongly  scabrous  oh  the  keel :  flowering  glume  about  %  as  long  as  the 
outer  ones,  obtuse,  smooth,  bearing  a  straight  or  somewhat  bent  awn  on 
the  back  just  above  the  middle:  palet  minute  or  none.  In  meadows, 
Alaska  to  California  and  Pennsylvania. 

A.  Hallii  Vasey  Contri.  Nat.  Herb.  3,  74.  Stems  erect,  simple, 
stout,  smooth,  2-3  feet  high:  sheaths  slightly  roughened,  usually  crowded 
below .  ligulea  acute,  2  lines  long :  radical  leaves  numerous,  mostly  involute, 
3-6  inches  long,  1-2  lines  wide:  panicle  6-9  inches  long,  narrow,  its  bran- 
ches in  clusters.of  5-10,  slender,  scabrous,  erect  or  slightly  spreading,  un- 
equal :  empty  glumes  lanceolate,  acute,  subequal,  1-1^  line  long,  1-nerved, 
hispid  on  the  keel:  flowering  glumes  oblong,  obtuse,  thin,  smooth  except 
2  tufts  of  short  hairs  at  the  base,  5-nerved,^  line  long:  palet  wanting.  In 
moist  meadows,  Washington  to  California. 

A,  Biegoensis  Vasey.  A.  foliosa  Vasey.  Stems  erect,  or  decumbent 
at  base,  smooth,  1-2  feet  high:  sheaths  close,  equalling  or  exceeding  the 
internodes :  ligules  obtuse,  1-2  lines  long:  leaves  flat,  4-8  inches  long,  2-3 
lines  wide:  panicle  loose,  3-6  inches  long, its  slender  scabrous  branches  1-2 
inches  long,  spreading  or  ascending:  empty  glumes  ovate,  acute,  1-nerved, 
1-13^  lines  long,  usually  equal,  the  lower  one  scabrous  on  the  keel :  flower- 
ing glume  ovate-oblong,  nearly  equalling  the  outer  ones,  smooth  except  a 
tuft  of  hairs  at  base,  4- nerved  above,  the  nerves  terminating  in  4  short 
teeth ;  awn  arising  at  the  middle  or  below,  %-2  lines  long :  palet  wanting. 
On  open  hillsides  in  the  mountains,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California. 

A.  geminata  Trin.  Unifl.  207.  Densely  cespitose :  stems  slender,  erect, 
8-14  inches  high,  from  a  perennial  root :  leaves  flat,  mostly  basal,  1-3 
inches  long:  panicle  loose,  2-4  inches  long,  its  capillary  branches  mostly 
in  pairs,  spreading:  empty  glumes  nearly  equal  1^-13^  lines  long,  lanceo- 
late, scabrous  on  the  keel :  flowering  glume  less  than  a  line  long,  obtuse 
or  retuse;  awn  arising  about  the  middle,  not  surpassing  the  glume. 
Washington  to  Alaska. 

A.  attenuata  Vasey  Bot.  Gaz.  xi,  337.  Stems  slender  2-3  feet  high, 
from  running  perennial  roots-tocks,  usually  solitary :  sheaths  shorter  than 
the  internodes,  smooth:  ligules  2-3  lines  long,  lanceolate,  often  lacerate  at 
the  acutish  apex :  leaves  few,  3-6  inches  long,  1-2  lines  wide :  panicle  2-6 
inches  long,  the  unequal  capillary  branches  in  fascicles  of  2-7,  spreading 
or  ascending:  empty  glumes  equal,  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  about 
1}4  lines  long,  scabrous  on  the  keel :  flowering  glume  oblong,  obtuse,  %  as 
long  as  the  outer  ones :  palet  wanting.  In  wet  mountain  meadows,  Oregon 
to  California. 

.  A,  Sconleri  Trin.  Agrost.  ii,  83.  Stems  slender,  erect,  1-2  feet  high, 
from  a  perennial  root,  somewhat  rigid:  sheaths  smooth,  longer  than  the 
internodes  ligules  about  1  line  long,  obtuse,  often  lacerate :  leaves  3-4 
inches  long,  flat  or  involute,  13^  lines  wide,  tapering  to  a  long  point:  pan- 
icle long-exserted,  open  and  few-flowered;  the  lower  branches  over  an  inch 
long,  clustered :  empty  glumes  about  1  line  long,  acute,  the  lower  a  little 
longer  and  roughened  on  the  keel,  the  upper  roughened  only  at  the  tip: 
flowering  glume  5-nerved,  entire  and  somewhat  truncate  at  the  apex :  palet 
hyaline,  very  minute.    Nootka  Sound  to  California. 


728  GRAMINEiG  agrostis 

A.  Howellii  Scribn.  Loosely  tufted  perennial :  sterna  rather  slender, 
1-2  feet  long:  ligules  about  a  line  long,  usually  obtuse  and  lacerate  at  the 
apex :  panicle  4-8  inches  long,  its  scabrous  capillary  branches  2-3  inches 
long,  usually  spreading:  empty  glumes  1  line  or  less  long,  acuminate-lan- 
ceolate ;  flowering  gfume  lanceolate,  acute,  bearing  a  long  slender  bent  awn 
on  its  back :  palet  hyaline,  minute.    On  cliffs  along  the  Columbia  river. 

A.  scabra  Willd.  Sp  PI.  1,  370.  Stem  very  slender,  1-2  feet  high, 
from  a  perennial  root,  smooth:  sheaths  generally  shorter  than  the  inter- 
nodes:  ligules  1-2  lines  long:  leaves  2-5  inches  long,  %-!%  lines  wide, 
usually  erect,  roughish:  panicle  6-12  inches  long,  usually  purplish,  its 
capillary  branches  spreading  or  ascending,  or  often  drooping,  the  lower  3-6 
inches  long:  empty  glumes  %-\  line  long,  acute,  scabrous  toward  the  apex 
and  on  the  keel;  flowering  glume  nearly  as  long  as  the  outer  ones,  rarely 
bearing  a  short  awn  on  its  back :  palet  very  small.  Common  throughout 
most  parts  of  North  America. 

A.  Idahoensls  Nash  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  xxiv,  42.  Stems  cespitose, 
slender,  8-16  inches  high,  erect,  bearing  usually  2  distant  leaves  below  the 
middle :  lower  sheaths  short,  the  upper  one  elongated :  ligules  1-2  lines 
long,  obtuse  cut-toothed  at  the  apex:  leaves  2-5  inches  long,  erect,  acu- 
minate at  the  apex,  rough  on  the  margins :  panicle  oblong  3-6  inches  long, 
its  branches  and  pedicels  scabrous  above :  empty  glumes  lanceolate  and 
acuminate,  about  1  line  long,  scabrous  on  the  keel,  the  first  longer  than 
the  second :  flowering  glume  about  %  as  long  as  the  outer  ones :  palet 
wanting.    In  forests,  Idaho. 

A.  varians  Trin.  Agrost.  ii,  68.  Stems  slender,  erect,  densely  cespi- 
tose, 3-10  inches  high :  sheaths  longer  than  the  internodes :  upper  ligule 
about  %  line  long,  acutish  :  leaves  very  narrow,  slightly  scabrous  above : 
panicle  1-2  inches  long,  dark  purple,  its  branches  an  inch  or  less  long, 
erect  or  ascending :  empty  glumes  nearly  equal,  roughish  on  the  keel 
toward  the  apex,  subacute;  flowering  glume  nearly  as  long  as  the  outer 
ones,  2-toothed  at  the  apex,  awnlesa :  palet  wanting.  In  wet  places  on  the 
high  mountains,  Washington  to  California. 

A.  Oregonensis  Vasey.  Stems  slender,  erect,  1-2  feet  high,  from  a 
perennial  root :  leaves  flat,  2-3  inches  long,  the  upper  one  usually  longest: 
ligules  1-2  lines  long,  acute :  panicle  long-exserted,  2-4  inches  long,  dark 
purple,  narrow,  its  capillary  branches  1-2  inches  long,  erect :  empty  glumes 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  about  1  line  long;  flowering  glume  hyaline,  about 
%  as  long  as  the  outer  ones,  acute,  not  awned :  palet  wanting.  In  moist 
meadows  about  the  base  of  Mount  Hood,  Oregon. 

A.  humilis  Vasey  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  x,  21.  Stems  densely  cespi- 
tose, 2-6  inches  high,  from  perennial  roots:  sheath  usually  only  one, 
about  ^  as  long  as  the  stem:  ligules  auriculate  or  3-lobed,  %  line  long: 
leaves  mostly  basal,  1-3  inches  long,  less  than  a  line  wide,  erect:  panicle 
narrow,  6-18  lines  long,  dark  purple,  its  very  few  branches  erect  or  appres- 
sed:  empty  glumes  equal,  lanceolate,  acute,  smooth,  %-!  line  long;  flow- 
ering glume  nearly  equalling  the  outer  ones,  lanceolate,  minutely  toothed 
at  the  apex:  palet  ovate-oblong.  In  wet  meadows  on  high  mountains, 
Washington  to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

A.  yirescens  HBK.  Nov.  Gen.  i,  135.  Stems  1-2  feet  high,  from  a 
perennial  root :  sheaths  much  shorter  than  the  internodes  mostly  smooth : 
ligules  more  than  a  line  long,  truncate:  leaves  flat,  erect,  about  6  inches 
long  by  4  lines  wide,  rough  on  both  sides:  panicle  pale  greenish  tinged 
with  purple,  about  6  inches  long,  its  branches  in  clusters  about  an  inch 
apart  on  the  common  axis :  empty  glumes  very  acute,  the  lower  terminated 
by  a  distinct  seta,  rough  on  the  keel  and  pubescent  all  over;  flowering 
glume  about  %  shorter  than  the  empty  ones,  bearded  at  base  by  a  few 
short  white  hairs,  5-nerved,  the  lateral  nerves  projecting  as  distinct  teeth, 


GASTRiDiUM  GRAMINE^  729 

CINNA 

the  central  one  excurrent  at  or  below  the  middle  as  a  strong  bent  awn  1-2 
lines  long :   palet  very  small  or  none.    Oregon  to  California. 

13    GASTRIDIUM  Beauv.  Agrost.  21. 

Panicle  contracted  into  a  somewhat  loose  tapering  spike. 
Spikelets  1 -flowered.  Empty  glumes  with  an  enlarged  ventricose 
shining  base,  very  acute  above,  obscurely  keeled,  the  lower  longest. 
Flowering  glume  less  than  i  as  long  as  the  empty  ones,  minutely 
hairy  at  base,  very  thin,  truncate  and  dentate  at  the  apex.  Awn 
slender,  arising  just  below  the  apex,  equalling  or  exceeding  the 
glumes.  Palet  equalling  the  flowering  glume.  Scales  2,  linear, 
as  long  as  the  ovary.     Stamens  3.     Stigmas  2,  subsessile. 

G.  AD8TRALE  Beauv.  1.  c.  Loosely  cespitose:  stems  6-24  inches  high, 
smooth,  brandling  at  the  lower  nodes,  geniculate  below:  sheaths  shorter 
than  the  internodes,  slightly  roughened:  ligules  2  lines  long,  lanceolate, 
fringed :  leaves  flat,  2-5  inches  long,  about  2  lines  wide,  scabrous  on  both 
sides,  pale  green :  panicle  3-6  inches  long,  very  pale  green,  shining  with  a 
satiny  lustre;  empty  glumes  about  2  lines  long,  very  acute,  slightly  scab- 
rous above,  shining  below :  flowering  glume  hairy.  On  prairies,  southern 
Oregon  to  California :   introduced  from  Europe. 

14    CINNA  L.  Sp.  5. 

Tall  grasses  with  flat  leaves  and  numerous  spikelets  in  more  or 
less  open  panicles.  Panicles  flexuous,  with  spreading  or  erect 
branches.  Spikelets  one-flowered,  more  or  less  flattened.  Emp- 
ty glumes  lanceolate,  acute,  one-nerved,  the  lower  shortest,  the 
upper  equalling  or  slightly  exceeding  the  flower.  Flowering 
glume  3-nerved,  acute  and  awnless,  or  bearing  a  short  awn  or 
seta  just  below  the  apex.  Palet  slightly  shorter  than  the  glume. 
Scales  2,  very  short.  Stamens  1,  2  or  3.  Ovary  oblong,  smooth. 
Styles  2,  elongated.    Stigmas  plumose.    Grain  free,  linear-oblong. 

C.  pendala  Trin.  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petersb.  vi,  280.  Stems  usually 
slender,  erect,  2-6  feet  high,  smooth  :  sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes, 
sometimes  slightly  scabrous :  ligules  1-2  lines  long :  leaves  4-10  inches  long, 
2-6  lines  wide,  scabrous:  panicle  5-10  inches  long,  open,  the  capillary 
branches  mostly  spreading,  flexuous  and  often  drooping,  the  lower  2-5 
inches  long:  empty  glumes  l}4  lines  long,  scabrous,  acute,  strongly  hispid 
on  the  keel :  flowering  glumes  shorter  than  the  outer  ones,  bearing  a  rough 
awn  1%  lines  long  from  the  2-toothed  apex.  In  wet  places,  California  to 
Alaska  and  the  Eastern  States. 

15    MUHLENBERGIA  Schreb.  Gen.  44. 

Mostly  perennial  grasses  with  flat  or  convolute  leaves  and  pan- 
iculate inflorescence.  Panicle  contracted  or  €>pen.  Spikelets 
one-flowered,  very  rarely  two-flowered.  Em^^y  glumes  hyaline 
or  membranous,  acute,  sometimes  awned.  Flowering  glume  3-5- 
nerved,  obtuse  or  acute,  or  often  produced  into  a  capillary  awn. 
Palet  2-keeled.  Stamens  2  or  3.  Styles  distinct,  with  plumose 
stigmas.     Grain  narrow,  tightly  enclosed  in  the  glume. 

M,  grlomerata  Trin.  Unifl.  191.  Stems  1-2  feet  high,  erect,  usually 
much  branched,  smooth :  sheaths  smooth,  those  of  the  stem  shorter  than 
the  internodes,  those  of  the  branches  overlapping  and  often  crowded: 


730^  GRAMINEiE  mdhlenbergia 

CALAMAGR08TI8 

ligules  about  one  half  line  long,  erose-truncate :  leaves  2-5  inches  long, 
1-3  lines  wide,  scabrous:  panicle  1-5  inches  long,  usually  dense  and  inter- 
rupted, the  branches  6-12  lines  long,  erect  or  appressed :  empty  glumes 
acuminate  including  the  awn  2-3  lines  long:  flowering  glumes  %  as  long 
as  the  outer  ones,  acuminate  the  strongly  scabrous  midrib  excurrent  as  a 
short  point.  In  wet  places,  eastern  Washington  to  Brit.  Columbia  and 
the  Eastern  States. 

M.  sylyatica  Torr.  Fl.  U.  S.  87.  Stems  1 -3 feet  high,  erect,  branched, 
smooth  or  sometimes  scabrous:  sheaths  smooth  or  slightly  scabrous,  those 
of  the  stem  shorter  than  the  internodes:  ligules  about  one-half  line  long, 
erose-truncate :  leaves  2-7  inches  long,  1-3  lines  wide,  rough  :  panicle  3-7 
inches  long,  somewhat  lax,  the  branches  1-3  inches  long,  erect  or  ascend- 
ing: empty  glumes  \}4.-\%  line  long,  awn-pointed,  scabrous:  flowering 
glume  equalling  or  exceeding  the  outer  ones,  strongly  scabrous,  attenuate 
into  a  slender  awn  2-4  times  as  long  as  the  body.  In  moist  woods  and 
along  streams  Idaho  to  the  Eastern  States. 

Var.  setiglumis  Watson  Bot.  King  378.  Stems  1  foot  high,  nearly 
erect:  panicle  contracted,  the  branches  solitary  and  densely  flowered :; 
empty  glumes  attenuate  into  a  scabrous  bristle,  2-3  lines  long;  the  flower-' 
ing  glutoe  witti  its  long  awn  about  twice  longer.  In  the  mountains, 
eastern  Washington  to  Nevada. 

M.  comata  Benth.  Vasey  Cat.  Grasses  U.  S.  39.  Stems  slender, 
erect,  12-18  inches  high,  smooth:  sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes, 
smooth  or  slightly  scabrous :  ligules  about  one-half  line  long,  truncate, 
naked  or  minutely  ciliate :  leaves  2-5  inches  long,  1-2  lines  wide,  erect, 
flat,  rough :  panicle  2-4  inches  long,  dense,  its  branches  6-18  lines  long, 
erect:  empty  glumes  equal  or  the  upper  one  a  little  the  longest,  smooth, 
scabrous  on  the  keel :  flowering  glume  shorter  than  the  outer  ones,  smooth, 
bearing  an  awn  2-3  times  its  length,  basal  hairs  silky,  erect,  fully  as  long 
as  the  glumes.    On  prairies,  eastern  Oregon  to  California  and  Colorado. 

16    CALAMAGROSTIS  Adans.  Fam.  PI.  ii,  31.  ; 

Mostly  perennial  grasses  with  flat  leaves  and  paniculate  inflor- 
escence. Spikelets  one-flowered,  the  rachella  usually  prolonged 
beyond  the  flower  and  pubescent.  Empty  glumes  membranous, 
carinate  :  flowering  glume  hyaline,  shorter  than  the  empty  ones, 
obtuse,  usually  copiously  hairy  at  base,  sometimes  the  hairs 
scanty  or  short,  and  bearing  a  dorsal  awn.  Palet  shorter  than 
the  glume,  two-nerved.  Stamens  3.  Styles  short,  distinct,  with 
plumose  stigmas.     Grain  free,  enclosed  in  the  glume. 

C.    Howellil  Vasey  Bot    Gaz.  vi,  271.    Densely  tufted  perennial:  stems 
10-20  inches  high,  erect  or  somewhat  geniculate  below,  smooth :  sheaths  ' 
smooth,  shorter  than  the  internodes :  ligules  1  line  or  more  long,  often 
lacerate  at  the  obtuse  or  acutish  apex:  radical  leaves  numerous,  loosely 
involute,   erect,  nearly  equalling  or  exceeding  the  stems,  persistent  and 
green  for  several  years :  panicle  3-4  inches  long,  its  branches  spreading  in 
flower,  soon  erect,  the  lower  6-18  lines  long:  empty  glumes  2-3  lines  long,  - 
nearly  equal,  lanceolate,  acute,  strongly  keeled,  the  mid-rib  prolonged  into  , 
a  short  awn :  flowering  glume  slightly  shorter  than  the  outer  ones  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acute,  the  apex  with  2  mucronate  pointed  teeth,  the  strong  awn 
inserted  about  the  lower  third,  half  an  inch  kmg;  palet  shorter  than  its  - 
glume:  basal  hairs  about  half  as  long  as  the  flower.    On  cliffs  along  the 
Columbia  river  near  the  Cascades. 

G.  purpurascens  R.  Br.  Richards.  App.  F«kBkl  Journ.  131.  Rather, 
rigid  cespitose  perennial:  stents,  erect,  simplei,  smooth ; and  shiaing,  or :< 


CALAMAGR08TI8  GRAMINEiE  731 

slightly  hispid  near  the  nodes,  2-2)^  feet  high:  sheaths  hispidulous  or 
nearly  smooth,  much  shorter  than  the  internodes :  ligules  2  lines  long, 
lacerate  or  fimbriolate  at  the  obtuse  apex :  radical  leaves  nearly  as  long  as 
the  stems,  those  of  the  stem  3-8  inches  long,  the  uppermost  shorter,  all 
less  than  2  lines  wide:  panicle  narrow  and  spike-like,  dense,  3-5  inches 
long,  its  branches  appressed:  empty  glumes  lanceolate,  acute,  smooth, 
purple  at  the  apex  or  throughout,  2  lines  long,  the  lower  one  carinate, 
1-nerved,  the  second  convex,  distinct,  3-nerved:  flowering  glume  oblong, 
arose  at  the  obtuse  apex,  smooth,  4-nerved,  1%  lines  long:  awn  attached 
^  way  from  the  base,  2-4  lines  long :  basal  hairs  scanty  and  short :  palet 
oblong,  as  long  as  the  glume.  In  the  high  mountains,  California  to  Alaska 
and  Greenland. 

C.  Vaseyi  Beal  Grasses  N.  Ami.  ii,  344.  Stems  densely  cespitose,  2-3 
feet  high,  erect:  pheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes:  ligules  about  1  line 
long,  ciliate  at  the  obtuse  apex :  leaves  flat,  rather  rigid,  4-10  inches  long, 
1-2  lines  wide:  panicle  3-4  inches  long,  narrow  and  spike-like,  often  inter- 
rupted :  empty  glumes  about  2  lines  long,  lanceolate,  very  acute  or  acum- 
inate, rough  on  the  keel :  flowering  glume  1}4  lines  long,  2-toothed  at  the 
apex:  awn  nearly  straight,  1-2  lines  long,  attached  below  the  middle: 
basal  hairs  short  and  rather  scanty ;  palet  linear- oblong,  as  long  as  the 
glume.    In  the  mountains  of  Oregon  and  Washington. 

C.  Tweedyi  Scribn.  Vasey  Mon.  Grasses  U.  S.  83.  A  closely  tufted 
stoloniferous  perennial:  stems  erect,  smooth,  stout,  30-40  inches  high: 
sheaths  rather  loose,  smooth  or  slightly  scabrous,  shorter  than  the  inter- 
nodes: ligules  thin,  2-4  lines  long:  leaves  flat,  hispid,  1-10  inches  long,  3-5 
lines  wide:  panicle  close  and  spike-like,  3-4  inches  long,  the  branches  an 
inch  long  or  less,  appressed,  unequal :  empty  glumes  lanceolate,  acute, 
nearly  smooth,  about  3  lines  long,  the  first  1-nerved,  slightly  carinate,  the 
second  3-nerved,  convex:  flowering  glume  ovate-oblong  unequally  toothed 
at  the  rounded  apex  4-nerved  23^  lines  long :  awn  attached  ^  way  from 
the  base,  twisted  and  bent,  3-4  lines  long :  basal  hairs  short  and  unequal : 
palet  lance-oblong,  obtuse,  smooth.    In  the  Cascade  Mountains  of  Wash. 

C.  Alentica  Bong.  Veg.  Sitcha  171.  A  densely  cespitose  perennial: 
stems  erect,  smooth,  2-5  feet  high:  sheaths  loose,  slightly  roughened, 
usually  shorter  than  the  internodes :  ligules  ovate,  nearly  2  lines  long : 
leaves  flat,  or  loosely  involute,  with  long  attenuate  points,  hispid  on  both 
sides,  10-20  inches  long :  panicle  rather  narrow,  6-20  inches  long,  its  bran- 
ches unequal,  crowded  in  10-15  clusters,  the  longer  ones  1-3  inches  long: 
empty  glumes  narrowly  lanceolate,  acute,  hispid  on  the  nerves,  the  first 
one  carinate,  1-nerved,  23^r3  lined  long,  the  second  convex,  3-nerved,  ^ 
line  shorter:  flowering  glume  oblong,  obtusely  2-lobed  at  the  apex,  thin, 
hispidulous,  2  lines  long:  basal  hairs  half  as  long  as  the  glume:  awn  at- 
tached below  the  middle,  not  equalling  the  glume:  palet  oblong,  irregu- 
larly toothed  or  fringed  at  the  obtuse  apex.  In  wet  places  near  the  coast, 
California  to  Alaska. 

C.  rnbescens  Buckl.  Proc.  Phila.  Acad.  1863,  92.  More  or  less  purp- 
lish throughout:  stems  tufted,  slender,  erect,  30-40  inches  high ,  from 
stout  perennial  rootstocks :  sheaths  half  as  long  as  the  internodes :  ligules 
13^-2  lines  long,  lacerate  at  the  acute  apex :  leaves  of  sterile  shoots  numer- 
ous, involute,  setaceous,  glaucous,  scabrous,  5-10  inches  long,  13^-2  lines 
wide,  those  of  the  stem  3-4,  2-7  inches  long,  usually  with  some  woolly 
hairs  at  the  base  of  the  blade :  panicle  strict,  dense,  interrupted,  3-5  inches 
long,  its  short  branches  densely  flowered  to  the  base :  empty  glumes  ovate- 
lanceolate,  rough,  acute,  the  first  1-nerved,  the  second  3-nerved:  flowering 
glumes  a  little  shorter,  narrowly  elliptical,  acute,  2-toothed  at  the  apex, 
the  stiff  twisted  and  bent  awn  arising  a  little  below  the  middle  and  equal- 
ling the  glume :  basal  hairs  in  2  tufts,  less  than  half  as  long  as  the  glume. 
Oregon  to  California. 


73i  GfeAMINE^  (JalaMagrostisI 

C»  Suksdorfll  Scribn.  Vasey  Monog.  Grasses  TJ.  S.  82.  A  loosely 
tufted  perennial:  steins  rather  slender,  1-3  feet  high,  erect  smooth: 
sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes :  ligules  about  1  line  long,  obtuse, 
often  lacerate:  leaves  usually  involute, 6-12  inches  long, about  1  line  wide: 
panicle  narrow,  2-6  inches  long,  densely  flowered,  its  branches  ascending 
or  appressed :  empty  glumes  oblong,  acute,  keeled,  1%  Hue  long :  flower- 
ing glume  lanceolate,  about  1  line  long,  2-toothed  at  the  apex :  awn  nearly 
straight,  attached  below  the  middle,  but  little  longer  than  the  glume:  basal 
hairs  very  few  or  none :  palet  lanceolate,  nearly  as  long  as  the  glume.  In 
open  woods,  eastern  side  of  the  Cascade  Mountains. 

Yar.  luxnrians  Kearney  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Div.  Agrost.  Bull.  11,  24. 
Stems  stout,  4-5  feet  high,  usually  of  softer  texture :  leaves  softer  and  less 
involute :  panicle  larger  and  more  loose.  Washington  to  Brit.  Columbia 
and  Idaho. 

C.  Langsdorfli  Trin.  Unifl.  225.  Densely  cespitose  perennial :  stems 
erect,  simple,  2-4  feet  high,  smooth  or  roughish :  sheaths  shorter  than  the 
internodes:  ligules  1-3  lines  long:  leaves  4-12  inches  long,  2-4  lines  wide, 
scabrous :  panicle  2-6  inches  long,  loose,  its  branches  spreading,  or  some- 
times erect,  the  lower  1-3  iriches  long :  empty  glumes  2-3  lines  long,  strongly 
scabrous,  lanceolate,  acuminate :  flowering  glume  lanceolate,  acute  nearly 
equalling  the  outer  ones,  scabrous :  awn  stout,  about  equalling  the  glume : 
basal  hairs  numerous,  nearly  equalling  the  glume:  palet  lanceolate.  In 
damp  places,  California  to  Alaska  and  across  the  continent. 

C.  lactea  Beal  Grasses  N.  Am.  ii,  346.  Sterne  stout,  scabrous,  40-50 
inches  high :  sheaths  %-%  as  long  as  the  internodes :  ligules  1-1  >^  lines 
long :  leaves  10-15  inches  long,  2-3  lines  wide,  scabrous :  panicle  slightly 
exserted,  silvery  green,  rather  thin,  4-6  inches  long,  its  branches  in  half- 
whorls  of  4-6,  the  longest  l%-2%  inches  long:  empty  glumes  subequal,  2-3 
lines  long,  lanceolate,  the  first  1-nerved,  the  second  3-nerved :  flowering 
glume  oval,  acute,  2  lines  long,  the  slender  awn  attached  near  the  base  and 
equalling  the  glumes :  basal  hairs  numerous,  about  half  as  long  as  the 
glume.    Northern  Washington. 

C.  Canadensis  Beauv.  Agrost.  157.  A  densely  cespitose  perennial : 
stems  2-5  feet  high  erect  simple,  smooth  or  somewhat  scabrous,  sheaths 
shorter  than  the  internodes ;  ligules  1-3  lines  long ;  leaves  6-12  inches  long 
or  more,  1-4  lines  wide,  rough:  panicle  4-7  inches  long,  open,  usually  purp- 
lish, the  branches  spreading  or  ascending,  the  lower  1-3  inches  long,  naked 
at  the  base :  empty  glumes  subequal  acute  strongly  scabrous,  13^-2  lines 
long :  flowering  glume  lanceolate,  about  equalling  the  empty  ones,  scabrous : 
awn  delicate,  about  equalling  the  glume:  basal  hairs  numerous,  about 
equalling  or  shorter  than  the  glume.  Common  in  wet  meadows,  California 
to  Alaska  and  across  the  continent. 

Var.  acuminata  Vasey  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Div.  Agrost.  Bull.  5,  26. 
Panicle  commonly  rather  small,  more  flexuous,  and  densely  flowered,  usu- 
ally dark  purple:  empty  glumes  narrower,  sharp  attenuate-acuminate, 
usually  much  more  scabrous:  awn  longer,  often  exceeding  the  flowering 
glume.    In  meadows,  California  to  Alaska  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

C.  Macouniana  Vasey  Contrib.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb,  iii,  81.  Stems  2-3 
feet  high,  erect,  smooth :  sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes :  ligules  about 
1  line  long :  leaves  3-7  inches  long,  l-2>^  lines  wide,  erect,  acuminate, 
scabrous :  panicle  open,  3-5  inches  long,  its  branches  ascending  or  some- 
times erect,  the  lower  I-IK  inches  long :  empty  glumes  about  1  line  long, 
acute,  scabrous,  the  first  shorter  than  the  second :  awn  a  little  exceeding 
the  glume :  basal  hairs  about  equalling  the  glume.  Washington  to  Brit. 
Columbia  and  Manitoba. 

C.    Scribneri  Beal   Grasses   N.  Am.  ii,  343.    Sterna  rather  elendei. 


CALAMAQB08TIS  GK  AMINES  783 

erect,  30-40  inches  high,  from  a  perennial  base;  sheaths  scabrous,  much 
shorter  than  the  internodes:  ligules  1%  lines  long;  leaves  scabrous,  about 
10  inches  long,  2  lines  wide:  panicle  lanceolate  in  outline,  about  7  inches 
long,  its  branches  erect,  the  longest  2-3  inches  long:  empty  glumes  equal, 
scabrous:  flowering  glume  oval,  truncate,  4-toothed,  1-lK  lines  long: 
awn  rather  shoi-t,  attached  below  the  middle  and  extending  beyond  the 
glume:  basal  hairs  about  1  line  long:  palet  nearly  as  long  as  its  glume. 
Oregon  and  Washington  to  Montana. 

C.  Casickil  Vasey  Contrib.  U.  S.  Nat,  Herb,  iii,  81.  Loosely  tuft- 
ed perennial  with  numerous  sterile  shoots  and  few  erect  flowering  stems 
3-4  feet  high:  sheaths  nearly  smooth,  of  the  stem  half  as  long  as  the  in- 
ternodes, or  the  lower  ones  equalling  the  internodes,  of  the  shoots  close 
and  overlapping:  ligules  obtuse,  3-3  lines  long:  leaves  flat,  t>-15  inches 
long,  2-4  lines  wide,  hispid  on  both  sides:  panicle  6  inches  long,  narrow 
and  densely  flowered,  its  unequal  branches  erect  or  ascending,  the  lower 
ones  1-2  inches  long:  empty  glumes  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate, 
convex,  nearly  smooth,  rigid,  the  first  1-nerved,  2-23^  lines  long,  the  sec- 
ond obscurely  3-nerved  and  slightly  shorter:  flowering  glume  4-toothed 
at  the  slightly  cleft  apex  \}4  lines  long:  awn  attached  below  the  middle, 
exceeding  the  glume:  basal  hairs  scanty,  about  half  as  long  as  the  glume. 
In  the  mountains  of  eastern  Oregon  to  California. 

C,  neglecta  Gaertn,  Fl.  Wett.  i.  91.  Glabrous  and  smooth  through- 
out: stems  slender,  18-30  inches  high:  sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes: 
ligules  %  line  long  or  less,  truncate:  leaves  narrow,  involute,  the  basal 
%  as  long  as  the  stems,  those  of  the  stems  2-5  inches  long,  erect:  panicle 
contracted,  2-4  inches  long,  its  branches  1  inch  long  or  less,  erect:  empty 
glumes  about  2  lines  long,  acute,  scabrous:  flowering  glume  about  %  as 
long  as  the  outer  ones,  obtuse:  awn  bent,  exceeding  the  glume:  basal  hairs 
numerous,  about  half  as  long  as  the  glume.  In  wet  places,  Oregon  and 
Washington  to  Labrador  and  Newfoundland. 

C.  inexpansa  Gray  Gram.  et.  Gyp.  i,  20.  Stems  1^-3  feet  high, 
erect:  leaves  2  lines  wide  or  less,  rough,  flat,  or  involute  at  the  apex,  the 
basal  often  %-%  as  long  as  the  stems:  panicle  contracted,  2-9  inches  long, 
its  branches  1-2  inches  long,  erect:  empty  glumes  lK-2  lines  long,  acute, 
somewhat  scabrous:  flowering  glume  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  outer  ones: 
awn  more  or  less  bent,  from  a  little  shorter  to  longer  than  the  glume:  basal 
hairs  equalling  or  shorter  than  the  glume.  Brit.  Columbia  to  New  York, 
to  be  looked  for  in  Idaho. 

Var.  cnprea  Kearney  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Div.  Agrost.  Bull.  11,  37. 
Somewhat  stouter  and  more  rigid :  panicle  more  densely  flowered :  empty 
glumes  copper-color  or  dark  pijirple  with  copper-colored  tips.  In  shallow 
water,  base  of  Mount  Adams,  Washington. 

Var,  barbnlata  Kearney  1.  c.  Stems  stout,  pubescent  just  below 
the  strongly  constricted  nodes  with  short  reflexed  hairs,  somewhat  scab- 
rous for  some  distance  below  the  pubescence;  sheaths  strongly^  twisted: 
panicle  rather  rigid,  purplish:  awn  very  short,  attached  above  the^middle, 
not  equalling  the  glume,  often  wanting.     Mason  Co.  Washington. 

C.  hyperborea  Lange  Fl.  Dan.  50.  Stems  l>^-3lfeet  high,  erect, 
smooth:  sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes:  ligules  about^l  line  long: 
leaves  2  lines  wide  or  less,  rough,  flat,  those  of  the  stem  2-10  inches  long: 
panicle  narrow,  2-9  inches  long,  its  branches  1-2  inchesf long, [erect:  emp- 
ty glumes  about  2  lines  long  somewhat  scabrous,  acute  L^f lowering  glume 
nearly  equalling  the  outer  ones,  obtuse:  awn  more  orless  bent,   from  a 


734  GRAMINE.^  calamovilfa 

SPARTINA 

little  shorter  to  slightly  longer  than  the  glume:  basal  hairs  equalling  or  shorter 
than  the  glume.     In  bogs,  Washington  to  California  and  the  Eastern  States. 

Var.  elongata  Kearney  I.  c  40.  Less  strongly  cespitose  and  less  rig- 
id, with  few  sterile  shoots;  smaller  spikelets  and  often  less  pointed  empty 
glumes.     California  to  Brit,  Columbia  and  Ontario. 

Var  Americaua  Kearney  1.  c.  41.  Panicle  usually  very  dense:  empty 
glumes  13^-2  lines  long,  usually  very  acute.  Oregon  to  Brit  Columbia  and 
Hudson  JBay. 

C.  crassiglnmis  Thurber  Bot.  Cal.  ii,  281.  Stems  about  1  foot  high , 
erect,  rigid:  sheaths  loose,  smooth,  longer  than  the  internodes:  ligules  obtuse, 
%  line  long  or  less:  leaves  2-6  inches  long,  spreading,  involute  toward  the  acute 
tips:  panicle  dense  and  spike-like,  2  inches  long,  deep  purple,  its  branches 
glomerate,  2-6  lines  long,  appressed:  empty  glumes  broadly  lanceolate  or  lance- 
ovate,  abruptly  pointed,  subcartilaginous  with  thin  margins,  hispidulous  through- 
out, hispid  on  the  nerves,  2  lines  long  or  less:  flowering  glume  oblong-ovate, 
toothed  at  the  obtuse  apex,  minutely  hispid,  \%  lines  long;  awn  attached  at  the 
middle  or  below,  equalling  or  exceeding  the  glume:  basal  hairs  numerous  %  as 
long  as  the  glume:  palet  oblouij,  about  1  line  long,  broadest  at  the  apex.  In 
swamps,  northern  California  to  Brit.  Columbia. 

CALAMOVILFA  Hack.  True  Grasses,  113.     (1890.) 

Tall  grasses  with  stout  horizontal  rootstocks,  elongated  leaves 
and  numerous  spikelets  in  more  or  less  open  panicles.  Spikelets 
one-flowered,  the  rachella  not  prolonged  beyond  the  flower. 
Glume^-«  3,  one-nerved,  acute,  the  two  outer  unequal  empty  :  the 
third  longer  or  shorter  than  the  second,  with  a  ring  of  hairs  at 
base.  Palet  strongly  2-keeled.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct,  with 
plumose  stigmas.     Grain  free.     Seed  adherent  to  the  pericarp. 

C.  logifolia  Hack.  1.  c.  Stems  stout,  5-6  feet  high:  sheaths  longer  than 
the  internodes,  smooth  or  more  or  less  soft  woolly:  leaves  very  long  and  narrow, 
with  involute  attenuate  points:  panicle  5-20  inches  long,  at  first  rather  narrow 
and  close,  but  later  spreading,  its  branches  rather  distant:  spikelets  compressed, 
3-4  lines  long:  first  glume  cuneate,  2-3  lines  long,  second  lance-linear  and  lon- 
ger: flowering  glumes  as  long  as  the  second  one,  cuneate-lanceolate:  basal  hairs 
two-thirds  as  long  as  the  glume.  In  sandy  places,  Brit.  Columbia  to  eastern 
Oregon  and  Colorado. 

Trihe  4  Chloridese.  Spikelets  one-  to  several- flowered,  in  one-sided 
digitate  or  fasciculate,  rarely  solitary,  spiJces  or  racemes.  Flowering 
glumes  usually  keeled,  entire  and  unawned,  or  toothed  and  with  one 
or  three  straight  awns, 

17    SPARTINA  Schreb.  Gen.  43. 

Glabrous  perennial  grasses  with  horizontal  rootstocks,  flat  or 
involute  leaves  and  one-sided  spikes  in  panicles.  Spikelets  nar- 
row, borne  in  2  rows  on  one  side  of  a  triangular  rachis,  articulated 
with  the  very  short  pedicels  below  the  glumes.  Glumes  3,  the  2 
outer  empty,  keeled,  very  unequal,  the  third  subtending  a  perfect 
flower,  keeled,  equalling  or  shorter  than  the  second.  Palets  often 
longer  than  the  glumes  two-nerved.  Stamens  3.  Styles  filiform, 
elongated,  with  filiform  papillose  or  shortly  plumose  stigmas. 
Grain  free,  laterally  compressed. 


BECKMANNIA  GRAMINEA  736 

BOUTELOUA 

S,  cynosuroides  Willd.  Enum.  80.  Stems  2-6  feet  high,  simple,  smooth: 
sheaths  longer  than  the  intemodes,  those  at  the  base  of  the  stem  crowded:  ligules 
a  ring  of  haii's:  leaves  a  foot  long  or  more,  3-7  lines  wide,  scabrous  on  the  mar- 
gins, becoming  involute  in  drying,  attenuate  into  long  slender  tips:  spikes  5-30, 
2-5  inches  long,  often  on  peduncles  6-12  lines  long,  erect  or  ascending:  rachis 
rough  on  the  margins:  spikelets  much  imbricated,  6-7  lines  long:  empty  glumes 
2-4  lines  long,  awn-pointed  or  awned,  strongly  hispid- scabrous  on  the  keel: 
flowering  glume  as  long  as  the  fu'st,  the  scabrous  midrib  terminating  just  below 
the  emarginate  or  2-toothed  apex :  palet  sometimes  exceeding  the  glume.  Along 
streams,  eastern  Oregon  to  Nova  Scotia  and  Texas. 

S.  gracilis  Trin.  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petersb.  vi,  110,  Stems  1-3  feet  high, 
erect,  smooth:  sheaths  longer  than  the  internodes,  the  lower  ones  crowded: 
ligules  a  ring  of  short  hairs:  leaves  6-12  mches  long,  1-3  lines  -vyide,  flat  or  in- 
volute, attenuate  into  long  tips:  spikes  4-8,  1-2  inches  long,  appressed,  more 
or  less  peduncled:  empty  glumes  3-4  lines  long,  acute  scabrous-hispid  on  the 
keel,  the  first  half  as  long  as  the  second:  flowering  glume  obtuse,  slightly  shorter 
than  the  second  one:  palet  obtuse,  about  equalling  the  glume.  In  wet  mead- 
ows, eastern  Oregon  to  Brit.  Columbia  and  Nebraska. 

18    BECKMANNIA  Host.  Gram.  Austr.  iii,  5. 

Tall  erect  grasses  with  flat  leaves  and  erect  spikes  in  a  terminal 
panicle.  Spikelets  one-  or  two-flowered,  compressed-globose. 
Glumes  3  or  4,  the  two  lower  empty  membranous,  saccate,  obtuse 
or  abruptly  acute  :  flowering  glumes  narrow,  thin-membranous. 
Palets  hyaline,  two-keeled.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct,  with 
plumose  stigmas.     Grain  free,  enclosed  in  the  glume  and  palet. 

B.  erucaeformis  Host  1.  c.  Glabrous  throughout:  stems  often  stout,  2-3 
feet  high,  erect:  sheaths  longer  than  the  internodes,  loose:  ligules  2-4  lines  long, 
obtuse,  often  lacerate:  leaves  3-10  inches  long,  2-4  lines  wide,  rough:  panicle 
4-10  inches  long,  simple  or  compound,  the  spikes  about  6  lines  long:  spikelets 
1-2  lines  long,  1-2-flowered,  closely  imbricated  in  2  rows  on  one  side  of  a 
Tidttish  rachis:  glumes  smooth,  the  first  twv.  saccate  and  empty,  obtuse  or 
abruptly  acute:  flowering  glumes  acute,  the  lower  usually  awn-pointed.  Com- 
mon in  ditches  and  along  streams,  California  to  Brit,  Columbia  and  Iowa. 

Id-   BOUTELOUA  Lag.  Var.  Cienc.  y  Litter  Part  4,  134. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses  with  flat  or  convolute  leaves  and 
numerous  spikelets  in  one-sided  spikes.  Spikelets  one-  or  two- 
flowered,  arranged  in  two  rows  on  one  side  of  a  flat  rachis,  the 
rachella  extended  beyond  the  base  of  the  flowers,  bearing  1-3 
awns  and  1-8  rudimentary  glumes.  Two  lower  glumes  empty, 
acute,  keeled  :  flowering  glumes  broader,  3-toothed,  the  teeth  awn- 
pointed  or  awned.  Palets  hyaline,  entire  or  toothed.  Stamens 
3.     Styles  distinct,  with  plumose  stigmas.     Grain  free,  oblong. 

B.  oligostachya  Ton-,  Gray  Man.  ed  2,  553.  Stems  6-13  inches  high, 
glabrous:  sheaths  shorter  than  the  interaodes:  ligules  a  ring  of  short  hairs: 
leaves  1-4  inches  long,  1  line  wide  or  less,  involute,  at  least  at  the  long  slender 
tips,  smooth  or  scabrous:  spikes  1-3,  1-2  inches  long,  often  strongly  curved, 
the  rachis  terminating  in  a  short  uiconspicuous  point:  spikelets  niimerous, 
pectinately  ai-ranged,  about  3  lines  long,  fh'st  glume  hyaline,  shorter  than  the 
membranous  second  one  which  is  scabrous  and  sometimes  long-ciliate  on  the 
keel:  flowering  glume  pubescent,  3-cleft,  the  nerves  terminating  in  awns:  ra- 
chella with  a  tuft  of  long  hairs  under  the  rudimentaiy  glumes  and  awne.     On 


736  GRAMINE^  eleusine 

STIPA 

prairies,  Washington  to  California  and  Wisconsin. 

20    ELEUSINE  Gsertn.  Fruct.  et  Sem.  i,  7. 

Tufted  annual  or  perennial  grasses  with  flat  leaves  and  spicate 
inflorescence,  the  spikes  digitate  or  close  together  at  the  summit 
of  the  stem.  Spikelets  several-flowered,  sessile,  closely  imbricat- 
ed in  two  rows  on  one  side  of  the  rachis,  which  is  not  extended 
beyond  them.  Flowers  all  perfect,  or  the  upper  staminate. 
Glumes  compressed,  keeled,  the  two  lower  empty,  the  others  sub- 
tending flowers  or  the  upper  empty.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct, 
with  plumose  stigmas.     Grain  loosely  enclosed  in  the  glume. 

E.  Indica  Gaertn.  1.  c.  Stems  6-12  inches  long,  tufted,  erector  decum- 
bent, glabrous:  sheaths  loose,  longer  than  the  internodes,  often  crowded  at 
the  base  of  the  stem,  glabrous  sometimes  sparingly  villous :  ligules  very 
short :  leaves  3-12  inches  long,  1-3  lines  wide,  smooth  or  scabrous :  spikes  2- 
10, 1-3  inches  long,  whorled  or  approximate  at  the  summit  of  the  stems  or  one 
or  two  sometimes  distant:  spikelets  3-6-flowered,  13^-2  lines  long:  glumes 
acute  minutely  scabrous  on  the  keel,  the  first  1-nerved,  the  second  3-7- 
nerved,  the  others  3-5-nerved.  In  fields  and  waste  places,  naturalized 
from  Europe. 

Tribe  S  Stipacex.  Spikelets  strictly  l-flowered.  Flowers  with  a 
sharp  pointed  callus,  deciduous.  Flowering  glume  enfolding  the  palet 
and  grainy  coriaceous  and  indurated  in  fruit,  and  terminated  by  a 
simple  or  triple  awn. 

21     STIPA  L.  Sp.  78. 

Mostly  tall  grasses  with  usually  convolute  leaves  and  paniculate 
inflorescence.  Panicle  open,  with  a  few  spreading  branches,  or 
sometimes  crowded  and  narrower  spikelets  l-flowered,  the  cylin- 
drical flower  with  an  obconic  bearded  and  often  elongated  sharp- 
pointed  base.  Glumes  subequal,  membranous,  often  terminated 
by  a  long  subulate  point.  Flowering  glume  coriaceous,  cylindri- 
cal-involute, enclosing  the  mostly  shorter  palet,  entire  at  the  apex 
or  terminating  in  2  minute  sometimes  hyaline  teeth,  nake'd  or  with 
a  crown  of  short  hairs,  conspicuously  awned.  Awn  articulated 
with  the  glume,  often  caducous,  geniculate  below,  glabrous  or  pu- 
bescent, or  plumose  with  spreading  hairs.  Stamens  usually  3. 
Styles  short,  distinct:  stigmas  plumose  with  simple  hairs.  Grain 
cylindrical,  smooth,  free,  enclosed  in  the  glume. 

S.  occidentalis  Thurber  Bot.  Wilkes  483.  Stems  slender  1-2  feet  high, 
somewhat  scabrous,  pubescent  at  the  nodes:  sheaths  close,  hispid,  shorter 
than  the  internodes :  ligules  2-2 j^  lines  long,  lacerate  at  the  apex :  leaves 
filiform,  convolute,  sharp  pointed,  hispid,  2-12  inches  long :  panicle  slen- 
der, 3-4  inches  long,  often  included  at  the  base,  its  branches  mostly  in 
twos,  erect,  1-2  inches  long:  spikelets  lanceolate,  turgid,  4-6. lines  long: 
empty  glumes  appressed,  lanceolate,  acute,  thin,  purplish  below,  smooth, 
the  first  one  obscurely  5-7-nerved  at  base,  5-6  lines  long,  the  second  about 
1  line  shorter,  3-nerved :  stipe  obconical,  acute,  pubescent,)^  line  long: 
flowering  glumes  thin-chartaceous,  pubescent,  plainly  5-nerved :  awn  artic- 
ulated, persistent,  flattened,  twisted,  1)^-2  inches  long,  bent  near  the  mid- 
dle, the  lower  halif  plumose :  palet  oblong,  2-23^  lines  long,  pubescent  on 
the  back  and  obtuse  apex.     Common  in  the  mountains,  central  California 


sTiPA  GfiAMlNEiE  737 

to  Washington. 

S.  comata  Trin.  &  Rupr.  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petersb.  (vi.)  v,  75.  Sterna 
stout,  1-4  feet  high,  mostly  scabrous :  sheaths  loose,  the  uppermost  some- 
times inflated,  smooth,  at  length  shorter  than  the  internodes:  ligules  con- 
spicuous, acute,  2-3  lines  long:  leaves  smooth  or  somewhat  scabrous,  the 
basal  ones  }^-}4  as  long  as  the  stems,  those  of  the  stems  3-6  inches  long, 
involute:  panicle  6-9  inches  long,  loose,  its  branches  3-5  inches  long,  as- 
cending: empty  glumes  9-12  lines  long,  glabrous,  acuminate  into  an  awn 
2-4  lines  long :  'flowering  glume  4-6  lines  long ;  callus  acute :  awn  slender, 
4-8  inches  long,  spiral  and  pubescent  below :  palet  equalling  the  glume] 
On  prairies,  eastern  Oregon  to  Brit.  Columbia,  Alberta,  Nebraska  and  Gal* 

S.  setigera  Presl  Reliq.  Hsenk.  i.  226.  Stems  stout,  13^-3  feet  high, 
often  pubescent  at  the  nodes :  sheaths  hairy  at  the  throat,  the  lower 
shorter  than  the  internodes :  ligules  truncate,  about  1  line  long  :  leaves  of 
sterile  shoots  mostly  involute,  ^  as  long  as  the  stem,  those  of  the  stem 
2-3,  often  flat  6-18  inches  long,  3-5  lines  wide :  panicle  usually  included  at 
base  in  the  upper  sheath,  6-15  inches  long,  its  slender  branches  mostly  in 
pairs :  empty  glumes  subequal,  or  the  upper  shorter,  long-acuminate,  3- 
nerved,  8-12  lines  long :  flowering  glume  6  lines  long,  silky-hairy  on  the 
nerves,  the  callus  sharp  and  curved:  awn  3-5  inches  long,  twisted  and  pu- 
bescent below,  geniculate  and  above  the  middle  bent  again.  On  dry  hills, 
eastern  Oregon  to  California,  Texas  and  Kansas. 

S.  Kingii  Bolander  Proc.  Cal.  Acad,  iv,  170.  Stems  erect,  smooth, 
5-12  inches  high,  naked  above,  with  but  2  nodes  near  the  base  which  are 
covered  with  the  remains  of  many  sheaths :  radical  leaves  half  as  long  as 
or  equalling  the  stem,  setaceously  convolute,  minutely  scabrous,  stem  leaves 
2,  the  upper  with  close  sheaths  3-6  inches  long :  ligule  a  line  long,  acute,  of- 
ten cleft :  panicle  narrow  1-2  inches  long,  the  short  erect  branches  scabrous 
empty  glumes  obtuse,  eroded  and  sometimes  mucronate  hyaline  witha 
tinge  of  purple  at  base ;  the  first  one  l}4  lines  long;  stipe  obconical  scarcely 
acute  short-bearded  :  flowering  glume  ovate,  brownish-purple,  pubescent: 
awn  persistent,  finely  pubescent,  loosely  twisted  and  somewhat  bent  below 
the  middle :  palet  broadly  ovate,  obtuse.  Eastern  Oregon  to  Nevada  and 
California. 

S.  Bloomeri  Bolander  1.  c.  168.  Stems  1%-S  feet  high,  clothed  at 
base  with  the  remains  of  old  sheaths :  sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes, 
the  upper  somewhat  inflated :  leaves  very  narrow  and  convolute,  smooth 
or  somewhat  roughened,  the  lower  ones  about  half  as  long  as  tlie  stems : 
panicle  6-12  inches  long,  erect,  narrow,  with  distant  branches:  empty 
glumes  4  lines  long,  nearly  equal,  acuminate  into  a  slender  point,  3-nerved, 
minutely  scabrous:  flowering  glunae  2}4  lines  long,  minutely  2-toothed  at 
the  apex :  awn  6-9  lines  long,  geniculate  near  the  middle,  almost  plumose 
below,  scabrous  above:  palet  nearly  as  long  as  the  glume.  Eastern  Ore- 
gon to  Nevada  and  California. 

S.  Oregonensis  Scribn.  U.  iS.  Dept.  Agr.  Div.  Agrost.  Bull.  17,  130. 
Stems  erect,  slender  12-18  inches  high ;  pubescent  at  the  nodes :  sheaths 
rather  loose,  minutely  hispid,  longer  than  the  internodes ;  ligules  lacerate, 
the  lateral  teeth  longer :  radical  leaves  10-15  inches  long,  involute ;  those  of 
the  stem  3-6  inches  long,  conduplicate  or  involute,  1-2  lines  wide :  panicle 
narrow,  included  in  the  upper  sheaths,  the  branches  appressed,  unequal,  1 
inch  long  or  less :  empty  glume*  lanceolate,  slender- pointed,  convex  and 
herbaceous  below,  thin-membranous  and  carinate  above,  sometimes  purp- 
lish: first  glume  5-6  lines  long,  second  usually  %  line  shorter:  stipe  slend- 
der,  curved,  acute,  short-bearded:  flowering  glume  thin-chartaceous,  with 
2  ciliate  teeth,  pubescent,  5-nerved  :  awn  twisted  and  pubescent  below, 
naked  above,  usually  bent  twice,  1-2  inches  long:  palet  lanceolate,  cleft  or 
erose  dentate  at  the  apex,  pubescent  between  the  2  nerves,  1^  lines  long. 


7.^8  GRAMINE^  stipa 

ORYZOPSIS 

In  the  mountains,  Washington  to  California. 

S.  Tiridula  Trin.  Bull.  Sc.  Acad.  St.  Petersb.  i,  67.  Stems  1)^-5  feet 
high,  with  numerous  withered  sheaths  at  base :  sheaths  half  as  long  as  the 
internodes  or  less  :  ligules  very  short:  leaves  all  involute-setaceous  at  the 
apex,  smooth  or  slightly  scabrous,  pale  green,  the  lower  )^  as  long  as  the 
stem  :  panicle  6-18  inches  long,  narrow,  loose,  the  short  erect  branches  in 
twos  or  threes :  spikelets  4-5  lines  long,  on  short  pedicels :  empty  glumes 
nearly  equal,  ovate,  bristle-pointed,  the  lower  5-nerved,  the  upper  3-nerved; 
flowering  glume  about  %  shorter  than  the  empty  ones,  with  short  scattered 
hairs  which  form  an  irregular  crown,  and  with  2  very  minute  hyaline 
teeth,  the  callus  very  short :  awn  1-13^  inches  long,  slender,  flexuous, 
usually  twice  bent,  pubescent  below,  scabrous  above  at  length  deciduous: 
palet  more  than  half  as  long  as  the  glume.  California  to  Brit.  Columbia 
and  Nebraska. 

S.  minor  Scribn.  1.  c.  11,  46.  Densely  cespitose :  stems  16-24  inches 
high,  smooth  or  very  minutely  pubescent  below  the  nodes:  sheaths 
smooth :  ligules  very  short,  slightly  auricled,  broader  than  the  base  of  the 
leaves :  leaves  5-15  inches  long,  1-2  lines  wide,  with  very  long  attenuate- 
involute  tips :  empty  glumes  lanceolate,  sharply  acuminate-pointed,  3-nerv- 
ed near  the  base,  the  lower  slightly  broader  and  longer  than  the  upper 
and  less  distinctly  nerved:  flowering  glume,  including  the  sfiort  callus,  2 
lines  long,  thinly  pilose  all  over  and  with  a  crown  of  hairs  at  the  distinctly 
2-toothed  apex :  awn  once  or  twice  bent,  about  10  lines  long,  very  minute- 
ly scabrous :  palet  about  34  as  long  as  the  glume.  Moist  mountain  sides, 
Idaho  to  Montana  and  Colorado. 

$•  Lemmoni  Scribn,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Div.  Agrost.  Circ.  30,  3.  Stems 
slepder,  rigid,  erect,  1-2  feet  high,  glabrous:  sheaths  glabrous,  shorter 
than  the  internodes:  ligules  less  than  a  line  long,  rounded,  entire,  leaves 
2-5  inches  long,  1-2  lines  wide,  glabrous  beneath,  pubescent  and  strongly 
striate  above,  closely  involute  when  dry :  panicle  5-6  inches  long,  strict, 
its  branches  erect,  1-1)^  inches  long,  few-flowered :  empty  glumes  nearly 
equal,  about  6  lines  long,  broadly  lanceolate,  long  acuminate-pointed,  3-5- 
nerved,  scarious  except  the  nerves :  flowering  glume  oblong,  about  6  lines 
long,  obtuse,  2-toothed  at  the  apex,  thinly  pilose  all  over  with  appressed 
hairs :  palet  hairy,  nearly  as  long  as  the  glume.  Dry  rocky  slopes,  eastern 
Washington  to  California. 

22    ORYZOPSIS  Michx.  Fl.  i,  51. 

Usually  tufted  grasses  with  flat  or  convolute  leaves  and  panicled 
inflorescence,  Spikelets  broad,  one  flowered.  Glumes  3,  the  2 
lower  ones  about  equal,  obtuse  or  acuminate,  the  third  shorter  or 
a  little  longer,  broad,  bearing  a  terminal  awn  which  is  early  decid- 
uous. Callus  short  and  obtuse  or  a  mere  scar.  Stamens  3  :  styles 
distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  oblong,  free,  tightly  enclosed 
in  the  glumQ. 

0.  cnspidnta  Vasey  Special  Rep.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  63,  23.  Closely 
tufted  perennial :  stems  slender  thickened  at  base,  solid  smooth  12-18  inch- 
es long :  sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes,  smooth  and  close,  the  upper 
one  longer  and  loose :  ligules  ovate,  a  line  long,  acute  or  lacerate :  radical 
leaves  numerous,  the  scarious  sheaths  clustered  thick  about  the  base  of  the 
stems,  6-10  inches  long,  involute :  panicle  very  loose,  4-6  inches  long, 
inclosed  at  the  base,  branches  mostly  in  pairs,  distant,  horizontal,  divided 
in  pairs  beyond  the  middle,  bearing  solitary  spikelets  on  long  flexuous  pedi- 
cels :  spikelets  3  lines  long,  first  and  second  glumes  equal,  inflated  and 
widened  belowy  narrowed  above  to  a  long  sharp  point,  scarious  except  the 
5  nerves,  minutely  pubescent :  flowering  glume  ovoid,  or  oblong,  profusely 


ARI8TIDA  GRAMINE^  739 

PHLEUM 

clothed  with  long  white  hairs  1>^  linea.  long,  terminating  in  an  awn  2  lines 
long  which  falls  at  maturity :  palet  conical,  smooth,  hard,  brown.  On 
sandy  plains.    Eastern  Oregon  to  California,  Texas  and  Brit.  Columbia. 

0.  exigaa  Thurber  Bot.  Wilkes  4^1,  Stems  slender,  erect,  6-15  inch- 
es high,  hispid,  the  nodes  black,  scarcely  constricted:  leaves  of  sterile 
shoots  numerous  with  close  striate  hispid  sheaths  and  narrow  involute 
wiry  scabrous  blades  4-7  inches  long,  of  the  stem  usually  4,  lower  2  with 
short  overlapping  sheaths  and  blades  like  the  radical  ones,  next  sheath 
above  much  shorter  than  the  internodes  with  blades  2-4  inches  long: 
ligules  acute,  1-2  lines  long:  panicle  narrow,  secund,  2-3  inches  long,  its 
branches  usually  in  pairs,  erect:  unequal:  empty  glumes  oblong-ovate, 
barely  acute,  or  abruptly  acuminate,  membranous,  minutely  scabrous, 
equal,  2-2>^  lines  long  flowering  glumes  herbaceous,  becoming  chartaceous, 
obtuse  or  with  purple  teeth  at  the  apex,  short-pubescent  throughout,  5 
nerved,  the  nerves  united  above:  awn  persistent,  minutely  hispid,  2-3  lines 
long:  palet  equalling  the  glume,  obtuse  or  bidentate  at  the  apex.  In  the 
mountains  of  Oregon  and  Washington. 

0.  Hendersoni  Vasey  Contrib.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  7,  267.  Stems 
densely  tufted,  7-10  inches  high :  lower  sheaths  rather  loose :  leaves  scab  - 
rous,  conduplicate,  rigid  pungent  4-5  inches  long:  panicle  narrow  2>^-4 
inches  long,  its  branches  mostly  in  twos,  the  longest  1^-23^  inches  long 
bearing  2-4  spikelets  near  the  ends :  empty  glumes  broadly  oblong,  obtuse 
and  toothed,  the  first  3-nerved,  the  second  5-nerved :  flowering  glume  linear, 
oblong,  2  lines  long,  smooth,  coriaceous,  obscurely  5-nerved,  bearing  2  lateral 
teeth :  awn  curved,  caducous,  5-6  lines  long.     Washington. 

23    ARISTIDA  L.  Sp.  82. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses  with  narrow  leaves  and  various 
inflorescence.  Spikelets  narrow,  one-flowered.  Glumes  3,  narrow, 
the  2  outer  empty,  carinate,  the  third  rigid  and  convolute,  bearing  3 
ciwn«,  sometimes  united  at  base,  the  lateral  ones  rarely  wanting 
or  reduced  to  rudiments.  Palet  2-nerved.  Stamens  3.  Styles 
distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Gr^in  free,  tightly  enclosed  in  the 
glume. 

A,  purpurea  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  (II)  v,  145.  Stems  slen- 
der, tufted,  erect,  nearly  smooth,  1-2  fe^t  high :  lower  leaves  with  narrow 
close  sheaths  and  slender  involute  blades  4-10  inches  long:  lower  sheaths 
longer  than  the  internodes,  the  upper  ones  much  shorter:  ligules  a  line 
of  fine  short  hairs :  panicle  rather  loose,  narrow,  4-6  inches  long,  its  bran- 
ches 2-3  at  each  node,  unequal  the  lower  1-2  inches  long,  naked  below: 
spikelets  5-6  lines  long,  first  glume  narrowly  lanceolate-linear,  emargin- 
ate^  mucronate,  hispid  on  the  keel,  1-nerved,  4-5  lines  long;  the  second 
similar  but  nearly  2  lines  longer,  stipe  hairy :  flowering  glume  linear-lan- 
ceolate, recurved,  slightly  hispid  on  the  nerves  above,  4  lines  long,  termina- 
ing  in  3  separate  slender  awns  1-2  inches  long :  palet  obovate,  thin,  about 
%  line  long.  On  prairies  and  ridges,  eastern  Washington  to  Brit.  Colum- 
bia, Idaho  and  Texas. 

A.  oligantha  Michx.  Fl  i,  41.  Glabrous  annual :  stems  slender,  1-2 
feet  high,  erect,  dichotomously  branched,  smooth  or  roughish:  sheaths 
loose,  longer  than  the  internodes :  ligules  very  short,  minutely  ciliate: 
leaves  1-6  inches  long,  %-\  line  wide,  smooth,  the  larger  ones  attenuate 
into  a  long  slender  point :  spikelets  few,  borne  in  a  lax  spike-like  panicle: 
first  glume  5-nerved,  an  inch  long,  attenuate  or  short-awned  equalling  or 
shorter  than  the  second  which  bears  an  awn  2-4  lines  long :  flowering 
glume  shorter  than  the  first  one,  bearing  3  slender  divergent  or  spreading 
awns,  the  middle  one  1-3  inches  long,  the  lateral  ones  somewhat  shorter. 


740  GRAMINE^  phleum 

ALOPECDRTT8 

On  dry  plains,  southern  Oregon  to  the  Eastern  States. 

A.  fascicalata  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  i,  154.  Glabrous :  stems  slen- 
der, erect,  1-2  feet  high,  often  branched  at  the  base :  sheaths  shorter  than 
the  internodes :  ligules  short,  ciliate :  leaves  erect,  6  inches  long,  1  line 
wide  or  less,  flat,  attenuate  to  a  long  point,  smooth  or  scabrous :  panicle 
3-7  inches  long,  at  first  strict,  its  branches  finally  more  or  less  spreading : 
first  ^lume  linear  l-nerved,  shorter  than  the  second,  4-5  lines  long:  second 
one  similar,  about  6  lines  long:  flowering  glumes  about  equalling  the  second 
one  terminating  in  3  nearly  equal  slender  awns  6-8  lines  long.  On  dry 
plains,  Idaho  to  California  and  Kansas. 

24    PHLEUM  L.  Sp.  59. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses  with  flat  leaves  and  numerous 
spikelets  in  dense  spicate  panicles.  Spikelets  one-flowered. 
Glumes  3,  the  2  lower  ones  empty,  membranous,  compressed, 
keeled,  the  apex  obliquely  truncate,  the  midnerve  produced  into 
an  awn.  Flowering  glume  much  shorter  and  broader,  hyaline, 
truncate,  denticulate  at  the  summit.  Palet  narrow,  hyaline. 
Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct,  somewhat  elongated,  with  plumose 
stigmas.     Grain  ovoid,  loosely  enclosed   by  the  glume  and  palet. 

P.  pratense  L.  Sp.  59.  Smooth  or  nearly  so :  perennial  with  bulbous 
roots :  stems  1-4  feet  high,  erect,  simple :  sheaths  usually  exceeding  the 
internodes,  sometimes  shorter,  the  upper  ones  long,  and  not  inflated  or 
very  slightly  so:  ligules  1-2  lines  long,  lounded :  leaves  flat,  3-16  inches 
long,  2-3  lines  wide,  smooth  or  scabrous :  panicle  usually  elongated,  cylin- 
drical 1-7  inches  long :  empty  glumes  exclusive  of  the  awns  1%  lines  long 
ciliate  on  the  keel,  the  awn  less  than  half  their  length :  flowering  glume 
very  thin,  truncate:  palet  equalling  the  glume.  Common  in  fields  and 
waste  places. 

P.  alpinnm  L.  Sp.  59.  Smooth  or  nearly  so  perennial :  stems  erect, 
6-18  inches  high,  simple :  sheaths  often  much  shorter  than  the  internodes, 
sometimes  longer,  the  upper  one  usually  much  inflated :  ligules  about  1 
line  long,  truncate:  leaves  smooth  beneath,  scabrous  above,  the  lower  2-3 
inches  long,  1-4  lines  wide,  the  upper  one  usually  very  short:  panicle  short 
and  dense,  ovoid  to  oblong,  %-2  inches  long,  3-6  lines  thick :  empty  glumes, 
exclusive  of  the  awn  1%  lines  long,  strongly  ciliate  on  the  keel,  the  awn 
about  half  as  long  as  the  body :  flowering  glume  oblong.  In  wet  meadows 
on  high  mountains,  California  to  Alaska  and  across  the  continent. 

25    ALOPECURUS  L.  Sp.  60. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses  with  usually  flat  leaves  and  num- 
erous spikelets  in  dense  spike-like  panicles.  Spikelets  one-flow- 
ered, flattened.  Empty  glumes  acute,  sometimes  short-awned, 
more  or  less  united  below,  compressed,  keeled,  the  keel  ciliate  or 
somewhat  winged.  Flowering  glume  obtuse  or  truncate,  hyaline, 
three-nerved,  awned  on  the  back.  Palet  hyaline,  acute.  Stamens 
three.  Styles  distinct  or  rarely  united  at  base.  Stigmas  elon- 
gated, hairy. 

A*  AGRESTis  L.  Sp.  ed.  2,  89.  Stems  1-2  feet  high,  erect,  simple: 
sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes :  ligules  1  line  long,  truncate :  leaves 
2-7  inches  long,  1-3  lines  wide,  scabrous,  especially  above:  panicle  13^-4 
inches  long,  2-4  lines  thick :  empty  glumes  united  at  base  for  about  half 
their  length  narrowly  wing-keeled,  2-2)^  lines  long,  the  n«rves  smooth  or 


ALOPECURUH  GRAMINE^  741 

scabrous,  sometimes  hispid  below:  flowering  glume  equalling  or  exceeding 
the  outer  ones,  smooth,  the  awn  inserted  near  the  base,  about  twice  its 
length.     In  waste  places  and  ballast  grounds,  introduced  from  Europe. 

A.  genicnlatns  L.  Sp.  60.  Stems  slender,  6-18  inches  high,  erect  with 
decumbent  geniculate  base,  simple  or  sparingly  branched,  smooth  :  sheaths 
usually  shorter  than  the  internodes,  loose  or  somewhat  inflated :  ligules 
1-3  lines  long:  leaves  1-6  inches  long,  )^-2  lines  wide,  scabrous,  especially 
above :  panicle  1-3  inches  long,  )^-2  lines  thick :  empty  glumes  slightly 
united  at  base,  1-1 J^  lines  long,  obtuse  or  subacute,  glabrous  except  on  the 
pubescent  lateral  nerves  and  strongly  ciliate  keel :  flowering  glume  some- 
what shorter,  obtuse,  glabrous,  the  awn  inserted  at  or  below  the  middle, 
equalling  or  exceeding  it.  Common  in  wet  places,  California  to  Alaska 
and  across  the  continent. 

Var.  robustns  Vasey  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  xv,  13.  Stems  20-30 
inches  long,  sometimes  branched :  leaves  flat,  hispid  above,  3-6  inches 
long,  2-3  lines  wide.    In  the  mountains,  Washington  to  Alaska. 

A.  PRATENsis  L.  Sp.  60.  Stems  slender  12-30  inches  high,  simple,  erect : 
sheaths  usually  much  shorter  than  the  internodes,  loose  or  somewhat  in- 
flated :  ligules  about  %  line  long,  erose-truncate :  leaves  2-4  inches  long, 
1-3  lines  wide,  scabrous,  at  least  above :  panicle  1-3  inches  long :  4-6  lines 
wide :  outer  glumes,  united  at  base  for  about  ^  their  length,  2-3  lines 
long,  acute,  glabrous  except  the  sparingly  pubescent  lateral  nerves  and 
the  strongly  ciliate  keel:  flowering  glume  slightly  shorter,  obtuse,  glabrous, 
the  awn  inserted  about  %  way  from  the  base  and  surpassing  it.  Common 
in  cultivation  and  waste  places :  naturalized  from  Europe. 

A.  Callfornicus  Vasey  1.  c.  Stems  slender,  smooth,  geniculate  below, 
10-15  inches  long  often  branched:  sheaths  loose,  the  upper  one  inflated, 
smooth,  shorter  than  the  internodes:  ligules  about  2  lines  long,  acute: 
leaves  1-5  inches  long,  flat,  hispid  above:  panicle  cylindrical,  dense,  1-2 
inches  long,  ^-%  line  thick:  empty  glumes  oblong,  obtuse,  carinate  slightly 
united  at  base,thin,  purple  above,  hairy  on  the  keel,  and  slightly  pubescent 
the  obscure-  lateral  nerves,  \%-\\  lines  long :  flowering  glume  oblong- 
ovate,  obtuse,  its  edges  united  3^  way  from  the  base,  smooth,  about  equal- 
liqg  the  lower  cues :  awn  arising  near  the  base  of  the  glume  twisted,  bent 
near  the  middle,  2-3  lines  long :  palet  wanting.  In  wet  places,  California 
to  the  "Willamette  Valley  Oregon  and  Idaho. 

A.  pallescens  Piper  Fl.  Palouse  Reg.  18.  A  pale  green  smooth  tufted 
perennial:  stems  16-24  inches  high,  erect,  or  slightly  geniculate  below: 
sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes,  inflated,  smooth:  ligules  scabrous, 
1)^-2  lines  long :  leaves  flat,  3-12  inches  long,  1-3  lines  wide,  acuminate, 
strongly  scabrous  above :  panicle  usually  well  exserted,  pale  and  silvery, 
1-3  inches  long,  about  3  lines  thick,  erect:  empty  glumes  nearly  equal,  1-3 
lines  long,  strongly  ciliate  on  the  keel,  obtuse :  flowering  glume  hyaline, 
2-nerved,  as  long  as  the  outer  ones,  obtuse:  awn  arising  near  the  base, 
stout  bent,  3  lines  Ic^ng.  Common  in  wet  places  about  Pullman  Washington. 

A.  saccatns  Vasey  Bot.  Gaz.  vi,  290.  Tufted,  apparently  annual: 
stems  erect,  or  slightly  geniculate  at  base  5-10  inches  high,  smooth,  simple : 
sheaths  rather  loose,  the  upper  one  inflated,  slightly  roughened  usually 
Fhorter  than  the  internodes :  ligules  membranaceous,  \%  lines  long :  leaves 
narrow,  rough  on  both  sides,  1-3  inches  long:  empty  glumes  united  at  base, 
ovate-oblong,  barely  acute,  carinate,  scabrous  at  the  apex,  puberulent 
throughout,  ciliate  on  the  keel  and  lateral  nerves,  2  lines  long :  flowering 
glume  broadly  oblong,  truncate,  the  mai-gins  united  to  the  middle  or 
above,  smooth  except  the  ciliate  apex,  4- nerved,  2  lines  long:  awn  arising 
near  the  base  of  the  glume,  twisted,  bent  3-4  lines  long:  palet  wanting. 
On  the  margins  of  pools  that  are  dry  in  summer,  eastern  base  of  the  Cascade 
Mountains  at  Barlow  Gate,  Oregon. 


742  GRAMINE^  alopecuris 

DA NTH ONI  A 

A.  Uowellii  Vasey  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  xv,  12.  A  low  tufted  an- 
nual, ofte^i  pi^rplish  throughout:  stems  erect,  or  somewhat  geniculate  at 
base,  mostly  simple,  smooth,  3-6  inches  high :  sheaths  loose  or  vaginate, 
the  upper  one  more  inflated,  smooth,  the  lower  shorter  than  the  inter- 
nodes,  the  upper  one  exceeding  the  internode,  with  a  short  blade:  ligules 
membranous,  obtuse,  1  line  long:  leaves  filiform -convolute,  exceeding  the 
stem :  panicle  cylindric,  1  inch  long,  usually  included  at  base:  empty 
glumes  slightly  united  at  base,  oblong,  obtuse,  carinate,  scarious  on  the 
margins,  ciliate  on  the  keel  and  silky  on  the  lateral  nerves  and  near  the 
base,  1^-13^  lines  long:  flowering  glume  broadly  ovate  oblong,  truncate, 
thin,  smooth,  4-nerved,  equalling  the  empty  ones :  awn  arising  below  the 
middle  of  the  glume,  slender,  naked  below,  bent,  3  lines  long:  palet  want- 
ing. Margins  of  small  pools  that  are  dry  in  summer,  on  the  rocky  plains 
near  Medford  southern  Oregon. 

A.  occidentalis  Scribn.  Bot.  Gaz.  xi,  170.  Stems  rather  slender,  2-3 
feet  high :  sheaths  loose,  shorter  than  the  internodes :  leaves  flat,  2-4  inches 
long:  panicle  oblong,  an  inch  long:  outer  glumes  united  at  the  base,  about 
2  lines  long,  acute,  pubescent  with  short  hairs,  the  keel  ciliate  with  long 
hairs :  flowering  glume  a  little  shorter  than  the  outer  ones,  glabrous  except 
at  the  villous  apex :  awn  inserted  below  the  middle,  straight,  much  exceed- 
ing the  glume.  Wet  medows  and  banks  of  streams,  in  the  high  moun- 
tains, Idaho  to  Montana  and  Colorado. 

Tribe  5  Avenex.  Spikelets  two-  to  several-flowered.  Outer 
empty  glume  usually  longer  than  the  first  flowering  one.  One  or 
more  of  the  flowering  glumes  awned  on  the  hack,  or  from  between  the 
teeth  of  the  bifid  apex.  Awn  usually  twisted  or  geniculate.  Callus 
and  usually  the  joints  of  the  rachis  hairy. 

26    DANTHONIA  DC.  Fl.  Fr.  iii,  32.     (1805.) 

Mostly  perennial  grasses  with  flat  or  convolute  leaves  and  con- 
tracted or  open  panicles.  Spikelets  3-  to  several-flowered,  the  flow- 
ers all  perfect,  or  the  upper  staminate,  pubescent,  extended  be- 
yond the  flowers.  Glumes  5  to  several,  the  2  lower  empty,  keeled, 
acute,  subequal,  persistent,  generally  exceeding  the  uppermost 
flowering  one.  Flowering  glumes  rounded  on  the  back,  2  toothed, 
deciduous,  the  awn  arising  from  between  the  acute  or  awned  teeth, 
flat  and  twisted  at  base,  bent.  Palet  hyaline  2-keeled  near  the 
margins,  obtuse  or  2-toothed.  Stamens,  3.  Styles  distinct,  with 
plumous  stigmas.     Grain  free,  enclo  sed  in  the  glume. 

D.  Californica  Bolander  Proc.  Calif,  Acad,  ii,  182.  Stems  slender, 
1-4  feet  high,  erect,  or  geniculate  at  the  lower  nodes,  smooth  :  leafy  nearly 
so  the  top :  sheaths  rather  loose,  closed  at  the  hairy  throat,  usually  pubses- 
cent  mostlv  shorter  than  the  internodes :  ligules  nearly  obsolete :  leaveoa  of 
the  radical  shoots  numerous,  with  short  sheaths  and  slender  involute  brcdes 
4-8  inches  long;  of  the  stem  with  flat  or  loosely  involute  blades,  scabn  us, 
especially  toward  the  involute  point,  often  thinly  pubescent,  2-5  ie  ^hes 
long :  inflorescence  a  short  simple  panicle :  spikelets  cuneate,  comprv^sed, 
5-8-flowered:  empty  glumes  lanceolate,  with  long  carinate  or  in  lute 
points,6-7  lines  long;  flowering  glumes  broadly  lanceolate,  acuminate  with 
2  teeth  1  line  long  at  the  apex,  smooth  except  a  tuft  of  pilose  hairs  on  each 
margin,  or  often  slightly  ciliate  throughout:  awn  inserted  at  the  base  of 
the  sinus,  slightly  hispid,  often  twisted  and  bent,  3-5  lines  long:  palet  ob- 
long, 3-toothed  at  the  apex.     In  moist  ground,  Washington  to  California. 

D,    intermedia  Vasey  Bull.  Torr.  Bot  Club  x,  52.     Densely  tufted : 


DANTHONiA  GRAMINE^  743 

AVENA 

stems  slender  1-2  feet  high  :  leaves  of  sterile  shoots  with  crowded  sheaths 
and  narrow  involute  blades,  sparsely  pilose  to  glabrous,  4-12  inches  long : 
sheaths  of  the  stem  shorter  than  the  internodes,  more  or  less  pilose: 
ligules  short,  ciliate:  inflorescence  a  short  spicate  panicle  of  3-12  erect 
spiuelets:  empty  glumes  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  keeled,  smooth, 
4-5  lines  long,  exceeding  the  flowering  glumes  which  are  broadly  lanceolate, 
2-3  lines  long,  acutish,  2-toothed,  the  awn  more  or  less  bent  and  twisted, 
4-6  lines  long.  On  low  prairies,  eastern  Washington  to  southern  California 
Montana  and  Canada. 

Var.  Cusickii  Williams.  Larger:  leaves  longer  flatter,  softer,  less 
scabrous,  quite  destitute  of  pubescence,  rather  large  spikelets  and  usually 
more  open  panicle.    In  the  Blue  Mountains  of  Oregon. 

1).  nnispicata  Munro.  Stems  loosely  tufted,  6-12  inches  high :  sheaths 
shorter  than  the  internodes,  or  the  lower  ones  longer,  pubescent  with  long 
white  hairs :  ligules  very  short  or  reduced  to  a  row  of  white  hairs :  leaves 
flat  or  more  or  less  involute  with  acuminate  tips,  2-4  inches  long,  more  or 
less  pubescent :  inflorescence  a  single  terminal  spikelet :  empty  glumes  lan- 
ceolate, long-acuminate,  exceeding  the  upper  flowering  one,  glabrous,  6-12 
lines  long:  flowering  glumes  lanceolate,  acute,  4-5  lines  long,  termina- 
ting in  2  usually  dark-colored  awns,  ciliate  on  the  margins :  central  awn 
twisted  and  bent  below  the  middle,  about  6  lines  long.  In  partially  barren 
places,  eastern  Washington  to  California. 

D.  Americana  Scribn.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Cir.  30,  5.  A  slender  dense- 
ly cespitose  perennial  8-16  inches  high,  with  short  slightly  inflated  sheaths, 
narrow  mostly  involute  leaves  and  simple  panicles  of  1-4  large  spikelets: 
sheaths  much  shorter  than  the  internodes,  pubescent,  at  least  the  lower 
ones  long-bearded  at  the  throat:  empty  glumes  acuminate- lanceolate  the 
narrowed  apex  obtuse,  6-9  lines  long,  as  long  as  or  slightly  exceeding  the 
flowers :  flowering  glumes  S-4  lines  long,  rounded  and  glabrous  on  the  back, 
densely  silky  villous  on  the  margins  from  just  above  the  base  to  a  little 
above  the  middle,  abruptly  2-toothed,  the  teeth  very  slender  bristles  2-3 
lines  long:  awn  very  slender  twisted  below,  3-5  lines  long.  Brit.  Columbia 
to  California  and  Chile. 

27    AVENA  L.  Sp.  76. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses  with  usually  flat  leaves  and  nam- 
erous  spikelets  in  panicles.  Spikelets  one-  to  several-flowered, 
the  lower  flowers  perfect,  the  upper  often  staminate  or  imperfect. 
Glumes  3  to  several  the  2  outer  empty,  somewhat  unequal,  mem- 
branous, persistent.  Flowering  glumes  deciduous,  rounded  on 
the  back,  acute,  generally  bearing  a  dorsal  awn,  the  apex  often 
2-toothed.  Palet  narrow,  2-toothed.  Stamens  3.  Styles  short, 
distinct,  with  plumose  stigmas.  Grain  oblong,  deeply  furrowed, 
enclosed  in  the  glume  and  palet,  free  or  sometimes  attached  to 
the  palet. 

A.  PATUA  L.  Sp.  80.  Stems  stout,  1-4  feet  high,  erect,  smooth :  sheaths, 
smooth,  or  scabrous  at  the  summit,  sometimes  sparingly  hirsute,  the  lower 
often  longer  than  the  internodes:  ligules  1-2  lines  long:  leaves  3-8  inches 
long,  1-4  lines  wide :  panicle  open  4-12  inches  long,  the  branches  ascend- 
ing :  spikelets  2-4  flowered,  drooping :  empty'glumes  9-12  lines  long,  smooth, 
flowering  glumes  6-9  lines  long,  with  a  ring  of  stiff  brown  hairs  at  base, 
pubescent  with  long  rigid  brown  hairs,  bearing,  a  long  bent  and  twisted 
awn.    In  fields  and  waste  places :  naturalized  from  Europe. 

Vab.  glabrescens  Coss.  Stems  stout,  pale,  \%-2}4,  feet  high :  sheaths 
equalling  the  internodes :  leaves  flat,  4-6  inches  wide :  flowering  glumes 


744  GRAMINEi^.  avena 

TRISETUM 

smooth  except  the  ring  of  stiff  white  hairs  at  the  base,  and  the  scabrous 
apex.    In  cultivated  fields  and  waste  places :  naturalized  from  Europe. 

A.  Smithil  Porter,  Gray  Man,  ed.  3,  640.  Stems  2-5  feet  high,  erect, 
simple,  scabrous:  sheaths  shorter. than  the  internodes,  very  rough  :  ligules 
2  lines  long:  leaves  4-8  inches  long,  3-6  lines  wide,  scabrous:  panicle  6-12 
inches  long,  the  branches  finally  spreading :  spikelets  3-6-flowered :  empty 
glumes  smooth,  the  second  3-4  lines  long,  3-nerved :  flowering  glumes  5 
lines  long,  naked  at  base,  strongly  nerved,  scabrous,  bearing  an  awn  ^-3^ 
their  length.    Eastern  Washington  to  Michigan. 

28    TRISETUM  Pers.  Syn.  i,  97.     (1805.) 

Mostly  perennial  tufted  grasses  with  flat  leaves  and  spike-like 
or  open  panicles.  Spikelets  2-4-flowered,  the  flowers  all  perfect 
or  the  uppermost  staminate.  Rachella,  glabrous  or  pilose,  exten- 
ded bej^ond  the  flowers.  Glumes  4-6,  membranous,  the  two 
lower  empty,  unequal,  acute,  persistent.  Flowering  glume  usu- 
ally shorter  than  the  empty  ones,  deciduous,  2-toothed,  bearing 
a  dorsal  awn  below  the  apex,  or  the  lower  one  sometimes  awn- 
less.  Palet  narrow,  hyaline,  2-toothed.  Stamens  3.  Styles  dis- 
tinct.    Stigmas    plumose.     Grain  free,  enclosed  in   the    glume. 

T.  barbatnm  Steud.  Syn.  PI.  Gram.  229.  Stems  erect,  or  decumbent 
at  base,  often  branched  below,  smooth,  leafv  nearly  to  the  panicle,  1-3  feet 
high:  sheaths  sparsely  retrorsely  hispid,  naif  open  above,  shorter  than 
the  internodes:  ligules  obtuse,  erose,  1  line  or  less  long:  leaves  3-6  inches 
long,  2-3  lines  wide,  scabrous,  sparsely  pubescent  or  nearly  smooth:  pani- 
cle open  to  constricted,  4-8  inches  long,  its  branches  3  inches  long  or  less : 
spikelets  loosely  3-6-flowered,  7-10  lines  long ;  first  empty  glume  very  nar- 
rowly ovate,  subulate-acute,  smooth  except  the  slightly  hispid  prominent 
keel,  3-4  lines  long;  second  one  lanceolate,  acute,  5-6  lines  long:  flowering 
glumes  lanceolate,  with  2  teeth  about  %  line  long,  pubescent,  5-7  lines 
long :  awn  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  sinus  bent,  hispid  and  twisted  below : 
palet  linear  thin.    Washington  to  California. 

T,  canescens  Buckley  Proc.  Acad.  Phil.  1862,  100.  Stems  erect, 
nearly  smooth,  2-3  feet  high :  sheaths  open  above,  canescent  to  nearly 
smooth,  shorter  than  the  internodes:  ligules  ovate,  erose  or  lacerate,  2-3 
lines  long:  leaves  flat,  4-10  inches  long,  3-4  lines  wide,  canescent  to  nearly 
smooth :  panicle  narrow,  6-8  inches  long,  its  branches  unequal,  2  inches 
or  less  long,  erect:  spikelets  slightly  compressed,  3-4  lines  long;  2-flowered 
or  with  only  1  imperfect  one:  first  empty  glume  narrowly  ovate,  acute, 
slightly  carinate,  thin,  hispid  on  the  keel,  1)^-2  lines  long;  second  one 
broadly  lanceolate,  acute,  about  3  lines  long:  flowering  glume  ovate-lanceo- 
late, cleft  yi  way  from  the  apex,  minutely  scabrous,  3  lines  long:  awn 
attached  at  the  base  of  the  cleft,  hispid,  twisted  and  bent.  Common  in 
wooded  districts,  California  to  Alaska. 

T.  cernunm  Trin.  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petersb.  1830,  i,  61.  Stems  slen- 
der, erect,  smooth,  2-3  feet  high :  sheaths  loose,  open  above,  smooth  or 
scabrous  above,  shorter  than  the  internodes :  ligules  ovate,  lacerate :  1-6 
lines  long:  leaves  flat,  scabrous  on  both  sides  or  nearly  smooth  beneath, 
5-10  inches  long,  3-6  lines  wide :  panicle  rather  loose,  nodding,  5-8  inches 
long,  its  branches  slender,  ascending :  spikelets  2-4-flowered,  3-4  lines  long : 
first  empty  glume  narrowly  ovate,  carinate  1-13^  lines  long ;  second  one 
broadly  oblong,  obtuse  or  acuminate,  thin,  hispid  on  the  keel  above, 
3-nerved  below,  2-23^  lines  long:  awn  arising  below  the  base,  of  the  cleft, 
3-5  lines  long.    Along  streams  in  the  mountains,  California  to  Alaska. 

T.    snbspicatnm  Beauv.  Agrost.  180.    Softly  pubescent  to  glabrous: 


AiRA  GRAMINEiE  745 

DESCHAMPSIA 

stems  simple,  erect,  6-20  inches  high:  sheaths  usually  shorter  than  the 
internodes :  ligules  3^-1  line  long:  leaves  1-4  inches  long,  1-2  lines  wide : 
panicle  spike-like,  1-5  inches  long,  often  interrupted  below,  its  branches 
1^  inches  long  or  less,  erect:  spikelets  2-3- flowered,  the  empty  glumes 
hispid  on  the  keel,  shining,  the  second  about  2}4  lines  long:  flowering 
glumes  2-23^  lines^  long,  acuminate,  scabrous :  awn  inserted  below  the 
sinus,  bent  and  twisted  below.  In  rocky  places  in  the  high  mountains, 
California  to  Alaska  and  across  the  continent. 

Var.    molle  Gray  Man.  641.    Stems  and  leaves  minutely  soft-downy 
Range  of  the  type. 

29    AIRA  L.  Sp.  6.3. 

Mostly  annual  grasses  with  narrow  leaves  and  contracted  or 
open  panicles.  Spikelets  small,  two-flowered,  both  flowers  perfect, 
glumes  4,  the  two  lower  empty,  thin-membranous,  acute,  subequal, 
persistent:  the  flowering  glumes  usually  contiguous,  hyaline,  mu- 
cronate  or  2-toothed,  deciduous,  bearing  a  delicate  dorsal  awn 
inserted  below  the  middle.  Palet  a  little  shorter  than  the  glume, 
hyaline,  2-nerved.  Stamens  3,  with  plumose  stigmas.  Grain  en- 
closed in  the  glume  and  palet  and  often  adherent  to  them. 

A.  CARYOPHYLLEA  L.  Sp.  66.  Smooth  and  glabrous  throughout !  stems 
6-10  inches  high,  erect,  from  an  annual  root:  sheaths  mostly  basal :  ligules 
1}4  lines  long:  leaves  6-25  lines  long,  involute-setaceous:  panicle  1-4 
inches  long,  open,  the  branches  spreading  or  ascending:  spikelets  1-lJ^ 
lines  long,  the  empty  glumes  acute:  flowering  glumes  very  acute,  2-tooth- 
ed 1  line  long:  awn  1-2  lines  long.  Common  in  dry  open  places  :  natural- 
ized from  Europe. 

A.  PRECOX  L.  Sp.  65.  Smooth  throughout:  stems  1-4  inches  high, 
erect,  from  an  annual  root,  simple,  rigid:  sheaths  shorter  than  the  inter- 
nodes: ligules  about  1}4  lines  long:  leaves  1  inch  long  or  less,  involute- 
setaceous  :  panicle  contracted,  strict,  6-12  lines  long,  its  base  often  enclosed 
in  the  upper  sheath :  spikelets  about  1}4  lines  long,  the  empty  glumes 
acute :  flowering  glumes  acuminate,  2-tooted  at  the  apex,  about  1>|  lines 
long :   awn  straight,  1-2  lines  long.    In  dry  places:  naturalized  from  Eu. 

30    DESCHAMPSIA  Beauv.  Agrost.  91.   (1812.) 

Perennial  grasses  with  flat  or  involute  leaves  and  numerous 
flowers  in  contracted  or  open  panicles.  Spikelets  2-flowered, 
both  perfect ;  the  hairy  rachella  extended  beyond  the  flowers  or 
rarely  terminated  by  a  staminate  one.  Glumes  4,  rarely  more, 
the  2  lower  empty,  keeled,  acute,  membranous  shining,  persistent ; 
the  flowering  glumes  of  about  the  same  texture,  deciduous,  2- 
toothed  at  the  apex  and  bearing  a  dorsal  awn.  Palet  narrow,  2- 
nerved.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Btigmas  plumose.  Grain 
free,  enclosed  in  the  glume. 

D.  csBspitosa  Beauv.  Agrost.  160,  t.  18,  fig.  3.  Densely  cespitose 
with  very  numerous  basal  leaves:  Stems  erect,  slender  2-4  feet  high ;  sim- 
le,  glabrous :  sheaths  much  shorter  than  the  internodes :  ligules  1-3  lines 
ong :  leaves  flat  l-l}4  lines  wide,  smooth  beaeath,  strongly  scabrous  above, 
the  basal  ones  >^-K  as  long  as  the  stem,  those  of  the  stem  2-6  inches  long : 
panicle  open  3-6  inches  long,  the  branches  widely  spreading  or  ascending 
often  somewhat  flexuous  the  lower  2-5  inches  long :  spikelets  1^-2  lines 
long:  empty  glumes  unequal,  lanceolate,  acute;  flowering  glume  oblong, 


fc 


746  ,  GRAMINE^  deschampsia 

ARRHENATHERUM 

about  13^  lines  long,  erose-truncate  at  the  apex:  awn  straight,  inserted 
above  the  middle,  1-2  lines  long.  Common  in  moist  meadows,  California 
to  Alaska  and  across  the  continent. 

D.  atropurpnrea  Scheele  Flora  xxvii,  56.  Stems  6-18  inches  high, 
erect,  simple,  rigid :  sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes :  ligules  truncate, 
1  line  long  or  less :  leaves  2-5  inches  long,  1-2  lines  wide,  flat :  panicle  1-2 
inches  long,  narrow,  usually  purple  or  purplish,  its  branches  erect,  or 
sometimes  ascending,  the  lower  6-18  lines  long:  empty  glumes  broadly 
lanceolate,  acute,  2%  lined  long:  flowering  glumes  oblong,  erose-truncate 
at  the  apex,  about  13^  lines  long:  awn  bent  and  much  exceeding  the 
glume,  Alpine  summits  of  the  high  mountains,  Oregon  to  Alaska  and 
across  the  continent. 

D.  elODgata  Munro  in  Benth.  PL  Hartw.  242,  t.  228.  Densely  cespi- 
tose  perennial :  stems  very  slender,  1-2  feet  high,  simple,  erect, :  leaves 
very  numerous,  mostly  basal,  1-18  inches  long,  flat  and  smooth,  less  than 
1  line  wide :  ligules  elongated :  panicle  very  long  and  narrow,  4-12  inches 
long,  its  very  unequal  scabrous  capillary  branches  mostly  appressed: 
empty  glumes  about  2  lines  long,  linear-subulate,  nearly  equal,  green  and 
scabrous  on  the  keel :  flowering  glumes  about  1  line  long,  smooth  and 
shining,  with  a  silky  tuft  at  base,  irregularly  5-toothed  above,  with  a  very 
slender  awn  2  lines  long  from  near  the  base,  Common  in  open  woods, 
California  to  Washington,  west  of  the  Cascade  Mountains. 

D.  calycina  Presl  Rel.  HsBnk.  i,  251.  Loosely  tufted  annual:  stems 
slender,  2-24  inches  high,  sometimes  geniculate  and  sparingly  branched 
below :  leaves  very  narrow  those  of  the  stem  1-2  inches  long,  with  elonga- 
ted ligules ;  panicle  very  loose,  and  open,  1-12  inches  long,  the  lower  branch- 
es in  threes,  the  others  in  pairs  or  solitary,  distant,  mostly  spreading:  em- 
pty glume  3  lines  long  or  more,  linear- lanceolate,  green  and  rough  on  the 
keel:  flowering  glumes  about  a  line  long,  shining  below  its  truncate  4- 
toothed  apex,  the  hairs  at  base  K  as  long :  awn  inserted  just  below  the 
middle,  about  3  lines  long,  twisted  below  and  bent  near  the  middle  common 
in  places  that  are  wet  in  spring.     California  to  Washington. 

31    ARRHENATHERUM  Beauv.  Agrost.  55,  t.  11,  fig.  5. 

Tall  perennial  grasses  with  fiat  leaves  and  narrow  or  open 
panicles.  Spikelets  2-flowered,  the  upper  flower  perfect,  the  lower 
staminate  the  rachella  extended  beyond  the  flowers.  Glumes  4, 
the  2  lower  empty,  thin-membranous,  keeled,  very  acute  or  awn- 
pointed,  unequal,  persistent :  flowering  glumes  rigid  5-7-nerved 
deciduous,  the  first  bearing  a  long  bent  and  twisted  dorsal  awn 
inserted  below  the  middle,  the  second  unarmed.  Palet  hyaline, 
2-keeled.  Stamens  3.  Styles  short  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose. 
Grain  ovoid  free. 

A.  ELATiu-  Beauv.  M.  &  K.  Deutsch.  Fl.  i,  546.  Glabrous  perennial : 
stems  2-4  feet  high,  erect,  simple :  lower  sheaths  longer  than  the  internodes 
ligules  1  lines  long:  leaves  2-12  inches  long,  1-4  lines  wide,  scabrous: 
panicle  4-12  inches  long,  narrow,  branches  erect,  the  lower  1-2  inches 
long,  empty  glumes  finely  roughened,  the  second  4  lines  long,  nearly  twice 
aa  long  as  the  first  one :  flowering  glumes  about  4  lines  long.  In  meadows 
and  waste  places ;  naturalized  from  Europe. 

31    HOLCUS  L.  Sp.  1047. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses  with  flat  leaves  and  open  or  spike- 
like panicles.     Spikelets  dioecious,   2-flowered,   the  lower  flower 


H0LCU8  GRAMINE^  747 

MUNROA 

perfect,  the  upper  staminate.  Glumes  4,  the  two  lower  empty, 
membranous,  keeled,  the  first  1-nerved,  the  second  3-nerved  and 
often  short-awned.  Flowering  glumes  chartaceous,  that  of  the 
upper  flower  bearing  a  short  awn.  Palet  narrow,  2-keeled.  Sta- 
mens 3.  Styles  distinct,  with  plumose  stigmas.  Grain  oblong, 
free,  enclosed  in  the  glume. 

H.  LANATus  L.  Sp.  1048.  Light  green,  densely  and  softly  pubescent 
stems  l)^-2>^  feet  high,  erect,  often  decumbent  at  base,  simple :  sheaths 
shorter  than  the  internodes :  liguies  3^-1  line  long :  leaves  1-6  inches  long, 
2-6  lines  wide:  spikelets  2  Hnes  long:  empty  glumes  about  2  lines  long, 
white  villous,  the  upper  awn-pointed:  flowering  glumes  1  line  long,  smooth, 
glabrous  and  shining,  the  lower  sparsely  ciliate  on  the  keel,  somewhat  ob- 
tuse, the  upper  2-toothed  and  bearing  a  hooked  awn  just  below  the  apex. 
Common  in  meadows  and  waste  places :  introduced  from  Europe. 

Tribe  4  Festucacese.  Spikelets  two-  to  several- flowered ^  usually 
hermaphrodite,  pediceUate,  in  panicles  or  racemes,  the  former  some- 
times dense  and  spike-like.  Flowering  glumes  usually  longer  than 
the  empty  ones,  awnless  or  with  one  to  several  mostly  straight  awns 
which  are  either  terminal  or  home  just  below  the  apex. 

33    MUNROA  Torr.  Pac.  R.  Rep.  iv,  158.     (1856.) 

Low  diffusely  branched  grasses  with  flat  pungently  pointed 
leaves  and  few  flowers  in  panicles.  Spikelets  in  clusters  of  3-6. 
nearly  sessile  in  the  axils  of  the  floral  leaves,  3--5-flowered,  the 
flowers  all  perfect.  Glumes  5-7,  the  two  lower  empty,  lanceolate, 
acute,  1-nerved,  hyaline.  Flowering  glume  larger,  3-nerved,  one 
or  two  empty  ones  above  the  flowering  ones.  Palets  hyaline. 
Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct,  elongated:  stigmas  barbellate  or  short- 
plumose.     Grain  free,  enclosed  in  the  glume  and  palet. 

M.  sqnarrosa  Torr.  1.  c.  Stems  2-8  inches  long,  tufted,  erect,  decum- 
bent or  prostrate,  much  branched :  sheaths  short,  crowded  at  the  nodes 
and  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  smooth,  pilose  at  the  base  and  throat, 
sometimes  ciliate  on  the  margins :  liguies  a  ring  of  hairs :  leaves  1  inch 
long  or  less,  1-6  Hnes  wide^rigid,  scabrous :  spikelets  2-5-flowered,  the  flow- 
ers perfect :  empty  glumes  I-nerved :  flowering  glumes  2-2}4  lines  long,  lon- 
ger than  the  empty  ones,  3-nerved,  the  nerves  excurrent  and  forming  3  teeth 
or  awns,  with  tufts  of  hairs  about  the  middle:  palets  obtuse.  On  dry 
plains,  eastern  Oregon  to  Alberta  and  Texas. 

34    PHRAGMITES  Trin.  Fund.  Agrost.  134. 

Tall  perennial  grasses  with  broad  flat  leaves  and  very  numerous 
flowers  in  aniple  panicles.  Spikelets  3-  to  several-flowered,  the 
first  flower  often  staminate,  the  others  perfect.  Rachella  articu- 
lated between  the  flowering  glumes,  long-pilose.  Two  lower 
glumes  empty,  unequal,  membranous,  lanceolate,  acute,  shorter 
than  the  spikelet,  the  third  glume  empty  or  subtending  a  stamin- 
ate flower.  Flowering  glumes  glabrous,  narrow,  long-acuminate, 
much  exceeding  the  short  palets.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct, 
short.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free,  loosely  enclosed  in  the 
palet  and  glume. 

P.     communis  Trin.  1.  c.    Stems  stout,  3-15  feet  high,  erect,  from  long 


748  GBAMINE-E  fhragmites 

DACTYLIS 

horizontal  perennial  rootstockB,  glabrous :  sheaths  shorter  than  the  inter- 
nodes,  loose :  ligules  a  ring  of  very  short  hairs :  leaves  6-18  inches  long,  4-9 
lines  wide :  spikelets  crowded  on  the  ascending  branches :  first  glume  1- 
nerved,  %-%  as  long  as  the  second  one:  flowering  glumes  5-6  lines  long, 
3-nerved,  long-acumiHate,  equalling  the  hairs  of  the  rachella.  In  bogs 
and  wet  places  nearly  throughout  North  America :  also  in  Eilropecuid  Asia. 

35    DACTYLIS  L.  Sp.  71. 

Tall  perennial  grasses  with  brpad  flat  leaves  and  numerous 
spikelets  crowded  in  paniculate  short  capitate  clusters.  Spikelets 
3-5-flowered,  all  perfect  or  the  upper  staminate,  the  two  lower 
glumes  empty,  thin-membranaceous,  keeled,  unequal,  mucronate. 
Flowering  glumes  longer  than  the  empty  ones,  rigid,  5-nerved, 
keeled,  the  midnerve  extended  into  a  point  or  short  awn.  Palets 
shorter  than  the  glumes,  2-keeled.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct. 
Stigmas  plumose.     Grain  free,  enclosed  in  the  glume  and  palet. 

D.  QLOMEKATA  L.  Sp.  71.  Stcms  simple,  erect,  2-4  feet  high :  sheaths 
shorter  than  the  internodes :  smooth  or  rough :  ligules  1-2  lines  long : 
leaves  3-9  inches  long,  1-3  lines  wide,  flat,  scabrous :  panicle  3-8  inches 
long,  its  branches  spreading  or  ascending  in  flower,  erect  in  fruit,  the  lower 
1-3  inches  long,  spikelet  bearing  from  about  the  middle :  spikelets  in  dense 
capitate  clusters,  3-5-flowered :  empty  glumes  1-3-nerved,  the  first  shorter 
than  the  second :  flowering  glumes  2-3  lines  long,  rough,  pointed  or  short- 
awned,  ciliate  on  the  keel.  In  flelds  and  waste  places,  naturalized  from 
Europe. 

36    KCELERIA  Pers.  Syn.  i,  97. 

Tufted  perennial  or  annual  grasses  with,  flat  or  setaceous  leaves 
and  numerous  spikelets  in  spike-like  panicles.  Spikelets  2-5-flow- 
ered.  Glumes  4-7,  the  two  lower  empty,  narrow,  acute,  unequal, 
keeled,  scarious  on  the  margins.  Flowering  glumes  3-5-nerved. 
Palets  hyaline,  acute,  2-keeled.  Stamens  3.  Styles  very  short, 
with  plumose  stigmas.     Grain  free,  enclosed  in  the  glume. 

K.  cristata  Pers.  1.  c.  Stems  erect,  simple,  rigid,  often  pubescent 
just  below  the  panicle :  sheaths  often  shorter  than  the  internodes,  smooth 
or  scabrose,  sometimes  hirsute :  ligules  %  line  long :  leaves  1-12  inches  long, 
%-!%  lines  wide,  erect,  flat  or  involute,  smooth  or  rough,  often  more  or 
less  hirsute :  panicle  1-7  inche?  long,  pale  green,  usually  spike-like,  the 
branches  erect  or  rarely  ascending,  1  inch  long  or  less :  empty  glumes  une- 
qual, the  first  one  about 2 lines  long,  scarious  except  thegreeia  keel; second 
one  longer,  scabrous  on  the  keel;  flowering  glumes  scarious,  1)^-2  lines 
long.  On  sandy  bars  along  rivers.  California  to  Brit.  Columbia  and 
Pennsylvania. 

37    EATONIA  Raf.  Joum.  Phys.  Ixxxix  104. 

Tufted  perennial  grasses  with  flat  leaves  and  usually  contract- 
ed panicles.  Spikelets  2-3-flowered,  the  rachella  extended  beyond 
the  flowers.  Two  lower  glumes  empty,  shorter  than  the  spikelet, 
the  first  linear  acute,  1-nerved,  the  second  much  broader,  3-nerved, 
obtuse  or  rounded  at  the  apex  or  sometimes  acute,  the  margins, 
scarious :  flowering  glumes  narrow,  usually  obtuse.  Palets  narrow, 
2-nerved.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct,  short.  Stigmas  plumose. 
Grain  free  loosely  enclosed  in  the  glume  and  palet. 


EATONiA  GRAMINE^  749 

MELICA 

E,  obtnsata  Gray  Man.  ed.  2,  558.  Stems  often  stout,  l-2>^  feet  high, 
erect,  simple,  smooth :  sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes,  usually  more 
or  less  rough,  sometimes  pubescent:  ligules  3^-1  line  long:  leaves  1-9 
inches  long,  1-4  lines  wide,  scabrous :  panicle  2-i6  inches  long,  dense  and 
usually  spike-like,  strict,  the  branches  1}4  inches  long  or  lees,  erect:  spike- 
lets  crowded,  1^-lK  lines  long:  empty  glumes  unequal,  often  purplish, 
the  first  narrow,  shorter  than  and  about  ^  as  wide  as  the  obtuse  or  almost 
truncate  second  one :  flowering  glumes  narrow,  obtuse,  ^-1  line  long. 
California  to  Washington  and  the  Eastern  States. 

E.  PennsylYanica  Gray  I.  c.  Stems  slender,  erect,  smooth,  1-3  feet 
high :  sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes :  ligules  %  line  long :  leaves  2-7 
inches  long,  1-3  lines  wide,  rough :  panicle  3-7  inches  long,  contracted, 
often  nodding,  lax,  its  branches  1-3  inches  long :  spikelets  \%-l%  line  long, 
usually  numerous,  somewhat  crowded,  and  appressed  to  the  branches: 
empty  glumes  unequal,  the  first  narrow,  shorter  than  and  about  ^  as  wide 
as  the  obtuse  or  abruptly  acute  second  one  which  is  smooth  or  somewhat 
rough  on  the  keel;  flowering  glumes  narrow,  acute,  3)^  lines  long.  In 
moist  soil,  eastern  Washington  to  the  Eastern  States. 

38    MELICA  L.  Sp.  66. 

Tall  perennial  grasses  with  flat  leaves  and  contracted  or  open 
panicles.  Spikelets  1-  to  several-flowered,  often  secund,  rachella 
extended  beyond  the  flowers  and  usually  bearing  2-3  empty  club- 
shape  hooded  scales,  convolute  around  each  other.  Two  lower 
glumes  empty,  membranous,  3-5-nerved ;  flowering  glumes  larger, 
rounded  on  the  back,  7-13  nerved,  sometimes  bearing  an  awn, 
the  margins  more  or  less  scarious.  Palets  broad,  shorter  than 
the  glume,  2-keeled.  Stamens  3.  Style  distinct.  Stigmas  plu- 
mose.    Grain  free  enclosed  in  the  glume  and  palet.'^ 

§  1  EuMELicA.  Empty  glumes  nearly  or  quite  equalling  the 
flowers.  Flowering  glumes  scarious  margined,  obtuse  and  entire 
at  the  apex.  Sterile  flowers  clavate,  hooded,  or  like  the  others, 
but  smaller. 

M.  interrupta  Trin.  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petersb.  1840,  59.  Stems  tufted, 
slender,  1-3  feet  high,  from  strong  fibrous  roots:  leaves  narrow,  long-acu- 
minate, from  smooth  to  very  scabrous  and  pilose-pubescent :  panicle  8-12 
inches  long,  its  branches  in  remote  fascicles,  very  unequal,  the  lower  1-3 
inches  long:  spikelets  5  lines  long,  minutely  scabrous,  1-flowered,  with  an 
imperfect  floret:  first  empty  glumes  3-nerved,  second  larger  and  indistinct- 
ly 5-nerved:  flowering  glume  acutish,  strongly  7-nerved,  usually  purplish 
above  except  the  scabrous  margins:  palet  about  as  long  as  the  glume,  2- 
toothed :  sterile  flowers  short-pedicelled,  %  as  long  as  the  perfect  ones, 
sometimes  enclosing  a  second  one.    Oregon  to  California. 

H.  stricta  Bolander  Proc.  Cal.  Acad,  iii,  4.  Densely  tufted,  1-2  feet 
high,  pale  green:  stems  erect,  or  geniculate  below,  branched  at  base,  softly 
pubescent  to  scabrous:  sheaths  retrorsely  velvety-pubescent,  longer  than 
the  internodes:  ligules  about  2  lines  long:  leaves  3-4  inches  long,  1-2  lines 
wide,  flat,  or  involute  toward  the  rather  rigid  points,  velvety-pubescent  on 
both  sides:  panicle  secund,  of  6-12  nodding  spikelets,  the  scabrous  branches 
mostly  single,  erect,  making  the  panicle  appear  single :  spikelets  5-7  lines 
long,  with  2-3  perfect  flowers  and  rather  large  rudiments:  empty  glumes 
lance-oblong,  narrowed  below,  obtuse  or  barely  acute,  thin  smooth,  5-nerv- 
cd,  4-6  lines  long,  the  first  slightly  shorter;  flowering  glumes  lanceolate, 
acute,  minutely  hispid,  7-nerved,  4>^-53^  lines  long :  palet  obovate-oblong. 
obtuse,   minutely  hispid,  pubescent  on  the  arched  keels.    In   the  high 


750  GRAMINE^  melica 

mountains  of  eastern  Oregon  to  California  and  Nevada. 

M,  bnlbosa  Geyer,  Hook.  Journ.  Bot.  viii,  19.  Stems  1-3  feet  high, 
enlarged  and  bulb-like  at  base :  sheaths  longer  than  the  internodes,  nearly 
smooth  to  scabrous :  leaves  2-3  inches  long  setaceously  convolute,  nearly 
smooth  to  scabrous:  ligules  nearly  2  lines  long,  often  coarsely  lacerate: 
panicle  strict,  4-8  inches  long,  interrupted  below,  the  branches  mostly  in 
pairs,  very  unequal,  erect:  spikeleta  with  2-3  perfect  flowers,  about  4  lines 
long:  empty  glumes  membranaceous,  broad,  obtuse,  the  lower  3-5-nerved, 
the  upper  5-7- nerved :  flowering  glumes  3-4  lines  long,  scarious-margined^ 
minutely  scabrous,  7-ner7ed,  the  unequal  nerves  all  ceasing  below  the 
broad  hyaline  obtuse  apex :  palet  ciliate  on  the  keels :  sterile  floret  often 
double,  the  uppermost  minute  and  hooded.  About  the  base  of  cliffs, 
eastern  Oregon  to  California. 

M.  fngax  Bolander  Proc.  Cal.  Acad,  iv,  104.  Stems  slender,  6-12  inches 
high,  enlarged  and  bulb-like  at  base  :  sheaths. longer  than  the  internodes, 
nearly  smooth  to  scabrous :  ligules  about  1  line  long,  truncate  at  the  apex : 
leaves  flat  or  somewhat  involute,  1-6  inches  long,  1-2  lines  wide,  the  lower 
obtuse  or  barely  acute,  the  upper  acuminate  and  often  setaceously  pointed : 
panicle  2-4  inches  long,  its  branches  mostly  in  pairs,  erect  or  somewhat 
spreading,  very  unequal,  the  longest  1-2  inches  long:  spikelets  3-4  lines 
long,  usually  purplish,  of  3-5  perfect  flowers:  empty  glumes  3-5-nerved, 
obtuse,  with  broad  scarious  margins;  the  first  about  1}4  lines  long,  the 
second  broader  and  about  2  lines  long ;  flowering  glumes  strongly  7-nerved, 
only  the  midnerve  reaching  the  narrow  scarious  apex :  palets  slightly 
shorter  than  the  glume,  minutely  ciliate:  sterile  flowers  similar  to  the 
glumes.    About  the  base  of  cliffs,  eastern  Washington  to  California. 

§  2  Bromelica  Thurber  Bot.  Cal.  ii,  304.  Spikelets  of  3-8 
perfect  flowers,  the  lower  exceeding  the  empty  glumes.  Flowering 
glumes  prominently  7-nerved,  apiculate  or  distinctly  awned  by 
the  excurrent  midnerve  at  the  notched  or  bifid  or  narrowly  trun- 
cate or  long- attenuate  tip. 

M,  bromoides  Gray  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  viii,  409.  Stems  slender,  3-4 
feet  high,  enlarged  and  bulb-like  at  base:  lower  pheaths  longer  than  the 
internodes,  the  upper  shorter,  smooth:  leaves  flat,  6-12  inches  long, 
setaceously  acuminate :  ligules  about  1  line  long  or  less,  the  upper  ones 
often  lacerate:  panicle  very  loose,  6-8  inches  long,  very  long-exserted,  its 
capillary  branches  few  and  spreading,  2-3  inches  long,  bearing  only  one  or 
two  spikelets  6-8  lines  long:  first  empty  glume  about  I  line  long,  acute, 
the  second  broader,  nearly  2  lines  long,  obtuse  or  barely  acute,  with  broad 
scarious  margins :  flowering  glumes  about  4  lines  long,  narrowly  margined, 
lanceolate,  acute :  palet  about  3  lines  long,  ciliate  on  the  nerves.  On 
open  ridges  southern  Oregon  to  California. 

Var.  Howellii  Scribn.  Proc.  Phila.  Acad.  47.  Panicle  more  open 
and  fewer-flowered:  flowering  glumes  longer  and  entire  or  but  slightly 
notched  at  the  apex.    On  dry  ridges  southwestern  Oregon. 

M.  Harfordii  Bolander  Proc.  Cal.  Acad,  iv,  102.  Stems  erect,  bran- 
ched below,  slender, rather  wiry,  1-3  feet  high,  not  bulbous  at  base :  sheaths 
slightly  scabrous,  about  equalling  the  internodes :  ligules  1-2  lines  long, 
leaves  flat  or  invblute,  scabrous  above,  slender-pointed,  6-10  inches  long, 
1-3  lines  wide:  panicle  strict,  6-12 inches  long,  its  scabrous  branches  erect: 
or  appressed,  unequal,  2  inches  long  or  less  bearing  1-3  erect  spikelets : 
empty  glumes  oblanceolate,  obtuse  or  barely  acute, the  first  5-nerved,  3-4 
lines  long,  the  second  3^  line  longer  and  5-7-nerved  ;  flowering  glumes  lan- 
ceolate, barely  acute  or  emarginate  or  sometimes  short-awned,  scarious- 
margined  above,  minutely  appressed-silkythroughout,  pilose  on  the  margin- 


MELiCA  GRAMINEtE  751 

DI8TICHLI8 

al  nerves  below  the  middle,  7-9-nerved,  4-5  lines  long :  palet  oblong,  obtuse 
or  emarginate,  pubescent  on  the  2  arched  keels,  3-4  lines  long.  On  open 
ridges  in  the  mountains,  Oregon  to  California. 

Var.  minor  Vasey,  Beal  Grasses  N.  Am.  ii,  610.  Stems  slender, 
10-15  inches  high  erect:  panicles  very  simple,  lK-4  inches  long:  spikelets 
usually  3-flowered.    On  dry  ridges  in  the  Siskiyou  Mountains. 

M.  aristata  Thurber,  Bolander  Proc.  Cal.  Acad,  iv,  103,  Stems  slen- 
dei,  tufted,  2-4  feet  high :  leaves  flat,  2-4  inches  long,  3  lines  wide:  panicle 
narrow,  5-12  inches  long,  its  branches  erect:  spikelets  3-5-flowered,  pale  or 
purplish  :  first  empty  glume  oblong,  about  3  lines  long ;  the  second  about 
a  line  longer :  flowering  glumes  about  5  lines  long,  with  a  few  stiff  marginal 
hairs  near  the  base,  very  scabrous,  the  central  nerve  excurrent  just  below 
the  bifid  tip  as  an  awn  3-5  lines  long :  palet  about  S}4  lines  long,  strongly 
ciliate  at  the  apex.    In  mountains,  Washington  to  California. 

M.  acuminata  Bolander  1.  c.  104.  Stems  slender,  erect,  2-3  feet  high, 
with  thickened  bulbous  base :  sheaths  mostly  equalling  or  shorter  than  the 
internodes,  more  or  le&a  pubescent :  ligules  1-2  lines  long,  laciniate :  panicle 
4-12  inches  long,  narrow,  the  capillary  branches  erect  or  barely  spreading: 
spikelets  3-5-flowered,  often  purplish:  first  empty  glume  linear,  about  2 
lines  long,  much  smaller  than  the  acuminate  second  one :  flowering  glumes 
lanceolate,  long-acuminate  about  5  lines  long,  5-7-nerved :  ciliate  on  the 
margins  below :  palet  about  half  as  long  as  the  glume,  densely  ciliate  above, 
narrowly  truncate.     In  open  woods,  California  to  Alaska. 

M.  spectabilis  Scribn.  Proc.  Philad.  Acad.  1885,45.  A  slender  tufted 
stoloniferous  perennial :  stems  about  2%  ^^et  high,  with  a  corm  at  the  base 
of  each  :  sheaths  mostly  longer  than  the  internodes:  ligules  white,  about  1 
line  long :  leaves  3-4,  flat  or  involute,  scabrous,  7-10  inches  long,  1-2  lines 
wide :   panicle  simple,  5-8  inches  long,  its  slender  branches  solitary  or  in 

gairs,  sometimes  in  threes,  the  longest  1)^-2  inches  long:  spikelets  3-8- 
owered:  empty  glumes  ovate,  obtuse  or  acute,  with  transverse  nerves 
near  the  middle,  the  first  3-nerved,  the  second  5-nerved,  2)^-3  lines  long: 
flowering  glumes  33^-4  lines  long,  abruptly  tapering,  oval,  the  apex  with  2 
very  short  teeth  or  a  notch,  7-9-nerved  :  palet  elliptical,  2}4  lines  long. 
Oregon  to  Montana  and  California. 

M.  scabrata  Scribn.  Piper  &  Beattie  Fl.  Palouse  Reg.  25.  Stems 
mostly  solitary,  erect,  2-4  feet  high,  with  bulbous  base:  sheaths  nearly  as 
long  or  longer  than  the  internodes,  scabrous :  leaves  flat,  linear,  5-7  inches 
long,  1-3  lines  wide,  scabrous  on  both  sides :  panicle  erect. narrow, 3-7  inches 
long,  lower  branches  mostly  in  threes, the  2  outer  short  and  bearing  a  single 
Bpikelet,  the  central  one  longer  and  bearing  2-5  spikelets  5-7-flowered, 
usually  purple ;  lower  empty  glumes  2%  lines  long,  the  upper  33^-4  lines 
long,  acutish:  flowering  glumes  about  3%  lines  long  all  minutely 
scabrous.    In  low  meadows  about  Pullman  Washington. 

39    DISTICHLIS  Raf.  Journ.  Phys.  Ixxxix,  104. 

Dioecious  grasses  with  rigid  stems,  creeping  or  decumbent  at 
base,  flat  or  convolute  leaves,  and  numerous  spikelets  in  spike- 
like panicles.  Spikelets  flattened,  more  numerous  on  the  stamin- 
ate  plaftts  than  on  the  pistilate,  6-16-flowered.  Rachella  con- 
tinuous in  the  staminate  spikelets,  articulated  in  the  pistillate. 
Two  lower  glumes  empty,  narrow,  keeled,  acute,  shorter  than  the 
flowering  ones.  Flowering  glumes  broader,  many-nerved,  acute, 
rigid.  Palets  2-keeled.  Stamens  3.  Styles  thickened  at  the 
base,  rather  long,  distinct.  Stigmas  long-plumose.  Grain  free 
enclosed  in  the  glume  and  palet. 


752  GRAMINE^  catabrosa 

GRAPHEPHOBDM 

D.  maritima  Baf.  1.  c.  Glabrous  throughout :  stems  3  inches  to  2  feet 
high,  erect,  from  horizontal  rootatock,  often  decumbent  at  base:  sheaths 
shorter  than  the  internodes,  often  crowded :  ligules  a  ring  of  very  short 
hairs :  leaves  3^-9  inches  long,  1-2  lines  wide,  flat  or  involute :  panicle 
dense  and  spike-like  1-3  inches  long,  the  branches  1  inch  long  or  less,  erect : 
spikelets  6-16-flowered,  4-9  lines  long,  pale  green  or  purplish :  empty 
glumes  acute, the  first  1-3-nerved,  %  as  long  as  the  3-2-nerved,  second  one : 
flowering  glume  \%-2%  lines  long,  acute  or  acuminate.  In  salt  marshes 
along  the  coast  Brit.  Columbia  to  California  and  in  the  interior,  also  on 
the  Atlantic  coast. 

40    CATABROSA  Beauv.  Agrost.  97,  t.  19,  fig.  8. 

Perennial  grasses  with  soft  flat  leaves  and  open  panicles. 
Spikelets  usually  2-flowere(l.  Two  lower  glumes  empty,  thin^ 
membranaceous,  much  shorter  than  the  flowering  ones,  unequal, 
rounded  or  obtuse  at  the  apex.  Flowering  glumes  membranous, 
erose-truncate.  Palets  barely  shorter  than  the  glume.  Stam- 
ens 3.     Styles  distinct,  with  plumose  stigmas. 

C.  aqnatlca  Beauv.  Agrost.  157.  Smooth  and  glabrous :  stems  erect, 
from  a  creeping  base,  K-2  feet  high,  bright  green,  flaccid:  sheaths  usually 
longer  than  the  internodes,  loose :  ligule  l>^-5  inches  long,  1-3  lines  wide, 
flat,  obtuse:  panicle  1-8  inches  long,  open,  the  branches  whorled,  spread- 
ing or  ascending,  very  slender  %-2  inches  long,  spikelets  1)^-1^  lines 
long,  the  empty  glumes  rounded  or  obtuse,  the  first  about  half  as  long,  as 
the  second  which  is  crenulate  on  the  margins :  flowering  glumes  \-\}4: 
lines  long,  3-nerved,  erose-trunate  at  the  apex.  In  water  or  wet  places, 
"Washington  to  Alaska  and  Labrador  to  Nebraska :  also  Europe  and  Asia. 
41    GRAPHEPHORUM  Deev.  Bull.  Soc.  Philom.  ii,  189. 

Erect  grasses  with  flat  leaves  and  usually  contracted  nodding 
panicles.  Spikelets  2-4-flowered,  flattened,  the  rachella  prolong: 
ed  beyond  the  flower.  Glumes  4-6,  the  2  lower  ones  empty, 
somewhat  shorter  than  the  flowering  ones,  thin-mem branaceous, 
acute,  keeled.  Flowering  glumes  membranous,  obscurely  nerved, 
entire,  sometimes  short-awned  just  below  the  apex.  Stamens  3; 
Styles  distinct,  with  plumose  stigmas.     Grain  glabrous. 

G.  Wolfll  Vasey  Des.  Cat.  Gr.  U.  S.  66.  Stems  slender,  15-30  inches 
high,  from  a  perennial  root :  sheaths  about  as  long  as  the  internodes : 
ligules  about  a  line  long:  leaves  flat,  scabrous,  6-10  inches  long,  2-3  lines 
wide:  panicle  erect,  subs picate,  3-9  inches  long:  spikelets  2-4-flowered, 
purplish:  rachella  villous:  empty  glumes  elliptical,  nearly  equal,  about  3 
lines  long  the  first  1-nerved,  the  second  3-nerved:  flowering  glumes  2-23^ 
lines  long,  less  than  1  line  wide,  obscurely  5-nerved,  obtuse,  lacerate,  some- 
times split  or  2- toothed,  bearing  an  awn  %  line  long:  palets  shorter  than 
or  nearly  equalling  the  glumes.  Dry  rocky  slopes,  eastern  Oregon  to  Mon- 
tana and  California. 

42    PANICULARIA  Fabr.  Enum.  Hort.  Helmst.  373.     (1763.) 
QLYCERIA  R.  Br.    {1810.) 

Mostly  perennial  grasses  with  flat  leaves  and  numerous  spike- 
lets in  more  or  less  open  panicles.  Spikelets  2-20-flowered,  terete 
or  sometimes  flattened.  Two  lower  glumes  empty,  obtuse  or 
acute,  1-8-nerved :  flowering  glumes  membranous,  rounded  on 
the  back,  5-9-nerved,  the  nerves  disappearing  in  the  hyaline  apex. 


PANicuLARiA  GRAMINE  A  753 

Palets  scarcely  shorter  than  the  glumes^  rarely  longer,  2-keeled. 
Stamens  2  or  3.  Styles  distinct,  with  plumose  stigmas.  Grain 
smooth,  enclosed  in  the  glume  and  partly  free,  or  when  dry 
slightly  adhering  to  the  palet. 

P.  flnitans  Kuntze  Rev.  Gen.  PI.  782.  G.  fluitans  JR.  Br.  Stems 
2-5  feet  high,  erect:  stout,  simple  smooth,  often  rooting  from  the  lower  nodes: 
sheaths  loose,  generally  longer  than  the  internodes  smooth  or  rough:  ligules  2-3 
lines  long:  leaves  5-12  inches  long,  2-6  lines  wide  scabrous:  often  floating: 
panicle  9-18  inches  long,  the  lower  branches  at  first  appressed,  later  ascending 
3-6  inches  long:  spikelets  linear,  7-13-flowered,  4-12  lines  long:  empty  glumes 
unequal,  1-nerved,  the  lower  acute  or  obtuse,  the  upper  obtuse  or  truncate.  In 
water  and  bogs,  California  to  Alaska  and  across  the  continent. 

P.  boreaiis  Nash  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  club  xxiv,  348.  Stems  weak,  erect, 
glabrous,  l>^-3  feet  high:  sheaths  loose,  longer  than  the  internodes:  leaves  4-10 
inches  long,  pale  green,  nearly  smooth:  panicle  lax,  7-15  inches  long,  the 
branches  single  or  in  pairs  usually  short  and  erect:  spikelets  linear,  5-7  lines 
long:  flowering  glumes  very  thin,  l>^-2  lines  long,  7-nerved,  the  nerves  min- 
utely hispid.  In  shallow  ponds,  eastern  Washington  to  California  and  the 
Eastern  States. 

P.  nervata  Kuntze  1.  c.  G.  nervata  Trin.  Stems  slender,  erect,  1-3 
feet  high,  simple,  smooth:  sheaths  shoi-ter  than  the  internodes,  usually  more 
or  less  rough:  ligules  %  Jioe  lo°g»  truncate:  leaves  6-12  inches  long,  2-5  lines 
wide,  acute,  smooth  beneath,  rough  above:  panicle  3-8  inches  long,  open,  the 
filiform  branches  spreading,  ascending  or  often  drooping,  rai-ely  erect,  the  lower 
ones  2-5  inches  long:  spikelets  3-7 -flowered,  1-13^  lines  long:  empty  glumes 
obtuse,  1-nerved;  flowering  glumes  about  %  line  long,  obtuse  or  rounded  at  the 
apex,  with  7  sharp  distinct  nerves  and  evident  funows  between  them.  Com- 
mon in  wet  places  and  along  streams,  California  to  Alaska  and  across  the 
continent. 

P.  pallida  Kuntze  1.  c.  783.  Pale  green,  stems  1-3  feet  long,  assurgent, 
simple,  smooth:  sheaths  loose,  shorter  than  the  internodes,  ligules  2-3  lines  long, 
acute:  leaves  2-6  inches  long,  1-2  lines  wide,  smooth  beneath,  rough  above: 
panicle  2-7  inches  long,  the  branches  erect  or  ascending,  often  flexuous,  1-2 
inches  long:  spikelets  4-8-flowered,  23^-3K  lines  long:  empty  glumes  unequal, 
the  first  1-nerved,  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  3-nerved  and  truncate  second  one: 
floweiing  glumes  1^-1^4  Ihies  long,  truncate  and  denticulate  at  the  apex, 
sharply  and  distinctly  7-nerved,  with  plain  furrows  between  the  nerves.  In 
shallow  water,  Washington  to  Indiana  and  New  Brunswick. 

P,  pauciflora  Kuntze  1.  c.  G.  pauciflora  Presl.  Stems  stout,  2-4 
feet  long:  sheaths  nearly  smooth,  loose,  usually  longer  than  the  internodes 
ligules  rounded  or  more  often  lacerate  2-3  lines  long:  leaves  6-15  inches  long: 
3-9  lines  wide:  panicle  5-8  inches  long,  somewhat  contracted  and  flexuous 
or  at  length  loose  and  open,  usually  purplish,  its  branches  hispid,  4  inches  long 
or  less:  spikelets  5-7-flowered,  2-3  lines  long:  empty  glumes  less  than  half  as 
long  as  the  flowering  ones,  the  first  ovate,  denticulate,  near  the  subacute  apex, 
smooth,  1-nerved  %  ^^^  long;  the  second  erose  at  the  rounded  apex,  3-neived, 
nearly  1  line  long:  flowering  glumes  broadly  oblong,  erose  at  the  rounded  scai'i- 
ous  apex,  hispidulous  on  the  keel,  prominently  5-nerved,  1-1>^  lines  long: 
palet  oblong,  emarginate,  slightly  pubescent  on  the  2  keels,  neaiiy  equalling 
the  glume    In  shallow  water  or  wet  places,  California  to  Alaska  and  Colorado. 

P.  Americana  MacM.  Met.  Minn.  81.  Stems  stout,  erect,  simple, 
smooth,  3-5  feet  high:  sheaths  loose,  smooth  or  somewhat  rough:  ligules  1-2 
lines  long,  truncate:  leaves  7-12  inches  long,  3-8  lines  wide,  usually  smooth 
beneath,  rough  above:  panicle  8-16  inches  long,  its  branches  spreading,  ascend- 


754  GR  AMINES  puccinblua 

ing  or  rarely  erect,  4-8  inclies  long,  spikelefcs  4-T-flowered;  2-3  lines  long: 
empty  glumes  acute,  1 -nerved:  flowering  glumes  about  1  line  long,  obtuse 
or  rounded  at  the  apex,  sharply  and  distinctly  7-nerved,  the  furrows 
between  the  nerves  evident.     In  wet  soil,  Alaska  to  California  and  Neb. 

43    PUCCINELLIA  Pari.  Fl.  Ital.  i,  366. 

Perennial  grasses  with  flat  or  involute  leaves  and  contracted 
or  open  panicles.  Spikelets  2-10-flowered.  Two  lower  glume<< 
empty :  obtuse  or  acute,  unequal:  flowering  glumes  obtuse,  or 
acute,  rounded  on  the  back,  5-nerved,  the  nerves  very  obscure  or 
almost  wanting.  Palets  about  equalling  the  glumes.  Stamens  3. 
Stigmas  sessile,  simply  plumose.  Grain  compressed,  usually 
adhering  to  the  palet. 

P.  maritiraa  Pari.  1.  c.  370.  Stems  stoloniferous,  6-24  inches  high, 
erect,  or  decumbent  at  base,  smooth,  simple:  sheaths  usually  exceeding 
the  internodes:  ligules  )^-l:  line  long:  leaves  1-5  inches  long,  1  line  wide 
or  less,  flat  to  involute:  panicle  2-6  inches  long,  open,  its  branches  ascend- 
ing or  rarely  erect,  1-2  inches  long:  spikelets  3-10-flowered,3-7  lines  long: 
empty  glumes  unequal,  the  first  usually  1-nerved,  the  second  3-nerved: 
flowering  glumes  13^-3  lines  long,  obtuse  or  truncate.  In  salt  marshes 
along  the  coast. 

P.  angustata  Nash  Bull.  Terr.  Bot.  Club  xxix,  513.  Poa  angustata 
JR.  Br.  Stems  erect,  4-12  inches  high,  simple;  sheaths  usually  longer 
than  the  internodes:  ligules  1  line  long:  leaves  3f-3  inches  long,  1  line 
wide  or  less:  panicle  1-2  inches  long,  contracted,  its  branches  short  and 
erect  or  appressed:  spikelets  2-7-flowered,  3-4  lines  long:  empty  glumes 
obtuse  or  rounded  at  the  apex,  the  first  1-nerved,  the  second  3-nerved: 
flowering  glume  l^-l}4  lines  long,  usually  purplish,  rounded  at  the  apex. 
In  salt  marches  along  the  coast,  Oregon  to  Alaska,  and  Labrador  to  Maine: 
also  Europe  and  Asia. 

P.  distans  Pari.  1.  c.  367.  Glyceria  distans  Wahl.  Stems  1-2  feet 
high,  erect  or  sometimes  decumbent  at  base,  tufted:  sheaths  often  shorter 
than  the  internodes,  glabrous:  ligules  K-1  line  long:  leaves  1-6  inches 
long,  1-2  lines  wide,  flat  or  folded,  usually  stiff  and  erect,  smooth  beneath: 
panicle  2-7  inches  long,  open,  rarely  contracted,  its  branches  spreading 
or  ascending,  whorled,  the  lower  1-4  inches  long,  sometimes  reflexed: 
spikelets  crowi^ed,  3-6  flowered,  13^-2)^  lines  long:  empty  glumes  obtuse 
or  acute,  1-nerved;  the  second  exceeding  the  first:  flowering  glumes  3^-1 
line  long,  obtuse,  obscurely  nerved.  Along  the  coast  of  Washington,  and 
on  the  Atlantic  coast  from  Nova  Scotia  to  New  Jersey:  also  in  Europe. 

P.  Lemmoni  Scribn.  Am.  Grasses  ii,  276.  Glyceria  Lemmoni  Vasey. 
Densely  cespitose,  with  numerous  involute-setaceous  radical  leaves,  pale 
green  and  glaucous:  stems  slender,  4-16  inches  high,  smooth,  simple: 
sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes,  smooth:  ligules  nearly  1  line  long, 
acute:  leaves  setaceous,  2-4  inches  long,  smooth:  panicle  long-exserted, 
often  purplish,  1-4  inches  long,  open,  its  unequal  scabrous  branches 
spreading  or  ascending,  the  lower  1-2  inches  long:  spikelets  narrow, 
7-f lowered,  2-3  lines  long;  first.glume  less  than  a  line  long;  the  second 
about  twice  as  long:  flowering  glumes  about  a  line  long,  abruptly  pointed. 
In  alkaline  meadows:  eastern  Oregon  to  California  and  Brit.  Columbia. 

44    PLEUROPOGON  R.  Br.  App.  Parry  Voy.  286. 

Perennial  grasses  with  flat  leaves  and  rather  few  spikelets  in 


PLEUROPOGON  GK  AMINES  755 

POA 

simple  racemes.  Spikelets  5-20-flowered,  all  perfect  or  the  up- 
per staminate.  Two  lower  glumes  empty,  unequal,  thin-mem- 
branous, 1-nerved,  or  the  second  imperfectly  3-nerved  :  flowering 
glumes  longer,  membranous,  7-nerved,  the  middle  nerve  excur- 
rent  as  a  short  point  or  awn.  Palets  nearly  equalling  the  glumes, 
2-keeled,  the  keels  winged  or  append  aged.  Stamens  3.  Styles 
short,  with  plumose  stigmas.  Grain  free,  enclosed  in  the  glume 
and  palet. 

P.  Californicnm  Benth.  Vasey  Grasses  Pac.  Slope,  ii,  68.  Stems 
erect,  or  somewhat  decumbent  at  base,  rather  weak,  2-4  feet  high :  sheaths 
smooth,  equalling  or  exceeding  the  internodes,  the  lower  ones  short  and 
membranous:  ligules  2-3  lines  long:  leaves  flat  or  folded,  3-21  inches  long, 
1-3  lines  wide,  obtuse,  smooth,  or  barely  rough  above:  panicle  a  simple 
lecund  raceme,  6-12  inches  long:  spikelets  linear-oblong,  10-20-flowered, 
about  1  line  long:  empty  glumes  oblong,  obliquely  obtuse,  smooth,  l-nerved 
below,  the  first  1-13^  lines  long,  the  second  1  line  longer:  flowering  glumes 
rance-oblong,  erose  or  dentate  at  the  membranous  obtuse  apex,  scabrous, 
strongly  7-nerved,  3-4  lines  long :  awn  arising  below  the  apex,  1-5  lines 
long :  palets  oblong,  obtuse,  nearly  equalling  the  glumes.  In  low  meadow 
sands,  southern  Oregon  to  California. 

P.  refractnm  Benth.  Vasey  1.  c.  69.  Tufted  from  a  strong  creeping 
lootstock:  stems  rather  weak,  2-4 feet  high,  erect,  smooth,  simple:  sheaths 
nearly  smooth,  equalling  or  slightly  exceeding  the  long  internodes :  ligules 
1-2  lines  long,  truncate:  leaves  flat  or  folded,  scabrous  above,  2-10  inches 
long,  2-4  lines  wide :  panicle  a  simple  secund  raceme  of  6-10  spikekts 
pendent  on  recurved  pedicels,  6-12  lines  long:  spikelets  linear-oblong, 
8-12-flowered,  about  1  inch  long :  empty  glumes  lance-oblong,  obtuse  or 
emarginate.  often  denticulate,  thin,  smooth,  1-nerved,  2-3  lines  long,  the 
second  slightly  longer:  flowering  glumes  lance-oblong,  erose  or  dentate  at 
the  truncate  membranous  summit^  nearly  smooth,  prominently  7-9-nerved, 
33^-4  lines  long :  awn  arising  at  the  apex,  2-4  lines  long :  palet  linear, 
emarginate,  shorter  than  the  glumes.  Along  mountain  streapis,  Oregon 
and  Washington. 

45    POA  L.  Sp.  67. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses  with  flat  or  convolute  leaves  and 
numerous  spikelets  in  open  or  contracted  panicles.  Spikelets 
2-6-flowered,  compressed,  the  rachella  usually  glabrous.  Flowers 
all  perfect  or  rarely  dioecious  or  polygamous.  Glumes  membran- 
ous, keeled,  the  two  lower  empty,  l-S-nerved:  the  flowering 
glumes  longer  than  the  empty  ones,  generally  with  a  tuft  of  cob- 
webby hairs  at  base,  5-nerved,  the  marginal  nerves  usually  pu- 
bescent. Palets  a  little  shorter  than  the  glumes,  2-nerved  or 
2-keeled.  Stamens  3.  Styles  short,  distinct,  with  plumose  stig- 
mas.    Grain  free,  or  sometimes  adherent  to  the  palet. 

§  2  Melicoides  Glumes  obtuse  or  barely  acute,  the  empty 
ones  1-5-nerved,  the  flowering  ones  without  cobwebby  hairs  at 
base,  not  prominently  keeled. 

P.  afgrentea  Howell  Vasey  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club.  xv.  11.  Stems 
slender,  loosely  tufied,  6-8  inches  high,  erect  or  somewhat  decumbent  at 
base:  sheaths  loose  and  membranous,  longer  than  the  internodes  :  ligules 
acute,  l%-2  lines  long :  leaves  of  the  sterile  shoots  numerous,  curved, 


756  GRAMINE^  poa 

condu plicate,  ^-3  inches  long,  less  than  1  line  wide :  panicle  1-1)^  inches 
long,  oblong,  loosely-flowered,  with  a  pale  silvery  hue:  spikelets  oblong- 
linear,  3-4  lines  long,  3-5-flowered:  empty  glumes  subequal,  2-2)^  lines  long, 
3-,  4-  or  5-nerved,  obovate,  with  shining  scarious  margins :  flowering  glumes 
-nearly  3  lines  long,  oval  or  ovate,  denticulate,  5-7-nerved:  palets  lanceo- 
late; about  as  long  as  the  glumes.  On  the  top  of  Ashland  Butte  in  the 
Siskiyou  Mountains,  Oregon. 

P*  macrantha  Vasey  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  xv,  11.  Stems  stout* 
smooth,  15-20  inches  high,  from  stout  perennial  creeping  rootstocks>  dioe- 
cious: sheaths  loose,  equalling  or  exceeding  the  internodes:  ligules}^-! 
line  long:  leaves  folded  or  involute,  the  lower  ones  with  sterile  branches  in 
their  axils,  6-10  inches  long,  blunt  or  abruptly  acute  at  the  apex :  panicle 
2-5  inches  long,  sometimes  interrupted  below, its  branches  in  twos  or  threes, 
erect,  the  longest  \%-2%  inches  long:  staminate  spikelets  5-8  lines  long, 
compressed,  4-7 -flowered,  yellowish:  empty  glumes  oblong-lanceolate,  the 
first,  4-5  lines  long,  3-5-nerved,  ciliate  on  the  midnerve ;  second  4-6  lines 
long,  3-7-nerved :  flowering  glumes  4-5  lines  long,  oval  or  lanceolate,  with 
soft  hairs  at  base  and  minutely  pubescent  on  the  nerves,  the  apex  notched, 
awnless,  3-10-nerved :  palet  but  very  little  shorter  than  its  glume,  linear, 
ciliate  on  the  keels;  pistillate  spikelets  rather  smaller  and  more  compact. 
On  sand-dunes  along  the  coast  of  Oregon  and  Washington. 

§  2  EupoA  Glumes  usually  acute,  more  or  less  prominently 
carinate,  with  or  without  cobwebby  hairs  at  the  base  of  the  flow- 
ering glumes. 

P.  ANNUA  L.  Sp.  68.  A  soft  depressed  or  sometimes  erect  annual : 
stems  weak,  2-12  inches  long:  sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes :  ligules 
1-2  lines  long:  basal  leaves  3^-^  as  long  as  the  stem;  those  of  the  stems  3, 
flat  or  condu  plicate,  abruptly  acute,  the  upper  %-2  inches  long:  panicle 
ovoid  or  pyramidal,  subsecund,  1-3  inches  long,  its  branches  mostly  in  pairs, 
the  longest  1-2  inches  long,  sometimes  drooping :  spikelets  2-3  lines  long, 
3-7-flowered,  oval  or  ovate -lanceolate :  empty  glumes  compressed ;  the  first 
l-S-nerved,  the  second  3-herved,  broadest  at  or  above  the  middle,  usually 
1-2  lines  long:  flowering  glumes  ovate-oval,  smooth,  erose  at  the  apex,  1-2 
lined  long,  with  soft  hairs  on  the  keel  for  half  its  length  and  on  the  lower 
part  of  the  lateral  nerves :  palet  about  2%  lines  long,  ciliate  or  pubescent 
on  the  keels.    Common  everywhere :  naturalized  from  Europe. 

P.  subaristata  Scribn.  Macoun  Cat.  Can.  PI.  4,  227,  name  only.  A 
slender  densely  tufted  perennial  10-20  inches  high :  leaves  of  sterile  shoots 
conduplicate,  scabrous,  2%-b  inches  long:  sheaths  of  the  stem  2,  smooth, 
the  upper  one  nearly  half  as  long  as  the  stem :  ligules  %  lii^e  lo"g  •  upper 
leaf  pungent,  %-2  inches  long :  panicle  linear  to  oval,  dense,  somewhat  in- 
terrupted, lK-3  inches  long:  spikelets  linear-lanceolate,  4-7-flowered,  3-5 
lines  long ;  empty  glumes  subequal,  linear-lanceolate,  3  lines  long,  1-nerved; 
flowering  glumes  linear-lanceolate,  3  lines  long,  scabrous  on  the  nerves,  not 
webbed :  palet  2%  lines  long,  ciliolate  on  the  keels.    Idaho  to  Wyoming. 

P.  Cnsickii  Vasey  Cont.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb,  i,  271.  A  glabrous,  tufted 
perennial  16-20  inciies  high  :  leaves  of  the  stem  2 :  lower  sheaths  longer 
than  the  internodes:  ligules  I-IK  lines  long:  leaves  flat  or  involute,  acute, 
•3-2>^  inches  long,  less  than  1  line  wide :  panicle  more  or  less  exserted, 
narrow,  3-5  inches  long,  the  branches  mostly  in  pairs,  the  longest  13^-2 
inches  long,  bearing  4-8  spikelets  on  the  outer  half :  spikelets  3-3)^  lines 
long,  2-3-flowered :  rachella  hispidulous :  empty  glumes  with  broad  char- 
flaceo-hyaline  margins,  first  ovate-lanceolate,  nearly  2  lines  long,  1-nerved, 
rarely  3-nerved,  second  oval  erosely  acutp,  about  2  lines  long,  3-nerved : 
towering  glumes  keeled  2-2-)^  lines  long,  scabrous,  oval,  subacute:  palets 
6  lines  long,  2  toothed,  ciliate  on  the  keels.    In  the   mountains  of  eastern 


POA  GRAMINE.E  767 

Oregon. 

P.  reflexa  Vasey  &  Scribn.  Cat.  Grasses  U.  S.  83.  A  slender  peren- 
nial 2-5  feet  high  :  figules  1  line  or  less  long :  leaves  2-4  inches  long,  1-2 
lines  wide,  nearly  smooth,  flat,  abruptly  pointed :  panicle  open,  pyramidal, 
2-4  inches  long,  its  branches  often  reflexed,  the  longest  2-4  inches  long, 
bearing  2-4  spikelets  near  the  ends :  spikelets  linear,  4-5  lines  long,  2-4- 
flowered  :  empty  glumes  unequal ;  the  first  1-nerved,  1-1^  line  long;  the 
second  1^-2  lines  long,  3-nerved,  oval;  flowering  glumes  slightly  pubescent 
at  base,  1^-2  lines  long,  oval,  abruptly  pointed:  palets  nearly  as  long  as 
the  glumes.     Idaho  to  Montana,  Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 

P.  nervosa  Vasey  Grasses  Pac.  Slope,  ii,  81.  A  tall  often  dioecious 
loosely  tufted  perennial :  stems  rather  slender,  from  slender  atoloniferoua 
rootstocks,  IK -3  feet  high,  erect,  smooth :  leaves  of  sterile  shoots  numerous, 
flat  or  condu plicate,  scabrous  above,  rather  thin,  6-12  inches  long,  1-2  lines 
wide,  those  of  the  stem  usually  3  :  sheaths  closed,  smooth,  shorter  than  the 
long  internodes:  ligules  obtuse,  1-2  line  long:  panicle  loose,  3-6  inches 
long,  its  lower  branches  scabrous,  2-4  at  each  of  the  6  or  7  nodes,  1-2  inches 
long,  bearing  2-5  spikelets  near  the  extremities:  spikelets  compressed,  4-5 
lines  long,  4-7  flowered  :  empty  glumes  ovate,  acute,  carinate,  hispid  on 
the  keels, 13^-1 3^  lines  long :  flowering  glumes  lanceolate,  barely  acute, scari- 
ous-margined,  scabrous  on  the  nerves  or  throughout,  often  villous  below 
but  not  webbed,  5-nerved,  2  lines  long:  palets  lance-oblong,  ciliateon  the 
keels,  nearly  equalling  the  glumes.  In  open  places  in  wooded  districts 
California  to  Alaska  and  Montana. 

P.  Idahoensis  Beal  Grasses  N.  Am.  ii,  539.  A  slender  tufted  erect 
perennial  20-30  inches  high  with  2  or  3  distant  leaves:  leaves  of  sterile 
shoots  numerous,  mostly  filiform,  6-10  inches  long,  flaccid,  erect;  those  of 
the  stem  with  long  sheath8,and  erect  filiform  blades  1-3  inches  long;  ligules 
acute,  about  1  line  long:  panicle  loose,  and  flexuous,  3-4  inches  long,  its 
scabrous  capillary  branches  in  twos  or  threes  or  solitary,  the  longer  1J4 
inches  long,  with  few  spikelets  near  the  extremities :  spikelets  compreseec^-* 
3-5  lines  long,  rather  loosley  4-7-flowered :  empty  glumes  nearly  equal, 
linear-ovate,  acute,  with  broad  scarious  margins;  flowering  glume  2>^-3 
lines  long,  lance-oblong,  subacute,  scarious  at  the  apex,  minutely  scabrous 
throughout :  palet  nearly  equalling  the  glume.  On  rocky  slopes,  eastern 
Oregon  to  Idaho. 

P.  Sandbergii  Vasey  Contrib.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb,  i,  276.  Stems 
tufted,  10-16  inches  high,  slender,  the  lower  portion  bearing  about  2 
sheaths  with  very  short  blades:  ligules  about  1  line  long:  panicle  l>^-3 
inches  long,  sometimes  very  narrow,  the  branches  ascending,  nearly 
smooth,  the  lower  in  twos  or  threes,  unequal,  the  longer  1-2  inches  long: 
spikelets  2-4-flowered,  about  3  lines  long,  purplish  :  empty  glumes  lanceo- 
late, subacute :  flowering  glumes  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  nearly  2  lines  long, 
sparingly  pubescent  or  puberulent,  somewhat  villous  near  the  base  but  not 
webbed,  scarious  at  the  apex:  palets  equalling  the  glumes.  On  grassy 
slopes,  Clearwater  Valley,  Idaho. 

P.  incnrva  Scribn.  t(;  Williams  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Div.  Agrost.  Cir. 
9,  6.  Stems  slender,  closely  cespitose,  6-10  inches  high,  flexuous,  smooth : 
sheaths  smooth,  shorter  than  the  internode:  ligules  acute,  often  irregu- 
larly fimbriate  :  leaves  rather  rigid,  flexuously  recurved,  convolute,  smooth 
below,  minutely  hispidulous  above  and  at  the  acute  apex,  l-2>^  inches 
long,  those  of  the  radical  shoots  much  the  longest:  panicle  few-flowered, 
purplish,  its  branches  mostly  solitary :  spikelets  compressed,  loosely  2-3- 
flowered,  about  2}4  lines  long :  empty  glumes  unequal,  the  lower  oblong- 
lanceolate,  subacute,  indistinctly  3-nerved,  about  1  line  long,  the  upper 
broadly  ovate,  distinctly  3-nervetl,  usually  \}4  lines  lone,  flowering  glumes 
rounded  on  the  back  densely  pubescent  below  rather  broadly  scarious- 


758  GRAMINEiE  poa 

margined  above,  about  2  lines  long :  palet  nearly  or  quite  equalling  the 
glume.    Olympic  Mountains  Washington  at  about  6000  feet  elevation. 

P.  occidentalis  Vasey  &  Scribn.  Cont.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb,  i,  274.  A 
loosely  tufted,  perennial:  stems  slender,  2-3  feet  high,  rather  weak,  more 
or  less  scabrous:  sheath  shorter  than  the  internodes :  ligules  ovate,  1^-2 
lines  long,  leaves  of  the  stems  3-6,  flat,  2-7  inches  long,  1-3  lines  wide : 
panicle  4-10  inches  long,  its  filiform  branches  in  pairs  or  threes,  or  solitary 
below,  the  longest  2-6  inches  long,  bearing  2-6spikelets  near  the  extremi- 
ties: spikelets  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  3-4  lines  long,  usually  4-flowered  : 
first  empty  glume  lanceolate,  1-nerved,  1%  lines  long,  acuminate;  second 
ovate-lanceolate,  2}^  lines  long;  flowering  glumes  oblong-lanceolate,  2)^-3 
lines  long,  acute,  very  thinly  pubescent  on  the  marginal  nerves  and  the 
lower  half  of  the  keel :  palets  nearly  as  long  as  the  glume.  In  moist  woods, 
northern  Oregon  to  Alaska. 

P.  Kelloggii  Vasey  Grasses  Pac,  Slope,  ii,  79.  Stems  tufted,  from 
stoloniferous  rootstocks,  slender,  2-3  feet  high :  leaves  from  the  base  num- 
erous with  short  scarious  sheaths,  and  flat  or  loosely  involute  blades  6-12 
inches  long:  leaves  of  the  stem  usually  3:  sheaths  nearly  smooth,  nearly 
equalling  or  exceeding  the  internodes,  the  upper  one  extending  nearly  to 
the  panicle:  ligules  1  line  long,  or  less :  panicle  pyramidal,  open,  its  scab- 
rous branches  divergent  or  horizontal,  1-3  inches  long:  spikelets  oblong, 
compressed,  3  lines  long,  loosely  2-3-flowered:  empty  glumes  ovate,  acute, 
hispid  on  the  keel,  the  first  1-nerved,  1^  lines  long;  the  second  ^  line 
longer  and  3-nerved, ;  flowering  glumes  lance-ovate,  acute,  smooth  except 
the  long  thin  web  at  the  base,  5-nerved  nearly  to  the  apex,  the  midnerve 
barely  excurrent,  about  2  lines  long:  palet  linear-oblong,  2-toothed, 
nearly  smooth  on  the  green  keels,  34  line  shorter  than  the  glumes.  Eas- 
tern Oregon  to  California. 

P.  Bolanderi  Vasey  Bot.  Gaz.  vii,  32.  A  loosely  tufted  perennial: 
stems  erect,  or  slightly  geniculate  below,  somewhat  thickened  at  the  base, 
smooth:  basal  leaves  thin  and  lax,  smooth,  3-6  inches  long,  of  the  stems 
3-4:  sheaths  smooth,  closed  at  the  throat,  shorter  than  the  internodes: 
ligules  obtuse,  1)^-2  lines  long :  stem  leaves  2-4  inches  long,  about  2  lines 
wide, flat,  rather  abruptly  pointed,  thin  and  smooth:  panicle  erect,  slen- 
der, 4-6  inches  long,  its  branches  smooth,  2-4  at  each  of  the  4  or  5  distant 
nodes,  erect  or  at  length  spreading :  spikelets  1-3-flowered,  13^-2  lines 
long  :  empty  glumes  ovate,  nearly  acute,  smooth,  the  first  1-nerved,  1  line 
long,  the  second  obscurely  3-nerved  and  longer :  flowering  glumes  ovate- 
oblong,  obtuse  or  barely  acute,  scarious-margined,  nearly  smooth  except 
the  slight  web  at  the  base,  5-nerved,  IJ^  lines  long:  palet  oblong,  obtuse, 
green,  nearly  smooth,  slightly  shorter  tnan  the  glume.  In  moist  places  in 
the  Coast  Mountains,  Oregon  to  California. 

P.  HoweUil  Vasey  &  Scribn.  Cat.  Grasses  U.  S.  82.  A  densely  tuf- 
ted pale  green  perennial  with  fibious  roots :  stems  erect,  nearly  smooth, 
1-2  feet  high :  sheaths  nearly  smooth,  half  open  above,  shorter  than  the 
internodes :  ligules  2-3  lines  long,  obtuse  and  lacerate  at  the  apex :  basal 
leaves  numerous,  fiat,  thin,  3-6  inches  long,  1-2  lines  wide;  of  the  stem 
2  or  3,  fiat,  or  involute  near  the  attenuate  points,  2-4  inches  long:  panicle 
rather  loose  and  open,  5-8  inches  long,  its  branches  2-5  at  each  of  the  5  or 
6  nodes,  erect  until  near  maturity,  the  longer  2-3  inches  long:  spikelets 
2-3  lines  long,  loosely  2-5-fiowered :  empty  glumes  ovate,  acute,  thin,  green, 
sparingly  hispid  on  the  keels,  1-lK  lines  long:  fiowering  glumes  ovate, 
acute,  green  except  the  narrow  membranous,  margins,  pubescent  through- 
out, 5-nerved,  1%  lines  long :  web  at  base  thin,  about  as  long  as  the  glume : 
palet  oblong,  emarginate,  nearly  smooth,  on  the  green  keels,  slightly  shor- 
ter than  the  glume.    In  dry  open  places  in  forests,  western  Oregon  to  Cal. 

P.    purpnrascens  Vasey  Bot.  Gaz.   vi,  297.      Stems  wiry,  erect,  1-2 


POA  GRAMINE^  759 

feet  high,  smooth  or  slightly  scabrous,  from  stout  creeping  perennial  root- 
stocks:  sheaths  smooth,  the  lower  ones  short  but  exceeding  the  internodes: 
ligules  obtuse,  1  line  long  or  less,  or  often  nearly  obsolete :  panicle  oblong, 
1-3  inches  long:  leaves  flat  or  involute,  2-6  inches  long,  1-2  lines  wide: 
panicle  1-3  inches  long,  its  branches  hispid,  2-4  at  each  of  the  5-7  nodes, 
1  inch  long  or  less,  nearly  erect  or  somewhat  spreading:  spikelets  rather 
turgid  3-5-flowered:  empty  glumes  ovate,  acute  or  acutish,  smooth,  1)^-2 
lines  long:  flowering  glumes  lance-ovate,  minutely  scabrous,  hispid-ciliate 
on  the  keel,  purple  with  ecarious  tips.  6-nerved,  23^-3  lines  long:  palet 
oblong,  obtuse  or  retuse,  2  lines  long,  ciliate  on  the  keels.  On  the  highest 
peaks  of  the  Cascade  Mountains,  Washington  to  California. 

P.  pratensis  L.  Sp.  67.  Stems  slender,  erect,  simple,  1-4  feet  high, 
from  long  running  rootstocks :  sheaths  often  longer  than  the  internodes : 
ligules  truncate,  %  line  long,  or  less :  leaves  2-10  inches  long,  flat  or  invo- 
lute 1^-3  lines  wide :  panicle  2-8  inches  long,  usually  pyramidal,  its  bran- 
ches spreading  or  ascending,  1-3  inches  long:  spikelets  3-5-flowere<i,  2-2)^ 
lines  long :  empty  glumes  unequal,  glabrous,  rough  on  the  keel,  the  lower 
1-nerved,  the  upper  3-nerved :  flowering  glume  1%  line  long,  acute,  5-ner- 
ved,  webbed  at  the  base,  the  marginal  nerves  and  midnerve  silky-pubescent 
below.     Common  everywhere. 

P.  coMPRESSA  L.  Sp.  69.  Pale  bluish-green  and  glabrous:  stems  6-24 
inches  long,  decumbent  at  base,  from  long  horizontal  rootstocks,  smooth, 
much  flattened  :  sheaths  loose,  mostly  shorter  than  the  internodes :  ligulefl 
%  line  long:  leaves  1-4  inches  long,  about  1  line  wide,  smooth,  beneath, 
rough  above :  panicle  usually  contracted,  its  branches  erect  or  ascending, 
1  inch  long  or  less :  spikelets  3-9-flowered,  l%-3  lines  long  :  empty  glumes 
acute,  3-nerved;  flowering  glumes  1-1  j^  lines  long,  obscurely  3-nerved,  the 
nerves  slightly  pubescent  toward  the  base.  In  fields  and  waste  places : 
naturalized  from  Europe. 

P.  Wheeleri  Vasey  Rothr.  Rep.  Bot.  U.  S.  Surv.  vi,  291.  Stems 
10-30  inches  high,  from  perennial  running  rootstocks:  ligules  about  I  line 
long:  leaves  of  sterile  shoots  7-10  inches  long,  1-2  lines  wide,  rigid,  condu- 
plicate  or  involute,  with  a  firm  oblique  point:  panicle  open,  4-6  inches 
long,  ovoid,  its  slender  branches  mostly  in  pairs,  the  longer  about  2  inches 
long,  spikelets  lance-elliptical,  2-4  lines  long,  3-flowered:  empty  glumes 
Bubequal,  ovate-lanceolate  3-nerved;  the  second  one  2  lines  long;  flowering 
glumes  not  webbed,  2  lines  long,  ciliate  on  the  lateral  nerves  and  on  the 
lower  part  of  the  keel,  oval,  subacute,  with  scarious  margins :  palets  trun- 
cate very  nearly  as  long  as  the  glumes,  ciliate  on  the  keel.  Eastern 
Washington  to  Colorado. 

P.  acutiglnmis  Scribn.  U.  S.  Dept,  Agr.  Div.  Agrost.  Cir.  9,  4.  A 
loosely  tufted  perennial :  stems  smooth  or  somewhat  roughened  at  the 
nodes,  about  2  feet  high,  sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes:  ligules 
about  2  lines  long,  often  more  or  less  fimbriately  divided:  stem  leaves  2-3, 
minutely  roughened  on  both  sides:  panicle  ovate  in  outline,  about  4  inches 
long,  its  branches  in  twos  or  threes,  rough-hispid,  ascending,  the  lower 
ones  1-23^  inches  long :  spikelets  lanceolate,  acute,  5-7  lines  long  loosely 
4-7-flowered :  empty  glumes  unequal,  hispid  on  the  back,  the  lower  long- 
acuminate,  3-nerved,  the  upper  lanceolate,  acute,  more  or  less  distinctly 
5-nerved,  2  lines  long;  flowering  glumes  narrowly  oblong-lanceolate,  acute, 
5-nerved,  hispid  on  the  back:  palets  oblong-linear,  acute,  a  little  shorter 
than  the  glumes,  ciliate  on  the  keels.     Near  Grave  Creek,  southern  Oregon. 

P.  epilis  Scribn.  1.  c.  A  closely  cespitose  perennial  with  numerous 
basal  leaves  from  intra  vaginal  shoots :  stems  slender,  smooth,  sheaths  most- 
ly shorter  than  the  internodes:  ligules  of  the  stems  leaves  acute,  1}/^  line 
long:  leaves  smooth,  flat  or  convolute,  2-10  inches  long,  panicle  contracted, 
its  smooth  branches  erect  or  ascending,  1-2  inches  long :  spikelets  ovate- 


760  GRAMINE^  poa 

lanceolate  3-4  flowered,  about  4  lines  long :  empty  glumes  smooth,  unequal, 
the  lower  lanceolate  or  broader,  acute  or  acuminate,  1-nerved,  1  line  long; 
the  upper  broadly  ovate,  acute,  3-nerved,  about  1}^  lines  long:  flowering 
glumes  5-nerved,  rough-hispid  on  the  back,  oblong-elliptical,  obtuse,  about 
2  lines  long:  palets  a  little  shorter  than  tbe  glumes,  ciliate  on  the  keels, 
the  apex  bidentate.  In  open  places  in  timberland,  eastern  Washington  to 
Colorado. 

P.  confinis  Vasey  Grasses  Pac.  Slope,  ii,  65.  A  cespitose  imperfectly 
dioecious  perennial,  with  long  running  rootstocks:  stems  erect,  slender, 
4-12  inches  high, smooth  :  sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes,  open  above  : 
ligules  a  line  long  to  obsolete :  leaves  of  sterile,  shoots  numerous  with  smooth 
searious-raar^^ined  sheaths  and  involute  blades  2-6  inches  long,  about  }4 
line  wide :  panicle  oblong,  1-2  inches  long  its  scabrous,  branches  in  threes, 
twos  or  solitary,  1  inch  long  or  less :  spikelets  slightly  compressed,  2-3  lines 
long,  3-6-flowered:  empty  glumes  broadly  ovate,  acute,  l-nerved,  nearly 
smooth,  1-13^  lines^  long,  the  second  slightly  longer  but  neither  equalling 
the  first  floret :  flowering  glumes  broadly  ovate,  acute,  not  webbed,  5-nerved, 
about  1)4  lines  long:  palets  ovate-oblong  pubescent  on  the  keels:  stamin- 
ate  flowers  with  abortive  ovaries,  and  pistillate  flowers  with  imperfect 
stamens.    On  sandy  ground  along  the  coast,  Oregon  to  Alaska. 

P.  flara  L.  Sp.  68.  P.  serotina  Ehrh.  Stems  slender,  simple  or 
rarely  branched,  smooth,  13^-5  feet  long:  sheaths  usually  shorter  than 
the  internodes,  smooth  :  ligules  1-2  lines  long:  leaves  2-6  inches  long,  1-2 
lines  wide,  smooth  or  rough:  panicle  6-14  inches  long,  open,  the  branches 
spreading  or  ascending,  2-5  inches  long:  spikelets  3-5-flowered,  lK-2  lines 
long:  empty  glumes  rough  above  on  the  keels,  the  lower  usually  1-nerved; 
the  upper  three-nerved :  flowering  glumes  obtuse,  somewhat  webbed  at 
base,  1-13^  lines  long,  silky-pilbescent  on  the  lower  half  of  the  marginal 
nerves  and  the  midnerve.  In  moist  meadows,  Oregon  to  Brit.  Columbia 
and  Illinois :  also  Europe  and  Asia. 

P.  nemoralis  L.  Sp.  69.  Stems  slender,  6-24  inches  high,  erect,  sim- 
ple smooth  :  sheaths  usually  shorter  than  the  internodes :  ligules  3^-1  line 
long,  truncate :  leaves  1-4  inches  long,  1  line  wide  or  less^  smooth  or  rough  : 
panicle  2-5  inches  long,  open,  its  branches  erect  or  ascending  1-2  inches 
long:  spikelets  2-5-flowered  13>^-2>^  inches  long:  empty  glumes  acute;  or 
acuminate,  1-3-nerved  :  flowering  glumes  obtuse  or  acute,  l-l}4  lines  long, 
faintly  5-nerved,  somewhat  webbed  at  the  base,  the  middle  and  marginal 
nerves  silky  on  the  lower  half.     Eastern  Washington  to  the  Eastern  States. 

P.  GLAUCA  Vahl  Fl.  Dan.  t.  964.  Stems  erect,  6-24  inches  high,  rigid, 
glabrous  and  somewhat  glaucous ; .  sheaths  longer  than  the  internodes : 
ligules  1  line  long :  leaves  1-2  inches  long,  1  line  wide  or  less,  smooth  be- 
neath, scabrous  above :  panicle  1-4  inches  long,  open,  with  erect,  or  ascend- 
ing branches  6-18  lines  long:  spikelets  2-4-flowered,  23^-3  lines  long :  empty 
glumes  acute,  3-nerved,  glabrous,  rough  on  the  upper  part  of  the  keel: 
flowering  glumes  \%-\%  lines  long,  obtuse  or  acutish,  rough,  not  webbed 
at  the  base,  the  lower  part  of  the  midnerve  and  marginal  nerves  silky-pub- 
escent.    Oregon  to  the  Rocky  mountains  and  Maine :  also  in  Europe. 

P.  laxa  Hsenke  Sudet.  118.  Stems  6-12  inches  high,  erect:  sheaths 
often  longer  than  the  internodes:  ligules  about  1  line  long:  leaves  1-3 
inches  long,  3^-1  line  wide,  acuminate :  panicle  1-4  inches  long,  its  bran- 
ches usually  erect,  sometimes  ascending,  1  inch  long  oi  less:  spikelets  3-5- 
flowered,  2.-2%  lines  long:  empty  glumes  usually  3-nerved  acute,  glabrous, 
rough  on  the  keel  at  the  apex :  flowering  glumes  \%-\%  lines  long,  obtuse, 
3-nerved,  or  sometimes  with  an  additional  pair  of  obscure  nerves,  the 
midnerve  pilose  on  the  lower  half,  rough  above ;  the  lateral  ones  pilose 
below.     Washington  to  Alaska  and  across  the  continent :  also  in  Europe. 


POA  GRAMINE^  761 

P.  gracillima  Vasey  Contrib.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb,  i,  272.  A  densely 
tufted  perennial:  stems  slender,  15-25  inches  high,  erect,  smooth:  sheaths 
shorter  than  the  internodes,  smooth:  ligules  about  2 lines  long,  lanceolate, 
acute:  leaves  of  sterile  shoots  thin,  smooth,  acute,  flat  or  conduplicate, 
filiform,  2-5  inches  long,  }4r%.  line  wide,  those  of  the  stem  2,  the  upper 
with  very  long  sheath  and  short  blade :  panicle  open,  pyramidal  or  ovoid, 
2-4  inches  long,  its  scabrous  branches  in  twos  to  fives,  the  longest  2-23^ 
inches  long,  bearing  2-4  spikelets  on  the  outer  third  :  spikelets  oval  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  3-5-flowered,  4-6  lines  long:  empty  glumes  lanceolate,  acute, 
3-nerved.  the  first  2-2J^  lines  long;  the  second  a  little  longer:  flowering 
glumes  elliptical,  2-3  lines  long,  subacute  or  obtuse  usually  purplish  with 
a  wide  scarous  tip,  scabrous,  pubescent  on  the  nerves  below :  palets  linear, 
as  long  as  the  glumes.     On  cliffs  along  streams,  Oregon  and  Washington. 

P.  saxatilis  Scribn.  &  Williams  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Div.  Agrost.  Cir.  9. 
A  closely  cespitose  perennial :  Stems  erect,  very  smooth,  10-18  inches  high : 
sheaths  smooth,  or  the  lower  ones  sparsely  pubescent,  shorter  than  the 
internodes:  ligules  1-2  lines  long:  leaves  flat,  soft,  smooth,  1-2  inches 
long:  panicle  lax,  2-4  inches  long,  its  filiform  branches  ascending,  the  lower 
ones  about  2  inches  long:  spikelets  compressed,  lanceolate,  4-5  lines  long, 
3-5-flowered:  empty  glumes  somewhat  unequal  obtuse  or  subacute,  3-nerv- 
ed, smooth,  about  2  lines  long:  flowering  glumes  obscurely  5-nerved, 
minutely  scabrous  on  the  back  with  broad  scarious  erose-dentate  margins, 
2-3  lines  long:  palet  nearly  equalling  the  glumes,  ciliate  on  the  keels,  bidentate 
at  the  apex.     Dry  rocky  places  on  Mount  Rainier,  Washington. 

P.  inTE^inata  Scribn.  &  Williams  1.  c.  6.  A  smooth  cespitose  per- 
ennial with  numerous  intra  vaginal  shoots  and  marcescent  sheaths :  sheaths 
smooth:  ligules  acute,  2-2)^  lines  long:  leaves  mostly  flat,  rather  narrow, 
smooth  or  the  margins  minutely  hispidulous  near  the  base:  panicle  sub- 
pyramidal  to  oblong,  its  filiform  scabrous  branches  mostly  in  threes  or 
fives:  spikelets  compressed,  lanceolate,  rather  loosely  2-5-flowered,  2%-4 
lines  long:  empty  glumes  3-nerved,  narrowly  oblong  to  oblong-ovate,  ob- 
tuse to  subacute,  the  lower  1^-2  lines  long,  the  upper  a  little  longer:  flow- 
ering glumes  keeled,  oblong-ovate,  5-nerved,  minutely  scabrous  above, 
pubescent  below  on  the  nerves,  2-3  lines  long:  palets  shorter  than  the 
glumes,  ciliate  on  the  keels.  On  bluffs  along  the  Columbia  river  near 
Hood  River  Oregon  to  California. 

§  3  Atropis  Rupr.  Fl.  Samoj.  64 :  as  Genus.  Empty  glumes 
much  shorter  than  the  florets:  flowering  glumes  chartaceous, 
rarely  herbaceous,  convex  on  the  back;  the  midnerve  often  reach- 
ing the  denticulate  apex,  or  extending  as  a  mucro ;  the  lateral 
nerves  all  vanishing  at  some  distance  below  the  broad  scarious 
apex. 

P.  Saksdorfli  Vasey  Beal  Grasses  N.  Am.  ii,  574,  under  Atropis.  A 
densely  tufted  light  green  perennial:  stems  5-7  inches  high:  ligules  truncate, 
about  1  line  long:  leaves  of  sterile  shoots  rigid,  recurved,  conduplicate,  pungent 
pointed,  2-4  inches  long,  those  of  the  stem  erect  and  shorter:  panicle  narrow, 
simple,  spike-like,  1-4  inches  long:  spikelets  linear-lanceolate,  1-3-flowered, 
2-3  lines  long:  empty  glumes  linear-lanceolate;  the  first  3-nerved  2-2)^  lines 
long;  the  second  a  little  longer:  flowering  glumes  chartaceous,  ovate,  2-23^  lines 
ong:   palets  ciliate  on  the  keels.     On  gravelly  banks  near  glaciers,  Washington, 

P.  Vaseyochloa  Scribn.  U.  S  Pept.  Agr.  Div.  Agrost.  Cir.  9,  1.  P. 
pidchella  Vasey.  Stems  densely  tufted,  5-10  inches  high:  erector  ascend- 
ing from  the  base,  smooth:  leaves  of  the  sterile  shoots  numerous,  conduplicate, 
abruptly  pointed,  1-2  inches  long,  less  than  1  line  wide:  those  of  the  stem  1  or 
2,  6-12  lines  long:   panicle  ovoid  or  pyramidal,  1-2  inches  long,  its  branches 


762  GR  AMINES.  poa 

mostly  in  pairs,  smooth,  each  bearing  a  single  spikelet:  purplish,  oval  or  linear 
8-5-flowered,  3-5  lines  long:  empty  glumes  obtuse  or  acute,  often  erose-denticu- 
late,  broadly  scarious-mai'gined;  the  first  ovate-lanceolate,  l-nerred;  the  second 
oval-lanceolate,  3-nerved,  2  lines  long:  Howering  glumes  ovate-lanceolate,  3-5- 
nerved,  not  pubescent  uor  webbed  at  base:  palets  curved,  linear,  2)4,  lines  long 
^-toothed,  scabrous  on  the  keels.     On  the  plains  of  eastern  Oregon  and  Wash. 

P.  Fendleriana  Vasey  Grasses  Pac.  Slope  ii,  74.  A  densely  tufted 
completely  dioecious  perennial:  stems  erect,  scabrous  to  nearly  smooth,  1-2 
feet  high:  sheaths  rather  loose,  scabrous  above,  shorter  than  the  internodes; 
ligules  1-2  lines  long:  leaves  of  sterile  shoots  very  numerous,  conduplicate, 
6-12  lines  long,  about  1  line  wide:  panicle  2-4  inches  long,  oblong,  its  min- 
utely scabrous  branches  in  tw^os  or  threes,  erect  or  somewhat  spreading, 
1-2  inches  long:  spikelets  compressed  3-4  lines  long,  3-5-flowered:  empty 
glumes  broadly  ovate,  acute,  carinate,  minutely  scabrous,  1-nerved,  1-2 
lines  long  the  first  slightly  smaller:  flowering  glumes  ovate-oblong,  erose  or 
emarginate  at  the  obtuse  apex,  carinate,  hispid  on  the  keel  above  and  more 
or  less  pubescent  on  the  marginal  nerves  and  midnerve  below,  2-3  lines  long: 
palets  oblong,  emarginate,  pubescent  on  the  keels.  On  dry  hills,  eastern 
Washington  to  California  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

P.  Incida  Vasey  Cont.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb,  i,  274.  A  slender  tufted 
perennial:  stems  18-24  inches  high,  smooth:  sheaths  equalling  or  shorter 
than  the  internodes,  smooth:  ligules  2  lines  long:  radical  leaves  5-7  inches 
long  1-2  lines  wide;  those  of  the  stem  about  3,  2-3  inches  long:  panicle  4-6 
inches  long,  narrow,  its  branches  mostly  in  twos  or  threes,  the  lower  ones 
1-2  inches  long,  erect  or  appressed:  spikelets  3-4  lines  long  3-4-f lowered, 
shining,  pale  green:  empty  glumes  oblong,  abruptly  acute,  unequal,  lK-2 
lines  long,  smooth,  scarious  at  the  apex  and  margins:  flowering  glumes  2 
lines  long,  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  sparsely  and  minutely  scabrous,  slightly  pu- 
oescent  near  the  base  of  the  keel  and  lateral  nerves,  scarious  at  the  apex,  5-nerv- 
ed:  palet  nearly  equalling  its  glume.     On  high  hills,  eastern  Wash,  to  Colo. 

P.  Leckenbyl  Scribn.  1.  c.  2.  A  pale  green  tufted  perennial:  stems 
2-23'a  f^et  high,  smooth,  often  rooting  at  the  lower  nodes:  sheaths  smooth, 
all  but  the  uppermost  exceeding  the  internodes,  the  lower  ones  membran- 
ous, inflated:  ligules  about  3  lines  long,  acute,  often  fimbriately  divided: 
radical  leaves  long  and  slender,  glaucous,  green,  smooth  beneath,  rough 
above  and  on  the  margins,  acute,  flat:  panicle  5-7  inches  long;  its  branch- 
es erect,  the  longer  ones  3-3  inches  long:  spikelets  oblong-lanceolate,  6-7 
lines  long,  5-6-flowered,  compressed:  empty  glumes  subequal  3-nerved, 
rough-hispid  on  the  nerves  rather  narrowly  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate 
4  lines  long:  flowering  glumes  ovate-oblong,  5-nerved,  3-5  lines  long, 
scarious-margimed,  often  erose  dentate  above,  hispidulous  on  the  upper 
and  pubescent  on  the  lower  half:  palets  shorter  than  the  glumes,  conspicu- 
ous, ciliate  on  the  keels  and  minutely  pubescent  below,  narrowed  above 
to  an  erose  cilate  apex.     Dry  and  very  sandy  soil  eastern  Washington. 

P.  Nevadensis  Vasey  Scribn.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  x,  66.  A  loosely 
tufted  perennial :  stems  rather  stout,  20-40  inches  high,  scabrous  below  the 
panicle:  ligules  shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligules  about  2  lines  long, 
scabrous :  leaves  of  sterile  shoots  very  narrow,  flat  or  conduplicate,  6-12 
inches  long,  scabrous,  those  of  the  stems  usually  3,  with  sheaths  4-8  inch- 
es long  and  blades  1-4  inches  long :  panicle  narrow  rather  densely  flower- 
ed, 4-6  inches  long,  its  branches  2  or  more  at  each  joint,  erect:  spikelets 
3-5  lines  long,  3-8- flowered  :  empty  glumes  1^-2  lines  long,  nearly  equal 
obtuse  or  subacute,  3-nerved,  scabrous  :  flowering  glumes  2  lines  long, 
«)blong,  obtuse,  scarious-margined  above  with  a  few  very  short  hairs  at 
base:  palefc  ciliate  on  the  keels.    Moist  soil,  Oregon  to  Nevada  Brit,  Colum- 


POA  GRAMINE^  763 

bia  and  North  Dakota. 

P.  laevigata  Scribn.  P.  Issvis  Vasey,  not  Barb.  Sterna  tufted,  pale, 
slender,  erect,  smooth,  2-3  feet  high,  with  2  or  3  distant  leaves;  sheaths 
smooth:  ligules  acute :  leaves  of  sterile  shoots  narrow,  5-8  inches  long, 
those  of  the  stem  shorter:  panicle  narrow,  rather  loose  4-8  inchea  long, 
sometimes  interrupted  below,  its  branches  erect  or  appressed  the  lower  in 
twos  or  threes,  unequal,  the  longest  1-2  inches  long:  spikelets  linear,  3-5 
lines  long,  about  5-tiowered  :  empty  glumes  nearly  equal,  linear-lanceolate, 
acute,  thin,  pale  and  scarious  except  on  the  minuetly  scabrous  midrib: 
flowering  glumes  2-2%  lines  long,  linear-oblong,  subacute, 5  nerved,  minute- 
ly scabrous,  slightly  pubescent  on  the  keel  and  marginal  nerves  near  the 
base,  {he  apex  scabrous  and  yellowish-tinged  in  age,  somewhat  erose :  palets 
equalling  the  glumes,  scabrous  on  the  keels.  Eastern  Washington  to 
Brit.  Columbia,  Montana  and  Arizona. 

P.  longillgnla  Scribn.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Div.  Agrost.  Cir.  9,  3.  A 
cespitose  glaucous  perennial :  stems  rather  stiff,  16-20  inches  high  :  basal 
sheaths  persistent  and  rather  crowded :  ligules  conspicuous,  2-5  lines  long : 
leaves  of  sterile  shoots  erect  or  spreading,  usually  6-10  inches  long,  flat  or 
conduplicate,  with  conspicuous  decurrent  ligules :  cauline  leaves  shorter,  the 
upper  ones  sometimes  reduced  to  a  mere  mucro,  all  rather  rigid  and  mucron- 
ate-pointed:  panicle  ovate  in  outline,  3-5  inches  long,  its  lower  branches  1-2 
inches  long :  spikelets  compressed,  ovate-lanceolate,  rather  acute,  4-6-flow- 
ered,  3-6  lines  long:  empty  glumes  unequal,  more  or  less  rough-hispid  on 
the  back,  the  lower  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  1-nerved,  3  lines  long; 
the  upper  much  broader,  3-nerved ;  flowering  glumes  ovate-oblong,  obtuse, 
5-nerved,  more  or  less  scabrous  above,  woolly-pubescent  on  the  lower  half 
of  the  keel  and  marginal  nerves,  with  broad  hyaline  margins,  2^-3  lines 
long:  palets  much  shorter  than  the  glumes,  hyaline  with  green  hispid- 
pubescent  keels.     Oregon  to  South  Dakota  and  Arizona. 

P.  Lettermani  Vasey  Contrib.  Nat.  Herb,  i,  273.  A  dwarf  densely 
tufted  perennial:  stems  2-4  inches  high:  sheaths  loose,  longer  than  the 
internodes  :  ligules  rather  conspicuous,  acute :  radical  leaves  flat,  1-2  inches 
long,  3^-1  line  wide;  those  of  the  stem  1  or  2,  about  1  inch  long:  panicle 
6-12  lines  long,  oblong,  rather  dense,  its  branches  mostly  in  twos,  short, 
erect,  with  1-3  spikelets  at  the  extremities :  spikelets  13^-2  lines  long,  2-4- 
flowered,  purplish:  empty  glumes  nearly  as  long  as  the  spikelets,  oblong- 
lanceolate,  acute,  nearly  equal,  smooth;  flowering  glumes  1-1>^  lines  long 
ovate-oblong,  acute,  or  subobtuse,  obscurely  nerved,  smooth,  scarious  at 
the  apex:  palet  nearly  equalling  the  glume,  acutely  2  toothed  at  the  apex. 
On  mount  Rainier  Washington  at  9000  feet  altitude,  and  Gray's  peak   Col. 

P.  Pringlei  Scribn.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  x,  31.  Stems  tufted,  5-10 
inches  high,  slender,  wiry,  with  1  or  2  leaves :  ligules  conspicuous,  2  lines 
long:  leaves  mostly  basal,  1-2  inches  long,  convolute,  rigid,  those  of  the 
stem  with  very  short  or  nearly  obsolete  blades :  panicle  6-12  lines  long, 
compact,  oblong,  the  few  branches  mostly  in  pairs,  erect,  with  1-2  spikelets 
each :  spikelets  3  lines  long,  mostly  2-flowered,  oblong,  turgid,  purplish : 
empty  glumes  thin,  membranous,  ovate-lanceolate  nearly  as  long  as  the 
florets ;  flowering  glumes  about  3  lines  long,  oblong-lanceolate,  subulate, 
scarious  at  the  apex,  smooth,  obscurely  5-nerved, ;  palets  a  little  shorter, 
acutely  2-toothed.     On  the  high  mountains,  California  to  Washington. 

P.  Leibergii  Scribn.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Div.  Agrost.  Bull.  8,  6,  t.  11  • 
A  densely  cespitose  fibrous-rooted  glabrous  perennial:  stems  slender,  2-6 
inches  high,  the  base  clothed  with  loose  scarious  sheaths :  ligules  hyaline, 
about  1  line  long:  radical  leaves  numerous,  1-2  inches  long,  about  %  hne 
wide,  those  ot  the  stem  6-12  lines  long,  conduplicate  when  dry,  minutely 
scabrous  along  the  margins  and  at  the  apex,  otherwise  smooth :  panicle 
simple,  of  1-7  spikelets,  its  lower  branches  usually  in  pairs,  each  branch 


764  GRAMINE^  poa 

ERAGROSTIS 

bearing  a  single  spikelet :  spikelets  2-3-flowered,  3-4  lines  long,  rather 
broadly  ovate:  empty  glumes  somewhat  unequal,  the  first  broadly  lanceol- 
ate, 1-nerved,  subacute,  the  second  much  broader  than  the  first,  3-nerved, 
from  subacute  to  broadly  truncate  at  the  erose  dentate  apex  :  flowering 
glumes  glabrous,  2-3  lines  long,  distinctly  5-nerved,  obtuse  and  erose- 
dentate  at  the  scarious  apex  :  palets  a  little  shorter  than  the  glumes.  On 
the  summits  of  high  ridges.    Malheur  county  Oregon. 

P.  Backleyana  Nash  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club.  F.  tenuifolia  Buckley. 
A  slender  tufted  perennial:  stems  erect,  12-20  inches  high,  usually  glab- 
rous and  tinged  with  brown  or  pink:  sheaths  smooth,  the  lower  longer 
than  the  internodes :  ligules  1-2  lines  long,  acute  or  acaminate,  radical 
leaves  numerous,  flatorconduplicate,  2-6  inches  long,  less  than  1  line  wide, 
often  abruptly  acute  at  the  apex,  those  of  the  stem  2,  1-2  inches  long : 
panicle  erect,  narrow,  1-3  inches  long,  its  filiform  branches  in  twos  or  threes, 
3-12  lines  long,  erect  or  somewhat  spreading :  spikelets  rather  firm  3-5  lines 
long,  mostly  3-flowered,  pubescent,  elliptical-lanceolate:  empty  glumes 
obtusely  keeled,  3-nerved  near  the  base,  the  first  linear-lanceolate,  about 
1}4  lines  long,  second  elliptical-lanceolate,  about  2  lin^s  long :  flowering 
glumes  2-23^  lines  long,  elliptical  or  linear-oblong,  acute  to  obtuse  entire  or 
arose,  pubescent  on  the  lower  third,puberulent  above :  palets  linear,  2-tooth- 
ed,  2  lines  long.  Common  on  dry  plains,  eastern  Oregon  to  Brit.  Columbia. 

Var.  stenophylla  Vasey,  Beal  grasses  N.  Am.  ii,  580.  under  Atropis. 
Stems  stouter :  panicle  open  in  flower :  spikelets  4-6-flowered :  glumes  slight- 
ly larger.     On  dry  hillsides  near  Roseburg  Oregon. 

P.  Canbyi  Glyceria  Canbyi  Scribn.  An  erect  smooth  stout  perennial : 
stems  simple  33^-4  feet  high  :  sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes :  ligules 
broad,  obtuse,  3-4  lines  long:  leaves  of  the  stem  3-4,  flat  below,  conduplicate 
above,  7  inches  long,  3-5  lines  wide:  panicle  linear  or  lanceolate,  usually 
interrupted  below,  about  7  inches  long,  its  branches  in  half-whorls,  erect 
or  ascending,  densely  flowered,  the  longer  2-4  inches  long:  spikelets  3-5- 
flowered:  empty  glumes  oval,  acute  or  obtuse,  almost  keeled,  3-nerved,  the 
first  1^-2  lines  long,  second  2-3  lines  long:  flowering  glumes  oval,  scabrous 
2-2)^  lines  long,  5-nerved,  often  irregulary  toothed  at  the  acute  apex: 
palets  2  lines  long,  narrow,  2-toothed  at  the  apex.  In  the  Cascade  Moun- 
tains of  Washington, 

46    ERAGROSTIS  Beauv.  Agrost.  70,  t.  14,  fig.  11.     (1812  ) 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses  with  flat  leaves  and  contracted 
panicles.  Spikelets  two-  to  several-flowered,  more  or  less  flat- 
tened. Two  lower  glumes  empty,  unequal,  shorter  than  the  flow- 
ering ones,  keeled,  one-nerved,  or  the  second  one  three-nerved: 
Flowering  glumes  membranous,  keeled,  three-nerved.  Palets 
shorter  than  the  glumes  prominently  two-nerved  or  two-keeled, 
usually  persistent  on  the  rachella.  Stamens  2  or  3.  Styles  dis- 
tinct, short,  with  plumose  stigmas.  Grain  free,  loosely  enclosed 
in  the  glume  and  palet. 

E.  reptans  Nees  Agrost.  Bras.  514.  A  glabrous  annual:  stems  1-18 
inches  long,  creeping,  often  forming  mats  2-20  inches  in  diameter  and  1-6 
inches  high,  branching,  the  branches  erect  or  ascending :  sheaths  shorter 
than  or  equalling  the  internodes,  villous  at  the  summit:  ligules  a  ring  of 
short  hairs :  leaves  1-2  inches  long,  3^-1  line  wide,  flat,  smooth  beneath, 
rough  above:  spikelets  dioecious,  10-35-flowered,  2-8  lines  long:  empty 
glumes  unequal,  the  first  %-%  as  long  as  the  second :  flowering  glumes  about 
1^4  lines  long,  broadly  ovate,  acute :  palets  shorter  than  the  glumes,  ciliate 
on  the  keels.    In  wet  places  Oregon  to  the  Eastern  States. 


BRiZA  GRAMINE^  7()5 

FESTUCA 

E.  lutescens  Scribn.  TJ.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Div.  Agrost.  Cir.  9,  7.  A  low 
much  branched  and  densely  cespitose  annual,  4-8  inches  high :  sheaths 
loose,  smooth  or  with  a  few  short  hairs  at  the  throat :  ligules  very  short, 
ciliate :  leaves  flat,  1-3  inches  long,  1-2  lines  wide,  minutely  scabrous 
above,  very  acute :  panicle  pale  green  or  straw-color,  2-4  inches  long,  its 
branches  ascending  to  appressed,  spikelets  narrowly  oblong,  8-12-flowered : 
empty  glumes  unequal,  the  first  about  3^  line  long,  the  second  3^  longer; 
flowering  glumes  about  1  line  long,  obtuse  3-nerved.  On  sandy  banks  along 
Snake  river  eastern  Washington    to  Idaho. 

47  BRIZA  L.  Sp.  70. 
Annual  or  perennial  grasses  with  flat  or  convolute  leaves,  and 
open  or  rarely  contracted  panicles.  Spikelets  fl.attened,  several- 
flowered,  nodding:  flowers  perfect,  glumes  thin,  membranous, 
strongly  concave,  the  two  lower  empty,  3-5  nerved,  flowering 
glumes  imbracted,  broader  than  the  empty  ones,  5-many-nerved, 
the  uppermost  glumes  often  empty.  Palets  much  shorter  than 
the  glumes,  hyaline,  2-keeled  or  2-nerved.  Stamens  3.  Styles 
distinct,  with  plumous  stigmas.  Grain  usually  free,  enclosed  in 
the  glume  and  palet. 

B.  MINOR  L.  Sp.  70.  Stems  slender,  4-15  inches  high,  from  an  annual 
root,  simple:  sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes:  ligules  1-3  lines  long, 
acute :  leaves  1-5,  1-4  lines  wide,  sometimes  scabrous :  panicles  2-5  inches 
long,  open,  its  capillary  branches  spreading  or  ascending,  1-3  inches  long: 
spikelets  3-9-flowered,  1-1>^  lines  long,  about  2  lines  broad,  truncate  at  the 
base :  glumes  scarious-margined,  the  empty  ones  about  1  line  long :  flowering 
glumes  much  broader  and  deeply  saccate,  about  %  line  long.  Common  in 
southwestern  Oregon  to  California:  naturalized  from  Europe. 
48    FESTUCA  L.  Sp.  73. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses  with  flat  or  convolute  leaves  and 
paniculate  inflorescence.  Spikelets  two-  to  several-flowered,  the 
two  lower  glumes  empty,  more  or  less  unequal,  acute,  keeled : 
flowering  glumes  membranaceous,  narrow,  rounded  on  the  back,  5- 
nerved,  usually  acute,  and  generally  awnfed  at  the  apex.  Palets 
scarcely  shorter  than  the  glumes.  Stamens  1-3.  Styles  very 
short,  distinct,  with  plumose,  stigmas.  Grain  glabrous,  elongated, 
often  adherent  to  the  glume  or  palet. 

F.  microstachya  Nutt.  Journ.  Acad.  Phila.  n.  s.  i,  187.  Stems  slen- 
der, erect,  6-20  inches  high,  from  an  annual  root:  sheaths  shorter,  than 
the  internodes,  smooth  or  pubescent:  ligules  very  short:  leaves  2-4,  erect, 
slender,  1-4  inches  long:  panicle  erect,  racemose  or  spicate,  2-5 inches  long, 
its  branches  channelled,  single  or  some  of  the  lowest  in  pairs,  erect,  spread- 
ing or  deflexed,  the  longest  6-18  lines  long:  spikelets  1-5-flowered:  empty 
glumes  involute,  the  first  2-3  lines  long,  second  3-5  lines  long:  flowering 
glumes  convex,  involute  ,  acuminate,  scabrous:  23^-4  lines  long:  palets 
scabrous,  bearing  2  short  awns :  stamens  1 :  very  variable.  On  dry  open 
ridges,  Arizona  to  Brit.  Columbia. 

Var.  ciliata  Gray,  Beal  Grasses  N.  Am.  ii,  587.  Axis,  branches  of 
panicle  and  glumes  all  strongly  ciliate.  On  dry  ridges,  southern  Oregon 
to  California. 

Var.  pauciflora  Scribn.  Vasey,  Cat.  Grasses  U.  8.  90.  Stems 
slender,  1-2  feet  high  :  panicle  loose,  with  longer  branches :  spikelets  1-2- 
flowered,  the  flowering  glumes  with  awns  6-12  lines  long.    On  dry  open 


766  GRAMINEiE  festdca 

places  near  Portland  Oregon. 

F.  Myukus  L.  Sp.  74.  A  soft  rather  pale  green  annual:  stems  slender,, 
smooth,  erect,  or  geniculate  at  base,  1-3)^  feet  high,:  sheaths  smooth, 
longer  than  the  internodes :  ligules  very  short:  leaves  3-5,  erect,  slender 
3-6  inches  long:  panicle  narrow,  more  or  less  secund,  2-15  inches  long 
its  scabrous  triquetrous  branches  in  twos  and  threes  below,  appressed, 
the  longest  racemose,  1-6  inches  long :  spikelets  on  stout  pedicels,  linear, 
5-8-flowered  5-6  lines  long;  the  first  glume  1  line  long  or  less;  the  second 
involute,  lanceolate  2-3  lines  long :  flowering  glumes  scabrous,  involute, 
acuminate,  2-3  lines  long,  exclusive  of  the  awns  which  are  4-10  lines  long: 
palets  lanceolate,  scabrous  on  the  keels,  bearing  2  short  awns:  stamens  one. 
Common  in  fields;  naturalized  from  Europe. 

F.  octoflora  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  71.  F.  tenella  Willd.  An  erect  slender 
tufted  annual  or  biennial :  stems  sparingly  branched  1-2  feet  high :  sheaths 
shorter  than  the  internodes,  sometimes  pubescent :  ligules  about  }4  Ihie 
long:  leaves  erect,  slender,  1-4 inches  long,  panicle  simple,  erect, 2-5  inches 
long,  narrow,  or  spreading  at  the  base ;  its  branches  in  pairs  or  solitary, 
the  longest  1-3  inches  long :  spikelets  flat,  oval  2-6  lines  long,  7-13-flower- 
ed:  empty  glumes  involute  so  as  to  appear  subulate,  the  first  1)^  lines 
long,  the  second  about  2  lines  long:  flowering  glumes  involute,  acuminate, 
scabrous,  1)^-2  lines  long,  with  an  awn  3^-3  lines  long:  palet  a  little  shor- 
ter than  the  glumes:  stamens  2.  On  dry  barren  ground,  Oregon  to  Cali- 
fornia and  the  New  England  States. 

F.  conflnls  Vasey  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  xi,  126.  A  tufted  stout  light 
green  perennial :  stems  erect,  2-4  feet  high :  sheaths  loose,  shorter  than 
the  internodes:  ligules  truncate,  3^-3  lines  long:  leaves  of  sterile  shoots 
half  as  long  as  the  stem,  with  long  slender  points,  those  of  the  stem  2-3, 
5-8  inches  long,  2-3  lines  wide,  flat  or  involute,  smooth  or  scabrous :  pani- 
cle narrow,  4-6  inches  long,  its  branches  in  twos  or  threes,  erect,  the  longer 
1-2  inches  long :  spikelets  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate,  3-9  lines  long,  2-3 
flowered:  empty  glumes  chartaceous,  the  first  ovate,  1)^-3  lines  long,  1- 
nerved  the  second  linear-lanceolate,  3-3)^  lines  long,  3-nerved :  flowering 
glumes  23^-3  lines  long,  lanceolate,  scabrous,  rather  firm,  acute  or  acumi- 
nate, nearly  awnless:  palets  elliptical,  scabrous,  ciliate  on  the  keels.  South- 
eastern Oregon  to  Utah  and  Wyoming. 

F.  denticnlata  Beal  Grasses  N.  Am.  ii,  689.  F.  ambigua  Vasey, 
not  Le  Gall.  A  rather  stout  erect  perennial :  stems  erect,  23>^-^  feet  high : 
sheaths  scabrous,  longer  than  the  internodes :  ligules  very  short:  leaves  of 
pterile  shoots  rather  rigid,  7-10  inches  long,  those  of  the  stem  usually  4, 
flat  or  becoming  involute,  with  long  attenuate  points  :  panicle  7-10  inches 
long,  its  branches  flexuous,  mostly  in  pairs,  the  longest  3-5  inches  long: 
spikelets  purplish,  3-4-flowered:  empty  glumes  narrow,  the  first  about  1 
line  long,  the  second  2  lines  long,  3-nerved :  flowering  glumes  3-4  lines 
long,  obscurely  5-nerved,  scabrous,  acuminate,  bearing  an  awn  4-8  lines 
long :  palets  2-toothed.    Oregon. 

F.  Californica  Vasey  Cont.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb,  i,  277.  Stems  erect, 
rather  stout,  2-5  feet  high,  from  a  perennial  root:  leaves  of  sterile  shoots 
numerous,  scabrous,  involute,  ^-3^ nas  long  as  the  stem,  about  2  lines  wide, 
of  the  stem  usually  2:  sheaths  scabrous,  shorter  than  the  internodes  hairy 
at  the  throat :  ligules  a  ciliate  fringe :  panicle  open,  pyramidal,  4-7  inches 
long,  the  lower  branches  slender,  mostly  in  distant  pairs,  the  longest  2-5 
inches  long:  spikelets  4-6-flowered  6-8  lines  long,  empty  glumes  ovate- 
lanceolate;  the  first  3  lines  long,  the  second  3)^  lines  long  :  flowering  glumes 
linear-lanceolate,  4-5  lines  long,  bearing  a  short  awn,  scabrous :  palets  scab- 
rous, linear,  2-toothed.    Edge  of  woods  and  open  places,  western  Oregon. 

F.  Howellii  Hack.  F.  viridula  Vasey.  A  densely  tufted  perennial : 
sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes :  ligules  less  than  1  line  long :  leaves  of 


FE8TUCA  GRAMINEtE  767 

sterile  shoots  numerous,  about  half  as  long  as  the  stem ;  those  of  the  stem 
2-3,  erect,  involute,  2-3  inches  long:  panicle  erect,  open  3-5  inches  long,  its 
branches  mostly  in  pairs,  the  lower  %-2  inches  long :  spikelets  brownish  red, 
linear-lanceolate,  4-7  lines  long,  4-8-flowered:  empty  glumes  unequal,  the 
first  lanceolate,  acute,  2  lines  long,  the  second  a  line  longer;  acuminate, 
flowering  glumes  linear-lanceolate,  5-nerved,  2)^-3  lines  long,  palets  lanceo- 
late, scabrous  below  and  on  the  keels.  On  the  highest  peaks  of  the  Cascade 
Mountains. 

F.  ELATiOR  L.  Sp.  75.  A  tufted  perennial:  2-6  feet  high,  often  with 
short  creeping  rootstock :  sheaths  smooth,  shorter  than  the  internodes: 
ligules  short :  leaves  of  the  stem  2-4,  flat,  6-10  inches  long,  2-3  lines  wide : 
panicle  contracted  after  flowering,  4-10  inches  long :  its  branches  mostly 
m  pairs,  the  longest  3-5  inches  long:  spikelets  linear-oblong,  6-11-flowered, 
6-8 lines  long:  empty  glumes  lanceolate,  the  first  li^  line  long,  the  second 
a  little  longer;  flowering-glumes  oblong,  acute,  scabrous  toward  the  tip. 
rarely  awned,  5-nerved,  2)^-3  lines  long:  palets  linear,  scabrous  on  the 
keel.    Common  in  meadows  and  waste  places :  introduced  from  Europe. 

F.  Jonesii  Vasey  1.  c.  278.  A  densely  tufted,  perennial :  stems  erect, 
3-4  feet  high :  sheaths  usually  scabrous,  shorter  than  the  internodes : 
ligules  less  than  a  line  long:  radical  leaves  numerous,  about  half  as  long  as 
the  stem ;  those  the  stem  3-4,  flat  or  involute,  5-15  inches  long,  2-4  lines 
wide:  panicle  slender,  open,  7-15  inches  long,  its  capillarj'  flexuous  bran- 
ches single  or  in  pairs  the  lowest  remote,  3-5  inches  long:  spikelets  narrow. 
3-5-flowered,  5-6  lines  long :  flowering  glumes  scabrous,  linear-lanceolate, 
2-3  lines  long,  3-5-nerved :  awns  slender,  3-7  lines  long :  palets  linear- 
lanceolate  :  stamens  3.    Oregon  to  Brit.  Columbia  and  Idaho. 

F.  brevifolia  R.  Br.  Parry  first  Voy.  Suppl.  280.  A  densely  tufted 
perennial :  stems  rigid,  2-5  inches  high  :  sheaths  shorter  than  or  equalling 
the  internodes :  leaves  of  sterile  shoots  setaceous,  1-3  inches  long,  those  of 
the  stem  short  or  almost  obsolete :  panicle  dense,  linear,  simple,  racemose, 
2-3  lines  long;  spikelets  elliptical,  3 lines  long,  1-4-flowered:  empty  glumes 
scarcely  equal,  the  second  broadly  lanceolate:  flowering  glumes  1-2  lines 
long,  elliptical-lanceolate,  keeled  above:  awn  1  line  or  less  long:  palets 
oblong,  acute,  2-toothed.  On  high  mountains  eastern  Oregon  to  Alaska 
and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

F.  OYina  L.  Sp.  73.  A  densely  tufted  perennial:  stems  slender,  erect, 
rigid,  simple,  6-20  inches  high  :  sheaths  usually  crowded  at  the  base  of  the 
stems:  ligules  short:  leaves  filiform  or  setaceous,  those  of  the  stem  few,  1-3 
inches  long,  erect,  the  basal  ones  numerous  :  panicle  1-3  inches  long,  of- 
ten secund,  narrow,  its  branches  short,  usually  erect  or  appressed :  spike- 
lets 3-5-flowered:  empty  glumes  unequal,  acute,  the  first  1-nerved,  the 
second  3-nerved;  flowering  glumes  1^-2  lines  long,  smooth,  acute,  usually 
short-awned.  On  plains  and  rocky  slopes  in  various  forms,  Mexico  to 
Alaska  and  across  the  continent :  also  Europe  and  Asia. 

Var.  durinscnla  Hack.  Monog.  Fest.  Eu.  89.  F.  duriuscula  L. 
Stems  taller  and  stouter,  panicle  usually  more  open:  flowering  glumes 
about  3  lines  long.  Oregon  to  Alaska  and  the  Rocky  Mountains:  also  in 
Europe. 

Var.  polyphylla  Vasey,  Beal  1.  c.  597.  Stems  2>^-3  feet  high, 
grooved  below  the  panicle:  leaves  of  sterile  shoots  numerous;  sheaths  split 
for  most  of  their  length:  panicle  open,  4-8  inches  long;  spikelets  linear- 
lanceolate,  5-flowered:  the  second  glume  ovate-lanceolate  3-nerved. 
flowering  glumes  slender  3-3)^  lines  long.     Oregon. 

Var.  ingrata  Hack,  in  herb.  Beal  1.  c.  598.  Stems  20-30  inches 
high;  leaves  of  sterile  shoots  scabrous,  8-10  inches  long;  those  of  the  stem 
3-5  inches  long;  panicle  4-6  inches  long:  its  branches  in  pairs  or  jsingle 
the  longest  about  2  inches  long;  spikelets  6-8-f lowered:  the  second    glume 


768  GEAMINE^  festuca 

linear,   acute,   3-nerved,  about  3  lines  long:  flowering  glumes  elliptical - 
lanceolate,  about  3  lines  long,  the  awn  3^-2  lines  long.     Southern  Oregon. 

Var,  Columbiana  Beal  1.  c.  599.  Stems  20-30  inches  high,  with  2 
nodes;  sheaths  smooth:  leaves  of  sterile  shoots  7-12  inches  long,  firm, 
glaucous:  scabrous,  nearly  cylindrical:  panicle  thin,  2-7  inches  long,  its 
branches  scabrous,  the  longer  2-3%  inches  long:  spikelets  4-7  lines  long, 
3-7-flowered,  the  first  empty  glume  narrow  about  2  lines  long,  the  second 
linear,  acute,  23^-3  lines  long:  flowering  glumes  3-3%  lines  long.  About 
Pullman  Washington. 

Var.  Oregana  Hack.  Bea)  i.  c.  599.  Stems  slender,  2-3  feet  high : 
leaves  of  sterile  shoots  4-6  inches  long,  panicle  thin,  2-4  inches  long,  its 
branches  solitary, the  longest  1-2  inches  long:  spikelets  2-6-flowered;  second 
glume  linear,  subulate,  3  lines  long:  flowering  glumes  linear,  3  lines  long, 
palets  a  little  longer  than  the  glumes.     Eastern  Oregon. 

r.  amethystina  L.  Sp.  74.  A  tufted  perennial :  stems  rather  slen- 
der, 2-3  feet  high,  with  2-3  nodes:  sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes: 
ligules  a  mere  ciliolate  ring:  leaves  of  sterile  shoots  flaccid,  conduplicate, 
5-15  inches  long:  those  of  the  stem  2-3,  the  upper  3-5  inches  long:  panicle 
simple;  secund,  narrow  or  spreading,  4-8  inches  long,  the  lower  branches 
usually  in  pairs,  scabrous,  the  longer  4-5  inches  long:  spikelets  linear- 
lanceolate  or  oval  3-7-flowered,  about  3%  lines  long:  first  empty  glumes 
lanceolate,  1>^  line  long,  the  second  linear-lanceolate,  about  2  lines  long: 
flowering  glumes  scarious,  lanceolate-oblong,2-3  lines  long:  involute,  awn- 
less  or  with  an  awn  %-!  line  long:  palets  linear,  2-toothed,  scabrous  on  the 
keels.     Oregon  to  California,  also  in  Europe. 

F.  scabrella  Terr.  Hook.  Fl.  ii,  252,  t.  233.  An  erect  tufted  peren- 
nial 2-4  feet  high:  sheaths  smooth:  ligules  acute,  1-5  lines  long:  leaves 
of  sterile  shoots  numerous,  smooth  or  scabrous,  involute,  those  of  the 
stem  usually  2,  rigid,  scabrous  above,  3-5  inches  long:  panicle  thin,  5-7 
inches  long,  its  branches  mostly  in  pairs,  3-5  inches  long:  spikelets  3-7- 
flowered,  4-7  lines  long:  empty  glumes  chartaceous,  ovate-lanceolate,  the 
first  1-nerved,  2-3  lines  long,  the  second  3-nerved  2-3 j^  lines  long:  flower- 
ing glumes  oblong,  scabrous,  5-nerved,  3-4  lines  long,  sometimes  with  a 
stout  awn  about  ^  line  long.     Eastern  Washington  to  Alaska  and  Iowa. 

F.  rubra  L.  Sp.  74.  A  densely  tufted  perennial:  stems  ascending, 
geniculate  at  base,  lH-2%  feet  high,  from  running  rootstocks,  sheaths 
usually  shorter  than  the  internodes,  ligules  very  short,  truncate:  basal  leaves 
involute-filiform:  3-6  inches  long,  those  of  the  stem  erect,  flat  or  involute: 
panicle  2-5  inches  ioug,  sometimes  red,  open  in  flower,  contracted  in  fruit: 
spikelets  3-1 0-f  lowered,  4-6  lines  long:  empty  glumes  acute,  the  fhst  l-nervert, 
shorter  than  the  3-nerved  second  one:  flowering  glumes  about  3  lines  long:  ob- 
scurely 5-nerved,  sometimes  scabrous,  beaiing  awns  of  less  than  their  own 
length.     Oregon  to  Alaska  and  Labrador. 

Var.  fallax  Hack.  Fest.  Eu.  142.  Densely  cespitose,  glaucous, 
strongly  tinged  with  purple.  20-30  inches  high:  panicle  3-4  inches  long:  spike- 
lets elliptical-lanceolate,  2-7 -flowered:  flowering  glumes  2-3  lines  long,  rather 
abruptly  pointed  with  a  very  short  awn.  Oregon  and  Washington  to  the 
Rocky  Mountains. 

Var.    tricho))hylla  Hack.  1.  c.  141.    Stems  slender,  about  30  inches 
high,  ascending   from  creeping  rootstocks:  lower  sheaths  shredded:  panicle 
linear-oblong  3-5   inches  long,   f  loweiing  glumes  lineai'-lanceolate,  glabrous  , 
beaiing  a  short  awn.     Oregon  and  Euro;  e. 

Var.    pubescens  Vasey,  Beal  1.  c.  607.     Stems  loosely  tufted,   2-3 


FESTUCA  GR  AMINES  769 

BROMDS 

feet  high:  panicle  5-7  inches  long,  internipted,  more  or  less  pubescent  through- 
out: spikelets  5-8-f lowered:  second  glume  oblong,  abruptly  acute,  flowering 
glumes  oval,  acute:  palets  linear,  acute,  longer  than  the  glumes.     Oregon. 

Var.  littoralis  Vasey,  Beal  1.  c.  Smooth  and  glaucous :  stems  5-10 
inches  high,  fi*om  creeping  rootstocks:  panicle  dense,  secund,  2-3  inches  long: 
spikelets  usually  5-flowered,  the  second  glume  ovate-lanceolate,  3-nerved,  flower- 
ing glumes  oval,  acute:  awns  3^-1  line  long.  On  sand  banks  along  the  coast  of 
Oregon. 

F.  heterophylla  Lam.  Fl.  Fr.  ed.  1,  600.  A  densely  cespitose  per 
ennial:  stems  slender,  2-3  feet  high:  sheaths  smooth:  leaves  smooth,  soft,  con 
volute,  those  of  the  stem  usually  3,  flat:  panicle  3-8  inches  long,  lax,  nodding 
its  branches  in  twos  or  threes:  spikelets  licear-oblong,  3-6-flowered:  empty 
glumes  unequal,  very  acute,  the  second  subulate-lanceolate,  3-nerved;  the  lateral 
nerves  short:  flowering  glumes  lineai'-lanceolate,  3-4  lines  long,  very  acute:  awns 
half  as  long  as  the  glumes  or  longer:  palets  linear-oblong.  Washington  to 
Brit.  Columbia  and  Michigan. 

49    BROMUS  L.  Sp.  76. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses  with  flat  leaves  and  numerous 
spikelets  in  terminal  panicles,  the  pedicels  thickened  at  the  sum- 
mit. Spikelets  few  to  many-flowered,  the  two  lower  glume^-s  emp- 
ty, unequal,  acute:  flowering  glumes  rounded  on  the  back,  or 
sometimes  compressed-keeled,  5-9-nerved,  the  apex  usually  2- 
toothed,  generally  bearing  an  awn  just  below  the  summit.  Palet 
shorter  than  the  glumes.  2-keeled.  Stamens  usually  3.  Stigmas 
sessile,  plumose,  inserted  below  a  hairy  cushion-like  appendage 
at  the  top  of  the  ovary.     Grain  adherent  to  the  palet.. 

§  1  EUBROMUS  Annuals  or  biennials  with  empty  glumes 
rather  broad  and  flowering  glumes  broadly  elliptic  to  oblong- 
elliptic.     All  introduced  from  Europe. 

B.  SECALiNus  L.  Sp.  76.  Stems  1-3  feet  high,  erect,  smooth :  sheaths 
usually  shorter  than  the  internodes:  ligules  3^  line  long,  erose  leaves  2-6  inches 
long,  1-3  lines  wide,  sometimes  rough  or  hairy:  panicle  open,  its  branches 
ascending  or  drooping:  spikelets  turgid,  glabrous,  6-10-flowered:  empty  glumes 
scabrous  toward  the  apex,  the  first  3-nerved,  acute,  second  longer  and  broader, 
7-nerved,  obtuse:  fliowering  glumes  3-4  lines  l<mg,  broad,  obtuse,  rough  toward 
the  apex,  awniess  or  bearing  a  straight  awn  between  the  obtuse  teeth:  palets 
about  equalling  the  glu  mes.     Common  in  fields  everywhere, 

B.  B^CEMOSOs  L.  Sp.  ed.  2,  144.  Stems  erect,  1-3  feet  high,  smooth, 
or  sparingly  pubescent  below  the  panicle:  sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes: 
ligules  1  line  long:  leaves  1-9  inches  long,  %-A  lines  wide,  pubescent:  panicle 
1-10  inches  long,  its  branches  erect  or  ascending:  spikelets  erect,  5-11-flower- 
ed:  empty  glumes  acute,  the  first  3-nerved,  the  second  longer  and  broader,  5-9- 
neryed;  flowering  glumes  broad,  ^%-^%  hnes  long,  obtuse,  smooth  and  shining, 
the  nerves  prominent:  awns  straight,  3-4  lines  long:  palets  shorter  than  the 
glumes.     Common  in  meadows  and  waste  places, 

VAK.    coMMDTATus  Hook.  f.  Steud.  Fl.  Brit.  Isl.  451.    Panicle  rather 
broader:  spikelets  larger.     Common  in  waste  places. 

B.  HORDEACEOUS  L.  Sp.  77.  B.  mollis  L.  Stems  8-36  inches  long, 
erect,  often  slender,  usually  pubescent  below  the  panicle:  sheaths  shorter  than 
the  internodes,  mostly  pubescent :  ligules  3^  line  long:  leaves  1-7  inches  long, 
1-3  lines  wide,  pubescent:  panicle  generally  contracted,  its  branches  erect  or 


770  GRAMINE^  bromus 

ascending,  1-3  inches  long:  epikelets  appressed-pubescent :  empty  glumes 
acute,  the  first  3-nerved,  the  second  longer,  5-7-nerved :  flowering  glumes 
broad,  obtuse,  33^-4>^  lines  long.     In  fields  and     waste  places. 

VAR.     GLABRESCENS  Sheaf  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Div.  Agrost.  Bull.  23,  20. 
Spikelets  glabrous  or  only  scabrous  throughout.   In  fields  and  waste  places. 

B.  BRizjEFORMis  F.  &  M.  Ind.  Sem.  Hort.  Petrop.  iii,  30.  Stems  8-24 
inches  high,  erect,  glabrous;  sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes:  the 
lower  pubescent  with  soft  villous  hairs :  ligules  1  line  long,  erose-truncate : 
leaves  pubescent:  panicle  1-8  inches  long,  open,  the  branches  ascending 
or  often  drooping :  spikelets  few,  3^-1  inch  long,  compressed  :  empty  glumes 
very  obtuse,  the  first  3-5nerved,  the  second  larger,  5-9-nerved :  flowering 
glumes,  3-4  lines  long,  very  broad,  obtuse,  6-nerved,  not  awned.  In  fields 
and  waste  places. 

§  2  STEN0BR0MU8  Griseb.  Annuals  or  biennials  with  mostly 
narrow  glumes  and  rather  long  awns. 

B.  "MADRITENSI8  L.  Cent.  PL  i,  5.  A  tufted  annual :  stems  erect,  or 
somewhat  geniculate  at  base,  smooth,  1-2  feet  high, :  sheaths  smooth,  or 
the  lower  slightly  pubescent :  ligules  about  1  line  long,  subtruncate  and 
acerate:  leaves  2-7  inches  long,  1-2  lines  wide:  panicle  erect,  2-6  inches 
long,  oblong-ovoid,  the  lower  branches  somewhat  spreading,  6-12  lines 
long:  spikelets  1^-2  inches  long,  nearly  smooth  to  scabrous,  7-11-flowered: 
empty  glumes  lanceolate,  acuminate,  tlie  first  1-nerved,  5-7  lines  long,  the 
second  3-nerved,  7-8  lines  long :  flowering  glnmes  linear-lanceolate  7-9  lines 
long,  distinctly  3-  or  faintly  5-7-nerved,  with  2  acute,  hyaline  teeth,  bear- 
ing a  long  rough  somewhat  curved  awn.  Southern  Oregon  to  California, 
naturalized  from  Europe. 

B.  GussoNi  Pari.  Rar.  PI.  Sic.  2,  8.  An  erect  annual,  6-30  inches 
high :  sheaths  pilose-pubescent :  ligules  1-2  lines  long,  rounded  above : 
leaves  pilose  both  sides:  panicle  lax,  4-8  inches  long,  the  upper  part  some- 
what drooping :  spikelets  usually  3-7-flowered,  4-6  lines  long  :  empty  glumes 
smooth,  lanceolate  acuminate,  the  first  8-10  lines  long,  strongly  1-nerved, 
the  second  broader  and  longer,  prominently  3-nerved :  flowering  glumes 
5-nerved,  10-12  lines  long:  awn  stout,  2-2)^  inches  long,  very  rough.  In 
waste  places,  Washington  to  California  and  Arizona. 

B.  RUBEK^s  L.  Cent,  PI.  i,  5.  A  tufted  annual :  stems  about  10  inches 
high,  erect,  pubescent  toward  the  top:  sheaths  pubescent:  ligules  3^-1 
line  long,  laciniate-dentate :  leaves  2-7  inches  long,  pubescent  both  sides : 
panicle  erect,  compact,  ovoid,  usually  purplish,  2-4  inches  long:  spikelets 
mostly  7-ll-flowere(i,  1-lJ^  inch  long:  empty  glumes  acuminate,  smooth 
to  scabrous,  the  first  narrow,  1-nerved,  3-5  lines  long;  the  second  broader 
and  longer,  3-nerved ;  flowering  glumes  7-8  lines  long,  lanceolate,  acute, 
5-nerved,  scabrous,  deeply  cleft  at  the  apex  into  2  long-acuminate  hyaline 
teeth:  awns  straight,  8-12  lines  long.  In  waste  places:  introduced  from 
Europe. 

B.  STERILI8  L.  Sp.  77.  Stems  lK-3  feet  high,  erect,  smooth,  from  an 
annual  or  biennial  root:  sheaths  usually  shorter  than  the  internodes,  the 
lower  sometimes  pubescent:  ligules  1  line  long:  leaves  3-9  inches  long,  1-3 
lines  wide,  usually  more  or  less  pubescent :  panicle  5-10  inches  long,  its 
branches  ascending,  or  often  widely  spreading,  not  one-sided,  stiff:  spike- 
lets few,  5-10-flowered}  spreading  or  pendulous :  empty  glumes  acuminate, 
glabrous,  the  first  1-nerved,  the  second  longer,  3-nerved ;  flowering  glumes 
6-8  fines  long,  acuminate,  7-nerved,  ecabrous  on  the  nerves:  awns  7-12 
lines  long.     In  waste  places;   introduced  from  Europe. 

B.  TECTOROM  L.  Sp.  77.  Stems  6-24  inches  high,  erect,  from  an  annu- 
al root,  simple,  smooth :  sheaths  usually  exceeding  the  internodes,  at  least 


BROMus  GRAMINE^  771 

the  lower  ones  softly  pubescent :  ligules  1-2  lines  long :  leaves  1-4  inches 
long,  1-2  lines  wide,  softly  pubescent:  panicle  2-6  inches  long,  open,  its 
branches  slender  and  drooping,  somewhat  one-sided :  spikelets  numerous, 
5-8-flowered,  on  capillary  recurved  slender  pedicels:  empty  glumes  acu- 
minate, usually  rough  or  hirsute;  the  first  1- nerved,  the  second  longer, 
3-nerved;  flowering  glumes  4-6  lines  long,  acuminate,  7-nerved,  usually 
rough  or  hirsute :  awns  6-8  lines  long.  In  fields  and  waste  places :  natur- 
alized from  Europe. 

§  2  ZERNA  Panz.  Short-lived  perennials,  usually  with  a  weak 
drooping  panicle  and  more  or  less  pubescent  flowering  glumes. 

B.  Paciflcns  Shear  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Div.  Agrost.  Bull.  23,  38.  Stems 
stout,  leafy,  pubescent  at  the  nodes,  3-6  feet  high  :  sheaths  mostly  retrorse- 
ly  pilose:  ligules  1)^-2  lines  long  rounded  above,  somewhat  lacerate-den- 
tate :  leaves  8-14  inches  long,  4-7  lines  wide,  sparingly  pilose  above,  scab- 
rous beneath :  panicle  dense,  drooping,  its  lower  branches  secund  :  spikelets 
1^  inch  long,  7-11-flowered,  coarsely  pubescent  throughout:  empty  glumes 
acute,  the  first  1-nerved,  or  rarely  with  2  short  lateral  nerves,  3-4  lines 
long,  the  second  broader  and  3-5-nerved;  flowering  glumes  inconspicuously 
7-nerved,  broadly  lanceolate,  emarginate,  6-7  lines  long:  awn  straight, 
2-3  lines  long.    In  moist  thickets  near  the  sea,  Clatsop  County,  Oregon. 

B.  Orcnttianus  Vasey  Bot.  Gaz.  x,  223.  An  erect  perennial  2-5  feet 
high,  sheaths  pubescent:  ligules  %  line  long:  leaves  nearly  smooth,  5-10 
inches  long,  3-  9  lines  wide :  panicle  erect,  thin,  5-7  inches  long,  its  bran- 
ches in  twos  and  threes,  bearing  2-3  spikelets  each,  spreading:  spikelets 
4-8-flowered  the  first  empty  glume  linear,  acute,  1-3-nerved  :  4  lines  long, 
the  second  linear,  almost  acute,  3-nerved,  5-6  lines  long,  flowering  glumes, 
scabrous,  rounded  on  the  back,  lance-elliptical,  5-7nerved,  6-7  lines  long, 
obtuse :  awn  2-6  lines  long :  palets  linear.  On  the  high  mountains  Wash- 
ington to  lower  California. 

B.  vulgaris  Shear  1.  c.  43.  Stems  slender,  erect,  30-40  inches  high, 
pubescent  below  the  nodes,  which  are  retrorsely  bearded:  sheaths  pilose, 
with  spreading  or  reflexed  hairs:  ligules  truncate,  1-23^  lines  long:  leaves 
7-12  inches  long,  2-6  lines  wide,  thinly  pilose  above,  glabrous  or  sparsely 
pilose  beneath :  spikelets  covered  with  a  short  coarse  pubescence,  the  first 
narrow,  very  acute  3-4  lines  long :  1-nerved,  the  second  much  broader  and 
longer,  3-nerved,  scabrous  on  the  back:  flowering  glumes  about  6  lines 
long,  sparsely  pubescent,  5-nerved,  awns  slender,  5-6  lines  long.  In  open 
woods.     California  to  Brit.    Columbia  and    Montana. 

Var.  eximins  Shear  I.  c.  44.  More  erect  and  robust:  sheaths  and 
leaves  glabrous :  flowering  glumes  pubescent  only  on  the  midnerve  and 
near  the  base.    Eastern  Oregon  and  Washington. 

V.  robustus  Shear  I.  c.  44.  Tall  and  leafy:  sheaths  and  leaves 
sparingly  pilose  :  panicle  larger.   Along  the  coast,  Oregon  to  Brit.  Columbia. 

B.  laevipes  Shear  1.  c.  45.  Stems  30-40  inches  high,  from  short  creep- 
ing rootstocks,  pubescent  just  below  the  nodes  :  sheaths  glabrous  :  ligules 
l>|-2  lines  long,  truncate,  entire  or  lacerate-dentate :  leaves  6-12  inches 
long,  2-4  lines  wide:  panicle  lax,  drooping,  7-10  inches  long:  spikelets 
drooping,  narrow,  terete,  5-9-flowered :  empty  glumes  smooth,  the  first 
acute,  3-nerved,  3-6  lines  long, the  second  broader,  5-nerved,  5-7  lines  long: 
flowering  glumes  obtuse,  7-nerved,  6-8  lines  long,  densely  pubescent  on 
the  margins  and  on  the  back  at  the  base,  hyaline  and  usually  brownish- 
yellow  at  the  apex :  awn  straight  2>^-3  lines  long :  palets  about  1  line  long, 
shorter  than  the  glumes.  In  thickets,  Washington  to  California  in  the 
Coast  and  Cascade  Mountains. 

B.    Suksdorlli    Yasey  Bot.  Gaz.  x,  223.    An  erect  coarse  tufted  per- 


772  GRAMINE^  bromus 

ennial :  stems  smooth  :  or  pubescent  just  below  the  nodes,  2-3  feet  high  : 
sheaths  smooth :  ligules  about  3^  line  long,  truncate,  dentate :  leaves  usually 
5  or  6,  4-8  inches  long,  5-6  lines  wide,  rather  abruptly  acuminate,  firm  and 
smooth  ;  panicle  narrow,  erect,  rather  dense,  3-8  inches  long,  its  branches 
erect,  or  ascending,  the  longest  1-2  inches  long :  spikelets  5-9-flowered,  1- 
1%  inches  long,  terete  at  first :  empty  glumes  glabrous,  or  scabrous  on  the 
nerves  the  first  acuminate- lanceolate,  1-nerved,  or  sometimes  with  a  pair 
of  short  lateral  nerves,  5-6  lines  long;  the  second  broader,  subacute,  3- 
nerved,  6-7  lines  long:  flowering  glumes  oblong-lanceolate  subacute,  7-8 
lines  long,  5  or  7-nerved,  appressed-pubescent  near  the  base,  emarginate 
at  the  apex :  awn  1-2  lines  long :  palets  about  %  as  long  as  the  glumes. 
In  open  places  on  the  high  mountains,  Washington  to  California. 

B.  iNERMis  Leyss.  Fl.  Hal.  16.  An  erect  smooth  perennial:  stems 
rather  stout,  smooth,  2-3  feet  high :  sheaths  smooth :  ligules  3^-1  line  long, 
subtruncate,  somewhat  lacerate:  leaves  smooth  or  minutely  scabrous,  6-10 
inches  long,  2-6  lines  wide :  panicle,  5-10  inches  long:  spikelets  narrow, 
terete,  1-1^  inches  long;  empty  glumes  smooth,  the  first  narrow,  acute, 
1-nerved  2-23^  lines  long;  the  second  subacuminate,  3-nerved,  3-4  lines 
long:  flowering  glumes  obtuse,  emarginate,  5-nerved,  6-7  lines  long:  glab- 
rous, with  or  without  a  short  awn:  palet  equalling  the  glumes.  In  fields 
and  waste  places:  introduced  from  Furope. 

§  3  CERATOCHLOA  Beauv.  as  genus.  Spikelets  large,  strongly 
compressed  and  more  or  less  keeled. 

B.  marginatns  Nees  in  Steud.  Syn.  PI.  Gram.  322.  B.  breviarista- 
tus  Buckley.  A  densely  tufted  coarse  perennial :  stems  erect ;  2-4  feet  high, 
mostly  pubescent  or  puberulent :  sheaths  pilose-pubescent :  ligules  1)^-2 
lines  long,  laciniate :  leaves  somewhat  sparsely  pilose  throughout,  rather 
rough  6-12  inches  long,  3-6  lines  wide:  panicle  erect,  rather  narrow,  usually 
4-8  inches  long,  the  lower  branches  somewhat  spreading  in  flower,  1-3>J 
inches  long :  bearing  2  spikelets:  spikelets  1-2  inches  long,  lateral  compress- 
ed, usually  7-9-flowered,  erect  or  ascending :  empty  glume  rather  broad, 
scabrous,  the  first  subacute,  3-  or  5-nerved,  4-6  lines  long,  the  second 
broader,  obtuse,  6-7  lines  long,  5  -7-nerved,  the  lateral  nerves  broad;  flow- 
ering glumes  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  coarsely  pubescent,  6-8  lines  long, 
7-nerved,  with  short  hyaline,  teeth  at  the  apex:  and  a  stout  straight  awn 
2-3  lines  long :  palets  almost  equalling  the  glumes.  Common  from  Cali- 
fornia to  Alaska  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

Var.  latior  Shear.  1.  c.  55  Larger  and  stouter :  panicle  larger  with 
the  lower  branches  2-10  inches  long,  with  the  type. 

Var.  seminudns  Shear  1.  c.  55.  More  leafy  and  less  pubescent  or 
nearly  smooth,  throughout:  empty  glumes  glabrous  or  scabrous  on  the 
nerves.     With  the  type. 

B.  polyanthus  Scribn.  &  Shear  1.  c.  56.  A  rathes  stout  erect  perennial : 
stems  erect,  smooth, or  puberulent  at  the  nodes,  2-3  feet  high:  sheaths  smooth, 
or  sparsely  pilose :  ligules  about  1  line  long, rounded:  leaves  mostly  scab- 
rous :  panicle  elongated,  erect,  its  branches  usually  short  and  erect  or  slight- 
ly spreading ;  spikelets  1)^-2  inches  long,  7-11-flowered :  empty  glumes 
broad,  smooth  or  somewhat  scabrous,  the  first  3-nerved,  3-4  lines  long,  the 
second  4-7-nerved,  obtuse,  6-6>^  lines  long:  flowering  glumes  7-nerved,  6-9 
lines  long,  smooth  or  scabrous,  obtuse,  emarginate,  with  broad  hyaline 
margins :   awn  2-4  lines  long.     Washington  to  California  and  Wyoming. 

B.  Sitchensis  Bong.  Veg.  Sitch.  173.  Stems  stout,  leafy,  smooth,  4-6 
feet  high;  from  a  perennial  root :  sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes, 
smooth :  ligules  large,  rounded,  entire  or  somewhat  lacerate,  l%-2}4  lines 
long :  leaves  8-16  inches  long,  5-7  lines  wide,  sparingly  pilose  above, 
smooth  beneath :  panicle  large,  lax,  drooping,  10-14  inches  long :  its  lower 


BROMUS  GRAMINEiE  773 

SCKIBNERIA 

branches  8-12  inches  long,  weak,  spreading,  usually  bearing  1-3  spikelets 
on  very  slender  pedicels:  spikelets  1-3  inches  long:  empty  glumes  acute, 
smooth,  or  scabrous  on  the  nerves,  4-6  lines  long;  the  second  5-7  nerved, 
6-7  lines  long  :  flowering  glumes  broadly  lanceolate,  acute,  7-8  lines  long, 
7-nerved,  shortly  bidentate  at  the  apex,  with  an  awn  3-5  lines  long :  palets 
shorter  than  the  glumes.    Washington  to  Alaska,  near  the  coast. 

B.  carinatns  H.  &  A.  Bot.  Beech.  403.  Stems  20-30  inches  high, 
slightly  pubescent  at  the  nodes :  sheaths  mostly  shorter  than  the  in- 
ternodes,  retrorsely  soft-pilose :  ligules  lK-2  lines  long,  sublaciniate :  leaves 
mostly  narrow  4-10  inches  long,  13^-3  lines  wide  thinly  pilose  both  sides  : 
panicle  pyramidal,  somewhat  drooping :  spikelets  1)^  inches  long,  5-9- 
flowered :  empty  glumes  lanceolate,  acute,  glabrous  to  slightly  scabrous ; 
the  first  distinctly  3-nerved,  or  sometimes  obscurely  5 -nerved,  4-5  lines 
long,  the  second  5-nerved,  5-7  lines  long,  flowering  glumes  7-nerved,  pu- 
berulent  or  short-pubescent,  7-8  lines  long,  bifid  at  the  apex  and  tapering 
into  an  awn  4-5  lines  long ;  palets  nearly  equalling  the  glumes.  Washing- 
ton to  California  and  Nevada. 

B.  Hookerianns  Thuiber  Bot.  Wilkes,  ii,  493.  An  erect  tufted  per- 
ennial 20-30  inches  high :  sheaths  smooth  to  densely  hairy,  ciliate  at  the 
throat:  ligules  %-!  line  long,  leaves  7-12  inches  long:  2-3  lines  wide: 
panicle  7-15  inches  long:  spikelets  6-10  -flowered:  empty  glumes  smooth, 
compressed,  acute;  the  first  5-nerved,  6-8  lines  long, the  second  7-8-nerved, 
7-8  lines  long :  flowering  glumes  oval-lanceolate,  scabrous  or  pubescent, 
9-nerved,  7-8  lines  long;  awn  3-7  lines  long.     Brit.  Columbia  to  California. 

Tribe  8  Hordese  Spikelets  one-to  several-flowered j  .usually 
hermaphrodite,  sessile  along  the  common  rachis,  forming  a  simple 
or  compound  spike.     Glumes  awned  or  awnless. 

50    SCRIBNERIA  Hack.  Bot.  Gaz.  xiii,  105. 

Annual  grasses  with  slender  stems  and  very  slender  spikes. 
Spikelets  one-flowered,  sessile  and  half  embedded  in  the  alternate 
notches  of  a  more  or  less  articulated  usually  simple  spike. 
Rachella  very  short,  articulated  above  the  lower  glume,  extended 
as  a  short  hairy  awn  beside  the  floret.  Empty  glumes  2,  flow- 
ering glumes  a  third  shorter  than  the  first,  membranous,  keeled, 
bearing  an  awn  between  the  teeth.  Palets  longer  than  the  glumes. 
Stamens  1.  Stigmas  sessile,  feathery.  Grain  free,  linear,  laterally 
compressed,  with  a  groove. 

S.  Bolanderi  Hack.  Bot.  Gaz.  xiii,  105.  Stems  slender,  tufted,  often 
geniculate  and  with  a  few^  branches  from  the  base,  2-12  inches  high : 
sheaths  loose,  scarious-margined:  ligules  a  line  or  more  long,  acute:  leaves 
3-10  lines  long,  convolute ,mucronate  :  spike  1-4 inches  long:  very  slender, 
spikelets  2-3  lines  long,  solitary  or  sometimes  2  at  each  joint ;  glumes 
very  thick,  except  the  first,  3-nerved,  scarious-margined;  the  second  slight- 
ly shorter  and  2-3-nerved:  flowering  glumes  indistinctly  5-nerved,  smooth 
and  shining  below,  scabrous  near  the  irregulary  2-toothed  apex,  the  mid- 
nerve  excurrentas  an  awn  nearly  as  long  as  the  glume.  Along  roadsides, 
southern  Oregon  to  California. 

51    LOLIUM  L.  Sp.  83. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses  with  flat  leaves  and  terminal  spikes . 
Spikelets  several-flowered,  solitary,  sessile,alternate  in  the  notches 
of  the  usually  continuous  rachis,  compressed,  the  edge  of  the 
spikelets   turned  toward   the  rachis:  glumes  rigid,  the  lower  one 


774  GRAMINE^  lolidm 

AGROPYRON 

empty  in  the  lateral  spikelets  aod  the  two  lower  ones  empty  in 
the  terminal  one :  flowering  glumes  rounded  on  the  back,  5-7- 
nerved  :  palets  2-keeled.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct,  very  short, 
with  plumose  stigmas.     Grain  adherent  to  the  palets. 

L.  PERENNE  L.  Sp.  83.  Stems  6-30  inches  high,  erect,  simple,  smooth, 
from  a  perennial  root:  sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes:  ligules  very 
short:  leaves  2-5  inches  long :  1-2  lines  wide,  spike  3-8  inches  long:  spike- 
lets  5-10  flowered,  4-6  lines  long,  empt}'  glumes  shorter  than  the  spikeleta, 
strongly  nerved  ;  flowering  glumes  2-3  lines  long,  obscurely  nerved,  acumin- 
ate or  awned,  the  awn  sometimes  nearly  as  long  as  the  glume.  Common 
in  waste  places:  naturalized  from  Europe. 

L.  TEMULENTQM  L.  Sp.  83.  Glabrou3  throughout:  stems  2-4  feet  high, 
erect,  simple,  from  an  annual  root:  sheaths  longer  than  the  internodes: 
ligules  a  line  long  or  less:  leaves  4-10  inches  long,  1-3  lines  wide,  smooth 
beneath,  rough  above  :  spike  4-12  inches  long :  spikelets  4-8-flowered,  5-9 
lines  long,  the  strongly  nerved  empty  glumes  equalling  or  exceeding  the 
obscurely  nerved  flowering  ones.    In  fields :  naturalized  from  Europe. 

52    AGROPYRON  J.  Gsertn.  Nov.  Comm.  Petrop.  xiv,  pt.  1,  539. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses  with  flat  or  involute  leaves  and 
termihal  spikes.  Spikelets  3-  to  several-flowered,  sessile,  solitary 
and  alternate  at  each  notch  of  the  usually  continuous  rachis,  the 
side  of  the  spikelet  turned  toward  the  rachis.  Glumes  rounded 
on  the  back,  the  two  lower  empty  :  flowering  glumes  rigid,  rough 
on  the  back,  5-7-nerved,  usually  acute  or  awned  at  the  apex. 
Palets  2-keeled.  Stamens  3.  Styles  very  short,  distinct.  Stigmas 
plumose.  Grain  pubescent  at  the  apex,  usually  adherent  to  the 
palet. 

A,  divergens  Nees  in  Steud.  Syn.  PI.  Gram.  347.  A  slender  densely 
tufted  glaucous  perennial  1-3  feet  high :  lower  sheaths  longer  than  the 
internodes,  upper  ones  shorter:  ligules  very  short:  basal  leaves  numerous, 
4-12  inches  long:  those  of  the  stem  2-4  inches  long,  all  more  or  less  convol- 
ute and  setaceous,  nearly  smooth:  spikelets  3-8  inches  long,  slender: 
spikelets  3-6-flQwered;  first  empty  glumes  3  lines  long,3-nerved,  the  mar- 
gins scabrous;  the  second  4  lines  long,  5-nerved,  with  the  midrib  at  one 
side,  awnless ;  flowering  glumes,  4-5  lines  long,  plainly  5-nerved  above : 
awn  stout,  diverging  or  recurved,  longer  than  the  glumes.  Common  on 
dry  plains  east  of  the  Cascade  range.  Brit.  Columbia  to  California  and 
the  Rocky  Mountains. 

Var.  inermis  Scribn.  &  Smith  U..  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Div.  Agrost.  Bull. 
4,  27.  Empty  glumes  unequal,  narrowly  lanceolate,  acute,  4-6  lines  long  ; 
flowering  glumes  5-6  lines  long,  smooth :  acute,  or  acuminate,  awnless  or 
with  a  straight  or  spreading  awn  shorter  than  the  glume.  Eastern  Wash- 
ington to  Brit.  Columbia  and  Idaho. 

Var.  tennispicatum  Scribn.  &  Smith  1.  c.  Stems  2-3  feet  high : 
leaves  very  narrow,  spikes  slender,  flexuous.  3-6  inches  long:  spikelets  5-7 
lines  long :  awns  5-9  lines  long,  slender,  straight,  curved  or  divergent.  On 
high  diy  plains,  eastern  Oregon  to  Brit.  Columbia,  Montana  and  Wyoming. 

A.  Vaseyi  Scribn.  &  Sm.  1.  c.  Stems  rigid,  erect,  wiry,l-l>^  feet  high, 
glabrous,  or  glaucous :  sheaths  glaucous,  shorter  than  the  internodes : 
ligules  very  short,  leaves  minutely  strigose-pubescent  above,  rigid,  1-6 
inches  long,  1  line  or  less  wide:  spikes  very  slender,  2-4  inches  long: 
spikelets  4-5  lines  long,  3-5-flowered  :  empty  glumes  oblanceolate,  acute 


AGROPYRON  GRAMINEiE  776      • 

or  acuminate,  slightly  unequal,  scarious  along  the  margins  3-4  lines  long: 
flowering  glumes  4  lines  long,  lanceolate,  acute,  tipped  with  a  stout  div- 
ergent awn  4-5  lines  long.  On  dry  plains,  eastern  Oregon  and  Washington 
to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

A.  cauinnm  Beauv.  Agrost.  102.  Stems  1-3  feet  high,  erect,  smooth: 
sheaths  usually  shorter  than  the  internodes,  smooth,  or  the  lower  some- 
times pubescent:  ligules  short:  leaves  3-9  inches  long,  1-3  lines  wide, 
smooth  beneath  rough  above:  spikes  3-8  inches  long,  sometimes  one- 
sided, often  nodding  at  the  top:  spikelets 3-6 -flowered  :  empty  glumes  4)^-6 
lines  long,  3-5-nerved,  acuminate,  awn-pointed  or  bearing  an  awn.  1-3 
lines  long;  flowering  glumes  4-5  lines  long,  usually  scabrous  toward  the 
apex,  acuminate  into  an  awn  sometimes  twice  their  own  length.  Eastern 
Oregon  to  Brit.  Columbia,  New  Brunswick  and  North  Carolina:  also  in 
Europe. 

A.  tenerum  Vasey  Bot.  Gaz.  x,  258.  Stems  1-3  feet  high,  erect,  often 
slender,  glabrous :  sheaths  usually  shorter  than  the  internodes,  glabrous  : 
ligules  very  short:  leaves  3-10  inches  long  1-2  lines  wide,  flat,  or  involute, 
rough:  spike  3-7  inches  long,  usually  narrow  and  slender:  spikelets  3-5- 
flowered :  empty  glumes  4-6  lines  long:  acuminate  or  short-awned,  3-5- 
nerved,  scabrous,  on  the  margins:  flowering  glumes  5-6  lines  long,  5- 
nerved,  awn-pointed  or  short-awned,  scarious-margined,  often  rough  toward 
the  apex.  On  dry  plains,  easieiu  Oregon  to  Brit.  Columbia  and 
Min  nesota. 

Var,  lon^lfolium  Scribn.  &  Smith  1.  c.  30.  Stems  3-4  feet  high, 
smooth,  and  shining,  rigid:  leaves  involute,  nearly  as  long  as  the  stems, 
long  attenuate-pointed:  spike  slender,  cylindrical,  9-10  inches  long: 
glumes  all  short-awned.      Northwestern  California  to  Brit.    Columbia. 

A.  brevlfolinm  Scribn.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Div.  Agrost.  Bull.  11,  55. 
Stems  slender,  densely  cespitoae,  12-16  inches  high,  usually  geniculate  at 
the  lower  nodes,  smooth:  lower  sheaths  scabrous  and  somewhat  purplish, 
smooth:  ligules  short:  leaves  \%-Z%  inches  long,  1-2  lines  wide, 
very  acute,  strigose,  scabrous  above,  very  smooth  beneath:  spikelets  approx- 
imate .usually  3-flowered,  empty  glumes  narrowly  lanceolate,  2-3-nerved, 
scabrous  on  the  keel,  short-awned;  flowering  glumes  6  lineslong,  5-nerved, 
scabrous  on  the  back,  short-awned.     On  mountain  sides,  eastern    Wash. 

A.  Yiolacenm  Vasey  Spec.  Rep.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  45.  Stems  6-24 
inches  high,  erect,  smooth  :  sheaths  usually  shorter  than  the  internodes  : 
ligules  very  short:  leaves  2-6  inches  long,  1-3  lines  wide,  flat  or  involute, 
rough,  or  sometimes  smooth  beneath,  spikes  1-fl  inches  long,  2-3  lines 
broad:  spikelets  3-6-flowered:  empty  glumes  broad:  usually  purplish, 
scabrous-margined,  5-7-nerved,  4-6  lines  long,  acute,  or  acuminate,  some- 
times awn-pointed  or  long-awned:  flowering  glumes  (»ften  purplish,  5-7- 
nerved,  scabrous-margined,  4-6  lines  long,  acuminate  or  short-awned. 
Idaho  to  Alaska  and  Ontario :  also  in  Europe  and  Asia. 

A.  Scribnerl  Vasey  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  x,  128.  Stems  densely 
tufted,  geniculate  near  the  base,  slender,  16-30  inches  high,  sheathe  longer 
than  the  internodes:  ligules  obsolete:  leaves  1-3  inches  long,  involute, 
narrow  and  rigid :  spikes  2-4  inches  long:  spikelets  3-6-flowered:  empty 
glumes  3-4  lines  long,  linear-lanceolate,  3-5-nerved,  acuminate  into  a  long 
point:  flowering  glumes  oblong-lanceolate,  4  lines  long,  smooth,  the  mid- 
nerve  extended  into  a  strong  spreading  or  recurved  awn.  On  high  moun- 
tains Washington  to  California  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

A.  Sinithii  Rydb.  A.  glaucum  of  American  Authors,  not  of  R.  &  S. 
Glabrous:  stems  rigid,  erect,  1-4  feet  high:  sheaths  smooth,  shorter  than 
the  internodes :  ligules  very  short:  leaves  rigid,  bluish-green,  stnooth  or 
slightly  scabrous  beneath,  rough-scabrous  on  the  margins,  becoming  in- 


776  GKAMINE^  agropyron 

HORDEUM 

volute,  4-7  inches  long,  2-3  lines  wide,  those  of  sterile  shoots  narrower  and 
sometimes  half  as  long  as  the  stems:  spikes  3-7  inches  long;  spikelets  6-12 
lines  long,  7-13-flowered:  empty  glumes  lanceolate,  acuminate  or  awn-poin- 
ted, scabrous  on  the  nerves:  flowering  glumes  4-6  lines  long,  narrowly 
lanceolate,  acute  to  awn-pointed,  rounded  on  the  back ;  smooth  or  thinly 
pubescent.     In  meadows,  Oregon  to  Brit.  Columbia  and  Minnesota. 

Var.  molle  Scribn.  tt  Smith  1,  c.  Glumes  and  rachis  more  or  less 
villous-pubescent.     Washington  to  the  Saskatchewan  and  New  Mexico. 

A.  Elmeri  Scribn.  U.  S'.  Dept.  Agr.  Div.  Agrost.  Bull.  11,  54.  Stems 
erect  3-5  feet  high,  from  strong  creeping  rootstocks:  sheaths  smooth,  the 
lower  onea  longer  than  the  internodes  ligulea  short,  minutely  fringed  along 
the  edge:  leaves  6-12  inches  long,  2-6  lines  wide,  strigose,  scabrous  above, 
smooth  beneath,  long  attenuate-pointed  spikelets  6-10-flowered :  empty 
glumes  lanceolate,  very  acute  or  subaristate,  rigid,  about  1  line  long,  3- 
nerved,  scabrous  on  the  nerves:  flowering  glumes  broadly  lanceolate,  sharp- 
ly acuminate,  5-nerved,  short-pubescent  on  the  back.  On  sandy  banks  of 
Snake  river,  Washington. 

A.  dasystachyum  var.  subvillosnm  Scribn,  &  Smith  1.  c.  33.  More 
or  less  glabrous :  stems  slender  2-4  feet  high  :  sheaths  nearly  as  long  as  the 
internodes:  ligules  a  mere  ring :  leaves  of  sterile  shoots  3=^-^  as  long  as 
the  stems:  spikes  5-7-flowered:  empty  glumes  ovate-lanceolate  acute  to 
acuminate:  flowering  glumes  3-5  lines  long,  pubescent  tolanate.  Eastern 
Washington  to  Montana  and  Colorado. 

A.  laiiceolatnm  Scribn.  &  Smith  1.  c.  34.  Pale  yellowish-green  oi 
glaucous :  stems  2-3  feet  high :  sheaths  somewhat  inflated,  shorter  than 
the  internodes:  ligules  very  short;  leaves  6-12  inches  long,  about  2  lines 
wide,  scabrous  beneath  and  on  the  margins;  pubescent  to  thinly  hirsute 
above;  spikes  4-6  inches  long;  spikelets  5-10  lines  long,  4-7-flowered ; 
empty  glumes  unequal,  narrowly  lanceolate,  or  oblanceolate,  acuminate, 
3-4  lines  long,  3-5-nerved ;  scabrous  on  the  nerves ;  flowering  glumes.  4-7 
lines  long,  broadly  lanceolate,  acute,  mucronate,  truncate  or  bidentate, 
rounded  on  the  back,  more  or  less  pubescent,  3-nerved  and  scabrous  toward 
the  apex.    Eastern  Oregon  and  Washington  to  Idaho. 

A.  psenUorepens  Scrjbn.  &  Smith  1.  c.  34.  Stems  1-3  feet  high,  erect 
or  ascending  from  a  geniculate  base  :  sheaths  glabrous,  shorter  than  the 
internodes  :  ligules  1  line  long  or  less ;  leaves  scabrous  throughout,  4-8  inch- 
es long,  1-3  lines  wide;  spikes  3-8  inches  long:  spikelets  3-7  flowered, 
8-9  lines  long,  erect,  and  appressed :  empty  glumes  linear-lanceolate  acu- 
minate or  awn- pointed,  5-nerved,  scabrous  on  the  nerves  and  scarious- 
marglned :  flowering  glumes  linear-oblong,  acuminate,  rounded  on  the  back, 
6-nerved.  scabrous.      Washington  to  Brit.  Columbia,  Nebraska  and  Texas. 

Var.  magnnm  Scribn.  &  Smith  1.  c.  35.  Robust,  3-4  feet  high : 
leaves 8-22  inches  long*,  spikes 6-8  inches  long,  one-side;  spikelets  crowded, 
acute,   an  inch  long.     Idaho  to  Montana  and  Colorado. 

A.  REPENs  Beauv.  Agrost.  146.  Stems  1-4  feet  high,  from  long  runn- 
ing jointed  rootstocks:  sheaths  usually  shorter  than  the  internodes,  glab- 
rous: leaves  3-12  inches  long,  1-5  lines  wide,  smooth  beneath,  scabrous 
above :  spikes  2-8  inches  long,  strict :  spikelets  3-7-flowered :  empty  glumes 
strongly  5-7-nerved,  usually  acute,  or  awn-pointed:  flowering  glumes 
acute  or  short-awned.    Naturalized  from  Europe. 

53     HORDEUM  L.  Sp.  84. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses  with  fiat  leaves  and  terminal 
cylindrical  spikes.  Spikelets  1-fiowered,  usually  in  threes  at 
each  joint  of  the  rachis,  the  lateral  generally  imperfect.     Rachilla 


flOBDEUM  GRAMINE.E  777 

produced  beyond  the  flower,  the  lower  empty  glumes  often  reduced 
to  awns  and  forming  an  appar  ent  involucre  around  the  spikeiets. 
Empty  glumes  rigid  :  the  flowering  ones  rounded  on  the  back,  5- 
nerved  at  the  apex,  awned.  Palets  about  equalling  the  glumes.  2 
keeled.  Stamens  3.  Styles  very  short,  distinct.  Grain  usually 
adherent  to  the  glume,  hairy  at  the  summit. 

H.  jubatam  L.  Sp.  85.  Stems  10-30  inches  high,  erect,  usually  slen- 
der smooth,  sheaths  usually  shorter  than  the  internodes:  smooth  :  ligules 
)4,  line  long,  or  less :  leaves  1-5  inches  long,  1-2  lines  wide,  erect,  rough : 
spikes  2-4  inches  long:  spikeiets  usually  in  threes,  the  central  one,  con- 
taining a  perfect  flower;  lateral  ones  imperfect:  empty  glumes  consisting 
of  slender  rough  awns  1-23^ inches  long:  flowering  glumes  of  the  central 
spikeiets  3-4- lines  long:  scabrous  at  the  apex,  bearing  a  slender  rough  awn 
1-23^  inches  long,  the  corresponding  glume  of  the  lateral  spikeiets  short- 
awned.  On  dry  soil  eastern  Oregon  to  California,  Pennsylvania  and 
Labrador, 

H,  MARiTiMUM  With.  Arrang.  172.  A  smooth  somewhat  glaucous 
annual :  stems  6-18  inches  long :  sheaths  about  as  long  as  the  internodes, 
the  upper  one  inflated:  ligules  a  mere  ring:  leaves  1-3  inches  long,  mostly 
involute:  spike  subterete,  scarcely  exserted,  1-2  inches  long,  the  rachis 
breaking  up  when  mature:  ^pikelets  an  inch  long,  including  the  stiff  awns : 
empty  glumes  all  lanceolate,  not  eiliate,  one  of  each  lateral  spikelet  a  little 
broader.     Southwestern  Oregon  to  California :   introduced  from   Europe. 

H.  .GcssoNEANUM  Pari.  PI.  Palerm.  244.  Stems  smooth  often  decum- 
bent, 10-16  inches  long :  leaves  thin,  flat,  finely  pubescent,  1-3  inches  long, 
about  1  line  wide:  spikes  subterete,  exserted,  1-2  inches  long,  breaking 
up  when  mature,  empty  glumes  reduced  to  mere  bristles,  6-8  lines  long, 
except  the  inner  one  to  each  lateral  spikelet  is  twice  as  wide  as  the  others : 
flowering  glumes  oval,  rough,  5-nerved,  the  awn  8  lines  long.  Oregon  to 
California,  introduced  from  Europe. 

H.  MURiNUM  L.  Sp.  85.  A  coarse  decumbent  annual :  sheaths  about 
equalling  the  internodes:  ligules  very  short:  leaves  l>^-3  inches  long,  often 
hairy:  spike  2-4  inches  long:  often  partly  included  in  the  upper  sheath  sli- 
ghtly compressed,  soon  breaking  up  when  mature:  spikeiets,  including  the 
awns,  1-2  inches  long,  empty  glumes  of  the  middle  spikeiets  lanceolate, 
with  eiliate  margins :  flowering  glumes  scabrous  above,  flat  on  the  back, 
8-10  lines  long.    In  waste  places,  introduced  from  Europe. 

H.  pusillum  Nutt.  Gen.  i,  87.  Stems  4-16  inches  high,  smooth: 
sheathe  loose,  usually  shorter,  than  the  internodes,  smooth,  the  upper 
often  enclosing  the  base  of  the  spike :  ligules  very  short :  leaves  \%-Z 
inches  long:  %-2  lines  wide,  smooth  beneath,  rough  above:  spike  1-3 
inches  long,  spikeiets  usaally  in  threes :  glumes  awned,  the  empty  ones 
scabrous:  flowering  glumes  smooth,  that  of  the  central  spikeiets  3-4  lines 
long :  short-awned  that  of  the  lateral  spikeiets  smaller.  In  dry  soil  Californ- 
ia to  Brit.     Columbia  Nebraska  and  Texas. 

H,  nodosum  L.  Sp.  ed  2.  126.  //.  pratense  Huds.  Stems  1-4  feet 
high,  often  geniculate  below,  simple,  smooth:  sheaths  shorter  than  the  in- 
ternodes :  ligules  3^  line  long,  truncate :  leaves  1)^-6  inches  long,  1-3  lines 
wide,  flat,  rough:  spike  1-4  inches  long,  flat,  often  arcuate:  empty  glumes 
awn-like:  flowering  glumes  of  the  central  spikeiets  3-4  lines  long,  bearing 
an  awn  3-6  lines  long;  that  of  the  lateral  spikeiets  much  smaller.  Common 
in  meadows,  California  to  Alaska,  Indiana  and  Texas  also  in  Europe  and 
Asia. 

H.  boreale  Scribn.  &  Smith  1.  c.  24.  Stems  slender,  erect,  smooth: 
sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes  the  lower  ones  pubescent :  ligules  very 


778  GRAMINEiG 


ELYMUS 


short,  leaves  4-6  inches  long,  2-4  lines  wide,  scabrous  :  eriipty  glumes  awn  - 
like  7-9  lines  long,  those  of  the  lateral  spikelets  exceeding  the  other;  flower- 
ing glume  of  the  central  spikelets  5  lines  long,  broadly  lanceolate,  scabrous 
toward  the  apex,  bearing  an  awn  about  5  lines  long,  that  of  the  lateral 
spikeletpsmaller,  subulate-pointed  or  short-awned.     California  to  Alaska. 

54    ELYMUS  L.  Sp.  93. 

Tall  grasses  with  flat  or  involute  leaves  and  dense  terminal  spikes. 
Spikelets  2-  to  several- flowered,  sessile,  usually  in  pairs,  sometimes 
3  or  more  in  the  alternate  notches  of  the  continuous  or  jointed 
rachis,  the  empty  glumes  forming  an  apparent  involucre  to  the 
clusters.  Two  lower  glumes  empty,  narrow,  acute  or  awned: 
flowering  glumes  shorter,  rounded  on  the  back,  5-nerved,  usually 
bearing  an  awn.  Palets  a  little  shorter  than  the  glumes  2-keeled. 
Stamens  3.  Styles  very  short  distinct,  with  plumose  stigmas. 
Grain  sparsely   hairy   at   the  summit,   adherent   to  the   palet. 

E.  saxlcolus  Scribn.  &  Smith  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Div.  Agrost.  Bull,  11, 
56.  A  rather  slender  wiry  densely  cespitose  perennial:  stems  3-5  inches 
high,  pubescent:  sheaths  pubescent:  ligules  very  short:  leaves  3-10  inches 
long.  1-2  lines  wide,  pubescent  on  both  sides,  attenuate- pointed  spikelets 
2-5-flowered,  about  9  lines  long:  empty  glumes  narrowly  lanceolate,  1-3- 
nerved,  about  3  lines  long:  awns  divergent,  10-12  lines  long:  -flowering 
glumes  6  lines  long,  smoother  slightly  scabrous  near  the  apex,  rather 
broadly  lanceolate  and  gradually  tapering  into  a  slender  more  or  less  di- 
vergent awn  an  inch  long.  Among  bowlders  and  rocky  crevasses,  summit 
of  Mount  Chapaca. 

E.  arenarius  L.  Sp.  83.  Stems  1)^-8  feet  high,  simple,  usually  softly 
pubescent  at  the  summit:  sheaths  smooth,  often  glaucous,  the'  lower 
longer  and  the  upper  shorter  than  the  internodes:  ligules  very  short: 
leaves  3-12  inches  long,  lK-5  lines  wide,  flat  or  becoming  involute,  smooth 
beneath,  rough  above:  spikes  3-10  inches  long,  usually  strict:  spikelets 
3-9-flowered ;  empty  glumes  8-14  lines  long,  3-5-nerved,  acuminate,  more 
or  less  villous;  flowering  glumes  8-10  lines  long,  acute  or  awn-pointed, 
5-7-nerved,  usually  very  villous.  On  shores,  California  to  Alaska  and 
across  the  continent :   also  in  Europe  and  Asia. 

E.  arenicolus  Scribn.  &  Smith  1.  c.  Cir.  9,  7.  A  stout  erect  glaucous 
perennial:  stems  simple,  glabrous,  2-5  feet  high;  sheaths  smooth  or  the 
upper  ones  strigose-pubescent,  nearly  as  long  as  the  internodes;  ligules 
about  )4,  line  long,  coarsely  fimbriate :  leaves  rigid,  deeply  furrowed  on  both 
sides,  strongly  scabrous  on  the  nerves,  l>^-2  feet  long,  1-4  lines  wide, 
strongly  involute  and  pungently  pointed:  spikes  rather  slender,  6-10 
inches  long,  interrupted  below :  empty  glumes  subulate  or  narrowly  lance- 
olate, rigid,  scabrous  above,  4-6  lines  long:  flowering  glumes  rounded  on 
the  back,  acute,  sparsely  hirsute  toward  the  base,  5-nerved,  about  6  lines 
long.     On  sand-d^nes  9,long  the  Columbia  river  near  the  Dalles. 

E.  mollis  Trin.  Spreng.  N.  Endt.  ii,  172.  Stems  stout, 3-7  feet  high: 
sheaths  smooth  or  more  or  less  pubescent:  ligules  very  short:  leaves  16-20 
inches  long,  6-8  lines  wide,  strict  and  pungent:  spike  erect,  10-16  inches 
long:  spikelets  5-8-flowered,  more  or  less  soft-pubescent:  empty  glumes 
1-1^  inches  long,  5-7-nerved:  flowering  glumes  8-10  lines  long ,7 -nerved. 
Along  the  coast,  Washington  to  Alaska,  and  Maine  to  Nova  Scotia. 

E.  flavescens  Scribn  &  Smith  1.  c.  Bull.  8,  8.  Stems  stout,  2-4  feet 
high,  usually  pubescent  just  below  the  nodes:  sheaths  smooth,  oflen  some- 
what glaucous,  the  lowest  becoming  loose  and  fibrous:  ligules  very  short: 


ELYMUS  GRAMINE^  779 

leaves  10-20  inches  long,  2-4  lines  wide,  smooth  beneath,  scabrous  above, 
gradually  tapering  into  very  acute  pungent  tips :  spikes  linear,  sometimes 
branching  and  panicled :  spikelets  3-6-flowered,  6-12  lines  long,  villous 
with  long  whitish  or  yellowish  hairs :  empty  glumes  lanceolate,  subaristate- 
pointed :  flowering  glumes  broadly  lanceolate,  very  acute,  densely  silky- 
villous  on  the  back  :  flowering  glumes  6-7  lines  long.  On  sand  dunes  along 
the  Columbia  river  near  the  Dalles. 

E.  dasystachys  Trin.  Ledeb.  Fl.  Alt.  i,  120.  Stems  stout,  smooth, 
2-3  feet  high,  from  stout  creeping  rootstocks :  sheaths  smooth  or  scabrous, 
shorter  than  the  internodes  :  ligules  very  short :  leaves  rigid,  more  or  less 
involute, pungent-pointed,  4-18  inches  long,  2-4  hnes  wide:  spike  strict,  3-6 
inches  long:  spikelets  2  at  each  joint,  10-12  lines  long,  closely  imbricated, 
4-7-flowered :  empty  glumes,  equal,  7-8  lines  long,  more  or  less  cilate, 
short-awned,  narrowly  lanceolate  3-nerved:  flowering  glumes,  more  or 
less  pubescent,  slightly  ciliate,  10-12  lines  long,  short-awned.  Washington 
to  Alaska  and  Montana. 

E.  littoralis  Turcz.  Stems  rather  stout  and  somewhat  rigid,  erect, 
3-4  feet  high,  glabrous:  sheaths  glabrous,  the  lower  ones  scarious,  loose 
and  sometimes  bladeless:  ligules  very  short,  minutely  ciliate:  leaves  10-20 
inches  long,  2-3  lines  wide,  glabrous  beneath,  strongly  strigose-pubescent 
above,  very  long  acuminate-pointed,  becoming  involute:  spikes  10-12 
inches  long,  rather  loosely  flowered,  often  branched :  spikelets 5-9-flowered : 
empty  glumes  narrowly  lanceolate,  scabrous  on  the  keel,  especially  toward 
the  rigid  subulate  apex :  flowering  glumes  7-9  lines  long,  lanceolate,  very 
acute,  or  subaristate-pointed,  5-nerved,  scarious  margined  rather  densely 
pubescent  on  the  back  below,  the  upper  third  glabrous.  Eastern  Wash- 
ington to  Idaho. 

E.  eondensatus  Presl  Rel.  Hsenk.  i,  265.  Stems  erect,  smooth,  2-10 
feet  high:  sheaths  glabrous,  the  upper  ones  shorter  than  the  internodes: 
ligules  2-3  lines  long,  truncate :  leaves  6-20  inches  long,  3-11  lines  wide, 
scabrous  above :  spike  4-16  inches  long,  usually  stout,  strict,  often  interrupt- 
ed below,  sometimes  branched  at  the  base:  spikelets  3-6-flowered:  empty 
glumes  subulate,  43^-6  lines  long,  1-nerved,  usually  rough:  flowering 
glumes  4-5  lines  long,  generally  awn-pointed,  usually  scabrous.  Common 
from  eastern  Oregon  and  Washington  to  Brit.  Columbia,  Nebraska,  Arizona 
and  California. 

E.  triticoides  Buckl.  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.  99.  Stems  rather  slender, 
2-4  feet  high:  ligules  very  short:  leaves  7-12  inches  long,  narrow,  often 
involute,  the  upper  equalling  or  exceeding  the  stem  :  spikes  3-8  inches  long, 
erect:  spikelets  4-8-flowered,  sometimes  glaucous:  empty  glumes  linear- 
lanceolate,  rigid,  long-pointed,  4-6  lines  long:  flowering  glumes  firm,  lan- 
ceolate, acuminate  or  short-awned,  7-uerved.  Washington  to  California 
and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

E.  glancus  Buckl.  1.  c.  E.  Americanus  Vasey  <fc  Scrihh.  Stems 
erect,  2-5  feet  high,  smooth :  sheaths  often  shorter  than  the  internodes, 
usually  glabrous  r  ligules  1  line  longor  less:  leaves  4-12  inches  long,  2-8  lines 
wide,  smooth  beneath,  sometimes  scabrous  above:  spike  5-8  inches  long, 
slender:  spikelets  appressed  to  the  rachis,  3-6  flowered:  empty  glumes 
narrowly  lanceolate,  4-6  lines  long,  acuminate  or  awn-pointed,  rigid,  3-5- 
nerved:  flowering  glumes  smooth  or  slightly  scabrous,  5-6  lines  long:  bear- 
ing a  slender  straight  awn  6-9  lines  long.  In  moist  soil  California  to  Brit. 
Columbia,  Ontario,  Michigan  and  Arizona, 

E.  Canadensis  L.  Sp.  83.  Stems  erect,  2-5  feet  high,  smooth:  sheaths 
usually  shorter  than  the  internodes :  ligules  very  short :  leaves  4-12  inches 
long,  5-10  lines  wide,  scabrous,  sometimes  glaucous:  spike  4-12  inches 
long,  stout,  often  nodding:  spikelets  spreading,  3-5-flowered:  empty 
glumes  narrowly  lanceolate,  or  subulate,  rigid,  3-5-nerved  ,4-8  lines  long, 


780  GRAMINEiE  sitanion 

tapering  into  an  awn  as  long  or  longer  than  the  body:  flowering  glumes 
4-7  lines  long,  nearly  smooth  to  hirsute,  bearing  a  slender  scabrous  awn, 
1-2  inches  long.  On  river  banks  and  bars,  Oregon  to  Nova  Scotia,  Georgia 
and  Texas. 

E.  CAPDT-MEDuSiE  L.  Sp.  84.  Stems  slender  12-20  inches  long,  genic- 
ulate below:  sheaths  about  equalling  the  internodes:  ligules  very  short: 
leaves  2-3  inches  long,  involute:  spike  stout,  1)^-2  inches  long,  dense :  spike- 
lets  1-2-flowered:  empty  glumes  narrow,  rough,  spreading,  about  an  inch 
long :  flowering  glumes  hispid,  3-4  lines  long,  gradually  tapering  into  an 
awn  2-2%  inches  long.  On  dry  prairies,  southwestern  Oregon :  introduced 
from  Europe. 

55    SITANION  Raf. 

Tall  annual  or  perennial  grasses  with  usually  flat  leaves  and 
terminal  spikes.  Spikelets  1-  to  several-flowered,  sessile,  usually  in 
pairs  in  alternate  notches  of  the  pointed  rachis.  Empty  glumes 
forming  an  apparent  involucre  to  the  cluster:  glumes  very  long, 
often  2-parted  to  the  base,  the  divisions  unequal,  2-cleft  and 
long-awned:  flowering  glumes  long-awned,  2-toothed  or  3-awned. 
Palets  a  little  shorter  than  the  glumes,  2-keeled.  Stamens  3. 
Styles  very  short,  distinct,  with  plumose  stigmas.  Grain  sparsely 
hairy  at  the  summit,  adherent  to  the  palet. 

S.  elymoides  Raf.  Journ.  Phys.  Ixxxix,  103.  Elymus  Sitanion  Shultes. 
Stems  simple  smooth,  6-24  inches  high :  sheaths  smooth  to  rough  or  hirsute, 
usually  shorter  than  the  internodes,  the  upper  ones  often  inflated  and 
enclosing  the  base  of  the  spike :  ligules  short :  leaves  2-7  inches  long,  3^-2 
lines  wide,  usually  scabrous,  sometimes  hirsute,  flat  or  involute;  spike  2-^ 
inches  long :  spikelets  1-5-flowered :  empty  glumes  entire  or  divided,  often 
to  the  base,  the  divisions  subulate  and  bearing  long  unequal  slender  awns : 
flowering  glumes  3-5  lines  long,  5-nerved,  scabrous  toward  the  apex,  bear- 
ing a  long  slender  divergent  awn  1-3  inches  long.  In  dry  soil,  California  to 
Brit.  Columbia  and  Kansas. 

S,  glaber  J.  G.  Smith.  Stems  stout,  erect,  densely  ceapitose,  12-20 
inches  high :  sheaths  loose,  longer  than  the  internodes,  glabrous :  leaves 
2-6  inches  long,  glabrous  beneath :  spikes  2-4  inches  long,  barely  exserted : 
awns  of  the  flowering  glumes  2-2)^  inches  long.    Washington  to  California. 

S.  villosum  J.  G.  Smith.  Stems  stout,  mostly  erect,  10-15  inches  high : 
sheaths  densely  hirsute:  leaves  short,  flat,  strigose-pubescent  and  some- 
what hirsute:  spike  3-4  inches  long,  enclosed  in  the  upper  sheath:  empty 
glumes  8-8-parted,  each  part  bearing  a  slender  awn  2-4  inches  long;  flow- 
ering glume  lanceolate,  3-awned,  the  middle  awn  stout,  4-5  inches  long, 
the  lateral  ones  slender  and  usually  shorter.  Common  in  dry  ground 
about  Pullman,  Washington. 

S.  Leckenbyi  Piper  Fl.  Palouae  Reg.  32.  Stems  stout,  erect,  2>^-3 
feet  high  :  sheaths  glabrous  or  on  sterile  shoots  ciliate :  leaves  stiff",  erect, 
2-7  inches  long,  involute  glabrous  beneath,  strigose  above,  sharply  acu- 
minate :  spike  5-7  inches  long,  slender ,usually  erect,  long-exserted :  empty 
glumes  4,  equal,  23^-3  lines  long,  entire,  setaceous:  flowering  glumes  lan- 
ceolate, 5-6  lines  long,  smooth,  at  base,  scabrous  above,  bifid  at  the  apex 
and  tipped  with  a  straight  awn  1)^-2  inches  long.  Bars  of  Snake  river  at 
Wawawai,  Washington. 

S.  flexuosnm  Piper  1.  c.  Stems  tufted  1)^-3  feet  high,  erect :  sheaths 
glabrous  or  on  sterile  shoots  villous :  leaves  2-6  inches  long,  involute, 
strigose-pubescent  on  both  sides,  or  the  upper  nearly  smooth :  spike  slender, 
erect,  4  inches  long,  long-exserted:   empty  glumes  subulate-setaceous,  1-2 


TAXU8  TAXACEiE  781 

lines  long,  tipped  with  an  awn  5-6  lines  long,  sometimes  with  2  very  short 
lateral  awns :  flowering  glumes  lanceolate,  smooth  at  the  base,  scabrous 
above,  bifid,  bearing  a  divergent  awn  l>^-2  inches  long.  Bars  of  Snake 
river  at  Wawawai,  Washington. 

S.  Brodiei  Piper  1.  c.  Stems  erect,  1)^-2  feet  high:  leaves  stiff, 
smooth  on  both  sides,  involute,  5-7  inches  long:  spike  pale  green,  long- 
exserted,  erect,  2%-Z%  inches  long :  empty  glumes  subulate,  entire,  4 
lines  long,  bearing  an  awn  6  lines  long :  flowering  glumes  lanceolate,  dense- 
ly appressed- pubescent,  6  lines  long,  rarely  with  2  short  lateral  awns. 
Bishop's  Bar,  Snake  river,  Washington. 

Class  2,  GYMNOSPERM^. 

Monoecious  or  dioecious  trees  or  shrubs,  mostly  evergreen, 
with  usually  rigid  needle-like,  subulate,  or  scale-like  leaves. 
Ovules  naked  upon  a  scale,  bract  or  disk,  or  within  a  more  or 
less  open  perianth. 

SYNOPTICAL    KEY. 

110  TaxacesB  Dioecious  evergreens:  flowers  solitary  and  axillary:  ovule 
solitary,  in  fruit  a  bony  seed  within  a  fleshy  envelope  or  cup-shaped 
disk. 

111  PinacesB  Mostly  monoecious  and  evergreen  trees  or  shrubs:  staminate 
flowers  in  aments :  pistillate  flowers  in  scaly  aments  becoming  cones  or 
berry-like,  ovules  2  or  more  at  the  base  of  each  scale. 

Order  110     TAXACE^  Lindl.  Nat.  Syst.  ed.  2,  316. 

Sparingly  resinous  trees  or  shrubs  with  scattered,  in  ours  ever- 
green, linear  leaves  spreading  in  2  ranks  and  dioecious  axillary 
and  solitary  flowers  achlamydeous  and  naked  or  surrounded 
by  the  imbricated  and  usually  decussate  bud-scales.  Staminate 
flowers  with  the  filaments  monadelphous  in  a  column,  each  fila- 
ment surmounted  by  several  more  or  less  united  pendent  an- 
ther-cells, dehiscing  longitudinally  on  the  lower  side,  Pollen 
globose.  Pistillate  flowers  of  a  solitary  orthotropous  ovule 
which  in  fruit  becomes  a  bony-coated  seed  raised  upon  or  more 
or  less  surrounded  by  or  consolidated  with  a  fleshy  disk,  cup  or 
other  coating.  Embryo  axile,  in  fleshy  or  farinaceous  albumen. 
Cotyledons  only  2,  semiterete. 

1    TAXUS  L.  Sp.  1040. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  evergreen  spirally  arranged  short-pointed 
linear  flat  mucronate  leaves,  spreading  so  as  to  appear  2-ranked, 
and  axillary  and  solitary  sessile  or  subsessile  very  small  aments. 
Staminate  aments  consisting  of  a  few  scaly  bracts  and  5-8 
stamens,  their  filaments  united  to  the  middle:  anthers  4-6-celled. 
Ovules  solitary,  axillary,  erect,  subtended  by  a  fleshy  annular 
disk,  which  is  bracted  at  the  base.  Fruit  consisting  of  the  fleshy 
disk  which  becomes  cup-shaped,  red  and  nearly  encloses  the  bony 
seed. 

T.    brevifolia  Nutt.  Sylva  iii,  86  t.  108.    A  tree  20-90  feet  high,  by 


782  PINACE^  JDNIPERU8 

1-3  feet  in  diameter,  with  slender  spreading,  or  drooping  branches :  leaves 
6-12  lines  long,  acuminate,  and  cuspidate,  the  margins  somewhat  revolute, 
bright  green  above,  glaucous  benfeath,  abruptly  narrowed  at  the  base  into 
a  short  slender  petiole :  staminate  aments  1}4  lines  broad  :  fruit  amber-red 
3-6  lines  in  diameter,  much  flattened :  seeds  broadly  ovate  and  somewhat 
flattened,  acute:  ovary  2  lines  long.  Common  from  western  Brit.  Colum- 
bia to  California. 

Order    111     PINACEiE  Lindl.  Nat.  Syst.  ed.  2,  313. 

Kesinous  trees  or  shrubs,  mostly  with  evergreen  narrow  or 
scale  like  entire  leaves  and  monoecious  or  rarely  dioecious 
flowers.  Staminate  flowers  reduced  to  the  stamens  only  which 
are  indefinite  in  number  and  often  numerous,  the  filaments 
upon  a  central  axis  with  the  2  or  more  anthers  either  adnate  to 
the  back  of  the  connective  or  suspended  from  the  under 
side  of  its  scale-like  or  peltate  summit,  the  cells  dehiscing 
variously.  Pistillate  aments  consisting  of  few  to  many  scales, 
becoming  a  dry  cone  in  fruit  or  fleshy  and  berry-like.  Ovules 
naked,  two  or  more  at  or  on  the  base  of  each  scale,  adnate  or 
free,  erect  or  inverted.  Seeds  naked  or  winged,  with  chartace- 
ous  or  crustaceous  or  sometimes  bony  testa.  Embryo  straight, 
axile,  in  fleshy  oily  albumen.  Cotyledons  two  to  several  in  a 
whorl. 

Tribe  i  CuPRESsiNEiE  Scales  of  the  fertile  aments  few,  decus- 
sately opposite,  apparently  single,  becoming  a  small  cone  or 
connate  into  a  drupe-like  globulus. 

*    Leaves  opposite  or  in  three's,  never  2-ranked :  flowers  dioecious  : 
fruit  drupe-like,  with  bony  ovate  seeds. 

1  Jnniperus    Ovules  in  pairs  or  solitary  at  the  base  of  the  fleshy  scales : 

seeds  1-5  or  more :  fruit  globose,  ripening  the  second  season. 

*  *    Leaves  opposite :  flowers  monoecious :  fruit  a  dry  cone. 
■*-    Cone  subglobose,  of  spreading,  peltate  or  cuneate  scales :  seeds 
one  or  more  to  each  scale,  angled  or  narrowly  winged. 

2  Chamsecyparis    Leaves  and  branches  more  or  less   2-ranked:  seeds 

one  or  two  to  each  scale. 

■*-  -«-     Leaves  2-ranked :  cone  oblong,  of  imbricated  or  valvate  ob- 
long scales:   seeds  2  or  more  to  each  scale,  maturing  the  first  year. 

8    Thuja    Scales  8-12,  rather  thin,  imbricated :  seeds  equally  2-winged. 

4  Libocedrns    Scales  thick-coriaceous,  valvate,  only  the  middle  pair 

fertile  •*  seeds  unequally  2-winged. 

Tribe  ii,  Taxodine^  Scales  of  the  fertile  aments  more  num- 
erous and  spirally  arranged,  in  fruit  forming  a  woody  cone. 

5  Sequoia    Large  trees  with  short-linear  to  ovate-lanceolate  acute  cari- 

nate  leaves  and  ovate  cones  with  cuneate  spreading  scales. 

Tribe  hi,  Abietine^  Scales  of  the  fertile  aments  numerous, 
spirally  imbricated,  carpellary,  each  in  the  axil  of  a  thin  distinct 
persistent  bract,  in  fruit  becoming  coriaceous  or  ligneous  and 
forming  a  strobile  or  cone. 


JUNIBERUS  PINACEili,  783 

*  Leaves  not  in  eheatha,  mostly  entire:  flowers  on  last  years  bran- 
chlets :  cones  maturing  the  first  year. 

■*-    Branchlets  smooth,  the  leaf-scars  not  raised. 
*>     Leaves  in  fascicles  at  the  ends  of  small  branchlets,  deciduous. 

ft    Larix    Cones  pendant  at  the  ends  of  short  branchlets,  with  thin  persis- 
tent scale :  seeds  without  resin  vesicles. 

**    **    Leaves  solitary  and  scattered  along  the  branchlets,  persistent. 

7  Abies    Leaves  sessile,  leaving  circular  scars :  cones  erect,  their  scales 

and  bracts  deciduous  from  the  central  axis :   seeds  with  resin  vesicles. 

8  Psendotsnga    Leaves  petioled,  the  scars  transversely  oval :  cones  pen- 

dulous, their  scales  and  bracts  persistent  on  the  central  axis:   seeds 
without  resin  vesicles. 

•*-  •*-  Branchlets  rough  from  the  prominent  persistent  leaf-bases : 
cones  pendulous,  their  scales  and  bracts  persistent  on  the  central  axis. 

9  Tsuga    Leaves  petioled,  with  a  single  dorsal  duct:  seeds  with  resin 

vesicles. 

10  Picea    Leaves  sessile,  keeled  on  both  sides,  with  2  lateral  complete  or 
incomplete  ducts :  seeds  without  resin  vesicles. 

*  *  Cones  maturing  in  the  second  year  their  bracts  becoming 
corky  and  thickened:  leaves  of  the  perfect  plant  in  bundles  of  1-5, 
from  the  axil  of  scarious  bracts,  their  bases  surrounded  by  a  sheath  of 
scabrous  bud-scales,  usually  serrulate. 

11  Pinus    Leaves  needle-shape,   the  resin-ducts  inconstant  in  number 
and  variously  placed. 

Tribe  1,  Cwpressinese.  Cupressinese  and  Juniper  ex  Endl,  Syn. 
Conif.  6.  Leaves  decussately  opposite  or  ternate,  often  dimorphous, 
usually  scale-lilce  and  mostly  adnate,  the  earlier  ones  free  and  subu- 
late: leaf -buds  not  scaly.  Anther-cells  2-8,  introrse  on  the  lower 
part  of  the  face  of  the  peltate  connective-scale.  Pollen-grains  sim- 
ple. Scales  of  the  fertile  amentsfew,  decussately  opposite,  apparently 
single,  becoming  a  small  cone  or  connate  into  a  drupe-like  fruit. 
Ovules  erect,  solitary  or  rarely  2  to  each  scale.     Cotyledons  usually^. 

1    JUNIPERUS  L.  Sp.  1038. 

Shrubs  or  trees  with  opposite  or  verticil  late  subulate  or  scale- 
like sessile  evergreen  leaves,  usually  of  2  kinds,  and  dioecious 
or  sometimes  monoecious  small  globose  axillary  or  terminal 
aments.  Staminate  aments  oblong  or  ovoid.  Anther-cells  4-8 
under  each  shield-shaped  scale.  Fertile  aments  of  2  or  3  series  of 
fleshy  scales,  with  2  erect  ovules  to  each  scale,  in  fruit  becoming 
united  into  a  blue-black  or  reddish  drupe,  ripening  the  second 
season.     Seeds  1-12,  ovate,  bony. 

§  1  OxYCEDRUS  Spach  Ann.  Sc.  Nat.  2nd.  Ser.  xvi,  289. 
Leaves  ternate,  free  and  jointed  at  the  base,  linear-subulate, 
pungent,  channelled  and  white-glaucous  above,  not  glandular- 
pitted. 

J.  commnnis  L.  Sp.  1040.  A  low  tree  or  erect  shrub  1-25  feet  high : 
with  shreddy  bark,  the  branches  spreading  or  drooping :  leaves  all  subulate, 
rigid,  spreading  or  some  of  the  lower  reflexed,  mostly  straight,  verticillate 


784  PINACEiE  chamjecyparis 

in  threes,  often  with  smaller  ones  in  their  axils,  5-10  lines  long  less  than 

1  line  wide,  channelled  and  commonly  whitened  on  the  upper  surface: 
berry-like  cones  sessile  or  nearly  so,  dark  blue,  3-4  lines  in  diameter. 
On  dry  hills,  northern  Washington  to  Brit.   Columbia  and  Pennsylvania. 

J,  nana  Willd.  Sp.  PL  iv.  854.  A  depressed  rigid  shrub  seldom  over 
18  inches  high,  forming  irregular  patches  often  10  feet  in  diameter :  leaves 
lanceolate,  acute  and  cuspidate,  4-6  lines  long,  channelled  and  white  above, 
dark  green  and  carinate  beneath,  mostly  incurved  :  amenta  axillary :  berry- 
like cones  blue,  3-5  lines  in  diameter.  Common  in  the  high  mountains 
and  along  the  coast.  California  to  Alaska  and  across  the  continent:  also  in 
Europe  and  Asia. 

§  2     Sabina  Spach  1.  c.  291.     Leaves  ternate   or  opposite,  of 

2  forms,  mostly  adnate  and  scale-like,  closely  appressed  and 
crowded  upon  the  branches  and  often  glandular-pitted,  occasion- 
ally more  distinct,  free  and  subulate. 

J,  occidentalis  Hook.  Fl.  ii,  166.  A  rather  small  tree  20-50 feet  high 
and  1-2  feet  in  diameter :  leaves  in  threes  scale-like,  closely  imbricated 
and  appressed,  ovate,  acute,  convex  on  the  back :  usually  very  resinous 
fruit  on  short  branchlets,  solitary,  numerous,  globose  or  obovoid,  3-4  lines 
in  diameter,  blue-black,  resinous :  seeds  1-3,  deeply  pitted.  On  very  dry 
plains  and  banks,  eastern  Oregon  to  Brit.    Columbia  and  Idaho. 

J.  scopulorum  Sargent.  /.  Virginiana  of  authors  as  to  the  western 
tree.  A  tree  10-50  feet  high,  1-2  feet  in  diameter:  leaves  mostly  opposite; 
all  those  of  young  plants  and  commonly  someof  those  of  twigs  of  older  trees 
subulate,  spiny-tipped,  2-4  lines  long,  those  of  the  mature  branches  scale - 
like,  acute  or  suV)acute,  closely  appressed  and  imbricated,  4-ranked,  causing 
the  twigs  to  appear  quadrangular:  aments  terminal:  berry-like  cones  light 
blue,  glaucous,  about  3  lines  in  diameter,  borne  on  straight  peduncle-like 
branchlets  of  less  than  their  own  length,  1-2-seeded.  In  dry  soil,  eastern 
Washington  to  Brit.  Columubia. 

2    CHAMiECYPARIS  Spach  Hist.  Veg.  ii,  329.  (1842.) 

Trees  with  minute  opposite  appressed  4  ranked  scale-like  ever- 
green leaves  and  small  monoecious  terminal  aments.  Staminate 
aments  globose,  with  opposite  2-4-celled  anthers,  the  cells  globose, 
2-valved.  Fertile  aments  globose,  with  few  peltate  opposite  scales 
each  bearing  2-5  erect  seeds,  closed  until  mature,  each  with  a 
central  point  or  knob.     Seeds   winged,  maturing  the  first   year. 

C.  Lawsoniana  Parlat.  DC.  Prod r.  xvi,  464.  A  tall  tree  100-200  feet 
high  and  2-6  feet  in  diameter,  with  slender  spreading  or  drooping  branch- 
es: leaves  small,  deep  green  with  a  glaucous  margin  when  young,  acute  or 
acutish,  more  or  less  glandular-pitted :  cones  4  lines  in  diameter  glaucous 
when  young,  of  8-10  scales  with  the  flattened  summit  crossed  by  a  narrow 
transverse  ridge:  seeds  2-4  to  each  scale,  wing-margined,  2  lines  long. 
Along  streams  in  the  coast  mountains,  southern  Oregon  and  northern 
California. 

C.  Nootkatensis  Spach  Hist.  Veg.  xi.  333.  A  slender  tree  50-160  feet 
high  and  1-3  feet  in  diameter  at  the  base,  with  slender  drooping  branches 
and  terete  branchlets:  leaves  small,  very  acute,  dark  green,  obscurely 
glandular:  cones  globose,  5-6  lines  in  diameter,  of  4-6  thick  green  scales 
with  very  prominent  central  bosses :  seeds  2-4  to  each  scale,  thick  and  nar- 
rowly winged.  On  the  highest  parts  of  the  Cascade  Mountains,  Oregon  to 
Alaska. 


THUJA  PINACE^  785 

LIBOCEDRUS 

3    THUJA  L.   Sp.   1002 

Trees  with  thin  fibrous  bark,  scattered  branches  and  distichous 
evergreen  foliage.  Leaves  opposite,  adnate  and  imbricated  in  4 
rows,  oblong,  with  free  acute  tips  somewhat  dimorphous.  Flow- 
ers monoecious.  Aments  terminal,  of  few  scales  decussately 
imbricated  in  pairs.  Staminate  flowers  numerous,  very  small, 
with  3  or  4  anthers  under  each  of  the  4  or  6  subpeltate  broadly 
ovate  pointed  scales.  Pollen  grains  simple.  Fertile  aments  ter- 
minating stouter  branchlets,  of  8-12  erect  scales,  with  2  or  more 
erect  ovules  at  the  base  of  each.  Cones  soon  strongly  reflexed, 
maturing  the  first  season,  small,  the  thin-coriaceous  scales  ovate, 
the  lowest  and  uppermost  pairs  sterile.  Seeds  lanceolate  and 
somewhat  compressed,  nearly  equally  winged. 

T.  plicata  Don  Hort.  Cantab,  ed.  6,  249.  T.  gigantea  Nutt.  A  tall 
graceful  tree  100-250  feet  bigh  and  2-12  feet  in  diameter  at  base :  foliage  light 
green  and  shining :  leaves  ovate,  acuminate  and  subpungent :  cones  5-8 
lines  long,  ovate,  cinnamon-colored,  somewhat  clustered  at  the  ends  of 
branchlets,  the  ovate  scales  with  a  thin  acute  usually  appressed  mucro,  the 
lowest  and  uppermost  pairs  sterile,  the  others  with  2-6  ovules :  seeds  a  little 
shorter  than  the  wings  which  are  3  lines  long,  distinct  and  slightly  unequal. 
Frequent  in  forests  California  to  Alaska  and  Idaho. 

4  LIBOCEDRUS  Endl.  Syn.  Conif.  42.  (1847.) 
Evergreen  trees  with  smooth  or  fissured  bark,  scale-like  leaves 
and  monoecious  or  dioecious  flowers.  Leaves  decussately  opposite, 
imbricated  by  fours  and  dissimilar,  the  facial  ones  smaller,  flat 
and  appressed,  the  marginal  ones  bract-like  and  keeled.  Aments 
solitary,  terminal :  the  staminate  ones  with  subpeltate  scales,  each 
with  3-4  longitudinally  dehiscent  anthers  on  the  dorsal  side. 
Fertile  aments  bracteate,  with  4-6  decussately  opposite  erect 
scales,  the  lower  pair  usually  sterile,  the  third  when  present  con- 
nate into  a  longitudinal  septum.  Ovules  2  to  each  scale,  flask- 
shaped.  Cone  ripening  the  first  year,  its  scales  subwoody,  mu- 
cronate  below  the  apex,  erect,  at  length  spreading.  Seeds  in  pairs 
or  solitary.     Cotyledons  two. 

L.  decnrrens  Torr.  PI.  Fremont  7,  t  3.  A  tall  tree  100-150  feet  high 
by  3-7  feet  in  diameter,  with  lax  scattered  spreading  branches :  leaves 
bright  green,  in  2  decussate  pairs  at  each  joint,  closely  adnate  except  the 
short  acute  tip,  the  lateral  without  glands  and  nearly  covering  the  flat- 
tened obscurely  pitted  inner  ones :  staminate  flowers  ovate,  of  12-16  scales: 
cones  9-12  lines  long,  scaly-bracted  at  base,  oblong,  the  lower  scales  very 
short,  the  upper  connate  into  a  longitudinal  septum,  the  middle  pair 
convex,  obtuse  at  the  tip,  all  with  a  short  acute  somewhat  incurved  mucro : 
seeds  oblong-lanceolate,  3-6  lines  long,  the  narrow  outer  wing  scarcely 
longer;  the  inner  one  broad  and  nearly  equalling  the  scale.  On  dry  hill- 
sides, Oregon  to  California  and  Nevada. 

Tribe  2     Taxodinese.     Leaves   alternate.     Scales   of  the  fertile 
aments  more  numerous  and  spirally  arranged j  in  fruit  becoming  a 
woody  cone.     Ovules  erect:  in  some  genera  mverted. 
5    SEQUOIA  Endl.  Syn.  Conif.  198. 

Tall  trees  with  straight  columnar  trunks,  short  spreading  bran- 


786  PINACEiE  sequoia 

LARIX 

ches,  linear  leaves  and  monoecious  flowers.  Aments  terminal 
and  axillary  upon  young  shoots,  of  rather  numerous  spirally 
arranged  scales.  Staminate  flowers  small,  involucrate  with  scale- 
like leaves,  with  3-5  anthers  under  each  subpeltate  scale.  Pollen 
grains  simple.  Fertile  aments  oblong-ovate,  erect,  with  3-7  in- 
verted ovules  at  the  base  of  each  scale.  Cones  maturing  the 
second  year,  woody,  oval,  the  scales  divergent  at  right  angles 
from  the  axis,  thick  and  wedge-shaped  with  a  rhomboidal  rugose 
umbilicate  apex,  setaceous-mucronate.  Seeds  compressed,  oblong- 
obovate,  with  thick  spreading  margins.     Cotyledons  4-6. 

S.  simperyirens  Endl.  Syn.  Conif.  198.  Erect  evergreen  trees  100-350 
feet  high  by  4-20  feet  in  diameter,  with  thick  fibrous  spongy  bark,  com- 
paratively short  spreading  branches  and  linear  3-ranked  leaves:  leaves 
bright  green  above,  glaucous  beneath,  spreading  distichously,  those  of 
the  main  branches  appressed^  acute,  or  acuminate  and  mostly  pungent, 
6-12  lines  long,  about  1  line  wide:  staminate  aments  about  2  lines  long: 
cones  oblong,  9-12  lines  long  by  6  lines  thick,  of  about  20  scales:  seeds 
brown,  2-23^  lines  long.  Near  the  coast,  extreme  southern  Oregon  and 
California. 

Tribe  3  Abietineae  Endl.  Syn.  Conif.  79.  Leaf-buds  scaly. 
Leaves  scattered  or  fascicled ^  from  linear  to  acicular.  Staminate 
flowers  spirally  arranged  and  subtended  by  involucral  scales:  an- 
ther-cells extrorse,  parallel  and  contiguous  upon  the  sides  of  a  very 
narrow  connective  which  is  often  surmounted  by  a  scarious  dilated 
inflexed  tip.  Scales  of  the  fertile  aments  numerous,  spirally  imbri- 
cated, carpellary,  each  in  the  axil  of  a  thin  distinct  bract,  in  fruit 
becoming  coriaceous  or  woody  and  forming  a  cone.  Ovules  in  pairs, 
adnate  to  the  inner  face  of  each  scale  near  the  base,  inverted.  Seeds 
separating  from  the  scale  at  maturity,  conspicuously  winged.  Coty- 
ledons 3-16. 

6    LARIX  Adans.  Fam.  PI.  ii,  480.     (1763  ) 

Tall  trees  Avith  horizontal  or  ascending  branches  and  small 
narrowly  linear  deciduous  leaves  without  sheaths  in  fascicles  on 
short  lateral  scaly  bud-like  branchlets.  Aments  short,  lateral, 
monoecious ;  the  staminate  from  leafless  buds ;  the  fertile  buds 
commonly  leiafy  at  base  and  the  aments  red.  Pollen  grains  sim- 
ple. Cones  ovoid  or  cylindric,  small,  erect,  their  scales  thin, 
spirally  arranged,  obtuse,  persistent. 

L.  occideutalis  Nutt.  Sylva  iii,  143,  t.  120.  A  lar^e  tree  100-200  feet 
high  and  1-6  feet  in  diameter,  with  thick  reddish  longitudinally  fissured 
bark:  branches  shdrt,  horizontal,  with  glabrous  branchlets:  leaves  nar- 
rowly linear,  1-2  inches  long,  in  alternate  fascicles  of  12-18,  promptly 
deciduous:  cones  ovate-cylindric,  1-13^  inches  long,  its  scales  broadly  ob- 
long, truncate,  ciliate-fringed  when  young:  bracts  scarious,  dilated  at 
base,  the  narrow  terminal  part  exserted.  In  the  mountains  of  eastern 
Oregon  and  Washington  to  Idaho. 

L.  Lyallil  Parlat.  Enum.  Sem.  Reg.  Fl.  259.  A  rather  small  tree  50- 
100  feet  high  with  horizontal  or  ascending  branches,  the  branchlets  and 
bud-scales  densely  pubescent  with  whitish  hairs:  leaves  narrowly  linear, 


AtilEB 


PINACE^  787 


1-2  inches  long,  deciduous:   cones  oblong,  lK-2  inches  long,  promptly 
deciduous.     In  the  Cascade  Mountains  of  Washington. 

7    ABIES  Juss.    Gen.  414.     (1789.) 

Evergreen  trees  with  linear  flat  scattered  leaves  and  monoeci- 
ous flowers.  Leaves  sessile,  often  spreading  so  as  to  appear  2- 
ranked,  but  in  reality  spirally  arranged,  not  jointed  to  a  persistent 
base  but  leaving  circular  flat  scars  on  the  naked  twigs.  Stamin- 
ate  aments  from  the  axils  of  the  previous  years  leaves.  Anthers 
2-celled,  the  cells  transversely  dehiscent ;  the  connective  prolonged 
into  a  short  knob  or  point.  Pollen  grains  compound.  Fertile 
aments  lateral,  erect.  Ovules  2  to  each  scale.  Cones  erect,  cylin- 
dric  to  ovoid,  their  broad  obtuse  scales  deciduous  from  the  persis- 
tent central  axis. 

A.  grandis  Lindl.  Penny  Cyc.  130.  A  tall  straight  tree  100-300  feet 
high  and  3-6  feet  in  diameter,  with  smooth  brownish  blotched  with  white 
bark  and  spreading  branches:  leaves  flat,  dark  glossy  green  and  channel- 
led above,  glossy  with  two  pale  or  white  stripes  beneath,  1-2  inches  long: 
cones  cylindric,  retuse,  2-6  inches  long,  1-lK  inch  thick,  with  scales 
nearly  twice  as  broad  as  long:  the  quite  short  obcordate  or  3-lobed  bracts 
with  or  without  a  short  point:  wing  of  the  seed  very  oblique,  2-4  lines 
long.  Common  in  moist  places  in  forests,  Brit.  Columbia  to  California 
and  Idaho. 

A,  Lowiana  Murr.  Syn.  Var.  Conif.  27.  A  tall  graceful  tree  100-200 
feet  high  and  3-3  feet  in  diameter,  with,  when  mature,  dark-colored  fis- 
sured bark  and  spreading  branches:  leaves  2-ranked,  1-2  inches  long, 
green  above,  green  with  two  white  stripes  beneath:  cones  cylindric,  2-4 
inches  long,  with  scales  nearly  twice  as  broad  as  long;  bracts  not  exserted: 
wing  of  the  seed  oblique.     In  the  Siskiyou  Mountains  and  southward. 

A.  concolor  Lindl.  Journ.  Hort.  Soc.  v,  210.  A  large  tree  100-200 
feet  high  and  3-4  feet  in  diameter,  with  rough  grayish  bark  and  spreading 
branches:  leaves  mostly  obtuse,  pale  green,  those  of  younger  trees  and 
lower  branches  elongated,  2-3  inches  long,  3-ranked,  often  slightly  chan- 
nelled, those  of  old  trees  and  of  upper  branches  shorter  broader  and  thicker, 
convex  above  and  often  falcate,  covering  the  upper  side  of  the  branchlets: 
cones  oblong-cylindric,  3-5  inches  long  13^-1^4  inch  in  diameter,  pale 
green  to  dull  purplish:  scales  12-15  Unes  wide,  nearly  twice  as  wide  as 
long:  bracts  truncate,  not  exserted:  wing  of  the  seed  oblique,  as  long  as 
wide.  In  the  mountains  at  3000-4000  feet  elevation,  southern  Oregon  to 
California. 

A,  lasiocarpa  Nutt.  Sylva,  iii,  138,  A  small  tree  50-75  feet  high  and 
7-13  inches  in  diameter,  with  smooth  whitish  bark  and  drooping  branches; 
leaves  of  the  main  branches  1-33^  inches  long,  erect,  acute  and  pungently 
pointed,  those  of  the  branchlets  more  or  less  spreading  or  curved  upward, 
rigid  and  more  or  less  pungent:  cones  cylindric,  usually  purple,  3-3  inch- 
es long,  %-l  inch  thick:  scales  broader  than  long:  bracts  not  exserted. 
On  the  highest  peaks  of  the  Cascade  Mountains. 

A.  amabilis  Forbes  Pinetum  Wob.  125,  t.  44.  A  slender  tree  100-150 
feet  high  and  1-3  feet  in  diameter,  with  smooth  whitish  bark  and  spreading 
branches:  leaves  rigid,  acute  or  obtuse,  1-3  inches  long,  on  the  lower 
branches  and  on  young  trees  3-ranked,  on  the  upper  parts  of  mature  trees 
shorter  and  curved  upward:  cones  dark  purple,  3-4  inches  long,  3-3  inches 


788  PINACEJE  pseddotsuga 

TSDGA 

in   diameter:   scales  nearly  twice  as  broad  as  long:   bracts  not  exserted.     On 
the  higher  parts  of  the  Cascade  MountaJbos, 

A.  nobills  Lindl.  Penny  Cyc.  i,  30.  A  very  large  tree  200-300  feet 
high  and  3-6  feet  in  diameter,  with  spreading  branches  and  somewhat  rough 
dark  gray  or  blackish  bark:  leaves  rigid,  acute  or  obtuse,  1-2  inches  long,  on 
the  lowest  branches  and  on  young  trees  somewhat  2-ranked,  flattish  and  slightly 
grooved;  on  the  upper  branchlets  curved  upward  and  covering  the  upper  side, 
glaucous  and  keeled  on  both  sides:  cones  cylindrical-oblong,  5-9  inches  long, 
2-4  inches  in  diameter,  almost  covered  by  the  exserted  and  reflexed  cuneate 
cuspidate-pointed  bracts:  scales  12-18  lines  wide  by  12-15  lines  long:  seed 
slender,  with  a  cuneate  somewhat  retuse  wing  nearly  as  long  as  the  scale:  coty- 
ledons 7  or  8.  Common  in  the  high  mountains  at  4000-6000  feet  elevation, 
Washington  to  California. 

8    PSEUDOTSUGA  Carr.  Conif.  ed.  2,  256. 

Large  trees  with  rough  dark  brown  or  whitish  bark,  flat  dis- 
tinctly petioled  evergreen  leaves,  that  are  stomatose  only  on  the 
lower  side,  with  2  lateral  resin-ducts  close  to  the  epidermis  of  the 
lower  side,  leaving  on  the  branchlets  scarcely  prominent  trans- 
versely oval  raised  scars.  Flowers  monoecious,  from  the  axils 
of  the  previous  year's  leaves.  Staminate  flower  an  oblong  or 
subcylindric  column  surrounded  and  partly  enclosed  by  numer- 
ous conspicuous  orbicular  bud-scales:  commissure  of  the  anthers 
terminating  in  a  short  spur;  the  cells  opening  obliquely  by  one 
continuous  slit :  pollen  grains  ovate- subglobose.  Pistillate  flow- 
ers with  the  scales  much  shorter  than  the  broadly  linear  acutely 
2-lobed  long-pointed  or  aristate  bracts.  Cones  maturing  the  first 
year,  with  persistent  scales  and  exserted  bracts.  Seeds  without 
resin-vesicles.     Cotyledons  6-10. 

P.  Donglasii  Carr.  1.  c.  A  large  tree  100-300  feet  high  and  2-15  feet 
in  diameter:  leaves  linear,  mostly  obtuse,  8-18  lines  long,  but  slightly  if  at  all 
2-ranked,  glossy  green  above,  white  with  a  green  midnerve  beneath:  staminate 
aments  oblong -cylindrical,  5-10  lines  long:  cones  oblong  to  cylindrical,  1-4 
inches  long:  scales  10-14  lines  wide,  broader  than  long:  bracts  2-3  lines  wide, 
more  or  less  exserted,  acutely  2-toothed  or  lacerate  at  the  apex,  the  prominent 
midnerve  prolonged  into  along  subulate  awn:  seed  triangular,  convex  and  red- 
dish-brown on  the  upper  side,  flat  and  white  on  the  lower  side,  about  3  lines 
long,  with  an  oblong  usually  obtuse  wing  3-5  lines  long.  Common  from 
Alaska  to  Mexico  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

9    TSUGA  Carr.  Conif.  185. 

Large  evergreen  trees  with  slender  often  drooping  terminal 
branchlets  and  monoecious  flowers.  Leaves  flat  or  somewhat 
angled,  with  a  single  dorsal  resin-duct,  conspicuously  petioled, 
articulated  upon  a  prominent  and  at  length  ligneous  persistent 
base.  Staminate  flowers  a  subglobose  cluster  of  stamens  in  the 
axils  of  last  years  leaves,  the  long  stipe  surrounded  by  numerous 
bud-scales:  commissure  of  the  anthers  terminating  in  a  short 
spur  or  knob:  anther-cells  opening  transversely  by  a  continuous 
slit.  Pistillate  aments  terminal  on  the  previous  year's  branchlets: 
bracts  somewhat  shorter  than  the  scales.  Cones  maturing  the 
first  year,  pendulous,  the  scales  and  enclosed  bracts  persistent  on 


T8UGA  PINACEiE  789 

PICEA 

the  axis.     Seeds  with  resin- vesicles  on  the  surface,  winged. 

T,  heterophylla  Sargent.  Abies  heterophylla  Raf,  Tsuga  Mertensiana 
</  authors  not  of  Carr.  A  very  large  tree  100-200  feet  high  and  2-6  feet 
in  diameter,  with  rough  rather  thick  bark:  ultimate  branchlets  very  slender, 
roughish  and  when  youug  long-hahy:  leaves  lineai',  4-9  lines  long,  abruptly 
petioled,  entire  or  usually  spinulose-serrate  toward  the  rounded  apex,  shining 
above,  when  young  with  2  white  stripes  beneath:  staminate  flowers  2-3  lines  in 
diameter,  shorter  than  the  stipe:  cones  oblong-cylindrical,  acute,  4-9  lines  long, 
slightly  pubescent:  scales  longer  than  wide:  bracts  truncate:  seeds  about  1  line, 
long,  the  wing  twice  as  long:  cotyledons  2  or  4.  In  moist  places  in  forestss 
Califoniia  to  Alaska. 

T.  Mertensiana  Carr.  Conif.  ed.  2,  250.  T.  Pattoniana  Engelm.  A 
large  tree  100-200  feet  high  and  1-4  feet  in  diameter,  with  rough  dark  brown 
bark,  slender  pubescent  branchlets  and  and  dark  green  foliage:  leaves  6-12  line, 
long,  angulai-,  acutish,  attenuate  at  the  base,  often  curved,  stomatose  and  keeled 
both  sides,  unequal  and  appealing  as  if  in  fascicles:  staminate  flowers  about  3 
lines  thick,  on  a  very  slender  stipe:  cones  cylindrical-oblong,  2-3  inches  long, 
6-8  lines  in  diameter:  seeds  2%  lines  long,  with  an  obliquely  obovate  wing 
about  4  lines  long.    On  the  high  mountains  California  to  Alaska. 

10    PICEA  Link  Abh.  Akad.  Wiss.   Berlin   1727,  179. 

Large  evergreen  trees  with  reddish  flaky  bark  and  spreading 
branches.  Leaves  keeled  above  and  beneath,  more  or  less  quad- 
rangular, articulated  on  a  prominent,  at  last  ligneous,  persistent 
rhombic  base,  spirally  arranged  all  around  the  branchlets,  some- 
times by  a  twist  of  the  base  somewhat  2-ranked:  resin-ducts 
irregular.  Staminate  flowers  axillary  and  terminal  on  the  previ- 
ous year'c5  branchlets,  with  an  oblong  or  cylindrical  staminal 
column,  its  short  stipe  surrounded  by  numerous  bud-scales:  the 
commissure  of  the  anthers  expanding  into  a  broad  nearly  circular 
erect  crest :  anther-cells  opening  longitudinally.  Pollen-grains 
large,  with  2  air-sacs.  Pistillate  aments  borne  at  the  ends  of 
short  or  longer  branchlets,  the  scales  much  longer  than  the  bracts. 
Cones  maturing  the  first  year,  pendulous :  scales  and  enclosed 
bracts  persistent  upon  the  axis.  Seeds  without  resin-vesicles, 
imbedded  in  the  membranous  base  of  the  wing  which  leavs  its 
under  side  nearly  free  and  permits  it  to  fall  out.     Cotyledons  4-8. 

P.  Breweriana  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xx,  378,  A  slender  tree 
100-150  feet  high  and  2-4  feet  in  diameter,  with  spreading  or  ascending  bi"an- 
ches  and  puberulent  pendent  branchlets,  these  sometimes  6-8  feet  long  and  not 
more  than  4  lines  in  diameter:  leaves  5-12  lines  long,  strictly  sessile  upon  the 
slender  base,  obtuse,  smooth  and  rounded  or  slightly  carinate  above,  stomatose 
beneath  on  each  side  of  the  slightly  prominent  midnerve:  cones  2-4  inches 
long,  8-lOi  lines  in  diameter,  noiTowly  cylindrical,  attenuate  at  base:  bracts 
linear-oblong,  2  lines  long:  scales  thick,  pubeixilent,  obovate,  with  slightly 
thickened  rounded  summit,  entire,  6-8  lines  long:  seeds  1%  lines  long,  the 
wing  4  lines  long,  2)4.  lines  wide.  On  diy  rocky^  ridges  in  the  Siskiyou  and 
Coast  Mountains  of  southern  Oregon  and 'adjacent  California, 

F,  Engelmanni  Engelm.  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad,  ii,  212.  A  tree  100- 
150  feet  high  and  2-5  feet  in  diameter  with  cinnamon  colored  baik  and  spread- 
ing branches  with  pubescent  branchlets:  leaves  soft  and  flexible,  standing  out 
in  all  directions  from  all  sides  of  the  branchlets,  tetragonal,  acute,  with  callus 


790  PINACEtF.  pxcea 

FINDS 

tips,  slender,  nearly  straight  on  sterile  branchlets,  incurved  and  stouter 
on  fertile  ones,  1-1^  inch  long,  dark  blue-green  at  maturity:  staminate 
flowers  oblong-cylindrical,  about  7  lines  long,  4  lines  thick,  the  stipe  about 
4  lines  long:  anthers  dark  purple:  cones  oblong-cylindrical  to  ovate,  1-3 
inches  long,  gradually  narrowed  to  each  end;  scales  thin,  straight,  iisually 
erose-dentate:  seed  black,  about  half  as  long  as  the  broad  very  oblique 
wing.  In  wet  places  on  the  high  mountains,  Oregon  to  Brit.  Columbia 
and  the  Bocky  Mountains. 

P.  Sitchensis  Carr.  Conif.  260  A  very  large  tree,  200-300  feet  high 
and  4-12  feet  in  diameter  with  thin  scaley  red-brown  bark :  branchlets  thick, 
rough  with  the  prominent  persistent  leaf  bases,  glabrous:  leaves  5-8  lines 
long,  about  1  line  wide,  flattened,  short-pointed  or  obtuse  to  acute,  stomatose 
and  when  young  white  on  the  upper  surface:  cones  cylindrical-oval,  1^-3 
inches  long,  an  inch  thick  or  less:  bracts  lanceolate,  rigid  %-%  as  long  as 
the  scales:  scales  yellowish,  oblong  soft,  rounded  and  denticulate  at  the 
apex,  9-12  lines  long:  seeds  slender  \%-l%  lines  long,  the  wing  4-5  lines 
long  by  1-1%  lines  wide,  narrowly  oblong  or  slightly  oblique.  Alongt  he 
coast  California  to  Alaska. 

11    PINUS  L.  Sp.  1000. 

Evergreen  trees  of  various  sizes  and  aspect,  with  flaky  bark 
and  monoecious  flowers.  Primary  leaves  only  on  young  plants 
and  shoots,  flat,  subulate  and  serrulate:  the  secondary  in  bundles 
of  1-5,  from  the  axils  of  bud-scales  and  surrounded  at  base  by  a 
more  or  less  persistent  sheath  of  membranous  scales,  needle-shaped, 
terete,  semiterete  or  triangular  according  as  bundles  are  of  1  or 
more,  mostly  delicately  serrulate,  with  stomata  on  all  sides: 
resin-ducts  various  in  situation  and  number.  Staminate  aments 
an  oblong  or  cylindrical  often  much  elongated  staminal  column 
surrounded  by  a  somewhat  definite  number  of  calyx-like  bud- 
scales,  the  outer  ones  lateral  and  strongly  keeled,  from  the  axils 
of  scales  and  crowded  into  a  capitate  or  spicate  inflorescence 
around  the  base  of  the  same  springs  growth:  anther-cells  open- 
ing longitudinally,  the  connective  terminating  in  a  knob  or  semi- 
circular erect  crest.  Pollen-grains  rather  small,  2-lobed,  with  2 
air-sacs.  Pistillate  aments  axillary  or  subterminal,  solitary  or 
several  together,  the  scales  much  larger  than  the  bracts.  Cones 
maturing  the  second  year,  scales  more  or  less  thickened  and 
corky,  the  free  exposed  portion  bearing  a  terminal  or  dorsal  un- 
armed or  prickly  protuberance  (umbo).  Seeds  without  resin- 
vesicles,  usually  surrounded  by  the  rim-like  base  of  the  wing 
which  often  spreads  partly  over  the  outer  side  of  the  seeds. 
Colytedoss  5-15. 

§  1  Leaves  in  fives  with  peripheral  resin-ducts,  their  sheaths 
loose  and  deciduous.  Cones  subterminal.  Scales  comparatively 
thin  at  the  free  exposed  apex,  with  a  terminal  unarmed  umbo. 
Anthers  terminating  in  a  knob  or  a  few  teeth,  or  in  a  short  in- 
complete crest. 

P.  Lambertiana  Dougl.  Linn.  Trans,  xv,  500.  A  large  tree  100-300 
feet  high  and  5-20  feet  in  diameter,  with  light  brown  smoothish  baik  and 
spreading  branches:  leaves  3-4  inches  long,  rigid,  with  5  or  6  lines  of  stomata 


PiNtJs  MNACE^.  ?9l 

on  each  of  the  3  sides,  serrulate:  staminate  amenta  oval,  6  lines  long, 
with  10-15  involucral  scales :  anthers  denticulate-crested :  cones  bright 
brown, 6-18  inches  long,  3-4  inches  in  diameter,  on  peduncles  2-3  inches 
long:  seeds  smooth,  black,  4-6  lines  long:  the  obtuse  wing  not  quite  twice 
as  long :  colyledons  13-15.     On  dry  hillsides  Oregon  to  California. 

P.  monticola  D.  Don,  Lambert  Pinus  111.  A  slender  tree  100-200 
feet  high  and  1-6  feet  in  diameter  and  rather  slender  spreading  or  some- 
what drooping  branches :  bark  of  young  trees  light  gray,  on  fully  grown 
tiees  divided  into  nearly  square  plates  covered  by  small  closely  appressed 
purple  scales :  leaves  in  fives,  blue-green  and  glaucous,  1)^-4  inches  long, 
with  brown  or  white  soon  deciduous  sheaths :  staminate  flowers  oval,  4-5 
lines  long,  the  stamens  terminating  in  short  crests  or  knobs,  surounded  by  8 
bracts :  pistillate  flowers  oblong -cylindric^  with  thin  scales  raised  upon 
stout  peduncles :  cones  4-11  inches  long,  pendulous,  1-2  inches  thick: 
scales  thin,  oblong-ovate,  1-13^  inches  long,  slightly  thickened  and  smooth 
toward  the  apex,  tipped  with  a  small  dark  umbo :  seeds  narrowed  at  both 
ends,  4  lines  long.     On  the  high  mountains,  California  to  Brit.   Columbia. 

P.  flexilis  James  Long's  Exped.  ii,  34.  A  stout  trae  usually  40-80 
feet  high  with  a  short  massive  trunk  1-5  feet  in  diameter :  with  short  stout 
flexible  spreading  or  somewhat  ascending  branches  and  whitish  or  on  old 
trees  dark  brown  bark :  leaves  stout  and  rigid,  sharp-pointed  with  callous 
tips,  dark  green,  about  2  inches  long,  with  light  brown  or  white  soon  de- 
ciduous sheaths :  staminate  flowers  oval,  about  6  lines  long,  the  reddish 
anthers  tipped  with  short  crests,  surrounded  by  8  or  9  scales:  cones  oval 
to  subcylindrical,  3-10  inches  long,  about  1}4  inch  thick :  scales  rounded 
at  the  broad  or  somewhat  narrowed  apex,  tipped  with  a  dark  thickened 
umbo :  seeds  oval,  4-6  lines  long.  On  the  high  mountains,  eastern  Oregon 
to  California  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

P.  albicaulis  Engelm.  Trans.  Acad.  St.  Louis  ii,  209.  A  stout  tree 
20-60  feet  high  and  1-3  feet  in  diameter  with  smooth  light-colored  bark : 
leaves  slender,  13^^-3  inches  long,  with  few  rows  of  stomata  on  the  inside, 
entire  or  nearly  so :  staminate  aments  short :  anthers  tipped  with  a  spur : 
cones  oval  to  globular,  1)^-3  inches  long,  13^-3  inches  thick,  purplish- 
brown:  scales  thick  and  somemhat  fleshy,  at  length  deciduous  from  the 
central  axis :  seeds  oval,  turgid,  4-6  lines  long.  On  the  highest  peaks  of 
the  Cascade  Mountains. 

§  2  Apophysis  with  a  mucronate  or  blunt  protuberance  on 
the  back.  Anthers  terminating  in  a  semiorbicular  or  almost 
orbicular  crest. 

*    Leaves  serrulate,  with  stomata  upon  all  sides :  sheaths  persistent. 
•*-   Leaves  in  threes. 

P.  ponderosa  Dougl.  Lawson's  Man.  354.  A  large  tree  100-300  feet 
high  and  2-12  feet  in  diameter  with  very  thick  red-brown  bark,  deep- 
ly furrowed  and  split  into  large  flakes :  the'branches  rather  close  spread- 
ing or  slightly  drooping :  leaves  on  stout  branchlets  in  the  axils  of  strongly 
fringed  somewhat  persistent  bracts,  5-11  inches  long,  the  thin  sheaths 
at  first  9-10  lines  long :  staminate  anthers  cylindric,  flexuous,  1)^-2  inches 
long :  involucre  of  10-12  scales :  anthers  with  a  large  semicircular  scarcely 
dentate  crest:  cones  oval,  3-5  inches  in  diameter  often  3-5  together, 
sessile  or  nearly  so,  of  a  rich  brown  color :  scales  thick  at  the  apex :  umbo 
high,  with  a  short  stout  triangular  straight  or  incurved  prickle:  seeds 
dark  brown,  3-4  lines  long :  wing  10-12  lines  long,  widest  above  the  middle : 
cotyledons  6-9.  Common  in  the  dry  regions,  California  to  Brit.  Columbia 
and  Nebraska. 

P.    Jefferyi  Oregon  Com.     A  rather  slender  tree  100-200  feet  high  and 


792  PINACE^  PiNus 

2-4  feet  in  diameter  with  dark  brown  to  nearly  black  bark  and  rather 
sparsely  branched  with  spreading  or  drooping  usually  crooked  branches: 
leaves  4-10  inches  long:  staminate  aments  1-1^  inch  long,  the  stamens 
with  a  large  semicircular  erest :  cones  5-12  inches  long,  dark  brown,  pend- 
ent, on  peduncles  1-2  inches  long  apophyses  rather  thin,  with  a  prominent 
umbo  and  stout  triangular  recurved  prickle  5-6  lines  long: cotyledons  7-11. 
On  dry  stony  ridges  southern  Oregon. 

P.  attennata  Lemmon  Mining  and  Scientific  Press,  Jan.  16th,  1891. 
A  small  tree  10-40  feet  high  and  3-18  inches  in  diameter  with  rough  dark- 
colored  bark  and  short,  ascending  branches :  leaves  in  threes,  with  thin 
close  sheaths,  slender,  acute,  with  callous  tips  coarsely  and  remotely 
serrate  firm  and  rigid,  pale  yellow  or  bluish-green,  3-7  inches  long:  stami- 
nate flowers  in  elongated  spkies,  cylindrical,  6  lines  long :  anthers  terminat- 
ing in  irregular  toothed  broad  crests,  surrounded  by  9  bracts :  cones  elon- 
gated-conical, pointed,  very  oblique  at  base,  strongly  reflexed,  3-6  inches 
long,  1^-2  inches  thick,  remaining  closed  for  many  years :  scales  flat, 
rounded  at  the  apex,  those  of  the  outside  being  enlarged  into  promiment 
knobs  arned  with  thick  flattened  incurved  spines.  On  dry  mountain 
sides   southern  Oregon  to  California. 

■*-  ■*-    Leaves  in  twos. 

P.  contorta  Loudon  Arb.  Brit,  iv,  2292.  A  small  tree  10-30  feet  high 
with  a  short  trunk  6-12  inches  in  diameter:  leaves  1-1 M  inches  long,  acute, 
with  short  callous  tips,  finely  and  sharply  serrulate:  staminate  aments  cy- 
lindrical, about  6  lines  long,  with  orange-red  anthers  terminating  in  semi- 
orbicular  nearly  entire  crests,  surrounded  by  6  scales:  cones  oval  or  sub- 
cylindrical  1-2  inches  long,  tapering  toward  the  apex,  very  oblique  at  the 
base:  scales  thin,  rounded  at  the  apex  which  is  transversely  keeled  and 
slightly  thickened  into  narrow  oblong  dark  umbos,  armed  with  slender 
often  recurved  prickles,  often  remaining  closed  several  years.  Common 
on  the  coast  and  on  the  mountains  California  to  Alaska  and  the  Rocky 
Mountains. 

P.  Murrayana  Oregon  Com.  A  small  slender  tree  50-120  feet  high 
and  4-12  inches  in  diameter,  with  very  thin  light  grayish-brown  bark  and 
Spreading  or  ascending  branches:  leaves  1-3  inches  long,  light  green,  delicately 
seiTulate:  staminate  aments  cylindrical,  suiTOunded  by  6-8  scales:  cones  oblong - 
cylindrical,  1-2  inches  long,  slightly  oblique  at  base,  tapering  toward  the  apex 
often  opening  at  matmity  and  deciduous:  seeds  black,  the  wings  6-8  lines  long. 
On  the  high  mountains  California  to  Brit.  Columbia  and  the  Rocky  Mountains 
east  of  the  Casacde  Range. 


INDEX 


ABAMA  665 

Californica  665 

ABIES  787 

amabilis  787 

concolor  787 

grandis  787 

Lowiana  787 

lasiocarpa  787 

nobilis  788 

ABUTILON  103 

Avicennae  103 

ABRONIA  566 

fra grans  567 

latifolia  566 

mellifera  566 

umbellata  566 

ACERACEAE  116 

ACER  116 

circinatum  117 

glabrum  117 

macropbyllum  117 

ACHILLEA  361 

Millefolium  361 

ACHYLS  28 

triphylla  29 

ACHYRACHAENA    351 

mollis  351 

ACONITUM  25 

bulbiferum  25 

Columbianum  25 

ACTAEA  26 

arguta  26 

rubra  26 

ACTINELLA  358 

Richardsoni  358 

ADENOCAULON        332 

bicolor  332 

ADENOSTEGIA  536 

capitata  537 

ramosa  537 

viscida  537 

AGASTACHE  552 

urticifolia  g3 

occidentalis  553 

AGOSERIS  400 

alpestris  400 

apargioides  402 

aurantiaca  401 

barbellulata  400 

elata  401 

gracilenta  401 

grandiflora  402 

heterophylla  402 

Var.   glabra  402 

hirsuta  402 

laciniata  402 

parviflora  401 

purpurea  401 


retrorsa 
tomentosa 

AGRIMONIA 
Eupatoria 

AGROPYRON 


402 
401 
171 
171 
774 


Plantago-aquatica  678 


brevifolium  775 

dasystachyum  var. 

subvillosum  776 

divergens  774 

Var,  inermis  774 
Var,   tenuispica- 

tum  774 

Blmeri  776 

caninum  775 

lanceolatNum  776 

pseudorepens  776 

Var.   magnum  776 

repen«:  776 

Scribneri  775 

Smithii  775 

Var.  molle  776 

tenuum  775 

Var.  longifolium  775 


ALLIONIA 

linearis 
ALLIUM 
acuminatum 
anceps 

attenuifolium 
Bolanderi 
cernutrm 
collinum 
crenulatum 
Cusiekii 
Douglasii 
falcifolium 
Geyeri 
macrum 
madidum 


566 
566 
639 
640 
642 
641 
640 
639 
640 
642 
642 
640 
642 
640 
641 
640 


Vaseyi 

774 

violaceum 

775 

AGROSTEMMA 

80 

Githago 

80 

AGROSTIS 

725 

alba 

725 

asperifolia 

725 

attenuata 

727 

canina 

727 

densiflora 

726 

Diegoensis 

727 

equivalvis 

725 

exarata 

725 

geminata 

727 

grandis 

726 

Hallii 

727 

Howellii 

728 

humilis 

728 

Idahoensis 

728 

microphylla 

726 

Oregonensis 

728 

Pringlei 

726 

scabra 

728 

Scouleri 

727 

tenuiculmis 

726 

varians 

728 

verticillata 

726 

virescens 

728 

AIRA 

745 

caryophyllea 

745 

praecox 

745 

ALCHEMILLA 

171 

arvensis 

171 

AI^ISMAOBAE 

678 

ALISMA 


678 


Var.    cuspidatum    640 

Nevii  641 

pleianthum  642 

tribracteatum  641 
Schoenoprasum       639 

scilloides  640 

serratum  641 

simillimum  643 
Tolmiei                   .  642 

validum  639 

Watsoni  642 

ALLOCARYA  481 

bracteata  481 

Californica  482 

Chorisiana  482 

Cusiekii  481 

echinoglochin  481 

Hendersoni  482 

hirta  482 

hispidula  481 

mollis  483 

plebia  481 

Scouleri  482 

ALLOTROPA  427 

virgata  427 

ALNUS  614 

Oregana  614 

rhombifolia  615 

serrulata  615 

sinuata  615 

tenuifolia  615 

ALOPECURUS  740 

agrestis  740 

Californicus  741 

geniculatus  741 

Var.  robustus  741 

Howellii  742 

occidentalis  742 

pallescens  741 

pratensis  741 

ALSINE  81 


INDEX 


aculeata 

arctica 

Baicalensis 

brachypetala 

Burkei 

Californica 

capillaris 

congesta 

Douglasii 

Fendleri 

formosa 

Franklinii 

graminea 

Howellii 

lateriflora 

longifolia 

longipes 

macrophylla 

media 

nitens 

Nuttallii 

uliginosa 

paludicola 

peploides 

physoaes 

propinqua 

pusilla 

serpyllifolia 

Sajanensis 

Sitchensis 

stricta 

tenella 
A.LSINELLA 

occidentalis 

crassicaulis 

saginoides 
AMARANTH- 

ACEAE 
AMARANTHUS 

blitoides 

Californicus 

carneus 

graecizans 

hybridus 
AMBROSIA 

artemisiaefolia 
AMELAiNiCHIER 

alnifolia 

florida 

pallida 
AMMANNIA 

humilis 

latifolia 
AMMODIA 

Oregana 
AMSINCKIA 

intermedia 

lycopsoides 


85  Var.  bracteosa  490 
87  AMYGDAx^ACEAE  160 
82    ANACARDIACEAE    118 

82    ANAGALLIS  437 

85  arvensis  437 

86  ANAPHALIS  330 

84  margaritacea  330 

85  ANDROMEDA  418 

86  polifolia  418 
85  ANDROSACB  435 
85        filiformis  435 

85  septentrionalis  435 
82    ANEMONE  7.    9 

86  deltoidea  10 
.84  Drummondii  10 
82  multifida  10 
82  narcissiflora  11 
84  occidentalis  10 
81       Oregana  10 

81  Lyallii  10 

87  Tetonensis  10 

82  trifolia  11 

86  ANGELICA  247 
84  arguta  248 
84       Canbyi  248 

87  genuflexa  247 

86  Hendersoni  248 
84       Lyallii  248 

87  ANISOCARPHUS  345 
S4  madioides  346 
87    ANOGRA  230 

86  pallida  230 

87  trichocalyx  23t 

87  ANTHEMIS  361 

88  arvensis  361 
<?S       Cotula  361 

ANTHOXANTHUM  72] 

589       odoratum  721 

589    ANTIRRHINUM  504 

589  Kingii  505 

590  leptaleum  504 
590  ANTENNARIA  327 
589  argentea  328 
589  dimorpha  327 
336  flagellaris  327 
336       Geyeri  327 

164  Howellii  329 

165  lanata  328 
165  luzuloides  328 
165  media  328 
216  pedicellata  329 
216  racemosa  329 
216  rosea  328 
297  stenophylla  327 
297  suffrutescens  329 
489  umbrinella  329 
489  APARGIDIUM  394 
489       boreale  394 


APETALAE  563 

APOCYNACEAE  439 

APOCYNUM  439 

androsaemifolium  439 

Var.   pumilum  440 

cannabinum  440 

APHYLLON  541 

AQUILEGIA  21 

flavescens  22 

formosa  21 

leptosera  22 

truncata  21 

ARABIS  42 

arcuata  46 

atrorubens  43 

Bolanderi  43 

Breweri  44 

canescens  46 

Columbiana  46 

Cusickii  44 

furcata  43 

hirsuta  42 

Howellii  45 

Koehleri  44 

Lemmoni  44 

Lyallii  44 

microphylla  44 

Nuttallii  42 

perfoliata  42 

platysperma  45 

purpurascens  43 

retrofracta  45 

secunda  45 

sparsiflora  43 

subpinnatifida  46 

suffrutescens  45 

Suksdorfii  43 

ARACEAE  667 

ARALiaCEAE  270 

ARALIA  270 

Californica  270 

Var.    acuminata  271 

ARBUTUS  414 

Menziesii  414 

ARCEUTHOBIUM     609 

ARCTIUM  381 

lappa  381 

ARCTOSTAPYLOS    415 

bracteata  417 

cinerea  416 

hispidula  415 

intermedia  415 

intricata  416 

Manzanita  416 

Nevadensis  415 

oblongifolia  416 

parvifolia  41G 

pulchella  416 


INDEX 


strigosa 

417    ASCLEPIAS 

440 

leucocystis 

148 

tormentosa 

417 

cryptoceras 

441 

iodanthus 

147 

Uva-ursi 

415 

Mexicana 

441 

Lyallii 

144 

viscida 
ARISTIDA 

416       speciosa 
739    ASTER 

441 
307 

maiacus 

microcystis 

misellus 

miser 

Mortoni 

146 
150 
147 
153 
144 

fasciculata 

740 

Burkei 

310 

oligantha 

739 

campestris 

308 

purpurea 

739 

Chamissonis 

308 

multiflorus 

153 

ARISTOLO- 

commutatus 

308 

obscurus 

146 

CHIACEAE 

606 

conspicuous 

307 

Pacificus 

144 

ARMERIACEAE 

430 

Cusickii 

310 

Palousensis 

151 

ARMBRIA 

430 

Var.  Lyalli 

310 

Purshii 

148 

vulgaris 

430 

Douglasii 

309 

racemosus 

147 

ARRHENATH- 

Eatoni 

310 

reventus 

151 

ERUM 

746 

Fremonti 

309 

salinus 

143 

elatius 

746 

foliaceus 

309 

sclerocarpus 

152 

ARNICA 

372 

Var.  frondeus 

310 

serotinus 

153 

alpina 

374 

Var.   apricus 

310 

Spaldingii 

144 

amplexicaulis 

373 

Geyeri 

308 

speirocarpus 

152 

cernuua 

373 

Hallii 

309 

Var.   falciformis 

152 

Chamissonis 

373 

Hendersoni 

311 

succumbPTiR 

146 

cordifolia 

373 

integrifolius 

307 

Suksdorfii 

149 

var.  eradiata 

373 

intermedins 

309 

tegetarius 

153 

discoidea 

372 

Menziesii 

308 

Tweedyi 

152 

foliosa 

374 

militarius 

310 

umbraticus 

145 

latifolia 

373 

modestus 

308 

Utahensis 

149 

longlfolia 

374 

occidentalis 

309 

ATHYSANUS 

65 

parviflora 

372 

Oreganus 

309 

pusillus 

65 

Parryi 

374 

radulinus 

307 

ATRIPLEX 

594 

spathulata 

372 

ASTRAGALUS 

143 

argentea 

595 

viscosa 

374 

accidens 

144 

confertifolia 

596 

ARTEMISIA 

364 

adsurgens 

145 

Nuttallii 

596 

arbuscula 

367 

allanaris 

149 

patula 

595 

biennis 

365 

araneosus 

143 

pusilla 

595 

Canadensis 

365 

arrectus 

146 

truncata 

595 

Groenlandica 

365 

Beckwithii 

147 

zosteraefolia 

595 

discolor 

366 

Bourgovii 

153 

AUDIBERTIA 

551 

dracunculoides 

365 

Californicus 

152 

incana 

552 

frigida 

365 

Catalinensis 

145 

AVENA 

743 

heterophylla 

366 

lentiginosus 

143 

fatua 

743 

incompta 

366 

ceramicus 

150 

Var.  glabrescens 

743 

Lindleyana 

366 

Chamaeleuce 

150 

Smithii 

744 

Ludoviciana 

366 

collinus 

152 

AZALEA 

421 

Richardsoniana 

366 

conjunctus 

151 

occidentalis 

422 

rigida 

367 

Cusickii 

150 

AZALEASTRUM 

421 

spinescens 

364 

diaphanus 

143 

albiflorum 

421 

tridentata 

367 

diurnus 

149 

BACCHARIS 

322 

Var.    angustifolia    367 

dorycnioides 

148 

3AHIA 

355 

trifida 

367 

drepanolobus 

145 

nudicaulis 

356 

pedatifida 

365 

filipes 

153 

oppositifolia 

356 

Prescottiana 

366 

Geyeri 

150 

BAERIA 

354 

ARUNCUS 

188 

Gibbsii 

152 

aristosa 

354 

vulgaris 
ASARUM 

188 
606 

glareosus 
Hoodianus 

147 
151 

BALSAMINACEAE    110 

caudatum 

607 

Hookerianus 

149 

BALSAMORRHIZA   339 

Hartwegi 

607 

Howellii 

147 

Carey  ana 

339 

ASCLEPIAD- 

hypoglottis 

145 

deltoidea 

339 

ACEAE 

440 

inflexus 

148 

Hookeri 

340 

INDEX 


hirsuta  340 

incana  340 

sagittata  339 

terebinthacea  340 

BARBAREA  41 

stricta  41 

vulgaris  41 

BATRACHIUM  7,  12 

aquatile  13 

liObbii  13 

trichophyllum  13 

BECKMANNIA  735 

erucaeformis  735 

BELLIS  30o 

perennis  305 
BERBERIDACEAE      27 

3ERBERIS  27 

Aquifolium  28 

nana  28 

nervosa  28 

pumila  27 

repens  28 

BERGIA  98 

Texana  99 

BETULACEAE  613 

BETULA  614 

Hallii  614 

occidentalis  614 

BICUCULLA  33 

Cucullaria  34 

formosa  33 

pauciflora  34 

uniflora  34 

BIDENS  344 

Beckii  344 

cernua  344 

frondosa  344 
BLEFHARIPAP- 

PUS  345 

laevis  345 

scaber  345 

BLITUM  593 

capitatum  594 

BOISDUVALIA  235 

Douglasii  236 

glabella  236 

Torreyi  236 

BOLANDRA  197 

Californica  197 

Oregana  197 

BOLELIA  407 

elegans  407 

pluchella  407 

BOLTONIA  305 

occidentalis  305 

BOSCHNIAKIA  542 

Hookeri  542 

strobilacea  542 


BORAGINACEAE 
BOUTELOUA 

oligostachya 
BOYKINIA 

major 

occidentalis 
BRASSICA 

.campestris 

nigra 
BRACHYACTIS 

frondosa 
8RASENIA 

Schreberi 
BRAYA 

humilis 
BREVOORTIA 

Ida-Maia 
BRIZA 

minor 
BROMUS 

brizaeformis 

carinatus 

Orcuttianus 

Gussoni 

Hookerianus 

hordeaceous 

Var.    glabrescens 

inermis 

laevipes 

marginatus 

Var.  latior 

Var.  seminudus 

Madritensis 

Pacificus 

polyanthus 

racemosus 

Var.   commutatus 

rubens 

secalinus 

Sitchensis 

sterilis 

Suksdorfii 

tectorum 

vulgaris 

Var.  eximius 

Var.   robustus 
BRODIAEA 

Bridgesii 

Calliprora 

capitata 

congesta 

Douglasii 

grandiflora 

Hendersoni 

minor 

Howellii 

lactea 

multi  flora 


474       Tritelia  644 

735  BRUNELLA  556 

735  vulgaris  556 

196  BRYANTHUS  419 

196  empetriformis  420 

196  BUPLEURUM  265 

60  Americanum  266 

61  BURSA  61 
61  Bursa-pastoris  61 

314  CACALiaPSIS  369 

314  Nardosmia  369 

29  CACTACEAE  241 

29  CACTUS  242 

59  viviparus  242 

59  CALAMAGROSTIS    730 

645  Aleutica  731 

645  crassiglumis  734 

765  Canadensis  732 

765  Var.  acuminata  732 

769  Cusickii  733 

770  Howellii  730 
773  hyperborea  733 

771  Var.  elongata  734 
770  Var.  Americana  734 
773  inexpansa  733 

769  Var.  cuprea  733 

770  Var.  barbulata  738 

772  lactea  732 

771  Langsdorfii  732 

772  Macouniana  732 
772  neglecta  733 
772  purpurascens  730 

770  rubescens  731 

771  Scribneri  732 

772  Suksdorfll  732 
769  Var.    luxurians  732 

769  Tweedyi  731 

770  Vaseyi  731 

769  CALAMOVILFA  734 
772  longifolia  734 

770  CALANDRINIA  93 

771  caulescens  92 

770  micrantha  93 

771  CALLITRICHE  218 
771  autumnalis  219 
771  Bolanderi  219 

643  heterophylla  218 

644  marginata  218 
644  sepulta  218 
644  verna  218 

643  CALOCHORTUS  652 

644  apiculatus  654 
643  elegans  653 

645  Howellii  655 

643  Lobbii  653 

644  longibarbatus  655 
644  Lyallii  653 
644  macrocarpus  655 


INDEX 


Maweanus 
Var,  roseus 
nitidus 
Nuttallii 
pavonaceus 
Furdyi 
Tolmiei 
uniflorus 
.ALTHA 
biflora 
leptosepala 
palustris 
CALYCADENIA 
multiglandulosa 
truncata 
CALYPTRIDIUM 

roseum 
CALYPSO 
borealis 
CAMASSIA 
azurea 
Cusickii 
esculenta 
Howellii 
Leichtlinii 
CAMPANUI^ 

ACEAE 
CAMPANULA 
Piperi 

prenanthoides 
rotundifolia 
scabrella 
Scouleri 
CAMELINA 

sativa 
CANBYA 

aiirea 
CANTUA 
pungens 
Var.  Hookeri 
Var.   squarrosa 
CIAPNOREA 
nana 
pumila 
IUAPPARIDACEAE 
CAPRIFOLIUM 
Californicum 
ciliosum 
hispidulum 
CARDAMINE 
angulata 
bellidifolia 
Brewerii 
callosicrenata 
Lyallii 
occidentalis 
oligosperma 
parviflora 


653  Pennsylvanica  50 

653  pratensis  50 

654  CARDUUS  381 

654  Americanus  382 

655  Anderson!  383 
654  arvensis  382 
654  Breweri  384 
654  Drummondii  383 

19  edulis  383 

20  foliosus  384 
20  Hallii  383 
20  lanceolatus  382 

349  occidentalis  383 

349  Var.  megace- 

349  phalus  384 

97  remotifolius  382 

98  undulatus  384 
626  CAREX  695 
626  acutina  702 
646  Var.  tenuior  702 
646  alpina  698 
646  amplifolia  696 
646  aquatilis  701 


647 
646 

407 
409 
409 


409 


32 


aristata  697 

arcta  711 

athrostachya  713 


aurea 
Var.  celsa 
Barbarae 


canescens 


comosa 


705 
705 
702 


410        bovina  702 

409       Breweri  708 

409       brunnescens  711 


711 


60        Var.  Oregana  711 

60        capillaris  708 

32       cinnamomea  704 


696 


452  cryptocarpa  702 

452  decidua  699 

453  deflexa  706 
453  Var.  media  706 

472  Deweyana  712 

473  Douglasii  710 
473  Var.  Bolanderi  712 

66  exsiccata  696 

282  Var  globosa  696 

283  festiva  713 
283  Var.  gracilis  713 
283  Var.  stricta  713 

49  Var.pachystachya   713 

CO  feta  712 

49  filifolia  705 

50  frigida  703 
49  fusca  698 

49  Gayana  709 

50  Geyeri  707 
50  globosa  706 
50  Gmelini  698 


Hallii  700 

Hendersoni  704 

heteroneura  698 

Hoodii  708 

Var.  nervosa  708 

Howellii  702 

inops  706 

interrupta  701 

invisa  700 

Jonesii  708 

Kelloggii  699 

laciniata  700 

lanuginosa  697 

lenticularis  701 

leporina  712 

leptalea  707 

limosa  703 

livida  704 

luzulaefolia  703 

macrocephala  709 

marcida  709 

Var.   debilis  709 

Mertensii  698 

monile  696 

multicaulis  707 

nardina  711 

Nebraskensis  701 

nigricans  707 

nudata  700 
Var.  angustifolia    700 

Var.  anomala  700 

Oregonensis  697 

pauciflora  695 

pratensis  712 

Pyrenaica  707 

Raynoldsii  698 

retrorsa  696 

Richardsoni  705 

riparia  697 

siccata  712 

Sitchensis  702 

spreta  699 

sterilis  711 

stipata  709 

straminiformis  712 

stricta  701 

stylosa  699 

tenella  710 

teretiuscula  709 

Var.  prairea  709 

Var    amplia  710 

Tolmiei  699 

Var.  nigella  699 

Var  subsessilis  699 

Var.  angiista  699 

umbellata  706 

utriculata  695 

valicola  710 


INDEX 


vernacula 

708 

laevigatus 

114 

occidentalis 

39 

vespertina 

705 

prostratus 

115 

turritoides 

38 

vicaria 

710 

pumilis 

115 

CHELONE 

508 

Var.   costata 

710 

sanguineus 

li4 

nemorosa 

509 

viridula 

704 

thyrsiflorus 

114 

CHENQPO- 

CARUM 

268 

velutinus 

114 

DIACEAE 

590 

Gairdneri 

268 

CELASTRACEAE 

111 

CHENOPODIUM 

592 

Oregana 

268 

CBLTIS 

601 

album 

592 

CARYQPHYLL- 

occidentalis 

601 

anthelminticum 

593 

ACBAE 

73 

reticulata 

602 

Botrys 

593 

CASSIOPE 

418 

CENTAUREA 

385 

humilis 

593 

lycopodioides 

418 

calcitrapa 

385 

hybridum 

592 

Mertensiana 

419 

Cyanus 

385 

leptophyllum 

593 

Stelleriana 

418 

Melitensis 

385 

murale 

592 

tetragona 

419 

CENTROMADIA 

350 

rubrum 

593 

CASTALIA 

30 

Fitchii 

350 

CHIMAPHILA 

426 

Leibergi 

30 

CENTUNCULUS 

438 

Menziesii 

426 

CASTANOPSIS 

612 

minimus 

438 

umbellata 

426 

chrysophylla 

612 

CEPHALAN- 

CHIONOPHILA 

517 

CASTILLEIA 

528 

THERA 

631 

Tweedyi 

517 

angustifolia 

529 

Oregana 

631 

CHLO(ROGALUM 

647 

Var.   Whitedii 

530 

CERASUS 

161 

pomeridianum 

648 

Applegatei 

530 

emarginata 

161 

CHORIZANTHE 

575 

Bradburii 

530 

demissa 

162 

membranacea 

575 

camporum 

032 

mollis 

162 

Watsoni 

576 

Covilleana 

531 

CERASTIUM 

80 

CHRYSAMPHORA 

30 

Cusickii 

532 

alpinum 

81 

Californica 

31 

Elmeri 

531 

arvense 

81 

CHRYSANTHE- 

hispida 

530 

longipedunculatum  80 

MUM 

362 

levisecta 

532 

pilosum 

80 

Leucanthemum 

362 

linearifolia 

529 

viscosum 

80 

CHRYSOPSIS 

296 

lutescens 

532 

vulgatum 

80 

hirsuta 

296 

lutea 

531 

CERCOCARPUS 

172 

villosa 

296 

miniata 

531 

betulaefolius 

172 

CHRYSOSPLEN- 

minor 

528 

ledifolius 

172 

lUM 

204 

oreopola 

529 

intricatus 

172 

glechomaefolia 

204 

Var.    subintegra 

529 

CERATOPHYLL- 

CHRYSOTHAM- 

pallescens 

532 

ACEAE 

215 

NUS 

302 

pilosa 

532 

CERATOPHYL- 

Bloomeri 

303 

pinetorum 

530 

LUM 

215 

nanus 

302 

pruinosa 

530 

demersum 

215 

puberulus 

302 

rubida 

533 

CHAENATIS 

357 

pumilus 

302 

rupicola 

529 

Cusickii 

357 

resinosus 

303 

rustica 

533 

Douglasii 

358 

speciosus 

302 

Suksdorfli 

531 

Var.  alpina 

358 

var  albicaulis 

302 

CATABROSA 

752 

Nevii 

357 

viscidiflorus 

302 

aquatica 

752 

stevioides 

357 

CHYLISMA 

233 

CAUCALIS 

247 

CHAETOCHOLA 

720 

cruciformis 

233 

microcarpa 

247 

viridis 

720 

scapoidea 

233 

CAULANTHUS 

47 

CHAMAECYPARIS 

784 

CICHORACEAE 

386 

crassicaulis 

48 

ILLECEBRACEAE 

89 

CICHORIUM 

388 

hastatus 

47 

Lawsoniana 

784 

intybus 

388 

pilosus 

48 

Nootkatensis 

784 

CICUTA 

269 

CEANOTHUS 

113 

CHEIRANTHUS 

38 

purpurata 

269 

Californicus 

114 

arenicola 

39 

occidentalis 

269 

cordulatus 

115 

capitatus 

39 

vagans 

269 

cuneatus 

115 

elatus 

39 

CIMICIFUGA 

26 

divaricatus 

114 

inconspicuus 

39 

elata 

26 

INDEX 


laciniata  26 

CINNA  729 

pendula  729 

CIRCAEA  237 

Pacifica  238 

alpina  238 

CLADOTHAMNUS    423 

campanulatus  423 

CLARKIA  236 

pulchella  236 

rhomboidea  236 

CLAYTONIA  93 

lanceolata  93 

Megarrhiza  94 

umbellata  94 

CLEMATIS  7,    8 

brevifolia  '   8 

Columbiana  9 

Douglasii  9 

ligusticifolia  8 

ochotensis  9 

Scottii  9 

Suksdorfli  8 

verticillaris  9 

CLEOME  67 

lutea  67 

platycarpa  68 

serrulata  67 

CLINTONIA  660 

uniflora  660 

Andrewsiana  660 

CNICUS  385 

benedictus  386 

COCHLEARIA  55 

Anglica  55 

COELOPLEURUM     261 

Gmelini  261 

maritimum  261 

COLEANTHUS  722 

subtilis  722 

COLDENIA  476 

Nuttallii  476 

COLEOSANTHUS      292 

Californicus  293 

grandiflorus  293 

Greenei  292 

linifolius  292 

microphyllus  293 

oblongifolius  292 

COLLINSIA  505 

glandulosa  506 

grandiflora  505 

linearis  507 

multiflora  506 

parviflora  506 

pusilla  506 

Rattani  507 

sparsiflora  506 


Torreyi 
COLLOMIA 

debilis 

glutinosa 

grandiflora 

heterophylla 

linearis 

Var.  subulata 

Mazama 

tinctoria 
COLOPTERA 

Parryi 
COMANDRA 

umbellata 

pallida 
COMARUM 

palustre 
COMPOSITAE 
CONANTHUS 

aretioides 
CONVOLVU- 

LACEAE 
CONVOLVULUS 

arvensis 

nyctagineus 

occidentalis 

polymorphus 

sepium 

Soldanella 
CONVALLARI- 

ACEAE 
COPTIS 

asplenifolia 

laciniata 

occidentalis 

trifolia 

venosa 
CORALLORHIZA 

innata 

Mertensiana 

multiflora 

striata 
CORDYLANTHUS 
COREOPSIS 

Atkinsoniana 
CORIANDRUM 

sativum 
CORISPERMUM 

hyssopifolium 
CORNACEAE 
CORNUS 

Baileyi 

Canadensis 

glabrata 

Nuttallii 

pubescens 

sessilis 

stolonifera 


506       Suecica  272 

453  CORONOPUS  61 

454  didymus  62 
454       Ruellii  62 

453  CORYDALIS  34 

454  aurea  35 

453  Cusickii  34 
4'          montana  35 

454  Scouleri  34 
453  CORYLACEAE  612 
250  CORYLUS  613 
250  Californica  613 
607       rostrata  613 

607  COTYLEDON  214 

608  Oregonensis  214 
174  farinosa  214 
174  COTULA  363 
290  australis  363 
572  coronopifolia  363 
472  CRANTZIA  262 

liniata  262 

493  CRASSULACEAE      211 

493  CRATAEGUS  163 
495       Columbiana  163 

494  Douglasii  163 
494  CREPIS  397 
494  acuminata  398 
494  Andersoni  397 
494       barbigera  399 

intermedia  398 

655       monticola  398 

20  nana  397 

21  occidentalis  398 
21  platyphylla  398 
21       scopulorum  398 

20  subcarnosa  398 

21  rostrata  399 

626  runcinata  397 

627  Var.  hispidulosa  397 
626       virens  397 

626  CROCIDIUM  370 

627  multicaule  370 
536  CRUCIFERAE  35 
343  CRYPTANTHE  486 
343  affinis  488 
247  ambigua  488 
247  barbigera  488 
597  Fendleri  487 
597  flaccida  487 
271       leiocarpa  488 

271  multicaule  487 

272  muriculata  488 

271  pterocarya  489 

273  rostellata  487 

272  Torreyana  488 
272  ORYZOPSIS  738 
272  exigua  739 
272       cuspidata  738 


INDEX 


Hendersoni 
CUCURBITACEAE 
CUSCUTA 

arvensis 

Californica 

Cephalanthi 

salina 
CYMOPTERUS 

glaucus 

terebinthinus 
CYNQGLOSSUM 

grand e 

occidentale 
CYTISUS 

scoparius 
CYPERACEAE 

CYPERUS 

acuminatus 

erythrorhizos 

esculentus 

Houghtoni 

infiexus 
CYPRIPEDIUM 

Californicum 

fasciculatum 

montanum 

parviflorum 
DACTYLIS 

glomerata 
DANTHONIA 

Americana 

Californica 

intermedia 

Var.    Cusickii 

unispicata 
DATURA 

stramonium 
DAUCUS 

Carota 

pusillus 
DELPHINIUM 

Anderson! 

bicolor 

Burke! 

Columbianum 

distichum 

depauperatum 

glaucum 

leucophaeum 

Menziesii 

nudicaule 

Nuttallianum 

occidentale 

Oreganus 

pauperculum 

scopulorum 

simplex 

trolliifolium 


739  DENTARIA 
238        Californica 
495       gemmata 

495  pulcherrima 

496  quercetorum 

495  sinuata 

496  tenella 

258  DESCHAMPSIA 
258        caespitosa 
258        calycina 
478       elongata 
478       atropurpurea 

478  DIGITALIS 


131 


purpurea 


131  DIMERESIA 

686  Howell!! 

687  DIPLACUS 
g87       glutinosus 
^en  DIPSACACEAB 
^^"  DIPSACUS 

688  Sylvestris 
688  DISPORUM 
Q^rj       Hooker! 
„„2        Menziesii 
^oo        Oreganum 
^^2        parvifolium 
^oo       tracbycarpum 
^^o        trachyandrum 
^^^  DISTICHLIS 
„.Q       maritima 

1,11  DODECATHEON 
„^o        alpinum 
„.2       campestrum 


742 


conjugens 


,^^2  Cusickii 

rj^o  dentatum 

^QQ  Hendersoni 

^gc)  Jeffrey! 

o^g  pauciflorum 

2^g  tetrandrum 

245  viviparum 


22 


DONDIA 


23       depressa 


23 


diffusa 


24        intermedia 
oq       occidentalis 

^3  DOUGLASIA 
2A        dentata 
24       laevigata 

23  DOWNINGIA 

22  DRABA 

24  aureola 

23  brachycarpa 

24  Caroliniana 
22       densifolia 

22  Douglasii 
24       glabella 

23  Howellii 

24  laevipes 


48 

49 

49 

48 

48 

48 

48 

745 

745 

746 

746 

746 

528 

528 

332 

332 

517 

518 

289 

289 

290 

658 

659 

658 

659 

659 

659 

659 

751 

752 

432 

433 

432 

433 

434 

432 

433 

433 

433 

433 

432 

598 

599 

599 

599 

599 

435 

435 

435 

407 

53 

55 

53 

53 

55 

55 

55 

54 

54 


Lemmoni  6i 

lutea  54 

micrantha  53 

nemorosa  54 

stenoloba  54 

ventosa  54 
DRACOCEPHA- 

LUM  554 

parviflorum  554 

DROSERACEAE  214 

DROSERA  215 

Anglica  215 

rotundifolia  215 

DULICHIUM  688 

spathaceum  688 

EATONIA  748 

obtusata  749 

Pennsylvanica  749 

ECHINOPANAX  271 

horridum  271 

ECHINOSPERUM  479 

ELAEAGNACEAE  600 

ELATINACEAE  98 

ELATINE  98 

Americana  98 

Californica  98 

ELEUSINE  736 

Indica  736 

ELEOCHARIS  693 

acicularis  693 

ovata  693 

palustris  693 

Var.    glaucescens   693 

rostellata  694 

ELYMUS  778 

arenarius  778 

arenicolus  778 

Canadensis  779 

Caput-Medusae  780 

condensatus  779 

dasystachys  ^779 

flavescens  778 

glaucus  779 

littoralis  779 

mollis  778 

triticoides  779 

saxicolus  778 

EMMENANTHE  471 

parviflora  471 

lutea  471 

pusilla  471 

EMPETRACEAE  606 

BMPETRUM  606 

nigrum  606 

ENDOGENAE  623 

EPIPACTIS  631 

gigantea  631 


INDEX 


EPILOBIUM 
adenocaulon 


222 
225 


Var.    occidentale  225 
Var.   (i)  perplex- 

ans  225 

alpinum  228 

anagallidifolium  228 

Bongardi  227 

brevistylum  226 

clavatum  228 

coloratum  225 

Davuricum  224 

delicatum  225 

Franciscanum  225 

glaberrimum  227 

Var.   latifolium  227 

glandulosum  226 

Halleanum  226 

Hammond!  224 

Hornemanni  227 

jucundum  224 

latifolium  222 

luteum  223 

leptocarpum  226 

Var.    (?)Macounii  227 

minutum  224 

Oreganum  227 

Qlregonense  228 
Var.    (?)   gracilli- 

mum  228 

palustre  224 

paniculatum  223 

rigidum  223 

spicatum  222 

Var.  canescens  223 

suffruticosum  223 

ursinum  226 

Var.   subfalcatum  226 

ERAGROSTIS  764 

reptans  764 

lutescens  765 

BREMOCARYA  483 

micrantha  483 

EREMOCARPUS  604 

setigerus  604 

ERICACEAE  413 

EREMOSEMIUM  596 

spinosa  597 

ERIGERON  315 

acris  322 
Var.  Droebachensis 

322 

Var.   debilis  322 

Alicea  317 

amplifolius  317 

annuus  321 

Bloomeri  319 

Canadensis  322 


cervinus 

Chrysopsidis 

compositus 

Var.    discoideus 

concinnus 

confinis 

corymbosus 

decumbens 

divergens 

filifolius 

glaucus 

grandiflorus 

Howellii 

inornatus 

lanatus 

nudatus 

ochroleucus 

Oreganus 

Pacificus 

peregrinus 

peucephyllus 

Philadelphicus 

poliospermus 

radicatus 

ramosus 

salsuginosus 

spatulifolius 

speciosus 

uniflonis 
ERIOCARPUM 

grindelioides 
ERIODICTYON 

glutinosum 
ERIOGONUM 

acaule 

androsaceum 

angulosiim 

annuum 

Balleyi 

caespitosum 

campanulatum 

cernuum 

compositum 

corymbosum 

croceum 

dichotomum 

Douglasii 

elatum 

flavum 

heracleoides 

microthecum 

minimum 

montanum 

multiceps 

niveum 

nudum 

ovalifolium 

Var.    proliferum 


316  pauciflorum  573 
318  pendulum  571 
318        Piperi  568 

318  pyrolaefolium  568 

317  Var.  eoryphaeum  569 
320  sphaerocephalum  569 
320        stellatum  570 

320  Var.  bahiaeforme  570 

321  striatum  574 

319  tenue  569 
316       ternatum  570 

315  thymoides  '569 

316  Tolmieanum  570 

320  umbellatum  569 

315  vimineum  575 
320        vineum  572 

319  virgatum  574 

320  BRIOPHYLLUM  354 
319        achillaeoides  355 

316  caespitosum  355 
33  9        gracile  355 

321  integrifolium  355 
31g  leucophyllum  355 
31g  lanceolatum  355 
321        staechadifolium  354 

316  ERITRICHIUM  480 

317  aretiodes  480 
317  Howardi  480 
315  iJRODIUM  107 
297  cicutarium  107 
297       macrophyllum  107 

473  moschatum  107 

474  EROPHILA  53 

568  vulgaris  53 

571  ERYNGIUM  262 
56g       articulatum  263 

572  Harknessii  263 

572  Vaseyi  262 
575  ERYSIMUM  56 

569  officinale  56 
574  ERYTHRAEA  443 
571  curvistamenea  443 
571  Douglasii  443 
574       minima  443 

570  Muhlenbergii  443 

573  Nutallii  443 

569  ERYTHRONIUM  651 

573  citrinum  652 
568       giganteum  652 

570  grandiflorum  651 

574  Var.    parviflorum  651 

571  Hendersoni  652 
570  Howellii  652 
573  montanum  652 
573  revolutum  651 
573  BSCHSCHOLTZIA  32 

572  Douglasii  33 
572  Uypecoides  33 


INDEX 


BUCEPHALUS 

311 

Var.   Oregana 

768 

triflorum 

285 

Covillei 

312 

pubescens 

768 

GAMOPETALAE 

275 

elegans 

311 

rubra 

GARRYACEAE 

273 

Engelmanni 

311 

Var.  tricopbylla 

GARRYA 

273 

glabratus 

312 

Var.  pubesceus 

buxifolia 

274 

glaucescens 

312 

Var.   littoralis 

769 

elliptica 

273 

ledophyllus 

312 

scabrella 

768 

Fremontii 

273 

paucicapitatus 

312 

FICOIDEAE 

241 

GASTRIDIUM 

729 

serrulatus 

311 

FILIPENDULA 

185 

australe 

729 

tomentellus 

312 

.  occidentalis 

185 

GAULTHERIA 

417 

EULOPHUS 

265 

FLOERKEA 

109 

Myrsinites 

417 

Bolanderi 

265 

proserpinacoi'des 

109 

ovatifolia 

417 

EUNANUS 

518 

FORSELi^ESIA 

117 

Shallon 

418 

Breweri 

519 

spinescens 

118 

GAURA 

237 

Bigelovii 

518 

FRAGARIA 

174 

parviflora 

237 

Cusickii 

518 

Californica 

174 

GAYOPHyTUM 

229 

Douglasii 

518 

cuneffolia 

174 

diffusum 

229 

Tolmiei 

518 

FRASERA 

447 

etriospermum 

229 

BUONYMUS 

111 

albicaulis 

449 

lasiospermum 

229 

occidentalis 

111 

Cusickii 

448 

pumilum 

230 

EUPATORIUM 

291 

nitida 

448 

racemosum 

229 

occidentale 

292 

speciosa 

448 

ramosissimum 

229 

EUPHORBIACEAE 

!    603 

thyrsiflora 

448 

GERANIACEAE 

105 

EUPHORBIA 

604 

FRAXINUS 

439 

GERANIUM 

105 

dictyosperma 

605 

Oregana 

439 

Carolinianum 

105 

crenulata 

605 

ERIOPHORUM 

691 

dissectum 

105 

glyptosperma 

605 

gracile 

fiO'> 

Fremonti 

106 

Greenei 

604 

XiO^ 

incisum 

106 

Var.   consan- 

polystachyon 

692 

molle 

105 

guinea 

604 

russeolum 

692 

Oreganum 

106 

Lathyrus 

605 

Scheuchzeri 

692 

pusillum 

106 

maculata 
serpyllifolia 

605 
604 

vaginatum 

691 

Richardsoni 
GEUM 

lOG 
173 

EUROTIA 

596 

FRITILLARIA 

649 

macrophyllum 

173 

lanata 

596 

atropurpurea 

650 

strictum 

173 

EUTHAMIA 

304 

glauca 

650 

triflorum 

173 

occidentalis 

304 

lanceolata 

650 

GENTTANACEAE 

442 

FAGACEAE 

609 

pudica 

650 

GENTIANA 

443 

Jb'ESTUCA 

765 

recurva 

650 

Var.  holopetala 

444 

amethystina 

768 

FUMARIACEAE 

33 

acuta 

444 

brevifolia 

767 

GAERTNERIA 

336 

affinis 

447 

Californica 

766 

acanthocarpa 

336 

anisosepala 

447 

confinis 

766 

bipinnatifida 

337 

bisetaea 

445 

denticulata 

766 

Chamissonis 

337 

calycosa 

445 

elatior 

767 

GAILLARDIA 

359 

Douglasiana 

445 

fallax 

768 

aristata 

360 

Gormani 

446 

Var.   trichopylla 

768 

GALIUM 

284 

Menziesii 

446 

heterophylla 

769 

Andrewsii 

286 

Newberryi 

445 

Howellii 

766 

Aparine 

284 

Oregana 

447 

Jonesii 

767 

asperrimum 

285 

Orfordii 

446 

microstachya 

765 

bifolium 

284 

Parryi 

446 

Var.   ciliata 

765 

Bolanderi 

285 

sceptrum 

446 

Var.  pauciflora 

765 

boreale 

284 

serrata 

444 

Myurus 

766 

multiflorum 

285 

Var.  holspetala 

443 

octoflora 

766 

Var.   Watsoni 

285 

simplex 

444 

ovina 

767 

Nuttallii 

285 

stricta 

445 

Var.  duriuscula 

767 

Oreganum 

284 

tenella 

444 

Var.  ingrata 

767 

spurium 

284 

GILIA 

458 

Var.   Columbiana   768 

trifidum 

285    achillaefolia 

459 

INDEX 


EPILOBIUM  222 

adenocaulon  225 

Var.    occidentale  225 
Var.   (0   perplex- 

ans  225 

alpinum  228 

anagallidifolium  228 

Bongardi  227 

brevistylum  226 

clavatum  228 

coloratum  225 

Davuricum  224 

delicatum  225 

Franciscanum  225 

glaberrimum  227 

Var.   latifolium  227 

glandulosum  226 

Halleanum  226 

Hammondi  224 

Hornemanni  227 

jucundum  224 

latifolium  222 

luteum  223 

leptocarpum  226 
Var.    (?)Macounii  227 

minutum  224 

Oreganum  227 

qfregonense  228 
Var.    (?)    gracilli- 

mum  228 

palustre  224 

paniculatum  223 

rigidum  223 

spicatum  222 

Var.  canescens  223 

suffruticosum  223 

ursinum  226 

Var.   subfalcatum  226 

ERAGROSTIS  764 

reptans  764 

lutescens  765 

BREMOCARYA  483 

micrantha  483 

EREMOCARPUS  604 

setigerus  604 

ERICACEAE  413 

EREMOSEMIUM  596 

spinosa  597 

ERIGERON  315 

acris  322 
Var.  Droebachensis 

322 

Var.  debilis  322 

Alicea  317 

amplifolius  317 

annuus  321 

Bloomeri  319 

Canadensis  322 


cervmus 

Chrysopsidis 

compositus 

Var.    discoideus 

concinnus 

confinis 

corymbosus 

decumbens 

divergens 

filifolius 

glaucus 

grandiflorus 

Howellii 

inornatus 

lanatus 

nudatus 

ochroleucus 

Oreganus 

Pacificus 

peregrinus 

peucephyllus 

Philadelphicus 

poliospermus 

radicatus 

ramosus 

salsuginosus 

spatulifolius 

speciosus 

uniflorus 
ERIOCARPUM 

grindelioides 
ERIODICTYON 

glutinosum 
ERIOGONUM 

acaule 

androsaceum 

angulosum 

annuum 

Baileyi 

caespitosum 

campanulatum 

cernuum 

compositum 

corymbosum 

croceum 

dichotomum 

Douglasii 

elatum 

flavum 

heracleoides 

microthecum 

minimum 

montanum 

multiceps 

niveum 

nudum 

ovalifolium 

Var,    proliferum 

—  1  — 


316  pauciflorum  573 
318  pendulum  571 
318       Piperi  568 

318  pyrolaefolium  568 

317  Var,  coryphaeum  569 
320  sphaerocephalum  569 
320        stellatum  570 

320  Var.  bahiaeforme  570 

321  strictum  574 

319  tenue  569 
316       ternatum  570 

315  thymoides  569 

316  Tolmieanum  570 

320  umbellatum  569 

315  vimineum  575 
320       vineum  572 

319  virgatum  574 

320  ERIOPHYLLUM  354 
319        achillaeoides  355 

316  caespitosum  355 
319        gracile  355 

321  integrifolium  355 

318  leucophyllum  355 
318  lanceolatum  355 
321        staechadifolium  354 

316  ERITRICHIUM  480 

317  aretiodes  480 
317  Howardi  480 
315  3R0DIUM  107 
297  cicutarium  107 
297       macrophyllum  i07 

473  moschatum  107 

474  EROPHILA  53 
568       vulgaris  53 

571  ERYNGIUM  262 

568  articulatum  263 

572  Harknessii  263 

572  Vaseyi  262 
575  ERYSIMUM  56 

569  officinale  56 
574  ERYTHRAEA  443 
571  curvistamenea  443 
571  Douglasii  443 
574       minima  443 

570  Muhlenbergii  443 

573  Nutallii  443 

569  ERYTHRONIUM  651 

573  citrinum  652 
568        giganteum  652 

570  grandiflorum  651 

574  Var.    parviflorum  651 

571  revolutum  651 
570  Hendersoni  652 
573  Howellii  652 
573  montanum  652 
573  BSCHSCHOLTZIA  32 

572  Douglasii  33 
572       hypecoides  33 


INDEX 


BUCEPHALUS 

311 

Var.   Oregana 

768 

triflorum 

285 

Covillei 

312 

pubescens 

768 

GAMOPETALAE 

275 

elegans 

311 

rubra 

GARRYACEAE 

273 

Bngelmanni 

311 

Var.  tricophylla 

GARRYA 

273 

glabratus 

312 

Var.  pubesceus 

buxifolia 

274 

glaucescens 

312 

Var.   littoralis 

769 

elliptica 

273 

ledophyllus 

312 

scabrella 

768 

Fremontii 

273 

paucicapitatus 

312 

FICOIDEAE 

241 

GASTRIDIUM 

729 

serrulatus 

311 

FILIPENDULA 

185 

australe 

729 

tomentellus 

312 

occidentalis 

185 

GAULTHERIA 

417 

EULOPHUS 

265 

FLOERKEA 

109 

Myrsinites 

417 

Bolanderi 

265 

proserpinacofdes 

109 

ovatifolia 

417 

EUNANUS 

518 

FORSEL1.ESIA 

117 

Shallon 

418 

Breweri 

519 

spinescens 

118 

GAURA 

237 

Bigelovii 

518 

FRAGARIA 

174 

parviflora 

237 

Cusickii 

518 

Californica 

174 

GAYOPHYTUM 

229 

Douglasii 

518 

cuneffolia 

174 

diffusum 

229 

Tolmiei 

518 

FRASERA 

447 

eiriospermum 

229 

EUONYMUS 

111 

albicaulis 

449 

lasiospermum 

229 

occidentalis 

111 

Cusickii 

448 

pumilum 

230 

EUPATORIUM 

291 

nitida 

448 

racemosum 

229 

occidentale 

292 

speciosa 

448 

ramosissimum 

229 

EUPHORBIACEAE 

603 

thyrsiflora 

448 

GERANIACEAE 

105 

EUPHORBIA 

604 

FRAXINUS 

439 

GERANIUM 

105 

dictyosperma 

605 

Oregana 

439 

Carolinianum 

105 

crenulata 

605 

ERIOPHORUM 

691 

dissectum 

105 

glyptosperma 
Greenei 

605 
604 

gracile 

692 

Fremonti 
incisum 

106 
106 

Var.   consan- 

polystachyon 

692 

molle 

105 

guinea 

604 

russeolum 

692 

Oreganum 

106 

Lathyrus 

605 

Scheuchzeri 

692 

pusillum 

106 

maculata 
serpyllifolia 

605 
604 

vaginatum 

691 

Richardsoni 
GEUM 

lOG 
173 

EUROTIA 

596 

FRITILLARIA 

649 

macrophyllum 

173 

lanata 

596 

atropurpurea 

650 

strictum 

173 

EUTHAMIA 

304 

glauca 

650 

triflorum 

173 

occidentalis 

304 

lanceolata 

650 

GENTIANACEAE 

442 

FAGACEAE 

609 

pudica 

650 

GENTIANA 

443 

FESTUCA 

765 

recurva 

650 

Var.  holopetala 

444 

amethystina 

768 

FUMARIACEAE 

33 

acuta 

444 

brevifolia 

767 

GAERTNERIA 

336 

affinis 

447 

Californica 

766 

acanthocarpa 

336 

anisosepala 

447 

confinis 

766 

bipinnatifida 

337 

bisetaea 

445 

denticulata 

766 

Chamissonis 

337 

calycosa 

445 

elatior 

767 

GAILLARDIA 

359 

Douglasiana 

445 

fallax 

768 

aristata 

360 

Gormani 

446 

Var.   trichopylla 

768 

GALIUM 

284 

Menziesii 

446 

heterophylla 

769 

Andrewsii 

286 

Newberryi 

,445 

Howellii 

766 

Aparine 

284 

Oregana 

447 

Jonesii 

767 

asperrimum 

285 

Orfordii 

446 

microstachya 

765 

bifolium 

284 

Parryi 

446 

Var.  ciliata 

765 

Bolanderi 

285 

sceptrum 

446 

Var.  pauciflora 

765 

boreale 

284 

serrata 

444 

Myurus 

766 

multiflorum 

285 

Var.  holspetala 

443 

octoflora 

766 

Var.   Watsoni 

285 

simplex 

444 

ovina 

767 

Nuttallii 

285 

stricta 

445 

Var.  duriuscula 

767 

Oreganum 

284 

tenella 

444 

Var.  ingrata 

767 

spurium 

284 

GILIA 

458 

Var,   Columbiana 

.   768 

trifidum 

285 

achillaefolia 

459 

INDEX 


aggregata 

458 

discoidea 

296 

HBTERANTHERA 

.    666 

capillaris 

460 

Henderson! 

295 

Dubia 

667 

capitata 

459 

integrifolia 

295 

HETEROCODON 

408 

congesta 

458 

nana 

296 

rariflorum 

409 

filiformis 

460 

Oregana 

296 

HETERODRABA 

65 

gracilis 

459 

GYMNOSPERMAE 

781 

unilateralis 

65 

hispida 

460 

GYROSTACHYS 

629 

HETEROGAURA 

237 

inconspicua 

459 

porrifolia 

629 

Californica 

237 

Var.  sinuata 

459 

Romanzoffiana 

629 

HEUCHERA 

202 

leptomeria 

459 

HABENARIA 

627 

cuneata 

203 

linearifolia 

461 

aggregata 

628 

cylindrica 

203 

micromeria 

460 

dilatata 

628 

glabella 

204 

minutiflora 

460 

eiegans 

gracilis 

hyperborea 

leucostachys 

orbiculata 

Unalaskensis 
HALORAGEAE 
HARPAECARPUS 

madarioides 
HASTINGSIA 

alba 

627 

glabra 

203 

tenerrima 
GITHOPSIS 

speciilarioides 
GLAUX 

maritima 
GLECHOMA 

hederacea 
GLYCERIA 
GLYCOSMA 

460 
408 
408 
437 
437 
553 
554 
752 
266 

628 
628 
628 
629 
628 
217 
348 
348 
647 
647 

micrantha 
parvifolia 
pilosissima 
ovalifolia 
HIERACIUM 
albiflorum 
amplum 
barbigerum 
Bolanderi 

203 
203 
203 
201 
394 
395 
396 
396 
396 

ambiguum 

267 

bracteosa 

647 

Canadense 

394 

glauca 

267 

HEDYSARUM 

iy4 

cinereum 

396 

occiden  talis 

267 

flavescens 

155 

cynoglossoides 

396 

GLYCYRRHIZA 

154 

Mackenzii 

155 

gracile 

395 

glutinosa 

154 

HELENIUM 

359 

Howellii 

396 

lepidota 

154 

autumnale 

359 

lohgiberbe 

395 

GNAPHALIUM 

330 

Var.  grandiflonina 

I  359 

Scouleri 

395 

decurrens 

330 

Bigelovii 

359 

triste 

395 

microcephalum 

330 

Hoopsii 

359 

HIEROCHLOE 

722 

palustre 

331 

HELIANTHELLA 

341 

borealis 

722 

purpureum 

331 

Douglasii 

342 

macrophylla 

722 

Sprengelii 

330 

uni  flora 

341 

HIPPURIS 

217 

uliginosum 

331 

HELIANTHUS 

342 

montana 

218 

GODETIA 

234 

annuus 

342 

tetraphyllum 

218 

albescens 

234 

Cusickii 

343 

vulgaris 

217 

amoena 

235 

exilis 

342 

Var  fluviatilis 

218 

Arnottii 

234 

Nuttallii 

343 

HOLCUS 

746 

epilobioides 

235 

petiolaris 

342 

lanatus 

747 

decumbens 

234 

tuberosa 

343 

HEMIEVA 

197 

hispidula 

235 

HBLIOTROPIUM 

477 

ranunculifolia 

197 

lepida 

234 

Cuirassavicum 

477 

violacea 

198 

purpurea 

234 

HEMICARPHA 

692 

HOLODISCUS 

184 

quadrivulnera 

235 

intermedia. 

693 

ariaefolia 

184 

tenella 

235 

XXXlfV^Jl  XXJ.V>Vi.XU* 

discolor 

184 

viminea 

235 

occidentalis 

692 

HOMALOCENCH- 

GOMPHOCARPUS 

441 

subsquarrosa 

692 

RUS 

720 

cordifolius 

441 

HEMIZONELLA 

348 

oryzoides 

720 

GOODYERA 

630 

Durandii 

348 

HOOKERA 

643 

GRAMINEAE 

713 

HEMIZONIA 

348 

HORDEUM 

776 

GRAPHEPHORUM 

752 

Cleveland! 

349 

boreale 

777 

Wolfii 

752 

luzulaefolia 

349 

Gussoneanum 

777 

GRATIOLA 

523 

HERACLEUM 

249 

jubatum 

777 

ebracteata 

523 

lanatum 

249 

maritimum 

777 

Virginiana 

523 

HESPEREVAX 

326 

murinum 

777 

GRAYAI 

596 

brevifolia 

326 

nodosum 

777 

GRINDELIA 

295 

HESPEROCHIRON 

472 

pusillum 

777 

INDEX 


HORKELIA 

179 

Douglasiana 

634 

Var.  uniflorus 

capitata 

180 

longlpetala 

634 

xinhioides 

caruifolia 
congesta 

181 
180 

Missouriensis 
tenax 

III   JUNCOIDES 

fusca 

179 

tenuis 

634 

campestre 

Hendersoni 

180    ISOPVRUM 

25 

comosum 

Howellii 

181 

Hallii 

25 

Var.    congestum 

parviflora 

180 

stipitatum 

25 

Var.  macranthum 

pseudocapitata 

180    1 

[VA 

335 

Var    subsessile 

sericata 

181 

axillaris 

335 

T    C.4FX   •         Kt\^  fj  v^K^^JtJX^K^ 

tenella 

179 

xanthifolia 

335 

divaricatum 

tridentata 

181   : 

[VESIA 

181 

parviflorum 

HOWELLIA 

406 

alpicola 

182 

Var.    melanocar- 

aquatilis 

406 

Baileyi 

181 

pum 

HUGELIA 

458 

Pickeringii 

181 

Var.   subcongs- 

tum 
pilosum 

floccosa 

458    , 

JACKSONIA 

67 

HULSEA 

358 

trachysperma 

67 

nana 

358 

JAUMEA 

353 

HUTCHINSIA 

61 

carnosa 

353 

spadiceum 

prociimbens 

61 

JUNCACEAE 

679 

spicatum 

HYDRANGE- 

JUNCUS 

681 

JUNIPERUS 

ACEAE 
HYDROCOTYLE 

205 
269 

Balticus 

681 

communis 
nana 

raniincloides 

270 

Bolanderi 

685 

occidentalis 

HYDROPHYLL- 

brachyphyllus 

685 

scopulorum 

ACEAE 

463 

bufonius 

683 

KALMIA 

HYDROPHYLLUM 

464 

nu  Qf  fmpns 

682 

glauca 

capitatum 

465 

l^  d  O  l/C*i  11  \_;  U.  O 

confusus 

683 

Var.    microphylla 

occidentale 

465 

KELLOGGIA 

Var.  Fendleri 

465 

Drummondii 

682 

galioides 

Virginicum 

565 

dubius 

684 

KOELERIA 

HIYMENOPAPPUS 

356 

effusus 

682 

cristata 

filifolius 

356 

Var.   Brunneus 

682 

KOCHIA 

HYPERICACEAE 

99 

ensifolius 

686 

Americana 

HYPERICUM 
anagalloides 

99 
99 

falcatus 

684 

KUNZIA 
trjdentata 

perforatum 

99 

flliform's 

682 

LABIATAE 

Scouleri 

99 

latifolius 

685 

LACTUCA 

HYPOCHOERIS 

390 

Leseurii 

681 

Canadensis 

radicata 

390 

longistylis 

684 

pulchella 

HYPOPITYS 
flmbriata 

429 
429 

Mertensianus 

686 

sagittifolia 
sativa 

lutea 

429 

Nevadensis 

685 

scariola 

ILYSANTHES 

523 

nodosus 

684 

spicata 

gratioloides 

524 

occidentalis 

683 

LAGOPHYLLA 

IMPATIEITS 
pallida 

110 
111 

Oreganus 

685 

ramosissima 
LAMIUM 

IMPERATA 

718 

oxymeris 

686 

amplexicaule 

Hookeri 

718 

Parryi 

682 

LAPSANA 

INULA 

331 

patens 

682 

communis 

Helenium 
lOFNACTIS 

331 
313 

Richardsonianus 

684 

LAPPULA 
ciliata 

alpina 

313 

Suksdorfii 

685 

diffusa 

stenomeret 

312 

tenuis 

683 

floribunda 

IRIDACEAE 

633 

Torreyi 

685 

Fremontii 

IRIS 

bracteata 

633 
634 

triformis 

683 

hisplda 
myosotis 

chrysophylli 

633 

Var.  brachystylus  683 

Texana 

683 

68<> 
679 
681 
680 
681 
681 
681 
681 
680 

680 

680 

680 

680 

680 

783 

783 

784 

784 

784 

420 

420 

420 

286 

286 

748 

748 

591 

592 

171 

172 

544 

403 

404 

404 

404 

404 

404 

404 

350 

350 

558 

558 

388 

388 

479 

479 

479 

479 

480 

479 

479 

480 


!Nt)&X 


LARIX 

786 

nitidum 

63 

Harknessii 

455 

Lyallii 

786 

occidentale 

63 

nudicaule 

456 

occidentalis 

786 

Oreganum 

64 

pharnaceoides 

455 

LASTHENIA 

353 

oxycarpum 

64 

LINARIA 

504 

glaberrima 

354 

reticulatum 

64 

Canadensis 

501 

LATHYRUS 

157 

LEPTARRHENA 

189 

vulgaris 

504 

bijugatus 

160 

pyrolifolia 

189 

LINNAEA 

280 

Bolanderi 

158 

LEPTAXIS 

198 

borealis 

2bU 

coriaceus 

158 

Menziesii 

198 

longiflora 

280 

Cusickii 

159 

LEP'l'OTAENIA 

250 

LINACEAE 

103 

decaphyllus 

159 

Californica 

251 

LINUM 

104 

lanceolatus 

158 

dissecta 

250 

digynum 

104 

littoralis 

160 

minor 

251 

micranthum 

104 

maritimus 

157 

multifida 

251 

Lewisii 

Nevadensis 

159 

purpurea 

251 

LISTERA 

630 

Nuttallii 

158 

Watsoni 

251 

caurina 

631 

ochroleucus 

157 

LESQUERELLA 

.  51 

convallarioides 

630 

Oregonensis 

159 

Douglasii 

52 

cordata 

630 

parvifolius 

159 

occidentalis 

51 

LITHOPHRAGMA 

199 

pauciflorus 

158 

LEUCOCRINUM 

645 

campanulata 

200 

polyphyllus 

157 

montanum 

645 

parviflora 

200 

rigidus 

159 

LEWISIA 

91 

rupicola 

200 

Sandbergi 

160 

rediviva 

91 

tenella 

200 

sulphureus 

157 

LIBOCEDRUS 

785 

LITHOSPERMUM 

492 

Torreyi 

160 

decurrens 

785 

Californicum 

492 

vestitus 

158 

LIGULIFLORAE 

291 

pilosum 

493 

LAURACEAE 

600 

LIGUSTICUM 

259 

LLOYDIA 

650 

LAURENTIA 

406 

apiifolium 

260 

serotina 

651 

carnosula 

406 

Grayi 

260 

LOASaCEAE 

239 

LEGOUZIA 

408 

Scoticum 

260 

LOBELIACEAE 

405 

perfoliata 

408 

scopulorum 

260 

LOBELIA 

406 

LAYIA 

350 

tenuifolium 

260 

Dortmanna 

406 

Douglasii 

351 

verticillatum 

261 

LOLIUM 

773 

glandulosa 

351 

LILAEA 

672 

perenne 

774 

LEDUM 

422 

subulata 

673 

temulentum 

774 

glandulosum 
Groenlandicum 

423 
423 

LILIACEAE 
LILIUM 

637 
648 

LOPHANTHUS 
LORANTHACEAE 

552 
608 

LEGUMINOSAE 

119 

LOTUS 

138 
138 

LEIBERGIA 

266 

Washingtonianum  (548 

Americanus 

orogenioides 
LEMNACAE 

266 
669 

rubescens                 '"" 
Bolanderi 

045 

648 

denticulatus 
Douglasii 

139 
140 

LEMNA 
trisulca 
minor 

LEONURUS 
Cardiaca 

669 
669 
669 

557 
557 

parvum                     otv 
pardalinum               649 
Columbianum          649 
Purdyi                       649 
LIMNANTHACBAE  108 
LIMNANTHES            108 

crassifolius 

formosissimus 

Hosackia 

humistratus 

micranthus 

pinnatus 

140 
.140 
140 
139 
139 
140 

LENTIBULAR- 

Douglasii 

108 

Torreyi 

141 

lACEAE 

543 

floccosa 

Wrangellanus 

139 

LEPIDIUM 

62 

gracilis 

108 

LUDWIGIA 

221 

acutidens 

64 

pumila 

108 

palustris 

221 

apetalum 

63 

rosea 

108 

LUETKEA 

187 

campestre 

62 

LIMOSELLA 

521 

Hendersoni 

187 

dictyotum 

64 

aquatica 

524 

sibbaldioides 

187 

integrifolia 

C2 

LINANTHUS 

454 

LUINA 

369 

lasiocarpum 

63 

bicolor 

455 

hypoleuca 

369 

medium 

63 

Bolanderi 

455 

LUPINUS 

122 

Menziesii 

63 

ciliatus 

456 

albicaulis 

125 

mohtanum 

62 

filipes 

455 

INDEX 


arcticus 

argenteus 

aridus 

Burkei 

bicolor 

Breweri 

brevicaulis 

canescens 

carnosulus 

cespitosus 

Cusickii 

flexuosiis 

holosericeus 

latifolius 

laxiflorus 

Var.   montanus 

lepidus 
.    leucophyllus 

ligulatiis 

littoralis 

Lobbii 

longipes 

luteolus 

Lyallii 

micranthns 

microcajpus 

minimus 

mucronulatus 

Nootkatensis 

ornatus 

parviflorus 
t     nolvphyllus 

propinqims 

pusillus 

Sabinii 

saxosus 

sericeus 

sulphur.eus 

trifidus 

Wyethii 
LYCHNIS 

DrummondiJ 

Coronaria 
LUZULA 
LYCOPUS 

Americanus 

lucidus 

riibellus 

Virginicus 
LYGODESMIA 

spinosa 

juncea 
LYSICHITON 

Kamtschatcensis 
LYTHKACEAE 
LYTHRUM 

adsurgens 
MACHAERAN- 


125  THRA 
128       attenuata 
128       eradiata 
124       Shastensis 
128  MACRONEMA 

128  Greenei 
130       molle 

126  suffruticosa 

129  MADIA 
128       capitata 
128       citriodora 
128       dissitiflora 

123  glomerata 

124  racemosa 

127  sativa 
127  MADARIA 

127  coryipbosa 
126       elegans 

124  MAIANTHEMUM 

125  MALACOTHRIX 

128  glabrata 
124       Torreyi 

130  MALUS 
}zi       rivularis 
1^^  MALVACEAE 
]f  MALVA 

}%t       rotundifolia 

tt'l  MARAH 
-„^       Oregana 

ti^  MARRUBIUM 
19.       vulgare 

J23  MATRICARIA 
^oA       discoidea 

^25  MEDICAGO 
22(5       denticulata 
22g       lupulina 
HO/.       sativa 

^22  MELAMPYRUM 
1 04       lineare 

ta  MELANTHACEAE 

yj)  MELICA 

Y9       acuminata 
girg       aristata 
g^g       bromoides 
g^g       bulbosa 

549       ?^ga^  ^., 
549       Harfordii 

54g       Var.   Howellii 

399       Howellii 

4QQ       interrupta 

4QQ       scabrata 

QQ-j       spectabilis 

stricta 

^^^  MELILOTUS 

216  alba 

217  Indica 
217  MELISSA 

officinalis 


313  MENTHA  548 

314  Canadensis  548 
314  MENYANTHES  449 
314  trifoliata  449 
301  MENZIESIA  420 
301  ferruginea  421 
301  glabella  421 
301  MENTZELIA  239 

346  albicaulis  240 

347  Brandegei  240 
347  congesta  240 
347  dispersa  240 
347  gracilenta  240 
347  laevicaulis  240 
347  pumila  241 
346  MERTENSIA  490 
346  nutans  491 
346  oblongifolia  490 
657  paniculata  490 
393       platyphylla  491 

393  longiflora  490 

394  Sibirica  490 
164  MICROCALA  442 
164  quadrangularis  443 
100  MICKOMERIA  550 

100  Douglasii  550 

101  MICROSERIS  390 

238  Bigelovii  391 

239  Douglasii  391 
557  MIMULUS  519 
557  alsinoides  521 
362  breviflorus  521 
362  cardinalis  519 
131  dentatus  519 
131  floribundus  522 
131  grandiflorus  520 
131  hirsutus  520 
540  Langsdorfii  520 
540  Lewisii  519 
661       microphyilus  521 

749  moschatus  522 
751  nasutus  521 
751       peduncularis  521 

750  pilosellus  522 
750  pilosus  523 
750  primuloides  522 
750  Pulsiferae  521 
750       rubellus  522 

750  Scouleri  520 
749       Suksdorfii  522 

751  MIRABILIS  565 
751  Greenei  565 
749  MICROPUS  324 

131  Californicus  324 

132  MITELLA  200 
132  Breweri  201 
551  ovalis  201 
551       pentandra  201 


iNDEJt 


trifida 

.201 

minimus 

12 

Suksdorfii 

39^ 

MITELLASTRA 

201 

sessilis 

12 

troximoides 

393 

caulescens 

201 

MYxvioACEAE 

615 

NYCTAGINACEAE 

565 

MOLLUGO 

241 

MYRICA 

615 

NYMPHAEACEAE 

29 

verticillata 

241 

Californica 

616 

NYMPHAEA 

29 

MONARDA 

552 

Gale 

616 

advena 

30 

scabra 

552 

MYRIOPHYLLUM 

219 

polysepala 

30 

MONARDELLA 

549 

hippuroides 

219 

OENANTHE 

262 

discolor 

550 

pinnatum 

220 

sarmentosa 

262 

odoratissima 

550 

spicatum 

219 

OLEACEAE 

438 

purpurea 

550 

verticillatum 

219 

ONAGRACEAE 

220 

reflexa 

549 

NABALUS 

399 

ONAGRA 

230 
230 
242 

villosa 

549 

alatus 

399 

Hookeri 

MONESES 

425 

NAIADACEAE 

670 

OPUNTIA 

uniflora 

426 

NAIAS 

671 

podyacantha 

242 

MONOLEPIS 
chenopodioides 
pusilla 

594 
594 
594 

flexilis 
Gaudalupensis 

671 
671 

Var.    platycarpa 
Var.  borealis 
OREASTRUM 

242 
243 
312 

spatulata 

594 

NAMA 

473 

alpigenum 

313 
313 

91 
91 
91 
92 
92 
91 
92 
92 
92 

MONOTROP- 

demissum 

473 

Andersoni 

ACEAE 

426 

NARTHECIUM 

665 

OREOBROMA 

MONOTROPA 

428 

NASTURTIUM 

39 

Columbiana 

uniflora 

428 

officinale 

40 

Cotyledon 

MONTIA 

94 

NAUMBURGIA 

437 

Howellii 

arenicola 

96 

thyrsiflora 

437 

Nevadensis 

asarifolia 

96 

NAVARRETIA 

456 

Leana 

bulbifera 

97 

atractyloides 

457 

oppaaitifolia 

Chamissonis 

95 

Breweri 

457 

pygmaea 

dichotoma 

94 

divaricata 

457 

triphylla 

diffusa 

95 

intertexta 

457 

Tweedyi 
OREOCARYA 

92 
486 

Hallii 

95 

leucocephala 

457 

Howellii 

94 

minima 

457 

glomerata 

486 

humifusa 

96 

squarrosa 

45ii 

leucophaea 

486 

linearis 

95 

stricta 

456 

sericea 

486 

minor 

94 

Suksdorfii 

457 

ORCHIDACEAE 

624 

parviflora 

95 

NEILLIA 

185 

OROGENIA 

261 

parvifolia 

95 

capitata 

185 

fusiformis 

261 

perfoliata 

95 

malvacea 

185 

Var.   Leibergi 

262 

rubra 

96 

Torreyi 

185 

lineanfolia 

261 

Sibirica 

97 

NEPETA 

553 

OROBANCHACEAE  540 

spathulata 

96 

Cataria 

553 

OROBANCHE 

541 

tenuifolia 

96 

NEMOPHILA 

465 

Californica 

541 

MUHLENBERGIA 

729 

breviflora 

466 

comosa 

541 

comata 

730 

densa 

460 

pinetorum 

541 

glomerata 

729 

Menziesii 

465 

ORTHOCARPUS 

533 

sylvatica 

730 

parviflora 

466 

attenuatus 

533 

Var.  setiglumis 

730 

pedunculata 

466 

bracteosus 

535 

MUNROA 

747 

NEWBERRYA 

430 

castilleoides 

534 

SQuarrosa 

747 

congesta 

430 

cuspidatus 

534 

MUSENIUM 

265 

NiCOTIANA 

499 

erianthus 

536 

divaricatum 

265 

attenuata 

500 

hispidus  ' 

536 

MYQSOTIS 

491 

Bigelovii 

500 

imbricatus 

535 

alpestris 

492 

quadrivalvio 

500 

lacerus 

536 

macrosperma 

492 

Var.    multivalvis 

500 

lithospermoides 

536 

palustris 

492 

NITROPHILA 

591 

luteus 

535 

MYOSURUS            7 

.    12 

occidentalis 

591 

purpurascens 

534 

apetalus 

12 

NOTHOCALAIS 

393 

pusillus 

536 

lepturus 

12 

cuspidata 

393 

tenuifolius 

534 

INDEX 


Tolmiei  535 

OSMARONIA  162 

cerasiformis  162 

OSMORHIZA  266 

nuda  266 

OXALIDACEAE  t09 

OXALIS  109 

Oregana  110 

Suksdorfii  110 

trilliifolia  110 

OXYCOCCUS  412 

palustris  413 
Var.  intermedium  413 

OXYRIA  588 

digyna  588 

OXYTHECA  575 

dendroidea  575 

OXYTROPIS  154 

viscida  154 

PACHYLOPHUS  233 

Nuttallia  233 

PAEONIA  26 

Brownii  27 

PACHYSTIMA  112 

Myrsinites  112 

PANICACEAE  718 

PANICUM  718 

capilare  719 

Crus-galli  720 

dichotomum  719 

pubescens  719 

sanguinale  719 

Scoparium  719 

Scribnerianum  719 

PAPAVERACEAE        31 

PANICULARIA  752 

Americana  753 

borealis  753 

fluitans  753 

nervata  753 

pallida  753 

paiiciflora  753 

PARIETARIA  603 

debilis  603 

Pennsylvanica  603 

PARNASSIA  204 

Calif  ornica  205 

fimbriata  205 

PARRYA  38 

Menziesii  38 

PASPALUM  718 

distichum  718 

PASTINACA  250 

sativa  250 

PECTOCARYA  477 

penicillata  478 

pusilla  478 

setosa  478 


FELTIPHYLLUM 

peltatum 
PENTSTBMON 

acuminatus 

Adamsianus 

attenuatus 

azureus 

Barrettae 

.Cardwellii 

confertus 

Var.   globosus 

Cusickii 

deustus 

Davidsonii 

Dayanus 

Douglasii 

diffusus 

Gairdneri 

Var.  hians 

glaber 

glandulosus 

gracilentus 

heterophyllus 

humilis 

Kingii 

laricifolius 

Lewisii 

Lyallii 

Menziesii 

miser 

Oreganus 

paniculatus 

procerus 

pruinosus 

pulchellus 

ovatus 

Rattani 

Var.  minor 

Richardsoni 

Roezli 

rupicola 

Scouleri 

stenosepalus 

triphyllus 

venustus 

Whitedii 
PENTACAENA 

ramosissima 
PERAPHYLLUM 

ramosissimum 
PERAMIUM 

Menziesii 
PEDICULARIS 

bracteosa 

contorta 

densiflora 

Groenlandica 

Howellii 


190  Menziesii  537 

190  ornithorhyncha  538 

509  parviflora  539 

512  racemosa  538 
511    PETALOSTEMON     142 

513  ornatus  142 
516  PETASITES  368 
511  nivalis  369 

510  palmata  368 
513  sagittata  368 

513  PEUCEDANUM  251 
516  ambiguum  253 

514  Var.  leptocarpum  253 

510  bicolor  256 

511  Brandegei  257 

510  Canbyi  252 

515  circumdatum  253 
514  Cous  253 

514  Cusickii  256 

511  Donnellii  254 

515  eurycarpum  253 

516  evittatum  252 

517  farinosum  252 
513  Geyeri  252 
516  Gormani  252 
515  Grayi  253 

509  Hallii  255 

510  Henderson!  252 

509  Howellii  257 

512  laevigatum  257 
515  leiocarpum  257 

513  macrocarpum  254 
513  Martindalei  255 

512  Var.    angustatum    255 

513  microcarpum  255 
512  Nevadense  254 

514  Nuttallii  257 

514  Oreganum  254 

515  Sandbergii  254 

516  simplex  256 

510  Suksdorfii  257 
510  triternatum  256 

514  Var.macrocarpum  256 
516  Var.    brevifolium    256 

515  Var.  alatum  256 
512  utriculatum  255 

89  villosum  254 

89  Watsoni  252 

165   PHACELIA  467 

165  bicolor  471 

630  Bolanderi  469 

630  ciliata  469 

537  Franklinii  470 
539  heterophylla  468 

538  humilis  468 

539  Ivesiana  470 
538  leucophylla  468 
538  malvaeflora  468 


INDEX 


Menziesii 

470 

CACEAE 

588 

Oreganum 

32 

mutabilis 

467 

PHYTOLACCA 

588 

PLECTRITIS 

288 

nemoralis 

467 

decandra 

589 

anomala 

288 

Pringlei 

467 

PICEA 

789 

aphanoptera 

288 

procera 

469 

Breweriana 

789 

congesta 

288 

ramosissima 

469 

Engelmanni 

789 

macrocera 

288 

Rattani 

468 

Sitchensis 

790 

samolifolia 

289 

sericea 

470 

PIMPINETJ.A 

264 

PLEURISCOS- 

verna 

470 

apiodora 

264 

PORA 

429 

virgata 

468 

Var.  nudicaulis 

265 

fimbriolata 

429 

PHALARIS 

721 

PINACEAE 

782 

longipetala 

429 

amethystina 

721 

PINGUICULA 

544 

PNEUMARIA 

491 

arundinaceae 

721 

vulgaris 

544 

maritima 

491 

Canariensis 

721 

PINUS 

790 

POACEAE 

720 

Caroliniana 

721 

albicaulis 

791 

POA 

755 

PHELLOPTERUS 

259 

attenuata 

792 

acutiglumis 

759 

littoralis 

259 

contortta 

792 

annua 

756 

PHLOX 

450 

flexilis 

791 

argentea 

755 

adsurgens 

452 

Jeffreyi 

791 

Bolanderi 

758 

caespitosa 

451 

Lambertiana 

790 

Buckleyana 

764 

diffusa 

451 

monticola 

791 

Var.  stenophylla 

764 

Dougiasai 

451 

Murrayana 

792 

Canbyi 

764 

Var.  andicola 

451 

ponderosa 

791 

eompressa 

759 

Hoodix 

451 

PIPTOCALYX 

483 

confinis 

760 

linearifolia 

45i 

circumscissus 

483 

Cusickii 

756 

longifolia 

452 

PLEUROPOGON 

754 

epilis 

759 

speciosa 

452 

refraetum 

755 

Fendleriana 

762 

Var.   Sabini 

452 

Californicum 

755 

flava 

760 

Stansburyi 

452 

PLAGIOBOTHRYS 

483 

glauca 

760 

PHILADELPHUS 

205 

asper 

484 

gracillima 

761 

Lewisii 

206 

campestris 

484 

Howeilii 

758 

PHILOTRIA 

670 

canescens 

485 

Idahoensis 

757 

Canadensis 

670 

colorans 

485 

incurva 

757 

PHLEUM 

pratense 

alpinum 
PHORADENDRON 

740 
740 
740 
608 

hispidus 
nothofulvus 
Shastensis 
tenellus 
PLANTAGIN- 

485 
485 
485 
484 

invaginata 

Kelloggii 

laevigata 

Uxa 

Leckenbyi 

761 

758 
763 
760 
762 

juniperinum 
Libocedri 
villosum 
PHRAGMITES 

608 
608 
608 

747 

ACEAE 
PLANTAGO 

561 
561 

Leibergii 
Lettermani 

763 
763 

Asiatica 
aristata 

561 
562 

longiligula 
lucida 

763 

762 

communis 
PHYLLODOCE 

glanduliflora 
PHYLLOSPADIX 

747 
419 
419 
672 

Bigelovii 
.  elongata 
eriopoda 
macrocarpa 

563 
563 
561 
561 

macrantha 
nemoralis 
nervosa 
Nevadensis 

756 
760 
757 
762 

Scouleri 

672 

major 

561 

occidentalis 

758 

PHYSARIA 

52 

maritima 

562 

pratensis 

759 

didymocarpa 

52 

lanceolata 

562 

Pringlei 

763 

Geyeri 

52 

Purshii 

562 

purpurascens 

758 

Oregona 

52 

spinulosa 

562 

reflexa 

757 

PHYSOSTEGIA 

556 

tetrantha 

563 

Sandbergii 

757 

parviflora 

557 

PLATYSTEMON 

31 

saxatilis 

761 

PHYSALIS 

498 

Californica 

31 

subaristdta 

756 

ixocarpa 

498 

PLATYSPERMUM 

51 

Suksdorfli 

761 

lanceolata 

498 

scapigerum 

51 

Vaseyochloa 

761 

pruinosus 

49S 

PLATYSTIGMA 

32 

Wheeleri 

759 

PHYTOLAC- 

lineare 

32 

POGOGYNE 

551 

INDEX 


Douglasii 

551 

POLEMONIACEAB 

449 

POLEMONIUM 

461 

amoenum 

463 

carneum 

462 

confertum 

463 

elegans 

461 

foliosissimum 

462 

humile 

461 

luteum 

463 

micrantha 

461 

occidentale 

462 

pectinatum 

462 

pulchellum 

462 

POLYGALEAE 

72 

POLYGALA 

73 

Californica 

73 

POLYGONACEAE 

567 

POLYGONUM 

576 

alpinum 

577 

Var.    foliosum 

577 

Var.    Alaskanum 

578 

amphibium 

578 

Austinae 

583 

aviculare 

581 

bistortoides 

577 

Californicum 

584 

convolvulus 

585 

Davisiae 

578 

Douglasii 

582 

dumetorum 

585 

Engelmanni 

582 

erectum 

581 

Greenei 

584 

Ha/rl;wrightii 

579 

Howellii 

582 

Hydropiper 

580 

hydropiperoides 

580 

Kelloggii 

583 

lapathifolium 

579 

Var.  incanum 

579 

lineare 

583 

littorale 

581 

majus 

583 

minimum 

581 

montanum 

582 

Muhlenbergii 

579 

Newberryi 

578 

nodosum 

579 

Nuttallii 

583 

paronychia 

580 

Parryi 

584 

Pennsylvanicum 

579 

Persicaria 

580 

phytolaccaefolium  578 

polygaloides 

584 

ramosissimum 

582 

Sawatchense 

582 

Shastensis 

581 

Pacifica 

179 

spergulariae- 

reflexa 

176 

forme 

583 

rhomboidea 

li6 

viviparum 

577 

rivalis 

177 

Watsoni 

584 

villosa 

178 

POLYPOGON 

724 

Wrangelliana 

176 

littoralis 

725 

PRIMULACEAE 

431 

Monspeliensis 

724 

PRIMULA 

434 

POMAt^j^AE 

163 

Broadheadae 

434 

PONTEDER- 

Var.  minor 

434 

lACEAE 

666 

Cusickiana 

434 

POPULUS 

622 

PROSARTES 

658 

alba 

622 

PRUNUS 

161 

angustifolia 

622 

Oregana 

161 

balsamifera 

622 

subcordata 

161 

deltoides 

623 

PSEUDOCYMOP- 

tremuloides 

623 

TERUS 

258 

trichocarpa 

622 

anisatus 

258 

PORTULACACEAE 

!    90 

PSEUDOTSUGA 

788 

PORTULACA 

90 

Douglasii 

788 

oleracea 

91 

PSORALEA 

141 

POTAMOGETON 

674 

lanceolata 

141 

alpinus 

674 

melilotoides 

142 

amplifolius 

674 

physodes 
Purshii 

141 

foliosus 

676 

PSILOCARPHUS 

325 

Var.  Californicus 

676 

brevissimus 

326 

heterophyllus 

675 

elatior 

326 

lonchites 

675 

tenellus 

326 

Oreganus 

326 

natans 

674 

PSILONEMA 

52 

Nuttalli 

674 

calycinum 

52 

pectinatus 

676 

PTEROSPORA 

427 

perfoliatus 

675 

Andromedea 

428 

Var.  Richardsoni] 

i  675 

PTEROSTEGIA 

576 

praelongus 

675 

drymarioides 
PTILOUALAIS 

576 
390 

pulcher 

674 

major 

390 

pusillus 

676 

nutans 

390 

Robbinsii 

676 

PTILOTRIA 

388 

zosteraefolius 

675 

paniculata 
exigua 

389 
389 

POTENTILLA 

175 

tenuifolia 

389 

Anserina 

179 

virgata 

389 

brevifolia 

178 

PUCCINELLIA 

754 

ciliata 

175 

angustata 

754 

Drummondii 

177 

distans 

754 

fissa 

176 

Lemmoni 

754 

flabelliformis 

178 

maritima 

754 

flabellifolia 

178 

PYROLACEAE 

423 

fruticosa 

179 

FY'ROhA 

424 

gracilis 

178 

aphylla 

425 

glandulosa 

176 

Var.   paucifolia 

425 

glutinosa 

175 

bracteata 

.425 

lateriflora 

177 

chlorantha 

424 

millegrana 

177 

elliptica 

425 

Monspeliensis 

176 

minor 

424 

Newberryi 

177 

picta 

425 

INDEX 


rotundifolia  425 

Var.  incarnata  425 

secunda  424 

PYRROCOMA  297 

arguta  299 

glom^rata  299 

carthamoides  298 

congesta  299 

Cusickii  298 

Hallii  299 

hirta  299 

Howellii  299 

lanceolata  299 

paniculata  298 

racemosa  298 

radiata  298 

tenuicaulis  300 

QUERCUS  610 

chrysolepis  611 

densiflora  612 

Garryana  610 

Jacobi  610 

Kelloggii  611 

OErstediana  611 

Sadleriana  611 

vaccinifolia  611 

RAFINESQUIA  403 

Californica  403 

RAILLARDELLA  371 

argentea  372 

Pringlei  372 

RAINIERIA  369 

stricta  370 

RANUNCULACEAE     7 

RANUNCULUS  7,  13 

alismellus  15 

Bolanderi  IB 

Californicus  18 
cardiophyllus 

ciliosus  17 

Cymbalaria  14 

delphinifolius  14 

digitatus  16 

Douglasii  18 

ellipticus  15 

Eiseni  17 

eremogenes  17 

Eschscholtzii  16 

eximius  16 

glaberrimus  15 

Gormani  15 

Greenei  18 

Howellii  17 

limosus  14 

Macounii  18 

maximus  19 

microlonchus  14 

muricatus  19 


occid  entails 

17 

Marshallii 

211 

Oreganus 

19 

Menziesii 

211 

orthorhynchus 

19 

molle 

209 

parviflorus 

18 

montanum 

21» 

Pennsylvanicus 

18 

oxyacanthoides 

210 

Populago 

15 

sanguineum 

208 

Rattani 

17 

tenuiflorum 

207 

repens 

19 

velutinum 

210 

reptans 

14 

viscosissimum 

207 

samolifolius 

14 

RIGIOPAFPUS 

356 

septentrionalis 

19 

leptocladus 

357 

Suksdorfli 

16 

ROMANZOFFIA 

472 

trlternatus 

16 

Sitchensis 

472 

Unalaschcensis 

14 

RQSACEAE 

166 

RAPHANUS 

66 

ROSA 

168 

sativus 

66 

blanda 

168 

RAZOUMOFSKYA 

609 

Californica 

169 

Americana 

609 

Fendlerl 

169 

Douglasii 

609 

gymnocarpa 

169 

Var.  abietinum 

609 

Nutkana 

168 

occidentalis 

609 

pisocarpa 

169 

Var.  abietinum 

609 

spithamaea 

169 

robusta 

609 

rubiglnosa 

170 

RHAMNACEAE 

112 

RORIPA 

40 

RHAMNUS 

112 

Columbiae 

40 

alnifolia 

112 

curvisiliqua 

41 

Californicus 

113 

lyrata 

41 

occidentalis 

113 

Pacifica 

40 

Purshiana 

113 

palustris 

40 

RHINANTHUS 

539 

polymorpha 

41 

Crista-Galli 

539 

sinuata 

40 

RHODODENDRON 

422 

sphaerocarpa 

40 

Californicum 

422 

tenerrima 

41 

macrophyllum 

422 

RUPPIA 

673 

RHUS 

118 

maritima 

673 

diversiloba 

119 

RUBIACEAE 

283 

glabra 

118 

RUBUS 

182 

Toxicodendron 

118 

arcticus 

183 

trilobata 

119 

lasiococcus 

183 

RIBESACEAE 

206 

leucodermis 

183 

RIBES 

207 

nivalis 

183 

ambiguum 

210 

paroiflorus 

182 

amictum 

211 

pedatus 

183 

aureum 

207 

spectabilis 

182 

bracteosum 

209 

Var.  Menziesii 

183 

cereum 

208 

strigosus 

183 

ciliosum 

208 

ursinus 

184 

cognatum 

210 

RUDBECKIA 

338 

divaricatum 

210 

Cailifornica 

338 

erythrocarpum 

208 

occidentalis 

338 

gracile 

210 

RUMEX 

585 

Hudsonianum 

209 

acetosa 

586 

lacustre 

209 

acetosella 

585 

laxiflorum 

208 

confinis 

586 

Lobbii 

211 

conglomeratus 

587 

crispus 

587 

occidentalis 

586 

hesperius 

587 

paucifolius 

585 

obtusifolius 

587 

persicarioides 

588 

INDEX 


pulcher 

salicifolius 

venosus 
RYNCHOSPORA 

alba 
SALICACEAE 
SALIX 

amygdaloides 

argophylla 

Barclay! 

bella 

congesta 

cordata 

Var.  angustata 


587 
587 
586 
694 
694 
616 
616 
617 
618 
620 
619 
617 
620 
620 


Var.  Mackenziana  620 

exigua 

Fendleriana 

fluviatilis 

Var.  tenerrima 

Geyeriana 

glaucops 


618 
617 
618 
618 
619 
621 


glauca  var.  vlllosa  621 


Hookenana 
lasiandra 
lasiolepis 
Lemmoni 
macrostacha 
myrtilloides 
nigra 
pellita 
petrophila 
rostrata 
saximontana 
Scouleriana 
sessilifolia 
Sitchensis 
tenera 
vestita 
SAGITTARIA 

arifolia 

Var.  stricta 

cuneata 

esculenta 
SALICORNIA 

ambigua 

herbacea 
SALSOLA 

tragus 
SAMBUCUS 

arborescens 

glauca 

leiosperma 

melanocarpa 

pubens 
SAMOLUS 

floribundus 
SANICULA 

arctopoides 


619 
617 
620 
621 
619 
620 
617 
621 
621 
619 
622 
619 
618 
620 
621 
622 
678 
678 
679 
679 
679 
597 
598 
598 
599 
599 
279 
279 
279 
279 
279 
279 
438 
438 
263 
263 


bipinnata  264 

bipinnatifida  264 

Howellii  263 

laciniata  264 

Menziesii  263 

Nevadensis  264 

SANGUISORBA  170 

annua  170 

media  170 

officinalis  170 

Sitchensis  170 

SANTALACEAE  607 

SAPONARIA  74 

officinale  75 

Vaccaria  75 

SARCOBATUS  598 

vermiculatus  598 

SARCODES  428 

sanguinea  428 

BARRACENIACEAE  30 

SAUSSUREA  380 

Americana  381 

SAXIFRAGACEAE    188 

SAXIFRAGA  190 

bronchialis  190 

caespitosa  191 

Californica  192 

cherlerioides  191 

claytoniaefolia  193 

fragosa  192 

Howellii  195 

integrifolia  193 

Lyallii  191 

Var.  laxa  192 

Marshalii  192 

Mertensiana  192 

nidifica  193 

Nutkana  194 

Nuttallii  195 

occidentalis  194 

Oregana  194 

parvifolia  194 

plantaginea  193 

reflexa  194 

Tolmaei  190 

tricuspidata  191 

SAXIFRAGOPSIS      195 

fragarioides  195 

SCHEUCHZER 

lACEAE  676 


SCHEUCHZERIA 

palustris 


677 

677 

SCHOBNOCRAMBE    57 

linifolia  57 

SCIRPUS  689 

Americanus  690 

atrovirens  691 


criniger 


691 


lacustris  690 

lineatus  691 

microcarpus  690 

nanus  689 

Nevadensis  689 

Olneyi  690 

pauciflorus  689 

riparius  689 

robustus  690 

subterminalis  680 

SCORZONELLA  391 

Bolanderi  392 

Howellii  392 

laciniata  391 

leptosepala  392 

pratensis  391 

procera  391 

SCOLIOPIS  660 

Hallii  660 

SCROPHULARI- 

ACEAE  500 

SCRQPHULARIA  508 

Californica  508 

Marylandica  508 

occidentalis  508 

SCRIBNERIA  773 

Bolanderi  773 

SCUTELLARIA  554 

angustifolia  555 

antirrhinoides  555 

galericulata  555 

lateriflora  555 

nana  555 
siphocampyloides   555 

tuberosa  555 

SEDUM  212 

ciliosum  214 

debile  213 

divaricatum  213 

divergens  213 

Douglasii  213 

Oreganum  213 

pumilum  214 

Rhodiola  212 

spathulifolium  213 

stenopetalum  214 

uniflorum  213 

SELINUM  248 

Benthami  249 

capitellatum  248 

Dawsjni  249 

Hookeri  249 

Kingii  249 

SENECIO  374 

Adamsi  379 

aureus  378 

Balsamitae  378 


INDEX 


Bolanderi 

379 

Macounii 

78 

SOLIVA 

362 

Columbianus 

377 

macrocalyx 

78 

sessilis 

363 

condensatus 

379 

Menziesii 

76 

SONCHUS 

404 

cordatus 

377 

monantha 

78 

asper 

405 

elongatus 

379 

montana 

77 

oleraceus 

405 

exaltatus 

377 

multicaule 

70 

SOPHIA 

56 

fastigiatus 

378 

Oregana 

77 

Hartwegiana 

56 

foetidus 

377 

scaposa 

79 

longipedicellata 

56 

Fremontii 

375 

Scouleri 

79 

incisa 

56 

Gibbonsii 

376 

Spauldingii 

79 

pinnata 

56 

hesperis 

375 

Suksdorfii 

77 

SORBUS 

164 

bydrophyllus 

376 

SILYBUM 

384 

occidentalis 

164 

megacephalus 

375 

Marianum 

384 

sambucifolia 

164 

occidentalis 

375 

SISYRINCHIUM 

635 

SPARGANIUM 

668 

Oreganus 

377 

angustifolium 

635 

androcladum 

668 

Purshianus 

378 

bellum 

635 

eurycarpum 

668 

serra 

37d 

Californicum 

636 

simplex 

668 

Var.    integriuscu- 

grandiflorum 

636 

lus 

37^ 

Idahoense 

636 

minimum 

668 

streptanthifolius 

375 

occidentale 

636 

Var.  angustifol- 

subnudus 

378 

sarmentosa 

636 

ium 

668 

subvestitus 

l^riangularis 

valerianella 

376 
376 
377 

segetum 
septentrionale 
SITANION 

635 
636 

780 

SPARTINA 
cynosuroides 

734 

735 

vulgaris 
SEQUOIA 

sempervirens 

379 

785 
786 

Brodiei 

elymoides 

flexuosum 

781 

780 
780 

gracilis 
SPECULARIA 
SPERGULA 

735 

408 
88 

SBRICOCAHPUS 

306 

glaber 

Leckenbyi 

villosum 
SIUM 

cicutaefolium 
SMELOWSKIA 

calycina 

Fremonti 
SMILACINA 

amplexicaulis 

racemosa 

sessilifolia 

stellata 
SMILACEAE 
SMILAX 

Californica 

780 
780 
780 
268 
268. 
56 
57 
57 
656 
65G 
656 
657 
657 
637 
637 
637 

arvensis 

88 

Oregonensis 
rigidus 

SHEPHERDIA 
argentea 
Canadensis 

SIBBALDIA 
procumbens 

SIDA 
hederacea 

SIDALCEA 
campestris 
glaucescens 
Hendersoni 
malvaeflora 
Qregana 

306 
306 
601 
601 
001 
175 
175 
103 
103 
101 
102 
101 
102 
101 
102 

SPHAEROSTIGMA 

alyssoides 

andinum 

Boothii 

contorta 

Var.  pubens 

Var.  Greenei 

Hilgardi 

spirale 
SPHAERALCBA 

acerifolia 

leptosepala 

Munroana 
SPIRANTHES 
SPIRODELA 

231 
232 
233 
232 
232 
232 
232 
232 
232 
102 
103 
103 
102 
629 
669 

spicata 

101 

SOLANACEAE 

496 

polyrhiza 

669 

virgata 

101 

SOLANUM 

497 

SPIRAEA 

186 

SILENE 

75 

nigrum 

497 

arbuscula 

186 

acaulis 

75 

sisymbrifolium 

498 

caespitosa 

187 

antirrhina 

75 

triflorum 

497 

Douglasii 

186 

Californica 

76 

umbelliferum 

497 

lucida 

186 

campanulata 

76 

villosum 

497 

Menziesii 

187 

Columbiana 

78 

SOLIDAGO 

303 

pyramidata 

186 

Douglasii 

78 

Californica 

304 

SPOROBOLUS 

722 

Gallica 

75 

confertiflora 

303 

airoides 

723 

Gormani 

77 

elongata 

304 

asperifolius 

723 

Greenii 

76 

hesperius 

303 

Bolanderi 

724 

Hookeri 

76 

Missouriensis 

304 

confusus 

T24 

longistylis 

76 

serotina 

304 

cryptandnis 

t23 

Lyallii 

77 

Tolmieana 

303 

filiformis 

724 

INDEX 


gracillimus 

simplex 
SPRAGUEA 

multiceps 

umbellata 
STANLEYA 

confertiflora 

viridiflora 
STACHYS 

bullata 

Chamissonis 

ciliata 

Var.  pubens 

Emersoni 

palustris 

pycnantha 

vestita 
STEIRONEMA 

ciliatum 

laevigatum 
STENANTHELLA 

occidentalis 
STENOTUS 

acaulis 

Brandegei 

lanuginosus 

Lyallii 

stenophyllus 
STENOPHYLLUS 

Capillaris 
3TEPHANOMERIA 
STREPTOPUS 

amplexifolius 

brevipes 

roseus 
STIPA 

Bloomeri 

comata 

Kingii 

Lemmoni 

minor 

occidentalis 

Oregonensis 

setigera 

viridula 
STREPTANTHUS 

glandulosus 

Howellii 

longirostris 

orbiculatus 
STYLOCLINE 

filaginea 
SUAEDA 
SUBULARIA 

aquatica 
SULLIVANTIA 

Oregana 
SWBRTIA 


724       obtusa 

724    SYMPHORICAR- 

97        POS 

97       acutus 

97       occidentalis 

59       oreophilus 

59       pauciflorus 

F9       racemosus 

558  rotundifolius 

559  SYNTHYRIS 
559       major 

559        pinnatifida 

559       retiiformis 

559       rotundifolia 

559       rubra 

558   TABNIOPLEURUM 

558       Howellii 

436   TALINUM 

436       spinescens 

436   TANACETUM 

663       canum 

663       Huronense 

300  potentilloides 

301  vulgare 

300   TARAXACUM 
300       officinale 

300  TARAXIA 

301  gracilliflora 
694       heterantha 
694       longiflora 
388       ovata 

657  TAXACEAE 

658  TAXUS 
658       brevifolia 
658    TETRADYMIA 

736  canescens 

737  glabrata 
737       Nuttallii 

737  spinosa 

738  TELLIMA 
738       grandiflora 

736  odorata 

737  racemosa 

737  TEUCRIUM 

738  occidentale 

46  THALESIA 

47  fasciculata 
47       purpurea 
47       uniflora 

46    THALICTRUM 
325       Fendleri 
325       polycarpum 
598       occidentale 

60       sparsiflorum 

60       venulosum 
196   THASPIUM 
196       aureum 
447       Var.    trifoLiatum 


447       Var.involucratum    259 

THELYPODIUM  57 

280  eucosmum  58 

281  laexuosum  58 
281  Howellii  58 
281  integrifolium  58 
281  laciniatum  58 
281  lasiophylum  59 
281       Nuttallii  58 

524  THERMOPSIS  121 

525  argentata  122 
525  gracilis  122 
525       montana  122 

525  robusta  122 

526  THLASPI  64 
263  alpestre  65 
269   THUJA  785 

93  piicata  785 
93    THYSANOCARPUS    65 

363  curvipes  66 

364  radians  66 
364  TIARELLA  202 
364  laciniata  202 
363  trifoliata  202 
403  unfoliata  202 
403  TILLAEA  212 
231  angustifolia  212 
231  minima  212 
231  TISSA  88 
231  diandra  «9 
231  macrothecum  88 
781  salina  88 
781  rubra  89 
781   TOFIELDIA  664 

370  glutinosa  665 

371  intermedia  665 
371  occidentalis  665 
371  TONELLA  507 
371       collinsioldes  507 

198  floribunda  507 

199  TOWNSENDIA  305 
199  florifer  306 
199  Parryi  306 
547  TRAGOPOGON  389 
547       porrifolius  389 

541  TRAUTVETTBRIA,    12 

542  grandis  13 
542  TRIENTALIS  436 
542       arctica  436 

T.  11       latifolia  436 

11    TRli?ui^iuM  132 

11  albopurpureum  133 

12  altissfimum  134 
11  Beckwithii  134 
11       Breweri  135 

259       ciliolatum  135 

259       cyathiferum  137 

259        deriauperatum  138 


INDEX 


eriocephalum 

133 

Californica 

600 

VERBENACEAE 

560 

fimbriatum 

13G 

UNIFOLIUM 

657 

VERBENA 

560 

fucatum 

138 

dilatatum 

657 

bracteosa 

560 

Hallii 

135 

UROPAPPUS 

392 

hastata 

560 

Harneyensis 

134 

linearifolius 

392 

prostrata 

560 

heterodon 

136 

macrochaetus 

392 

VERONICA 

526 

Howellii 

134 

URTICACEAE 

602 

Alleni 

527 

Kireii 

134 

URTICA 

602 

Americana 

526 

longipes 

133 

Breweri 

602 

avensis 

527 

Var.  latifolium 

133 

gracilis 

603 

Cusickii 

526 

megacephalum 

132 

holosericea 

602 

peregrina 

527 

microdon 

137 

Lyallii 

603 

scutellata 

526 

microcephalum 

137 

UTRICULARIA 

543 

serpyllifolia 

527 

obtusiflorum 

136 

intermedia 

544 

Wormskioldii 

527 

oliganthum 

137 

minor 

543 

VIBURNACEAE 

277 

Oreganum 
Plummerae 

134 
132 

occidentalis 
vulgaris 

543 
543 

VIBURNUM 
ellipticum 

278 
278 

plumosum 

133 
133 
135 
135 
136 
136 

VACCINIACEAE 

410 

Opulus 

278 

pratense 
procumbens 

VACCINIUM 
arbuscula 

410 
411 

pauciflorum 
VICIA 

278 
155 

repens 

spinulosum 

trjdentatum 

Alaskaensis 
caespitosum 

412 
411 

Americana 
Californica 

156 
156 

variegatum 

137 

Var.    cuneifolium 

411 

exigua 

156 

TRiCHOSTEMA 

547 

membranaceum 

411 

gigantea 

155 

lanceolatum 

547 

Var.    rigidum 

411 

hirsuta 

156 

laxum 

547 

microphyllum 

411 

sativa 

156 

oblongum 

547 

Myrtillus 

411 

semicincta 

156 

TRIGLOCHIN 

677 

occidentale 

411 

truncata 

156 

maritima 

677 

ovalifolium 
ovatum 

412 
412 

VIOLACEAE 
VIOLA 

68 
68 

palustris 

677 

parvifolium 

412 

adunca 

72 

TRILLIUM 

661 

uliginosum 

411 

Beckwithii 

71 

chloropetalum 

661 

Var.  mucronatum  411 

blanda 

69 

ovatum 

661 

Vitis-Idaea 

412 

Brooksii 

71 

petiolatum 

661 

VAGNERA 

656 

Canadensis 

71 

rivale 

661 

VALERIANACEAE 

286 

cognata 

68 

TRISETUM 

744 

VALERIANA 

287 

cuneata 

72 

barbatum 

744 

Columbiana 

287 

Douglasii 

71 

canescens 

744 

edulis 

287 

glabella 

72 

cernuum 

744 

Sitchensis 

287 

Hallii 

71 

subspicatiim 

744 

sylvatica 

287 

Howellii 

72 

Var.  molle 

745 

VALERIANELLA 

289 

Langsdorfii 

69 

TROLLIUS 

20 

olitoria 

289 

lobata 

71 

laxus 

20 

VALLISNER 

Macloskeyi 

69 

TROXIMON 

400 

lACEAE 

670 

Nuttallii 

70 

TSUGA 
heterophylla 
Mertensiana 
TUBULIFLORAE 
TYPHACEAE 

788 
789 
789 
290 
667 

VANCOUVERIA 
hexandra 
chrysantha 

VELAEA 
Howellii 

28 

28 

28 

267 

267 

occidentalis 

ocellata 

orbiculata 

palustris 

praemorsa 

69 
72 
70 
C9 
70 

TYPHA 

668 

Kelloggii 

267 

puberula 

72 

angustifolia 

669 

VERBASCUM 

503 

purpurea 

70 

latifolia 

669 

Blattaria 

503 

sarmentosa 

70 

ULEX 

130 

Thapsus 

503 

Sheltoni 

70 

Europaeus 

130 

VERATRUM 

662 

trinervata 

71 

ULMACEAE 

601 

Californicum 

663 

VITACEAE 

115 

UMBELLIFERAE 

243 

caudatum 

663 

VITIS 

116 

UMBELLULARIA 

600 

viride 

662 

Californica 

116 

INDEX 


WHIPPLEA 

206 

involucratum 

modesta 

206 

Ledebourii 

WYETHIA 

340 

Utahensis 

amplexicaulis 

341 

villosum 

helianthoides 

340 

ZANNICHELLIA 

lanceolata 

341 

palustris 

robusta 
XANTHIUM 

341 
337 

XEROPHYLLUM 
■  Douglasii 

Canadense 

337 

tenax 

strumarium 

337 

ZIZIA 

spinosum 

338 

cordata 

XYLOSTEON 

281 

V^WA  VtC*t.L« 

conjugialis 

282 

"'^ 

282  ZOSTERA 

282  latifolia 

If  marina 

673  3YGADENUS 

^_„  elegans 

^''^  Douglasii 

666  gramineus 

666  intermedius 

666  paniculatus 

268  venenosus 
268 


671 
672 
672 
60? 
662 
661 
664 
661 
66i 
664 


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